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' id='Header1_headerimg' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD_WIGHsseqGaGnsXVjcNYZ5g6EIb1XoDEmltAoM6Bi6_R9uDS1BPJP9oPJKj1k4I5R8ALUVZZfy4_DLjEDs6i2GxsCDnf3xO5eo54utZQ5E2pyUhtbQGOiiwBrmLU5asONQ/s1600-r/psf-logo.png' style='display: block' width='334px; '/> </a> <div class='descriptionwrapper'> <p class='description'><span>  News from the Python Software Foundation</span></p> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class='header-cap-bottom cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class='tabs-outer'> <div class='tabs-cap-top cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left tabs-fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right tabs-fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='region-inner tabs-inner'> <div class='tabs no-items section' id='crosscol' name='Cross-Column'></div> <div class='tabs no-items section' id='crosscol-overflow' name='Cross-Column 2'></div> </div> </div> <div class='tabs-cap-bottom cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div> <div class='main-outer'> <div class='main-cap-top cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left main-fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right main-fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='region-inner main-inner'> <div class='columns fauxcolumns'> <div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-center-outer'> <div class='cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> </div> </div> <div class='cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div> <div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-left-outer'> <div class='cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> </div> </div> <div class='cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div> <div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-right-outer'> <div class='cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> </div> </div> <div class='cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div>  <div class='columns-inner'> <div class='column-center-outer'> <div class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='Main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, June 16, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='8520' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1229701417898337869' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1229701417898337869'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/update-on-python-software-foundation.html'>Update on the Python Software Foundation Executive Director</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1229701417898337869' itemprop='description articleBody'> After ten years of exceptional service to the Python Software Foundation, the PSF Executive Director Ewa Jodlowska has decided to leave the Foundation at the end of 2021. We wish to thank Ewa for her many years of service and contributions to not only the Foundation but to the entire Python community. It’s safe to say the PSF, PyCon and the whole Python community would not be where it is today if not for Ewa.<br /><br />In preparation for Ewa’s departure, the Python Software Foundation will begin a search to find a new Executive Director. The Executive Director is a key player in helping the Foundation pursue our mission “to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers.”<br /><br />The Board of Directors will work together with the Staff, the outgoing Executive Director, and the community in developing a timeline for the transition as well as posting periodic updates on the search when it formally begins. Please keep an eye on the PSF blog for these updates as well as the forthcoming job listing. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/08560693365188941302' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/08560693365188941302' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Lorena Mesa</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/update-on-python-software-foundation.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/update-on-python-software-foundation.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-16T13:00:00-04:00'>6/16/2021 01:00:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-838232110'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8520&postID=1229701417898337869&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, June 09, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU9WT62lZPx02g25RSuH116DEDeTqEl8ZViuyOGdZ8yr6NJujE5Y5drxTv2nli76dOxMq6nEPA_0uI679ybVvbgDNXZOSjEtgadSDqRdgY398G4z-eUW5H-e6dxRYDDwV4Dh4/s16000/lightning-2.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='8520' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7158188209124458240' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7158188209124458240'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit.html'> The 2021 Python Language Summit: Lightning Talks, Round 2</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7158188209124458240' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div><div><p>The second day of the <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-2021-python-language-summit.html">2021 Python Language Summit</a> finished with a series of lightning talks from Ronny Pfannschmidt, <span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, L</span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">uciano Ramalho, </span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"></span></span></span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7681" data-size="15">Jason R. Coombs,</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13">Mark Shannon, and </span></span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Tobias Kohn.