CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Combined DNA Index System - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"618528fa-8e08-4a62-9e63-0ff5ef9416b5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Combined_DNA_Index_System","wgTitle":"Combined DNA Index System","wgCurRevisionId":1242867320,"wgRevisionId":1242867320,"wgArticleId":30870527,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use mdy dates from September 2011","Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018","Biometrics","DNA","Federal Bureau of Investigation", "Law enforcement databases in the United States","Identity documents of the United States","National DNA databases","Sex offender registration","Forensic databases","Biological databases","1998 introductions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Combined_DNA_Index_System","wgRelevantArticleId":30870527,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1265403","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/CODIS_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1098"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/CODIS_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="732"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="586"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Combined DNA Index System - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Combined_DNA_Index_System rootpage-Combined_DNA_Index_System skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Combined+DNA+Index+System" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Combined+DNA+Index+System" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Combined+DNA+Index+System" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Combined+DNA+Index+System" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Database_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Database_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Database structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Database_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Database structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Database_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-criminal_indexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-criminal_indexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Non-criminal indexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-criminal_indexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific basis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_basis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific basis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Loci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrestee_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrestee_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arrestee collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrestee_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familial_searching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familial_searching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Familial searching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familial_searching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Combined DNA Index System</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoDIS" title="CoDIS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CoDIS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_index_system" title="Combined DNA index system – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combined DNA index system" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9_DNA_%EC%9D%B8%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="결합 DNA 인덱스 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결합 DNA 인덱스 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Combined DNA Index System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Combined DNA Index System" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Combined DNA Index System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODIS" title="CODIS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CODIS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODIS" title="CODIS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CODIS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1265403#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Combined_DNA_Index_System" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Combined_DNA_Index_System" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&oldid=1242867320" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Combined_DNA_Index_System&id=1242867320&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCombined_DNA_Index_System"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCombined_DNA_Index_System"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1265403" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States national DNA database</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CODIS_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/CODIS_logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>CODIS logo</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" title="Category:Forensic science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:175%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_biology" title="Forensic biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis" title="Bloodstain pattern analysis">Bloodstain pattern analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_phenotyping" title="DNA phenotyping">DNA phenotyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_genetic_genealogy" title="Investigative genetic genealogy">Forensic genealogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_epidemiology" title="Forensic epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_limnology" title="Forensic limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_palynology" title="Forensic palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">Podiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychotherapy" title="Forensic psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_social_work" title="Forensic social work">Social work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Criminalistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_identification" title="Body identification">Body identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_colorimetry" title="Forensic colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_forensics" title="Election forensics">Election forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">Facial reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Firearm examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_footwear_evidence" title="Forensic footwear evidence">Footwear evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_arts" title="Forensic arts">Forensic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_profiling" title="Forensic profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_prints" title="Glove prints">Gloveprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_print" title="Palm print">Palmprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioned_document_examination" title="Questioned document examination">Questioned document examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_matching" title="Vein matching">Vein matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">Computer exams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_data_analysis" title="Forensic data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Database study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware_analysis" title="Malware analysis">Malware analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_forensics" title="Network forensics">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_video_analysis" title="Forensic video analysis">Video analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_forensics" title="Audio forensics">Audio analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_electrical_engineering" title="Forensic electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">Fire investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_fire_accelerants" title="Detection of fire accelerants">Fire accelerant detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractography" title="Fractography">Fractography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_materials_engineering" title="Forensic materials engineering">Materials engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_polymer_engineering" title="Forensic polymer engineering">Polymer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_statistics" title="Forensic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_reconstruction" title="Traffic collision reconstruction">Traffic collision reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">Crime scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI_effect" title="CSI effect">CSI effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Mason_syndrome" title="Perry Mason syndrome">Perry Mason syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_calendar" title="Pollen calendar">Pollen calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_mark" title="Skid mark">Skid mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_evidence" title="Trace evidence">Trace evidence</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_DNA_in_forensic_entomology" title="Use of DNA in forensic entomology">Use of DNA in<br />forensic entomology</a></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.7em; padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science" title="Outline of forensic science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" title="Category:Forensic science">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0.15em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forensic_science" title="Template:Forensic science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forensic_science" title="Template talk:Forensic science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forensic_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forensic science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The <b>Combined DNA Index System</b> (<b>CODIS</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/National_DNA_database" class="mw-redirect" title="National DNA database">national DNA database</a> created and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another. </p><p>The CODIS software contains multiple different databases depending on the type of information being searched against. Examples of these databases include, missing persons, convicted offenders, and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI's strategic goal was to maximize the voluntary participation of states and avoid what happened several years early, when eight western states frustrated with the progress creating a national <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (AFIS) network formed the Western Identification Network (WIN).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI's strategy to discourage states from creating systems that competed with CODIS was to develop DNA databasing software and provide it free of charge to state and local crime laboratories.This strategic decision--to provide software free of charge for the purpose of gaining market share--was innovative at that time and predated the <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>. In 1990, the FBI began a pilot DNA databasing program with 14 state and local laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilot_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilot-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Congress passed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_Identification_Act_(1994)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA Identification Act (1994) (page does not exist)">DNA Identification Act</a> which authorized the FBI to create a national DNA database of convicted offenders as well as separate databases for missing persons and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. (Some in the Bureau believed the Act was not required to establish a national DNA database because the FBI's <a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services Division</a> was already using similar authorities to provide data-sharing solutions to federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies.) The DNA Identification Act also required that laboratories participating in the CODIS program maintain <a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">accreditation</a> from an independent nonprofit organization that is actively involved in the forensic fields and that scientists processing DNA samples for submission into CODIS maintain proficiency and are routinely tested to ensure the quality of the profiles being uploaded into the database.<sup id="cite_ref-DNA1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national level of CODIS (NDIS) was implemented in October 1998. Today, all 50 states, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, federal law enforcement, the <a href="/wiki/Army_CID" class="mw-redirect" title="Army CID">Army Laboratory</a>, and Puerto Rico participate in the national sharing of DNA profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Database_structure">Database structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Database structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CODIS database contains several different indexes for the storage of DNA profile information. For assistance in criminal investigations three indexes exist: the offender index, which contains DNA profiles of those convicted of crimes; the arrestee index, which contains profiles of those arrested of crimes pursuant to the laws of the particular state; and the forensic index, which contains profiles collected from a crime scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Indexes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indexes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional indexes, such as the unidentified human remain index, the missing persons index, and the biological relatives of missing persons index, are used to assist in identifying missing persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Indexes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indexes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialty indexes also exist for other specimens that do not fall into the other categories. These indexes include the staff index, for profiles of employees who work with the samples, and the multi-allelic offender index, for single-source samples that have three or more <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> at two or more <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Other_Indexes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other_Indexes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-criminal_indexes">Non-criminal indexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-criminal indexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While CODIS is generally used for linking crimes to other crimes and potentially to suspects there are non-criminal portions of the database such as the missing person indexes. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Missing_Person_DNA_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Missing Person DNA Database (page does not exist)">National Missing Person DNA Database</a>, also known as CODIS(mp), is maintained by the FBI at the NDIS level of CODIS allowing all states to share information with one another. Created in 2000 using the existing CODIS infrastructure, this section of the database is designed to help identify human remains by collecting and storing DNA information on the missing or the relatives of missing individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-NMPDD_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMPDD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Missing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unidentified remains are processed for DNA by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Center_for_Human_Identification" title="University of North Texas Center for Human Identification">University of North Texas Center for Human Identification</a> which is funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuclear, <a href="/wiki/Y-STR" title="Y-STR">Y-STR</a> (for males only), and mitochondrial analysis can be performed on both unknown remains and on known relatives in order to maximize the chance of identifying remains.<sup id="cite_ref-NMPDD_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMPDD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of September 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, NDIS contained more than 14 million offender profiles, more than four million arrestee profiles and more than one million forensic profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of CODIS is measured by the number of investigations aided through database hits. As of September 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, CODIS had aided in over 520 thousand investigations and produced more than 530 thousand hits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each state has their own SDIS database and each state can set their own inclusionary standards that can be less strict than the national level. For this reason, a number of profiles that are present in state level databases are not in the national database and are not routinely searched across state lines.<sup id="cite_ref-SDIS_diff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDIS_diff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_basis">Scientific basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bulk of identifications using CODIS rely on short tandem repeats (<a href="/wiki/Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">STRs</a>) that are scattered throughout the human genome and on statistics that are used to calculate the rarity of that specific profile in the population.<sup id="cite_ref-STRstats_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRstats-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> STRs are a type of <a href="/wiki/Copy-number_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy-number variation">copy-number variation</a> and comprise a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> that is repeated over and over again. At each location tested during DNA analysis, also known as a locus (plural loci), a person has two sets of repeats, one from the father and one from the mother. Each set is measured and the number of repeat copies is recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-STRs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If both strands, inherited from the parents, contain the same number of repeats at that locus the person is said to be <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> at that locus. If the repeat numbers differ they are said to be <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a>. Every possible difference at a locus is an allele.<sup id="cite_ref-Zygosity_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zygosity-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This repeat determination is performed across a number of loci and the repeat values is the DNA profile that is uploaded to CODIS. As of January 1, 2017, requirements for upload to national level for known offender profiles is 20 loci.<sup id="cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, CODIS allows for the upload of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA) information into the missing persons indexes. Since mtDNA is passed down from mother to offspring it can be used to link remains to still living relatives who have the same mtDNA.<sup id="cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loci">Loci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Loci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codis_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codis_profile.jpg/220px-Codis_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codis_profile.jpg/330px-Codis_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codis_profile.jpg/440px-Codis_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The original 13 core loci and their locations on the genome plus the sex determining locus <a href="/wiki/Amelogenin" title="Amelogenin">amelogenin</a> (AMEL)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to January 1, 2017, the national level of CODIS required that known offender profiles have a set of 13 loci called the "CODIS core". Since then, the requirement has expanded to include seven additional loci. Partial profiles are also allowed in CODIS in separate indexes and are common in crime scene samples that are degraded or are mixtures of multiple individuals. Upload of these profiles to the national level of CODIS requires at least eight of the core loci to be present as well as a profile rarity of 1 in 10 million (calculated using population statistics).<sup id="cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loci that fall within a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> are named after the gene. For example, TPOX, is named after the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_peroxidase" title="Thyroid peroxidase">human <b>t</b>hyroid <b>p</b>er<b>ox</b>idase</a> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-TPOXname_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPOXname-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loci that do not fall within genes are given a standard naming scheme for uniformity. These loci are named D + the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> the locus is on + S + the order in which the location on that chromosome was described. For example, D3S1358 is on the third chromosome and is the 1358th location described.<sup id="cite_ref-Nomenclature_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomenclature-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CODIS core are listed below; loci with asterisks are the new core and were added to the list in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-CORENIST_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORENIST-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>CSF1PO</li> <li>D3S1358</li> <li>D5S818</li> <li>D7S820</li> <li>D8S1179</li> <li>D13S317</li> <li>D16S539</li> <li>D18S51</li> <li>D21S11</li> <li>FGA</li> <li>TH01</li> <li>TPOX</li> <li>vWA</li> <li>D1S1656*</li> <li>D2S441*</li> <li>D2S1338*</li> <li>D10S1248*</li> <li>D12S391*</li> <li>D19S433*</li> <li>D22S1045*</li></ul></div> <p>The loci used in CODIS were chosen because they are in regions of <a href="/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncoding DNA">noncoding DNA</a>, sections that do not code for proteins. These sections should not be able to tell investigators any additional information about the person such as their hair or eye color, or their race.