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id="toc-U.S._states_by_Buddhist_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._states_by_Buddhist_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>U.S. states by Buddhist population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._states_by_Buddhist_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_in_American_Overseas_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_in_American_Overseas_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Buddhism in American Overseas territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_in_American_Overseas_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of Buddhism in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immigrant Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigrant_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immigrant Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chinese immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_and_Korean_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_and_Korean_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Japanese and Korean immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_and_Korean_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Immigrant_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Immigrant_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contemporary Immigrant Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Immigrant_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Japanese Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_Churches_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_Churches_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Buddhist Churches of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_Churches_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nichiren_buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nichiren_buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Nichiren buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nichiren_buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwanese_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwanese_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Taiwanese Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwanese_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Import_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Import_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Import Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Import_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Import Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Import_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophical_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophical_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Theosophical Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophical_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Carus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Carus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Paul Carus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Carus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Early spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwight_Goddard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwight_Goddard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Dwight Goddard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwight_Goddard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zen subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_Rinzai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Rinzai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Japanese Rinzai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Rinzai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Rinzai-teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Rinzai-teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Early Rinzai-teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Rinzai-teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D.T._Suzuki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D.T._Suzuki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>D.T. Suzuki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D.T._Suzuki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beat_Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beat_Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Beat Zen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beat_Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Rinzai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Rinzai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Contemporary Rinzai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Rinzai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Sōtō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Sōtō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japanese Sōtō</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Sōtō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soyu_Matsuoka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soyu_Matsuoka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Soyu Matsuoka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soyu_Matsuoka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunryu_Suzuki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunryu_Suzuki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Shunryu Suzuki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunryu_Suzuki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tozen_Akiyama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tozen_Akiyama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Tozen Akiyama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tozen_Akiyama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Plum_Sangha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Plum_Sangha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>White Plum Sangha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Plum_Sangha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanbo_Kyodan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanbo_Kyodan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sanbo Kyodan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanbo_Kyodan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philip_Kapleau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philip_Kapleau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Philip Kapleau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philip_Kapleau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Aitken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Aitken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Robert Aitken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Aitken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chinese Chán</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hsuan_Hua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hsuan_Hua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Hsuan Hua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hsuan_Hua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheng-yen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheng-yen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Sheng-yen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheng-yen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Seon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Seon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Korean Seon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Seon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_Thien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_Thien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Vietnamese Thien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_Thien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thích_Nhất_Hạnh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thích_Nhất_Hạnh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Thích Nhất Hạnh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thích_Nhất_Hạnh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tibetan Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theravada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theravada subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Theravada_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Theravada_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American Theravada Buddhists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Theravada_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S._N._Goenka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S._N._Goenka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>S. N. Goenka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S._N._Goenka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_of_American_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_of_American_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Association of American Buddhists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_of_American_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Women and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Contemporary developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engaged_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engaged_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Engaged Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engaged_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Misconduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accreditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accreditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Accreditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accreditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Demographics of Buddhism in the United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics of Buddhism in the United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers_of_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_of_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Numbers of Buddhists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_of_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_Buddhist_Converts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_Buddhist_Converts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Demographics of Buddhist Converts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_Buddhist_Converts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Ethnic divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_education_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_education_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Buddhist education in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_education_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Buddhist_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Buddhist_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable Buddhist Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Buddhist_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বৌদ্ধধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Bouddhisme aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="미국의 불교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Buddhisme di Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme di Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus_az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamokban" title="Buddhizmus az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhizmus az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Буддизм в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддизм в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalaisuus_Yhdysvalloissa" title="Buddhalaisuus Yhdysvalloissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddhalaisuus Yhdysvalloissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ศาสนาพุทธในสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธในสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BA%A1i_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Phật giáo tại Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật giáo tại Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara Buddha"><img alt="Gandhara Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/100px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/150px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/200px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Statue of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Tea_Garden_(San_Francisco)" title="Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco)">Japanese Tea Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Buddhism in Europe">Buddhism in Europe</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In England</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe_Kelsang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshe Kelsang Gyatso">Geshe Kelsang Gyatso</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Anagarika_Govinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Anagarika Govinda">Lama Anagarika Govinda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In England</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern Chinese Chán</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Rinzai Zen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Soto Zen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sanbo Kyodan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haku%27un_Yasutani" class="mw-redirect" title="Haku'un Yasutani">Haku'un Yasutani</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>White Plum Asanga</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Korean Seon</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Vietnamese Thiền</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists"><i><b>Listing of Zen Buddhists</b></i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>In the UK</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Wheels_Temple" title="Three Wheels Temple">Three Wheels Temple</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the USA</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honpa_Hongwanji_Mission_of_Hawaii" title="Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii">Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Canada</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu_Buddhist_Temples_of_Canada" title="Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada">Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Exchange</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and Western Philosophy">Buddhism and Western Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">Buddhism and Pyrrhonism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">General Buddhism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Traditions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Asian countries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism"><i><b>Listing of Buddhist topics</b></i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Buddhism" title="Template:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The term <b>American Buddhism</b> can be used to describe all <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> groups within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian-American</a> Buddhists born into the faith, who comprise the largest percentage of Buddhists in the country. </p><p>American Buddhists come from a range of <a href="/wiki/National_origin" title="National origin">national origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicities">ethnicities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belief7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, estimated U.S. practitioners at 3.5 million people, of whom 40% are living in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of percentage, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> has the most Buddhists at 8% of the population, due to its large <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_Hsi_Lai_Temple_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Covering 15 acres (61,000 m<sup>2</sup>), California's <a href="/wiki/Hsi_Lai_Temple" title="Hsi Lai Temple">Hsi Lai Temple</a> is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the western hemisphere.