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU9WT62lZPx02g25RSuH116DEDeTqEl8ZViuyOGdZ8yr6NJujE5Y5drxTv2nli76dOxMq6nEPA_0uI679ybVvbgDNXZOSjEtgadSDqRdgY398G4z-eUW5H-e6dxRYDDwV4Dh4/s500/lightning-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="124" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU9WT62lZPx02g25RSuH116DEDeTqEl8ZViuyOGdZ8yr6NJujE5Y5drxTv2nli76dOxMq6nEPA_0uI679ybVvbgDNXZOSjEtgadSDqRdgY398G4z-eUW5H-e6dxRYDDwV4Dh4/s16000/lightning-2.png" /></a></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Annotated Assertions: Debugging With Joy</span></span></span></span></h2><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><a href="https://twitter.com/ossronny">Ronny Pfannschmidt</a> spoke about annotated assertions. He is a <span style="font-family: courier;">pytest</span> maintainer and loves approachable debugging.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">He compared assertions in <span style="font-family: courier;">unittest</span> with assertions in <span style="font-family: courier;">pytest</span>. He remarked that mistakes have been made in the past and are still being made today. Before <span style="font-family: courier;">pytest</span> 2.1, <span style="font-family: courier;">pytest</span> would reinterpret assertions, which was bad for side effects. Today, <span style="font-family: courier;">pytest</span> deals with side effects by handling all of the variables, collecting them, and showing them to you. </span></span></span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Here's what he would like to see in Python:</span></span></span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrj2nKP-mFDt4ON0odkBN8DKQTfKI82aFEDTQ5-7T39ZEbQTvjDXWTi4yOkHqD6ZVTX1CRzHId9camiA_nY3MGfXe24G8MoJkVUYNRdhH9UJ8FaZ-CJjKWlSOg_PsD6_n7Ars/s500/lightning-2-1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrj2nKP-mFDt4ON0odkBN8DKQTfKI82aFEDTQ5-7T39ZEbQTvjDXWTi4yOkHqD6ZVTX1CRzHId9camiA_nY3MGfXe24G8MoJkVUYNRdhH9UJ8FaZ-CJjKWlSOg_PsD6_n7Ars/s16000/lightning-2-1.png" /></a></div><p></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Here's what he'd like to do:</span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Create a PEP or have a PEP sponsor</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Open the implementation of </span></span></span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">pytest</span></span></span></span></span> to a wider audience</span></span></span></span></li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">PEP 657: Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks<br /></span></span></span></span></h2><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><a href="https://twitter.com/pyblogsal">Pablo Galindo</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/isidentical">Batuhan </a></span></span></span></span><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><a href="https://twitter.com/isidentical">Taskaya</a> shared their thoughts on what they want to do and what they don't want to do with <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/">PEP 657</a>. The goal of this PEP is to improve the debugging experience by making the information in tracebacks more specific. It would also help with code coverage tools because it would allow expression-level coverage rather than just line-level coverage. <a href="https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/358">JEP 358</a> has already accomplished something similar.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">The speakers want to:</span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Keep maintenance costs low</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Keep the size small without overcomplicating the compiler</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Provide an API for tools to consume</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Provide an opt-out mechanism</span></span></span></span></span></li></ul></div><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">They want to avoid:</span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Adding a new set of <span style="font-family: courier;">.pyc</span> files</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Adding a new debugging info file format</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Having a large number of new flags to customize</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Implementing in memory/size encoding <br /></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Complicating the compiler too much</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Providing more than one opt-out mechanism</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Having manual metadata propagation</span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">For the opt-out mechanism, there will be two ways to deactivate the feature:</span></span></span></span></span></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">Environment variable: </span></span></span></span></span></b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span style="font-family: courier;">PYNODEBUGRANGES</span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"></span></span></span></span></span></b></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><b>Command line option: </b><span style="font-family: courier;">-Xnodebugranges</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol></div><div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Who Speaks for Mort on python-dev?