<sup id="cite_ref-noncoding_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noncoding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, new advancements in the understanding of genetic markers and ancestry have indicated that the CODIS loci may contain <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenotypic_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenotypic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phenotype2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenotype2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_use">International use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the U.S. database is not directly connected to any other country, the underlying CODIS software is used by other agencies around the world. As of April 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the CODIS software is used by 90 international laboratories in 50 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilot_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilot-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phenotypic_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenotypic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International police agencies that want to search the U.S. database can submit a request to the FBI for review. If the request is reasonable and the profile being searched would meet inclusionary standards for a U.S. profile, such as number of loci, the request can be searched at the national level or forwarded to any states where reasonable suspicion exists that they may be present in that level of the database.<sup id="cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrestee_collection">Arrestee collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrestee collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg/220px-CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg/330px-CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg/440px-CODIS_arrestee_collections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Current laws governing DNA collection as of 2023.<p><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0055d4; color:#0055d4;">    </span> Collection upon conviction only</span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FFDB58; color:#FFDB58;">    </span> Collection from some felony arrests</span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#00A86B; color:#00A86B;">    </span> Collection from all felony arrests</span></p></figcaption></figure> <p>The original purpose of the CODIS database was to build upon the <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">sex offender registry</a> through the DNA collection of convicted sex offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Offender_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offender-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, that has expanded. Currently, all 50 states collect DNA from those convicted of <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felonies</a>. A number of states also collect samples from juveniles as well as those who are arrested, but not yet convicted, of a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juvenile_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvenile-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that even in states which limit collection of DNA retained in the state database only to those convicted of a crime, local databases, such as the forensic laboratory operated by New York City's Office of Chief Medical Examiner, may collect DNA samples of arrestees who have not been convicted. The collection of arrestee samples raised constitutional issues, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> prohibiting unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a>. It was argued that the collection of DNA from those that were not convicted of a crime, without an explicit order to collect, was considered a warrantless search and therefore unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrestee4th_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrestee4th-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._King" title="Maryland v. King">Maryland v. King</a></i> that the collection of DNA from those arrested for a crime, but not yet convicted, is part of the police booking procedure and is reasonable when that collection is used for identification purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-ArresteeOK_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArresteeOK-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_searching">Familial searching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Familial searching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Familial_searching" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial searching">Familial searching</a></div> <p>The inheritance pattern of some DNA means that close relatives share a higher percentage of alleles between each other than with other, random, members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Familial_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Familial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows for the searching of close matches within CODIS when an exact match is not found. By focusing on close matches, investigators can potentially find a close relative whose profile is in CODIS narrowing their search to one specific family. Familial searching has led to several convictions after the exhaustion of all other leads including the <a href="/wiki/Grim_Sleeper" title="Grim Sleeper">Grim Sleeper</a> serial killer.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim_Sleeper_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim_Sleeper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice also raised Fourth Amendment challenges as the individual who ends up being charged with a crime was only implicated because someone else's DNA was in the CODIS database.<sup id="cite_ref-Familial4th_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Familial4th-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, twelve states have approved the use of familial searching in CODIS.<sup id="cite_ref-AZFamilial_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZFamilial-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Smith_Act" title="Debbie Smith Act">Debbie Smith Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEDmatch" title="GEDmatch">GEDmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Origin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBudowleMorettiNiezgodaBrown" class="citation web cs1">Budowle, Bruce; Moretti, Tamyra R.; Niezgoda, Stephen J.; Brown, Barry L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2002/oral%20presentations/17.pdf">"CODIS and PCR-Based Short Tandem Repeat Loci: Law Enforcement Tools"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Promega<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CODIS+and+PCR-Based+Short+Tandem+Repeat+Loci%3A+Law+Enforcement+Tools&rft.pub=Promega&rft.aulast=Budowle&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Moretti%2C+Tamyra+R.&rft.au=Niezgoda%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.promega.