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg/220px-Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg/330px-Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg/440px-Hongwanji_Buddist_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Services at the Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, around 1925</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._states_by_Buddhist_population">U.S. states by Buddhist population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. states by Buddhist population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> has the largest Buddhist population by percentage, amounting to 8% of the state's population. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> follows Hawaii with 2%. <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> have a Buddhist population of 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist population rapidly increased in the 1960's with the change in Asian immigration law to the United States. By the 1980's, multiple Buddhist communities began to sprout throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism_in_American_Overseas_territories">Buddhism in American Overseas territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhism in American Overseas territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is the percentage of Buddhists in the U.S. territories as of 2010: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territory</th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></td> <td>10.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td><1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a></td> <td>unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States">Types of Buddhism in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of Buddhism in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three broad types of American Buddhism are found in the United States:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The oldest and largest of these is "immigrant" or "ethnic Buddhism", those Buddhist traditions that came to America with immigrants who were already practitioners and that largely remained with those immigrants and their descendants.</li> <li>The next oldest and arguably the most visible group Prebish refers to as "import Buddhists", because they came to America largely in response to interested American converts who sought them out, either by going abroad or by supporting foreign teachers; this is sometimes also called "elite Buddhism" because its practitioners, especially early ones, tended to come from social elites.</li> <li>A trend in Buddhism is "export" or "evangelical Buddhist" groups based in another country who actively recruit members in the US from various backgrounds. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Buddhism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Modern Buddhism (disambiguation)">Modern Buddhism</a> is not just an American phenomenon.</li></ol> <p>This typology has been the subject of debate among scholars who have noted the problematic nature of equating "ethnic" Buddhists with Asian immigrants which elides the ethnicity or cultural specificity of white American Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigrant_Buddhism">Immigrant Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immigrant Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/220px-Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/330px-Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/440px-Garden_Grove_Vietnamese_Buddhist_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Chùa Huệ Quang Buddhist Temple, a Vietnamese American temple in Garden Grove</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg/220px-Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg/330px-Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg/440px-Buddha_statue_at_Wat_Buddharangsi_Buddhist_Temple_of_Miami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Wat Buddharangsi Buddhist Temple of Miami</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism was introduced into the US by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>. </p><p>Immigrant Buddhist congregations in North America are as diverse as the different peoples of Asian Buddhist extraction who settled there. The US is home to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thai Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodian Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnamese Buddhists</a> and Buddhists with family backgrounds in most Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">countries</a> and regions. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act of 1965">Immigration Act of 1965</a> increased the number of immigrants arriving from China, Vietnam and the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>-practicing countries of Southeast Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_immigration">Chinese immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_temples_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Buddhist temples in the United States">Buddhist temple in America</a> was built in 1853 in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> by the Sze Yap Company, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> fraternal society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another society, the Ning Yeong Company, built a second in 1854; by 1875, there were eight temples, and by 1900 approximately 400 Chinese temples on the west coast of the United States, most of them containing some Buddhist elements. Unfortunately a casualty of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ford5962_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford5962-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these temples were often the subject of suspicion and ignorance by the rest of the population, and were dismissively called <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple_architecture" title="Chinese temple architecture">joss houses</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/220px-Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/330px-Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg/440px-Amida_and_Altar_of_Midwest_Buddhist_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>The Amida and altar of the Midwest Buddhist Temple in Chicago, Illinois.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_and_Korean_immigration">Japanese and Korean immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese and Korean immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882 curtailed growth of the Chinese American population, but large-scale immigration from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> began in the late 1880s and from <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> around 1903. In both cases, immigration was at first primarily to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawai‘i</a>. Populations from other Asian Buddhist countries followed, and in each case, the new communities established <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_temples" title="Category:Buddhist temples">Buddhist temples</a> and organizations. For instance, the first sanctioned Japanese temple in Hawai‘i, the Hāmākua Bukkyo Kaido (later renamed as the Hāmākua Jodo Mission), was built in 1896 by the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> school under the guidance of Reverend Gakuo Okabe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, Japanese missionaries and immigrants established a Young Men's Buddhist Association, and the Rev. Sōryū Kagahi was dispatched from Japan to be the first Buddhist missionary to Hawai‘i.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Japanese Buddhist temple in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">continental U.S.</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1899, and the first in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was built at the Ishikawa Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist clergy</a> to take up residence in the continental U.S. were Shuye Sonoda and Kakuryo Nishimjima, missionaries from Japan who arrived in 1899. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Immigrant_Buddhism">Contemporary Immigrant Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary Immigrant Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg/220px-Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg/330px-Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg/440px-Buddhist_service-Adams-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist service at the <a href="/wiki/Manzanar" title="Manzanar">Manzanar War Relocation Center</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg/220px-HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg/330px-HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg/440px-HigashiHonganji-Interior_LosAngeles_East1stSt-CentrAve_1925Nov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Higashi Honganji, Los Angeles (East 1st St./Center Ave.), November 1925</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Buddhist_Churches_of_America">Buddhist Churches of America</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhist Churches of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Honpa_Hongwanji_Mission_of_Hawaii" title="Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii">Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii</a> are immigrant Buddhist organizations in the United States. The BCA is an affiliate of Japan's Nishi Hongwanji, a sect of <a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodo Shinshu">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, which is, in turn, a form of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. Tracing its roots to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Buddhist_Association" title="Young Buddhist Association">Young Men's Buddhist Association</a> founded in San Francisco at the end of the 19th century and the Buddhist Mission of North America founded in 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it took its current form in 1944. All of the Buddhist Mission's leadership, along with almost the entire Japanese American population, had been interned during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The name <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a> was adopted at <a href="/wiki/Topaz_War_Relocation_Center" title="Topaz War Relocation Center">Topaz War Relocation Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>; the word "church" was used in analogy to a Christian house of worship. After internment ended, some members returned to the West Coast and revitalized churches there, while a number of others moved to the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and built new churches. During the 1960s and 1970s, the BCA was in a growth phase and was very successful at fund-raising. It also published two periodicals, one in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. However, since 1980, BCA membership declined. The 36 temples in the state of Hawaii of the Honpa Hongwanji Mission have a similar history. </p><p>While a majority of the Buddhist Churches of America's membership are <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">ethnically Japanese</a>, some members have non-Asian backgrounds. Thus, it has limited aspects of export Buddhism. As involvement by its ethnic community declined, internal discussions advocated attracting the broader public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nichiren_buddhism">Nichiren buddhism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nichiren buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, which means "Value Creation Society", is one of three sects of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> from Japan that expanded after World War II. Soka Gakkai came to the United States with Daisaku Ikeda in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of a rift with <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> in 1991, the SGI has no <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">priests</a> of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main religious practice is chanting the mantra <i><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō</a></i> and sections of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">schools</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, Soka Gakkai Buddhists do not practice meditative techniques other than chanting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwanese_Buddhism">Taiwanese Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taiwanese Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another US Buddhist institution is <a href="/wiki/Hsi_Lai_Temple" title="Hsi Lai Temple">Hsi Lai Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hacienda_Heights,_California" title="Hacienda Heights, California">Hacienda Heights, California</a>. Hsi Lai is the American headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a>, a modern Buddhist group in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Hsi Lai was built in 1988 at a cost of $10 million and is often described as the largest Buddhist temple in the Western hemisphere. Although it caters primarily to Chinese Americans, it also has regular services and outreach programs in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Import_Buddhism">Import Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Import Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Buddhism in the United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22">"Buddhism in the United States"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Buddhism+in+the+United+States%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Asian immigrants were arriving, some American intellectuals examined Buddhism, based primarily on information from British colonies in India and East Asia. </p><p>In the last century, numbers of Asian Buddhist masters and teachers have immigrated to the U.S. in order to propagate their beliefs and practices. Most have belonged to three major Buddhist traditions or cultures: <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravadan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_translations">Early translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png/130px-Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png/195px-Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png/260px-Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody_portrait1.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth Palmer Peabody</figcaption></figure> <p>The Englishmen <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a> translated <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> texts into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. The American <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalists</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and Buddhist philosophy. They were among the first western writers to have access to translated Hindu and Buddhist texts. In 1844, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a></i>, a small literary publication edited by Thoreau and Emerson, published an English version of a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>; it had been translated by <i>Dial</i> business manager <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Palmer Peabody">Elizabeth Palmer Peabody</a> from a French version recently completed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnouf" title="Eugène Burnouf">Eugène Burnouf</a>. His Indian readings may have influenced his later experiments in simple living: at one point in <i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i> Thoreau wrote: "I realized what the Orientals meant by contemplation and the forsaking of works." Poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> also references Indian religions in his writing. In Whitman's well-known poem "Passage to India", he refers to Indian rivers, history and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophical_Society">Theosophical Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theosophical Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg/170px-H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg/255px-H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/H.S._Olcott-portrait-300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a>, cofounder of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, was probably the first American convert to Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> <p>An early American to publicly convert to Buddhism was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a>. Olcott, a