</h2><div><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/ramalhoorg"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32">L</span></a><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><a href="https://twitter.com/ramalhoorg">uciano Ramalho</a> explained that Mort, Elvis, and Einstein are names for personas that have been used within Microsoft to understand the needs of users:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Mort</b> is an opportunistic developer who like to create quick solutions for immediate problems. He focuses on productivity and learns as needed.</span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Elvis </b>is a pragmatic programmer who likes to create long-lasting solutions. He learns while working on solutions.</span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Einstein </b>is a paranoid programmer who likes to create the most efficient solution to a problem. He typically learns before working on the solution.</span></span></li></ul><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Users of Python can be organized into similar groups with distinct needs. Since Einsteins may not clearly understand the needs of Morts and Elvises, Luciano Ramalho suggested that it may be time to recruit core users to speak for the Python users who aren't also core developers.</span></span></div><div><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"></span></span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Annotations as Transforms</span></span></h2><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><a href="https://twitter.com/jaraco">Jason R. Coombs</a> shared his thoughts on designating transformation functions to be applied to parameters and return values. He had originally been inspired by the simplicity and power of decorators, and his idea could in theory be applied with decorators today. However, he determined that it would be more elegant to use annotations.</span></span></p><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Using this approach would have advantages:</span></span></p><ul><li>Elegant, simple declaration of intended behavior</li><li>Clear separation of concerns</li><li>Avoiding rewriting variables in the scope</li><li>Easy reuse of transformations</li><li>Explicit type transformation</li></ul><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">However, there would also be challenges:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Compatibility:</b> Although older versions of Python don't have this functionality, you could implement a compatibility shim.<br /></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Ambiguity between types and transforms: </b>In order to address this concern, you could potentially:</span></span></li><ul><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Require transforming functions to be explicitly created</span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Provide a wrapping helper to specify that a type is used as a transform (e.g. <span style="font-family: courier;">-> transform(str)</span>)</span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Provide a wrapper helper or explicit types for nontransforming type declarations (e.g. <span style="font-family: courier;">Int</span> or <span style="font-family: courier;">strict(int)</span>)</span></span></li></ul></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Tiers of Execution: Making CPython Execute Efficiently</span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><a href="https://github.com/markshannon">Mark Shannon</a> started by defining <a href="https://github.com/markshannon/faster-cpython/blob/master/tiers.md">four tiers of execution</a>:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Tier 0: </span></span></b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">The slowest tier, with minimal memory usage and low startup time</span></span><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"> <br /></span></span></b></li><li><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Tier 1: </span></span></b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Primary interpreter, the adaptive, specializing interpreter</span></span></li><li><b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Tier 2: </span></span></b><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15">Small region, lightweight JIT<br /></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><b>Tier 3: </b>Large region, heavyweight JIT<br /></span></span></li></ul></div><div><p><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">The higher a tier, the hotter the code that it will execute. Today, CPython is at tier 0.3. It's