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fconference%2520proceedings%2Fishi%252002%2Foral%2520presentations%2F17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winid.org/public/what-win-is/">"What WIN Is"</a>. <i>Western Identification Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Identification+Network&rft.atitle=What+WIN+Is&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winid.org%2Fpublic%2Fwhat-win-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilot-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pilot_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pilot_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis#CODIS-Overview">"Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combined+DNA+Index+System+%28CODIS%29&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory%2Fbiometric-analysis%2Fcodis%23CODIS-Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNA1994_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/14132">§ 14132</a></span>: <i>Index to facilitate law enforcement exchange of DNA identification information</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDISfacts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDISfacts_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis/codis-and-ndis-fact-sheet">"Frequently Asked Questions on CODIS and NDIS"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+CODIS+and+NDIS&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory%2Fbiometric-analysis%2Fcodis%2Fcodis-and-ndis-fact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indexes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indexes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indexes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sakitta.org/resources/docs/Data-and-Communication-Flow-in-CODIS.pdf">"Data and Communication Flow in CODIS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sexual Assault Kit Initiative<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+and+Communication+Flow+in+CODIS&rft.pub=Sexual+Assault+Kit+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsakitta.org%2Fresources%2Fdocs%2FData-and-Communication-Flow-in-CODIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other_Indexes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_Indexes_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdoj.gov/getdoc/183aa47b-4b50-4af9-8c56-e3fb7e4b131d/CODIS-04-18-2014.aspx">"Procedure for CODIS"</a>. 10. North Carolina Department of Justice. December 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Procedure+for+CODIS&rft.series=10&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdoj.gov%2Fgetdoc%2F183aa47b-4b50-4af9-8c56-e3fb7e4b131d%2FCODIS-04-18-2014.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMPDD-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMPDD_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMPDD_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis#CODIS-Overview">"Missing Person Comparison Request"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missing+Person+Comparison+Request&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory%2Fbiometric-analysis%2Fcodis%23CODIS-Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Missing_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter" class="citation journal cs1">Ritter, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findthemissing.org/documents/Missing_Persons_and_Unidentified_Remains_Nations_Silent_Mass_Disaster.pdf">"Missing Person and Unidentified Remains: The Nation's Silent Mass Disaster"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NIJ Journal</i> (256). National Institute of Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIJ+Journal&rft.atitle=Missing+Person+and+Unidentified+Remains%3A+The+Nation%27s+Silent+Mass+Disaster&rft.issue=256&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findthemissing.org%2Fdocuments%2FMissing_Persons_and_Unidentified_Remains_Nations_Silent_Mass_Disaster.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNT_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216211631/https://identifyus.org/help/NamUs-DNA_Protocol_for_Collection.pdf">"Family DNA Collection Protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://identifyus.org/help/NamUs-DNA_Protocol_for_Collection.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+DNA+Collection+Protocol&rft.pub=National+Missing+and+Unidentified+Persons+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidentifyus.org%2Fhelp%2FNamUs-DNA_Protocol_for_Collection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis/ndis-statistics">"CODIS – NDIS Statistics as of September 2020"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i>. September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=CODIS+%E2%80%93+NDIS+Statistics+as+of+September+2020&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory%2Fbiometric-analysis%2Fcodis%2Fndis-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis/ndis-statistics">"CODIS – NDIS Statistics"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CODIS+%E2%80%93+NDIS+Statistics&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory%2Fbiometric-analysis%2Fcodis%2Fndis-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDIS_diff-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDIS_diff_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulkaMatthiesDisleySteinberg2010" class="citation report cs1">Goulka, Jeremiah; Matthies, Carl; Disley, Emma; Steinberg, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR918.pdf">Toward a Comparison of DNA Profiling and Databases in the United States and England</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Comparison+of+DNA+Profiling+and+Databases+in+the+United+States+and+England&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Goulka&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft.au=Matthies%2C+Carl&rft.au=Disley%2C+Emma&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Ftechnical_reports%2F2010%2FRAND_TR918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STRstats-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STRstats_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/activities/blackett2/str_codis.html">"What are the 13 core CODIS loci?"</a>. The Biology Project. October 27, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span> – via The University of Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+the+13+core+CODIS+loci%3F&rft.pub=The+Biology+Project&rft.date=2000-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.arizona.edu%2Fhuman_bio%2Factivities%2Fblackett2%2Fstr_codis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STRs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STRs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dummies.com/education/science/forensics-fingering-criminals-using-dna/">"Forensics: Fingering Criminals Using DNA"</a>. <i>For Dummies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=For+Dummies&rft.atitle=Forensics%3A+Fingering+Criminals+Using+DNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Feducation%2Fscience%2Fforensics-fingering-criminals-using-dna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zygosity-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zygosity_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/activities/blackett2/str_inheritance.html">"Genetics of STR Inheritance"</a>. The Biology Project. October 27, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span> – via The University of Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genetics+of+STR+Inheritance&rft.pub=The+Biology+Project&rft.date=2000-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.arizona.edu%2Fhuman_bio%2Factivities%2Fblackett2%2Fstr_inheritance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPOXname-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TPOXname_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cstl.nist.gov/strbase/str_TPOX.htm">"TPOX"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPOX&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cstl.nist.gov%2Fstrbase%2Fstr_TPOX.