former U.S. army colonel during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, had grown interested in reports of supernatural phenomena that were popular in the late 19th century. In 1875, he, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, dedicated to the study of the occult and influenced by Hindu and Buddhist scriptures. The leaders claimed to believe that they were in contact, via visions and messages, with a secret order of <a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">adepts</a> called the "Himalayan Brotherhood" or "the Masters". In 1879, Olcott and Blavatsky traveled to India and in 1880, to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, where they were met enthusiastically by local Buddhists, who saw them as allies against an aggressive Christian missionary movement. On May 25, Olcott and Blavatsky took the <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Precepts">pancasila</a> vows of a lay Buddhist before a monk and a large crowd. Although most of the Theosophists appear to have counted themselves as Buddhists, they held idiosyncratic beliefs that separated them from known Buddhist traditions; only Olcott was enthusiastic about following mainstream Buddhism. He returned twice to Sri Lanka, where he promoted Buddhist education, and visited Japan and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. Olcott authored a <i>Buddhist Catechism</i>, stating his view of the basic tenets of the religion. </p><p>Several publications increased knowledge of Buddhism in 19th-century America. In 1879, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a>, an English aristocrat, published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia" title="The Light of Asia">The Light of Asia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an epic poem he had written about the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a>, expounded with much wealth of local color and not a little felicity of versification. The book became immensely popular in the United States, going through eighty editions and selling more than 500,000 copies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Carus">Paul Carus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paul Carus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Carus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Carus.JPG/170px-Paul_Carus.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Carus.JPG/255px-Paul_Carus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Carus.JPG/340px-Paul_Carus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carus" title="Paul Carus">Paul Carus</a> was an editor and collaborator with <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carus" title="Paul Carus">Paul Carus</a>, a German American philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, was at work on a more scholarly prose treatment of the same subject. Carus was the director of <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing Company</a>, an academic publisher specializing in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monist" title="The Monist">The Monist</a></i>, a journal with a similar focus, both based in <a href="/wiki/La_Salle,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle, Illinois">La Salle, Illinois</a>. In 1894, Carus published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Buddha" title="The Gospel of Buddha">The Gospel of Buddha</a></i>, compiled from a variety of Asian texts which, true to its name, presented the Buddha's story in a form resembling the Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>. Carus was acclaimed among Asian clerics for his understanding of Buddhism. In a letter to S. Sonoda in San Francisco, Carus wrote "breathe the true spirit of Buddhism and yet be adapted to Western ways of thought".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_spread">Early spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, <i>The Buddhist Ray</i> appeared, a <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>-based magazine published and edited by Phillangi Dasa, born Herman Carl (or Carl Herman) Veetering (or Vettering), a recluse about whom little is known. The <i>Ray</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s tone was "ironic, light, saucy, self-assured ... one-hundred-percent American Buddhist".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ceased publication in 1894. </p><p>In 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> hosted a number of Buddhist delegates, including the Zen master <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Buddhist</a> revivalist <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaku contrasted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> as a principle of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a> with the "<a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Prime Mover</a>" nature of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a>, while Dharmapala challenged the idea of Christianity as a "universal religion" by comparing it to the more ancient and "universal" teachings of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Pluralism_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pluralism-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900 six white San Franciscans, working with Japanese <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jodo Shinshu</a> missionaries, established the Dharma Sangha of Buddha and published a bimonthly magazine, <i>The Light of Dharma</i>. In Illinois, Paul Carus wrote more books about Buddhism and set portions of Buddhist scripture to Western classical music. </p><p>By 1970, most all sects of Asian Buddhism were present in America. Don Morreale's 1988 catalogue of <i>Buddhist America: Centers, Retreats, Practices</i> had 350 pages of listings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwight_Goddard">Dwight Goddard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dwight Goddard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One American who attempted to establish an American Buddhist movement was Dwight Goddard (1861–1939). Goddard was a Christian missionary to China when he first came in contact with Buddhism. In 1928, he spent a year living at a Zen monastery in Japan. In 1934, he founded "The Followers of Buddha, an American Brotherhood", with the goal of applying the traditional monastic structure of Buddhism more strictly than Senzaki and Sokei-an. The group was largely unsuccessful: no Americans were recruited to join as monks and attempts failed to attract a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan</a> (Zen) master to come to the United States. However, Goddard's efforts as an author and publisher bore considerable fruit. In 1930, he began publishing <i>ZEN: A Buddhist Magazine</i>. In 1932, he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Daisetz_Teitaro_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> on a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a>. That same year, he published the first edition of <i>A Buddhist Bible</i>, an anthology of Buddhist scriptures focusing on those used in Chinese and Japanese Zen.