a compromise between memory use and speed but isn't optimized for either. He said that tier 0 could be considered for Python 3.11 or later. It could:</span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Minimize startup time and memory use at the expense of execution speed</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Support a full set of features, including <span style="font-family: courier;">sys.settrace</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Be able to execute from a <span style="font-family: courier;">.pyc</span> file that is mmapped and immutable</span></span></span></span></li></ul><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Tier 1 is planned for Python 3.11:</span></span></span></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Adaptive, specializing interpreter (<a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0659/">PEP 659</a>)</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Possible lack of support for some features, such as <span style="font-family: courier;">sys.settrace</span></span></span></span></span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Tiers 2 and 3 are entirely hypothetical at the moment and would involve JIT compilers. They maybe be more like LuaJIT than JVM.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Switching between tiers can be expensive, but the goal is to make it cheaper by having the same in-memory data layout for all tiers. In order to support all of Python, we will need to switch between tiers often. Each tier should be maintained mostly independently for open-source development. The performance cost won't be high if the memory layout is designed carefully.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"></span></span></span></span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Running Parallel Python Code in the Browser</span></span></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12"><a href="https://tobiaskohn.ch/">Tobias Kohn</a> has been working on <a href="https://tpython.tobiaskohn.ch/">TPython</a>, a new Python implementation that works in the browser. His objectives were to do multiprocessing in the browser, not block the UI, and use native JavaScript libraries. </span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Because JavaScript has a single thread event queue that contains even I/O and garbage collection, as long as your current thread is running, nothing else can happen while your current task is running. You can use web workers with messages in each of the web worker's event queues, but those messages won't become visible until the event queue gets to them.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">You could suspend the current task and let everything in the event queue happen so that the message can be processed and then resume your task later on. To do that, you could use the bytecode in Python 3.6+ because the frame already has an index into the bytecode and captures state, to a certain extent. However, some bytecode instructions are too complex. <span style="font-family: courier;">_add_</span> can execute arbitrary Python code, fail, call <span style="font-family: courier;">_radd_</span>, and execute other Python code. The standard bytecode is insufficient.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">He's currently using an MPI interface for parallel processing. There is:</span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">Early-stage multiprocessing support</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">A NumPy-like interface for JavaScript typed arrays</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">No blocking or freezing of the browser's UI</span></span></span></span></li></ul><span data-position="7061" data-size="32"><span data-position="7259" data-size="15"><span data-position="7395" data-size="13"><span data-position="7564" data-size="12">It runs on unmodified CPython 3.6+ bytecode.</span></span></span></span></div></div></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Joanna Jablonski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-09T12:13:00-04:00'>6/09/2021 12:13:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1243408041'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8520&postID=7158188209124458240&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, June 06, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtdffuvntbo8hWwBSBkCqm4gNPMwbU1rJaU9QXYQj9I5tBqEy45AaWOSXCCJsJJAsVElhJ0wdrWd9MdoPt3pT5u5JewQzrXF8xGaPVMiRwzU312f9vZInStr2ycUNrykIeOE/s16000/zhd.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='8520' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8092553898252258700' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8092553898252258700'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-fuzzing.html'>The 2021 Python Language Summit: Fuzzing and Testing Python With Properties</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8092553898252258700' itemprop='description articleBody'> <p>At the <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-2021-python-language-summit.html">2021 Python Language Summit</a>, <a href="https://zhd.dev/">Zac Hatfield-Dodds</a> gave a presentation about fuzzing and testing with Python properties. This presentation tied in with the <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/05/lightning-talks-part-2.html">one he gave</a> at the <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-2020-python-language-summit.html">2020 Python Language Summit</a>.