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nomenclature-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nomenclature_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2005" class="citation book cs1">Butler, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwDyBq2xLjIC&pg=PA23"><i>Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers</i></a> (2nd ed.). Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080470610" title="Special:BookSources/9780080470610"><bdi>9780080470610</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+DNA+Typing%3A+Biology%2C+Technology%2C+and+Genetics+of+STR+Markers&rft.pages=23-24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780080470610&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwDyBq2xLjIC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CORENIST-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CORENIST_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strbase.nist.gov/fbicore.htm">"FBI CODIS Core STR Loci"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology</i>. August 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.atitle=FBI+CODIS+Core+STR+Loci&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrbase.nist.gov%2Ffbicore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noncoding-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noncoding_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugenstein2017" class="citation web cs1">Augenstein, Seth (March 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicmag.com/news/2017/03/germany-mulls-dna-database-identifiers-hair-eye-color-ethnicity">"Germany Mulls DNA Database Identifiers of Hair, Eye Color, Ethnicity"</a>. Forensic Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Mulls+DNA+Database+Identifiers+of+Hair%2C+Eye+Color%2C+Ethnicity&rft.pub=Forensic+Magazine&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Augenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmag.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2Fgermany-mulls-dna-database-identifiers-hair-eye-color-ethnicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenotypic-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phenotypic_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phenotypic_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugenstein2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Augenstein, Seth (April 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forensicmag.com/article/2016/04/does-codis-contain-untapped-ancestry-information">"Does CODIS Contain Untapped Ancestry Information?"</a>. <i>Forensic Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Does+CODIS+Contain+Untapped+Ancestry+Information%3F&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Augenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmag.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F04%2Fdoes-codis-contain-untapped-ancestry-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenotype2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phenotype2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugenstein2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Augenstein, Seth (May 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicmag.com/news/2017/05/codis-has-more-id-information-believed-scientists-find">"CODIS Has More ID Information Than Believed, Scientists Find"</a>. <i>Forensic Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Magazine&rft.atitle=CODIS+Has+More+ID+Information+Than+Believed%2C+Scientists+Find&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.aulast=Augenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmag.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2Fcodis-has-more-id-information-believed-scientists-find&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offender-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offender_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-06-19/html/98-16391.htm">"Proposed Guidelines for the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, as Amended"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>63</b> (118). Federal Register Online: 33696–33708. June 19, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span> – via Government Publishing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Proposed+Guidelines+for+the+Jacob+Wetterling+Crimes+Against+Children+and+Sexually+Violent+Offender+Registration+Act%2C+as+Amended&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=118&rft.pages=33696-33708&rft.date=1998-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-1998-06-19%2Fhtml%2F98-16391.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juvenile-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juvenile_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelsDwyerHalberstadtLachman2011" class="citation report cs1">Samuels, Julie E.; Dwyer, Allison M.; Halberstadt, Robin; Lachman, Pamela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/25021/412487-Collecting-DNA-from-Juveniles.PDF">Collecting DNA from Juveniles</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Urban Institute Justice Policy Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Collecting+DNA+from+Juveniles&rft.pub=Urban+Institute+Justice+Policy+Center&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Julie+E.&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+Allison+M.&rft.au=Halberstadt%2C+Robin&rft.au=Lachman%2C+Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urban.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F25021%2F412487-Collecting-DNA-from-Juveniles.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrestee4th-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arrestee4th_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grossman, Steven P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1295&context=all_fac">"Using the DNA Testing of Arrestees to Reevaluate Fourth Amendment Doctrine"</a>. <i>Valparaiso University Law Review</i>. <b>49</b>: 659–721<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span> – via University of Baltimore Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valparaiso+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Using+the+DNA+Testing+of+Arrestees+to+Reevaluate+Fourth+Amendment+Doctrine&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=659-721&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Steven+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.law.ubalt.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1295%26context%3Dall_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArresteeOK-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArresteeOK_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2013" class="citation web cs1">Liptak, Adam (June 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/us/supreme-court-says-police-can-take-dna-samples.html">"Justices Allow DNA Collection After an Arrest"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justices+Allow+DNA+Collection+After+an+Arrest&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-says-police-can-take-dna-samples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Familial-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Familial_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbergerSims" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberger, Eva; Sims, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513135322/http://www.denverda.org/DNA_Documents/Familial_DNA/CDAA%20familial%20search%20article.pdf">"Finding Criminals Through the DNA of Their Relatives – Familial Searching of the California Offender DNA Database"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prosecutor's Brief</i>. <b>XXXI</b> (1–2). California District Attorneys Association: 28–32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverda.org/DNA_Documents/Familial_DNA/CDAA%20familial%20search%20article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span> – via District Attorney's Office Denver.