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zen">Zen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zen_Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States">Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Zen_Teachers_Association" title="American Zen Teachers Association">American Zen Teachers Association</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1893parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/220px-1893parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/330px-1893parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/440px-1893parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>The 1893 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Rinzai">Japanese Rinzai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Japanese Rinzai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zen was introduced to the United States by Japanese priests who were sent to serve local immigrant groups. A small group also came to study the American culture and way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Rinzai-teachers">Early Rinzai-teachers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early Rinzai-teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a> was invited to speak at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. During his talks, Shaku he challenged his mostly Christian audience's notions of religion and presented Zen Buddhism as <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">nontheistic</a>, and compatible with <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pluralism_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pluralism-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, Shaku was invited to stay in the United States by a wealthy American couple. He lived for nine months near San Francisco, where he established a small <a href="/wiki/Zendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zendo">zendo</a> in the home of Alexander and Ida Russell and gave regular <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a> lessons, making him the first Zen Buddhist priest to teach in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ford5962_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford5962-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaku was followed by <a href="/wiki/Nyogen_Senzaki" title="Nyogen Senzaki">Nyogen Senzaki</a>, a young monk from Shaku's home temple in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Senzaki briefly worked for the Russells and then as a hotel porter, manager and eventually, owner. In 1922 Senzaki rented a hall and gave an English talk on a paper by Shaku; his periodic talks at different locations became known as the "floating zendo". Senzaki established an itinerant sitting hall from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in California, where he taught until his death in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sokatsu Shaku, one of Shaku's senior students, arrived in late 1906, founding a Zen meditation center called <a href="/wiki/Ryomokyo-kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryomokyo-kai">Ryomokyo-kai</a>. One of his disciples, <a href="/wiki/Shigetsu_Sasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shigetsu Sasaki">Shigetsu Sasaki</a>, better known under his monastic name Sokei-an, came to New York to teach. In 1931, his small group incorporated as the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Society of America">Buddhist Society of America</a>, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/First_Zen_Institute_of_America" title="First Zen Institute of America">First Zen Institute of America</a>. By the late 1930s, one of his most active supporters was <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fuller_Sasaki" title="Ruth Fuller Sasaki">Ruth Fuller Everett</a>, an American socialite and the mother-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>. Shortly before Sokei-an's death in 1945, he and Everett would wed, at which point she took the name <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fuller_Sasaki" title="Ruth Fuller Sasaki">Ruth Fuller Sasaki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D.T._Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: D.T. Suzuki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a></div> <p>D.T. Suzuki had a great literary impact. Through English language essays and books, such as <i>Essays in Zen Buddhism</i> (1927), he became a visible expositor of Zen Buddhism and its unofficial ambassador to Western readers. In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Daisetz_Teitaro_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki">Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki</a> returned to the United States to take a visiting professorship at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where his open lectures attracted members of the literary, artistic, and cultural elite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beat_Zen">Beat Zen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Beat Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1950s, writers associated with the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> took a serious interest in Zen,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a>, which increased its visibility. Prior to that, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a> had interest as early as 1946, and D. T. Suzuki began lecturing on Buddhism at Columbia in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1958, anticipating Kerouac's publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a></i> by three months, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine said, "Zen Buddhism is growing more chic by the minute."<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Rinzai">Contemporary Rinzai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary Rinzai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicagoZBT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChicagoZBT.JPG/110px-ChicagoZBT.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChicagoZBT.JPG/165px-ChicagoZBT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChicagoZBT.JPG/220px-ChicagoZBT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Zen Buddhist Temple in Chicago, part of the Buddhist Society for Compassionate Wisdom</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> Zen teachers in United States have included <a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a> Roshi, <a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a> Roshi, and <a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a> Roshi (d. 1994). Sasaki founded the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baldy_Zen_Center" title="Mount Baldy Zen Center">Mount Baldy Zen Center</a> and its branches after coming to Los Angeles from Japan in 1962. One of his students is the Canadian poet and musician <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>. Eido Roshi founded <a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a>, a training center in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state. Omori Roshi founded Daihonzan Chozen-ji, the first Rinzai headquarters temple established outside Japan, in Honolulu; under his students Tenshin Tanouye Roshi and Dogen Hosokawa Roshi and their dharma heirs, several other training centers were established including <a href="/wiki/Daiyuzenji" title="Daiyuzenji">Daiyuzenji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korinji" title="Korinji">Korinji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. </p><p>In 1998 <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chayat" title="Sherry Chayat">Sherry Chayat</a>, born in Brooklyn, became the first American woman to receive transmission in the Rinzai school of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Sōtō"><span id="Japanese_S.C5.8Dt.C5.8D"></span>Japanese Sōtō</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japanese Sōtō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soyu_Matsuoka">Soyu Matsuoka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soyu Matsuoka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soyu_Matsuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyu Matsuoka">Soyu Matsuoka</a></div> <p>In the 1930s Soyu Matsuoka-roshi was sent to America by Sōtōshū, to establish the Sōtō Zen tradition in the United States. He established the Chicago Buddhist Temple in 1949. Matsuoka-roshi also served as superintendent and abbot of the Long Beach Zen Buddhist Temple and Zen Center. He relocated from Chicago to establish a temple at Long Beach in 1971 after leaving the Zen Buddhist Temple of Chicago to his dharma heir Kongo Richard Langlois, Roshi. He returned to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1995, where he died in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shunryu_Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shunryu Suzuki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunryu Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> Zen priest Shunryu Suzuki (no relation to <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>), who was the son of a Sōtō priest, was sent to San Francisco in the late 1950s on a three-year temporary assignment to care for an established Japanese congregation at the Sōtō temple, Soko-ji.