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtdffuvntbo8hWwBSBkCqm4gNPMwbU1rJaU9QXYQj9I5tBqEy45AaWOSXCCJsJJAsVElhJ0wdrWd9MdoPt3pT5u5JewQzrXF8xGaPVMiRwzU312f9vZInStr2ycUNrykIeOE/s460/zhd.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Zac Hatfield-Dodds" border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtdffuvntbo8hWwBSBkCqm4gNPMwbU1rJaU9QXYQj9I5tBqEy45AaWOSXCCJsJJAsVElhJ0wdrWd9MdoPt3pT5u5JewQzrXF8xGaPVMiRwzU312f9vZInStr2ycUNrykIeOE/s16000/zhd.png" /></a></div> <p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">What Is Testing?</h2><p>For the purposes of this talk, he defined testing as the art and science of running code and then checking if it did what it was supposed to do. He added that, although assertions, type checkers, linters, and code review are good, they are not testing.</p><p>There are two general reasons why we might have tests:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>For correctness:</b></li><ol><li>The goal is to validate software and determine that they are no bugs.</li><li>Nondeterminism is acceptable.</li><li>Finding any fault is a success. <br /></li></ol><li><b>For software engineering (programming, over time, in teams):</b></li><ol><li>The goal is to validate changes or detect regressions.</li><li>Nondeterminism is bad.</li><li>Bugs should be in only the diff.<b><br /></b></li></ol></ol><p>When these two reasons for testing aren't distinguished, there can be miscommunications.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">What Is Property-Based Testing? <br /></h2><p>There are <a href="https://www.hillelwayne.com/a-bunch-of-tests/">many types of tests</a>:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Unit tests</li><li>Integration tests</li><li>Snapshot tests</li><li>Parameterized tests</li><li>Fuzz tests</li><li>Property-based tests</li><li>Stateful model tests</li></ul><p>The speaker then walked the summit attendees through an example to explain going from traditional unit tests through to parameterized tests and then seeing how that plays into property-based tests.</p><p>Imagine that you needed to test the <span style="font-family: courier;">sorted()</span> builtin. With a traditional set of unit tests, you can write a bunch of cases with the expected inputs and outputs:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3vHpWqXh4KT5x8ylsX89guxbjO87LDb0U4hM4rqim7eIKR4KNmlpfsKxpsQWHdxol0hHF_wHMKwYaPguQyaaqrOT1DeBAALov3ZJPt-9VztMMdpGoUhbtzm8kUmbSj6V6GY/s500/test-1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3vHpWqXh4KT5x8ylsX89guxbjO87LDb0U4hM4rqim7eIKR4KNmlpfsKxpsQWHdxol0hHF_wHMKwYaPguQyaaqrOT1DeBAALov3ZJPt-9VztMMdpGoUhbtzm8kUmbSj6V6GY/s16000/test-1.png" /></a></div><br />If you want to avoid repeating yourself, you can write a list of inputs and outputs:<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5BBuAdNGEKI5MCcWMmwdBHCmEegFg78BS3jqYmd0Ihfw410tWgtBiVEZEWdQxHZ3-duwh_2BMakt3N7gAj-cZxz4xmZSKKPBGETo-sCGfjLHLX_TSa03EJhKXu4w2WUEVII/s500/test-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5BBuAdNGEKI5MCcWMmwdBHCmEegFg78BS3jqYmd0Ihfw410tWgtBiVEZEWdQxHZ3-duwh_2BMakt3N7gAj-cZxz4xmZSKKPBGETo-sCGfjLHLX_TSa03EJhKXu4w2WUEVII/s16000/test-2.png" /></a></div><br />If you don't have a known good result, then you can still write tests using only the input argument. One option would be to compare to another reference implementation:<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMZxWYUBG25NSYt3614YU7DBMJzjZ6-kzFCvlBteNlA6fbPy88SJjusrU8nx3ZDe7Ci-m_5MxC0M9bRoh3n-ZSK4X2C7oGdPs0Ql6iey9AUJ2C_0KS6yM7PJ6ChYMDfdC5e0Q/s500/test-3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMZxWYUBG25NSYt3614YU7DBMJzjZ6-kzFCvlBteNlA6fbPy88SJjusrU8nx3ZDe7Ci-m_5MxC0M9bRoh3n-ZSK4X2C7oGdPs0Ql6iey9AUJ2C_0KS6yM7PJ6ChYMDfdC5e0Q/s16000/test-3.png" /></a></div><p></p><p>However, comparing with another reference implementation might not be an option, so you could just test if the output seems to be right:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpd3xuIRIcPvKvvVAKJJa0useeuwaX93VU9eNQvEXsRPXymtEsNe5r1Y0pk5WWI0Flng1l42tL-3r75GlvhWSFhSUneHmZVol-nGyUSqeaKrMk9v3iOObCUCC0vtu2lqo9W8/s500/test-4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpd3xuIRIcPvKvvVAKJJa0useeuwaX93VU9eNQvEXsRPXymtEsNe5r1Y0pk5WWI0Flng1l42tL-3r75GlvhWSFhSUneHmZVol-nGyUSqeaKrMk9v3iOObCUCC0vtu2lqo9W8/s16000/test-4.png" /></a></div><p></p><p>In order to improve on this test, you might want to add another property that you can test. You could check that the length of the output is the same as the length of the input and that you have the same set of elements:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGbpjMmK6BFA83i3lb3smOUkb0F0ca-4rO0WyGLaen8idCzOju75v6-Y5h_Lydz8c2ADAiKAlRjXqZz3okUKre72tY2ZMVLnlubNG5WaA56TSGnbHUkfdjtHF6uZciIMuRkY/s500/test-5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGbpjMmK6BFA83i3lb3smOUkb0F0ca-4rO0WyGLaen8idCzOju75v6-Y5h_Lydz8c2ADAiKAlRjXqZz3okUKre72tY2ZMVLnlubNG5WaA56TSGnbHUkfdjtHF6uZciIMuRkY/s16000/test-5.png" /></a></div><p>This would pass on the incorrect <span style="font-family: courier;">sorted([1, 2, 1]) -> [1, 2, 2]</span>.  