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prosecutor%27s+Brief&rft.atitle=Finding+Criminals+Through+the+DNA+of+Their+Relatives+%E2%80%93+Familial+Searching+of+the+California+Offender+DNA+Database&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=28-32&rft.aulast=Steinberger&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Sims%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverda.org%2FDNA_Documents%2FFamilial_DNA%2FCDAA%2520familial%2520search%2520article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grim_Sleeper-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grim_Sleeper_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2016" class="citation web cs1">Gerber, Marisa (October 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-familial-dna-20161023-snap-story.html">"The controversial DNA search that helped nab the 'Grim Sleeper' is winning over skeptics"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+controversial+DNA+search+that+helped+nab+the+%27Grim+Sleeper%27+is+winning+over+skeptics&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-familial-dna-20161023-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Familial4th-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Familial4th_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimMammoSiegelKatsanis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Joyce; Mammo, Danny; Siegel, Mami B; Katsanis, Sara H (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253037">"Policy implications for familial searching"</a>. <i>Investigative Genetics</i>. <b>2</b> (22): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-2223-2-22">10.1186/2041-2223-2-22</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253037">3253037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22040348">22040348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Genetics&rft.atitle=Policy+implications+for+familial+searching&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3253037%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22040348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2041-2223-2-22&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Mammo%2C+Danny&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Mami+B&rft.au=Katsanis%2C+Sara+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3253037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZFamilial-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AZFamilial_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugenstein2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Augenstein, Seth (April 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forensicmag.com/news/2018/04/arizona-nabs-murder-suspect-familial-dna-searching-first-try">"Arizona Nabs Murder Suspect With Familial DNA Searching on First Try"</a>. <i>Forensic Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Arizona+Nabs+Murder+Suspect+With+Familial+DNA+Searching+on+First+Try&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Augenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmag.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2Farizona-nabs-murder-suspect-familial-dna-searching-first-try&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+DNA+Index+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/dna-fingerprint-act-of-2005-expungement-policy">CODIS page on FBI.gov</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-warns-privacy-abuses-government-plan-expand-dna-databases">ACLU Warns of Privacy Abuses in Government Plan to Expand DNA Databases</a>". ACLU. March 1, 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-not-so-perfect-match/">A Not So Perfect Match</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 2007</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406135256/http://www.wsmv.com/news/17973779/detail.html">DNA didn't prove anything, as it only had five points out of 13</a>. Juror Explains Verdict In Double Murder". November 13, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FBI" title="Template:FBI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FBI" title="Template talk:FBI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FBI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FBI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">Field offices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Atlanta_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Atlanta Field Office">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Buffalo_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Buffalo Field Office">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cincinnati_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cincinnati Field Office">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cleveland_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cleveland Field Office">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Tampa_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Tampa Field Office">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal,_Cyber,_Response,_and_Services_Branch" title="FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch">Criminal, Cyber, Response,<br />and Services Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Investigative_Division" title="FBI Criminal Investigative Division">Criminal Investigative Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Critical_Incident_Response_Group" title="FBI Critical Incident Response Group">Critical Incident Response Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_the_Analysis_of_Violent_Crime" title="National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime">National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Analysis_Unit" title="Behavioral Analysis Unit">Behavioral Analysis Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Abduction_and_Serial_Murder_Investigative_Resources_Center" title="Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center">Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Criminal_Apprehension_Program" title="Violent Criminal Apprehension Program">Violent Criminal Apprehension Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Crisis_Negotiation_Unit" title="FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit">Crisis Negotiation Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Weapons_and_Tactics_Teams" title="FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams">Special Weapons and Tactics Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Hazardous_Devices_School" title="FBI Hazardous Devices School">Hazardous Devices School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cyber_Division" title="FBI Cyber Division">Cyber Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Human_Resources_Branch" title="FBI Human Resources Branch">Human Resources Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Academy" title="FBI National Academy">National Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">National Security Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterintelligence_Division" title="FBI Counterintelligence Division">Counterintelligence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division" title="FBI Counterterrorism Division">Counterterrorism Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Exploitation_Section" title="Communications Exploitation Section">Communications Exploitation Section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Detainee_Interrogation_Group" title="High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group">High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Screening_Center" title="Terrorist Screening