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suzuki also taught zazen or sitting meditation which soon attracted American students and "<a href="/wiki/Beatniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatniks">beatniks</a>", who formed a core of students who in 1962 would create the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a> and its eventual network of highly influential Zen centers across the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a>, the first Buddhist monastery in the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He provided innovation and creativity during San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> movement of the 1960s but he died in 1971. His low-key teaching style was described in the popular book <i><a href="/wiki/Zen_Mind,_Beginner%27s_Mind" title="Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind">Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind</a>,</i> a compilation of his talks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tozen_Akiyama">Tozen Akiyama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tozen Akiyama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordained in 1974 in Japan by Tosui Ohta, came to the United States in 1983, initially posted to Zenshuji in Los Angeles. In 1985 he became the abbot of Milwaukee Zen Center, which he led and developed until 2000. He has three dharma heirs: <a href="/wiki/Jish%C5%8D_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jishō Warner">Jisho Warner</a> in California, abiding teacher of Stone Creek Zen Center; Tonen Sara O'Connor in Wisconsin, former head priest of Milwaukee Zen Center; and Toshu Neatrour in Idaho. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_Plum_Sangha">White Plum Sangha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: White Plum Sangha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="White Plum Sangha">White Plum Sangha</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a> arrived as a young priest to serve at Zenshuji, the North American <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> sect headquarters in Los Angeles, in 1956. Maezumi received dharma transmission (<a href="/wiki/Shiho" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiho">shiho</a>) from Baian Hakujun Kuroda, his father and high-ranked Sōtō priest, in 1955. By the mid-1960s he had formed a regular zazen group. In 1967, he and his supporters founded the <a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a>. Further, he received teaching permission (<a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">inka</a>) from Koryu Osaka – a <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> teacher – and from <a href="/wiki/Haku%27un_Yasutani" class="mw-redirect" title="Haku'un Yasutani">Yasutani Hakuun</a> of the Sanbo Kyodan. Maezumi, in turn, had several American dharma heirs, such as <a href="/wiki/Tetsugen_Bernard_Glassman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetsugen Bernard Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Daido_Loori" title="John Daido Loori">John Daido Loori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Charlotte Joko Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Nyogen_Yeo" title="William Nyogen Yeo">William Nyogen Yeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Genpo_Merzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Genpo Merzel">Dennis Genpo Merzel</a>. His successors and their network of centers became the <a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="White Plum Sangha">White Plum Sangha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Merle_Kodo_Boyd" title="Merle Kodo Boyd">Merle Kodo Boyd</a>, born in Texas, became the first African-American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanbo_Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sanbo Kyodan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a> is a contemporary Japanese Zen lineage which had an impact in the West disproportionate to its size in Japan. It is rooted in the reformist teachings of <a href="/wiki/Harada_Daiun_Sogaku" title="Harada Daiun Sogaku">Harada Daiun Sogaku</a> (1871–1961) and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Haku%27un_Yasutani" class="mw-redirect" title="Haku'un Yasutani">Yasutani Hakuun</a> (1885–1971), who argued that the existing Zen institutions of Japan (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> sects) had become complacent and were generally unable to convey real <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philip_Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Philip Kapleau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></div> <p>Sanbo Kyodan's first American member was Philip Kapleau, who first traveled to Japan in 1945 as a court reporter for the war crimes trials. In 1953, he returned to Japan, where he met with <a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Nakagawa Soen</a>, a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Nyogen_Senzaki" title="Nyogen Senzaki">Nyogen Senzaki</a>. In 1965, he published a book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Pillars_of_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Pillars of Zen">The Three Pillars of Zen</a></i>, which recorded a set of talks by Yasutani outlining his approach to practice, along with transcripts of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts#D" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist terms and concepts">dokusan</a> interviews and some additional texts. In 1965 Kapleau returned to America and, in 1966, established the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. In 1967, Kapleau had a falling-out with Yasutani over Kapleau's moves to Americanize his temple, after which it became independent of Sanbo Kyodan. One of Kapleau's early disciples was <a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a>, who left Rochester in 1981 to found a nonsectarian meditation center, not specifically Buddhist or Zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robert_Aitken">Robert Aitken</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Robert Aitken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></div> <p>Robert Aitken was introduced to Zen as a prisoner in Japan during World War II. After returning to the United States, he studied with Nyogen Senzaki in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the early 1950s. In 1959, while still a Zen student, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Sangha">Diamond Sangha</a>, a zendo in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu, Hawaii">Honolulu, Hawaii</a>. Aitken became a dharma heir of Yamada's, authored more than ten books, and developed the Diamond Sangha into an international network with temples in the United States, Argentina, Germany, and Australia. In 1995, he and his organization split with Sanbo Kyodan in response to reorganization of the latter following Yamada's death. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">Pacific Zen Institute</a> led by <a href="/wiki/John_Tarrant_(Zen_Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tarrant (Zen Buddhist)">John Tarrant</a>, Aitken's first Dharma successor, continues as an independent Zen line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Chán"><span id="Chinese_Ch.C3.A1n"></span>Chinese Chán</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chinese Chán"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg/170px-HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg/255px-HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg/340px-HsuanHuaShangRen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are also Zen teachers of Chinese Chán, Korean Seon, and Vietnamese Thien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hsuan_Hua">Hsuan Hua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hsuan Hua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTTBgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/220px-CTTBgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/330px-CTTBgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/440px-CTTBgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The 480-acre (1.9 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> founded