A brute-force approach using <span style="font-family: courier;">itertools.permutations()</span> would detect that too:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlB6pynaaFOXQC83_ElJ6X2NOY3O9EAkW0P1b0BmzDdzqV3xnterd1ogLxNMTNVlMuDAocGxvOlV7OuLBqnPDzSx7EEot00axlp1OrfQT8ddDffxB1sPIGLsBr1a1bkFSrns/s500/test-6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlB6pynaaFOXQC83_ElJ6X2NOY3O9EAkW0P1b0BmzDdzqV3xnterd1ogLxNMTNVlMuDAocGxvOlV7OuLBqnPDzSx7EEot00axlp1OrfQT8ddDffxB1sPIGLsBr1a1bkFSrns/s16000/test-6.png" /></a></div><br />But the best solution is <span style="font-family: courier;">collections.Counter()</span>:<br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkjaQzYaWZgRxaGlRD6maIwmeEe1d2-s69K8mychnhn8oZcr9o0BkN5kuafQh50dq-QW4M6kmkid50631yev6vLo9m0aes3WgJ-q6WJAeW_tzHKOrWgZVfTBGdFpTtdQGYzhw/s500/test-7.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkjaQzYaWZgRxaGlRD6maIwmeEe1d2-s69K8mychnhn8oZcr9o0BkN5kuafQh50dq-QW4M6kmkid50631yev6vLo9m0aes3WgJ-q6WJAeW_tzHKOrWgZVfTBGdFpTtdQGYzhw/s16000/test-7.png" /></a></div><p>This last test uses property-based testing:<br /></p><div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYZ5NSERiTlwBJaDBSpi6jhFYxI_iNJrqWQ2BHP7SwTrlxBz-dg2pRizJyTpqWOHPNNOsbjrefQkhYRLoKCeyM9dflxhBIwbuHaoT_pKNuYvPoJTWXLxo3rbGO9v5BP4tRqoQ/s500/test-8.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYZ5NSERiTlwBJaDBSpi6jhFYxI_iNJrqWQ2BHP7SwTrlxBz-dg2pRizJyTpqWOHPNNOsbjrefQkhYRLoKCeyM9dflxhBIwbuHaoT_pKNuYvPoJTWXLxo3rbGO9v5BP4tRqoQ/s16000/test-8.png" /></a></div> </div><div>Instead of having a specific list of inputs, you could use Hypothesis:</div><div> </div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcoVo1ym2096_jiNGb7dyfpm9sH9Je8uZGqPn_FoYUY8GxgKLJ7PbrH6muiZ2qG1i6kWlExUNi50ZmcI1aV3-Oe3lhSXLbHFuEEtSsc-Ke0RYhXtV_fB2SP_oFJGgtU1WAGc/s500/test-9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcoVo1ym2096_jiNGb7dyfpm9sH9Je8uZGqPn_FoYUY8GxgKLJ7PbrH6muiZ2qG1i6kWlExUNi50ZmcI1aV3-Oe3lhSXLbHFuEEtSsc-Ke0RYhXtV_fB2SP_oFJGgtU1WAGc/s16000/test-9.png" /></a></div><br /></div><div>That test will fail because <span style="font-family: courier;">NaN</span> compares unequal to itself, so any list containing <span style="font-family: courier;">NaN</span> will appear to not be in sorted order. So it could be good to have specified behavior for the ordering on <span style="font-family: courier;">NaN</span> elements in the sorting algorithm:<br /></div><div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhR3C2fmOmpzIxVkHXP3vso-IipkUoCbrWX_8VG2Xzkv3nYXsVVzydnkG93m0EUZ6uWrks-_2S9aXtEbyc-PCttD6_HdS_qTIU2_dM3H4SQZjCBBmYzUNvR6pISLFIozqc_E/s500/test-10.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhR3C2fmOmpzIxVkHXP3vso-IipkUoCbrWX_8VG2Xzkv3nYXsVVzydnkG93m0EUZ6uWrks-_2S9aXtEbyc-PCttD6_HdS_qTIU2_dM3H4SQZjCBBmYzUNvR6pISLFIozqc_E/s16000/test-10.png" /></a></div> </div><div>He said that one of the big advantages of using something like Hypothesis rather than a list of handwritten examples is that is will raise conceptual issues that you may not have already thought through yourself.<p></p><p>In summary, property-based testing lets you:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Generate input data that you might not have thought of yourself</li><li>Check that the result isn't wrong, even without the right answer</li><li>Discover bugs in your understanding rather than just in your code</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;">Often, you don't even need assertions in the test. Generating unusual input data is surprisingly effective. It can give you the sort of feedback you could get from real users, but you don't need to ship before getting the feedback.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">A common concern is that, if you have randomized testing, then are things flaky? How do you deal with determinism? Hypothesis has been working on that for years, so they have solid answers to these kinds of questions:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjPkSl9nZdYkkkeLBQMUASuahJHONVgnXHb5UKO9710Kc_2vFYuaAQshMjpRECqv8eSelJJ088XwGJIESQeLyV2-mltQMum7V3aRJhmV62NDdBZjadAXHLL2-S5eAEIooxsM/s500/test-11.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjPkSl9nZdYkkkeLBQMUASuahJHONVgnXHb5UKO9710Kc_2vFYuaAQshMjpRECqv8eSelJJ088XwGJIESQeLyV2-mltQMum7V3aRJhmV62NDdBZjadAXHLL2-S5eAEIooxsM/s16000/test-11.png" /></a></div><p>If that's not enough, then you also have other options:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjleB4RKcQci4ncJAYE3RvomIKuBhVrCEkKNeSK4WD2KPZyNjfrDtv49thU_MwEhyV9cms5jZBbzk-5Fv9C-U7Rv1HGUcmad5fH3g7yOuis_BZBhQgaGeLxUhPf10F2PU78CCY/s500/test-12.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjleB4RKcQci4ncJAYE3RvomIKuBhVrCEkKNeSK4WD2KPZyNjfrDtv49thU_MwEhyV9cms5jZBbzk-5Fv9C-U7Rv1HGUcmad5fH3g7yOuis_BZBhQgaGeLxUhPf10F2PU78CCY/s16000/test-12.png" /></a></div><p>The Hypothesis database is a collection of files on disk that represent the various examples. Since it's a key-value store, it's easy to implement your own custom one:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJqp-whRbgtHcrNnNjMmhtztw5lQw2XftdxYE_gVNlzedAbTxP5BoXXPGVvEGCJTsyLc-kRuKz2igZBLCT1NoEsx0yMSGmroGR0gwUDIfHkgKx_CC8pa1Z5mNTHq6PuEjkp6w/s500/test-13.