Center">Terrorist Screening Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_Directorate" title="FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate">Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">Science and Technology Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center" title="National Crime Information Center">National Crime Information Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">Laboratory Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Information_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Information and Technology Branch">Information and Technology Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">Intelligence Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_(FBI)" title="Airtel (FBI)">Airtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaupedia" title="Bureaupedia">Bureaupedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Combined DNA Index System</a> (CODIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Internet_Protocol_Address_Verifier" title="Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier">Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_National_Data_Exchange" title="Law Enforcement National Data Exchange">Law Enforcement National Data Exchange</a> (N-DEx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#Rank_structure" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Methods and<br />activities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">Bridgman Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_method_of_profiling" title="FBI method of profiling">FBI method of profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">Rod Blagojevich corruption charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Michael_Jackson" title="FBI files on Michael Jackson">FBI files on Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Elvis_Presley" title="FBI files on Elvis Presley">FBI files on Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_FBI_Miami_shootout" title="1986 FBI Miami shootout">FBI Miami shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">FBI Silvermaster File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Advisor_Program" title="FBI Special Advisor Program">FBI Special Advisor Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" title="FBI Victims Identification Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (database)">Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Interrogation_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Value Interrogation Group">High-Value Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping" title="Lindbergh kidnapping">Lindbergh kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge_standoff" title="Ruby Ridge standoff">Ruby Ridge standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Intelligence_Service" title="Special Intelligence Service">Special Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Scheinberg" title="United States v. Scheinberg"><i>U.S. v. Scheinberg et al.</i> (10 Cr. 336)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Skip%22_Brandon" title="Harry "Skip" Brandon">Harry "Skip" Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aldolphus_Bryce" title="Jacob Aldolphus Bryce">Delf A. 'Jelly' Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">"Deep Throat"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gandy" title="Helen Gandy">Helen Gandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Gormley" title="Joseph L. Gormley">Joseph L. Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Grapp" title="Wesley Grapp">Wesley Grapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icove" title="David Icove">David Icove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Strzok" title="Peter Strzok">Peter Strzok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">FBI Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation_portrayal_in_media" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation portrayal in media">FBI portrayal in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Man_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Man (slang)">G-Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men" title="Junior G-Men">Junior G-Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI–Apple encryption dispute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin" title="FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin">FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(FBI)" title="Hogan's Alley (FBI)">Hogan's Alley</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&oldid=1242867320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&oldid=1242867320</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biometrics" title="Category:Biometrics">Biometrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DNA" title="Category:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_databases_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Law enforcement databases in the United States">Law enforcement databases in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Identity_documents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Identity documents of the United States">Identity documents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_DNA_databases" title="Category:National DNA databases">National DNA databases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_offender_registration" title="Category:Sex offender registration">Sex offender registration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_databases" title="Category:Forensic databases">Forensic databases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biological_databases" title="Category:Biological databases">Biological databases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_introductions" title="Category:1998 introductions">1998 introductions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2011">Use mdy dates from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 August 2024, at 05:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_DNA_Index_System&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-598ft","wgBackendResponseTime":1007,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.688","walltime":"0.837","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3998,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":106951,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5430,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":149207,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 712.916 1 -total"," 41.08% 292.863 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.84% 162.822 18 Template:Cite_web"," 17.17% 122.419 1 Template:Forensic_science"," 12.71% 90.638 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.12% 57.860 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.14% 50.925 1 Template:FBI"," 7.07% 50.396 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.82% 48.605 11 Template:Main_other"," 6.03% 42.956 5 Template:Startflatlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.360","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6351353,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-598ft","timestamp":"20241122144842","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Combined DNA Index System","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combined_DNA_Index_System","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1265403","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1265403","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-11T22:09:26Z","dateModified":"2024-08-29T05:57:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/CODIS_logo.png","headline":"United States national DNA database"}</script> </body> </html>