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJqp-whRbgtHcrNnNjMmhtztw5lQw2XftdxYE_gVNlzedAbTxP5BoXXPGVvEGCJTsyLc-kRuKz2igZBLCT1NoEsx0yMSGmroGR0gwUDIfHkgKx_CC8pa1Z5mNTHq6PuEjkp6w/s16000/test-13.png" /></a></div><p></p><p>In this example, you have a local database on disk. You can also have a shared network database on something like Redis, for example.</p><p>Coverage-guided fuzzing takes this to the next level:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJeghoDJ4pOxAmEL2dLSg1SRe8Ko2Y3guI2bsC4lI76Oj1j8gYsIEOd637LutQh_j0EO7yxHWczHlGyM5XfnvLXgggpIG2r-moGExwq2REjVTNLhwFfwntbVmf3eKMRXtw74/s500/test-14.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJeghoDJ4pOxAmEL2dLSg1SRe8Ko2Y3guI2bsC4lI76Oj1j8gYsIEOd637LutQh_j0EO7yxHWczHlGyM5XfnvLXgggpIG2r-moGExwq2REjVTNLhwFfwntbVmf3eKMRXtw74/s16000/test-14.png" /></a></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">What's New? <br /></h2><p>At the 2020 Python Language Summit, when he said that we would find more bugs if we used property-based testing for CPython and the standard library, the response was positive, but then not much happened. Since then, Paul Ganssle has opened a PR on CPython to add some Hypothesis tests for the <span style="font-family: courier;">zoneinfo</span> library. Zac Hatfield-Dodds said that CPython is doing very well on unit testing and has a strong focus on regressions but that it would be quite valuable to add some of the tools that have been developed for testing for correctness.</p><p>These tools don't only find existing bugs. They're good at finding regressions where someone checked in new code with what turned out to be inadequate test coverage:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hZIEf3jAQUIXPoXXYcqNOS9L0DMCy8DVrdWepTC6kW5J_W1x9RqfipT3SLF_D2SlnkSMNsgLbv7h4LkwlvVyvnMPTKulBFOF9xA8ETWYq6ThzxP1b-hyeHZ1KqqwAUthv4I/s500/test-15.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hZIEf3jAQUIXPoXXYcqNOS9L0DMCy8DVrdWepTC6kW5J_W1x9RqfipT3SLF_D2SlnkSMNsgLbv7h4LkwlvVyvnMPTKulBFOF9xA8ETWYq6ThzxP1b-hyeHZ1KqqwAUthv4I/s16000/test-15.png" /></a></div><p>There is a pace at which we find and fix bugs that were preexisting in addition to the ongoing rate of introducing new bugs that then get detected by fuzzing instead of lasting for too long:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvPVnQ3L8WoTQ1RIpkh6oR_3C-ziNlj6lk0I7rBhFKqoXJHrEcj6_4OdAHXuUYnkq_QwPtNibQ6fubw7o9DnO9lUgZE__UH1LvBtU9pHlc60SrPZxzhyhOLupxeahge3p85w/s500/test-16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvPVnQ3L8WoTQ1RIpkh6oR_3C-ziNlj6lk0I7rBhFKqoXJHrEcj6_4OdAHXuUYnkq_QwPtNibQ6fubw7o9DnO9lUgZE__UH1LvBtU9pHlc60SrPZxzhyhOLupxeahge3p85w/s16000/test-16.png" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">What's Next?</h2><p>There is a three-step plan:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Merge Paul Ganssle's PR or come up with an alternative proposal to get Hypothesis into CPython's CI in order to unblock ongoing incremental work</li><li>Merge some tests</li><li>Run them in CI and on OSS-Fuzz</li></ol><div>For interested parties, you can see and engage in the follow-ups to this work on the <a href="https://github.com/python/steering-council/issues/65" target="_blank">Python Steering Council's issue tracker</a>.</div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Joanna Jablonski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-fuzzing.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-fuzzing.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-06T12:37:00-04:00'>6/06/2021 12:37:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1243408041'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8520&postID=8092553898252258700&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, June 05, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFMFNiXZnWghIKofzs-BAY1flplnqDEuOK17aF-WuefmVvJ6hjOPbycuKaj80c3s311TI6-wtgW70H2vlH7xbiZNuqiRR3KnQ3NrEZFPY8MHV0F87yr8CtpxSVwpb-2iBffE/s16000/eric-snow.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='8520' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='68901659861391668' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='68901659861391668'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-what.html'>The 2021 Python Language Summit: What Should I Work on as a Core Dev?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-68901659861391668' itemprop='description articleBody'> <p>At the <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-2021-python-language-summit.html">2021 Python Language Summit</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/ericsnowcrntly">Eric Snow</a> gave a presentation about how core developers can receive guidance to help them work on improvements to the language that will bring the most benefit to the Python community.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFMFNiXZnWghIKofzs-BAY1flplnqDEuOK17aF-WuefmVvJ6hjOPbycuKaj80c3s311TI6-wtgW70H2vlH7xbiZNuqiRR3KnQ3NrEZFPY8MHV0F87yr8CtpxSVwpb-2iBffE/s460/eric-snow.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eric Snow" border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFMFNiXZnWghIKofzs-BAY1flplnqDEuOK17aF-WuefmVvJ6hjOPbycuKaj80c3s311TI6-wtgW70H2vlH7xbiZNuqiRR3KnQ3NrEZFPY8MHV0F87yr8CtpxSVwpb-2iBffE/s16000/eric-snow.png" /></a></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">What Does the Community Need? </h2><p>When Eric Snow first got involved in core development over a decade ago, he liked that there was so much to learn. But he found that the organization didn't offer a lot of direction in terms of guiding volunteers to the kind of work that would have the biggest impact. </p><p>Over the years, he's thought about how he and other contributors decide what to work on and why. What directs the efforts of contributors and core developers? Contributors make decisions based on their availability, expertise, and interests. Core developers need to act as stewards for the language. There's plenty of collaboration that goes on, but everyone has their own idea of what the community needs, what would be interesting to work on, and what the Python language needs. As a result, it can be hard to see the bigger picture.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Would a PM Help? <br /></h2><p>Time and time again, he has asked himself what he can work on to best help the Python community. We all care about this language and the community that surrounds it, so we want to help it as much as we can. Sometimes, it's hard to get a sense of what will help the community and the language the most from our own limited, individual perspectives.</p><p>One solution could be to have a dedicated PM who can provide the direction that we've been missing. This person could be provided by the PSF or a sponsoring organization. They could compile and maintain a list of improvements that would be most beneficial to the community. They wouldn't dictate what would be worked on, but they could surface what the community needs.</p><p>There has been talk of the Steering Council providing a road map. Having a PM could help:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Provide a clear picture of what that road map could look like</li><li>Help developers and maintainers make decisions about where to spend their time as volunteers</li><li>Facilitate collaboration<br /></li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">Discussion <br /></h2><p>Eric Snow was interested in hearing whether or not other core developers would find a PM helpful.  </p><p><a href="https://twitter.com/ramalhoorg?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor">Luciano Ramalho</a> said that he was strongly in favor of having a PM who could assess the needs of the community from the perspective of the community rather than only the perspective of core developers. This idea overlaps with the questions he raised in <a href="https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit.html">his lightning talk</a> at this summit. He also mentioned that Go has a PM role similar to what Eric Snow was suggesting.</p><p>Other attendees discussed how this kind of role could be funded and considered how much benefit the role could bring considering that the PSF is working with limited <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">financial resources</a>. They also discussed the differences between a Product Manager and a Program Manager and determined that this role would be more like a Program Manager.</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03548871163405905726' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Joanna Jablonski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-what.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-what.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-05T16:38:00-04:00'>6/05/2021 04:38:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1243408041'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8520&postID=68901659861391668&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-newer-link'> <a class='blog-pager-newer-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2021-08-18T05:19:00-04:00&max-results=2&reverse-paginate=true' 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dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2022/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(42)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/update-on-python-software-foundation.html'>Update on the Python Software Foundation Executive...</a></li> <li><a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit.html'>The 2021 Python Language Summit: Lightning Talks, ...</a></li> <li><a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-fuzzing.html'>The 2021 Python Language Summit: Fuzzing and Testi...</a></li> <li><a href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-2021-python-language-summit-what.html'>The 2021 Python Language Summit: What Should I Wor...</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(51)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(45)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(31)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(32)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2017/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(27)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2016/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(67)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2014/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2013/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(21)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2012/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(55)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2011/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a 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