by Hsuan Hua in <a href="/wiki/Talmage,_California" title="Talmage, California">Talmage, California</a>, is geographically the largest Buddhist community in the western hemisphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, Hsuan Hua moved to San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown</a>, where, in addition to Zen, he taught Chinese Pure Land, <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism. Initially, his students were mostly westerners, but he eventually attracted a range of followers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sheng-yen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></div> <p>Sheng-yen first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Association of the United States">Buddhist Association of the United States</a>, an organization of Chinese American Buddhists. In 1980, he founded the Chán Meditation Society in <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens, New York</a>. In 1985, he founded the Chung-hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies in Taiwan, which sponsors Chinese Zen activities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_Seon">Korean Seon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Korean Seon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_(Seung_Sahn).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg/130px-Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg/195px-Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg/260px-Dae_Soen_Sa_Nim_%28Seung_Sahn%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a> in 2002</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a> was a temple abbot in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. After living in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and Japan, he moved to the US in 1972 (not speaking any English) to establish the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a>. Shortly after arriving in Providence, he attracted students and founded the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Zen_Center" title="Providence Zen Center">Providence Zen Center</a>. The Kwan Um School has more than 100 Zen centers on six continents. </p><p>Another Korean Zen teacher, <a href="/wiki/Samu_Sunim" class="mw-redirect" title="Samu Sunim">Samu Sunim</a>, founded <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s Zen Buddhist Temple in 1971. He was head of the Buddhist Society for Compassionate Wisdom, which has temples in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, along with a retreat center in Upstate New York. </p><p>Hye Am<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1884–1985) brought lineage Dharma to the United States. Hye Am's Dharma successor, Myo Vong<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the Western Son Academy (1976), and his Korean disciple, <a href="/wiki/Pohwa" title="Pohwa">Pohwa</a> Sunim, founded World Zen Fellowship (1994) which includes various Zen centers in the United States, such as the Potomac Zen Sangha, the Patriarchal Zen Society and the Baltimore Zen Center.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, Korean Buddhist monks have come to the United States to spread the Dharma. They are establishing temples and zen (Korean, 'Seon') centers all around the United States. For example, Hyeonho established the Goryosah Temple in Los Angeles in 1979, and Muil Woohak founded the Budzen Center in New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_Thien">Vietnamese Thien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Vietnamese Thien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg/170px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg/255px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg/340px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese Zen (<i><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Thiền</a></i>) teachers in America include <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>. Thích Thiên-Ân came to America in 1966 as a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> and taught traditional Thiền meditation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thích_Nhất_Hạnh"><span id="Th.C3.ADch_Nh.E1.BA.A5t_H.E1.BA.A1nh"></span>Thích Nhất Hạnh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Thích Nhất Hạnh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> was a monk in Vietnam during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In 1966, he left Vietnam in exile and founded the <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Monastery" title="Plum Village Monastery">Plum Village Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In his books and talks, Thích Nhất Hạnh emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindfulness (Buddhism)">mindfulness</a> (<i>sati</i>) as the most important practice in daily life. His monastic students live and practice at three centers in the United States: <a href="/wiki/Deer_Park_Monastery" title="Deer Park Monastery">Deer Park Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Monastery" title="Blue Cliff Monastery">Blue Cliff Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bush,_New_York" title="Pine Bush, New York">Pine Bush, New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Magnolia Grove Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Batesville,_Mississippi" title="Batesville, Mississippi">Batesville, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibetan_Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_with_the_14th_Dalai_Lama_in_the_Map_Room_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>The Dalai Lama with US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most widely visible Buddhist leader in the world is <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, who first visited the United States in 1979. As the exiled political leader of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, he has become a popular cause célèbre, attracting celebrity religious followers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Yauch" title="Adam Yauch">Adam Yauch</a>. His early life was depicted in Hollywood films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet_(1997_film)" title="Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)">Seven Years in Tibet</a></i>. An early Western-born Tibetan Buddhist monk was <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._F._Thurman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. F. Thurman">Robert A. F. Thurman</a>, now an academic supporter of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama maintains a North American headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>. </p><p>The Dalai Lama's family has strong ties to America. His brother <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Norbu</a> fled China after being asked to assassinate his brother. He was himself a Lama, the <a href="/wiki/Takster_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Takster Rinpoche">Takster Rinpoche</a>, and an abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum Monastery</a> in Tibet's <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> region. He settled in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>, where he later founded the Tibetan Mongolian Buddhist Cultural Center and Kumbum Chamtse Ling Temple. Since the death of the Takster Rinpoche it has served as a Kumbum of the West, with the current Arija Rinpochere serving as its leader. </p><p>Dilowa Gegen (Diluu Khudagt) was the first lama to immigrate to the United States in 1949 as a political refugee and joined Owen Lattimore's Mongolia Project. He was born in Tudevtei, Zavkhan, Mongolia and was one of the leading figures in declaration of independence of Mongolia. He was exiled from Mongolia, the reason remains unrevealed to this day. After arriving in the US, he joined Johns Hopkins University and founded a monastery in New Jersey. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg/130px-Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg/195px-Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg/260px-Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The ashes of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya" title="Great Stupa of Dharmakaya">Great Stupa of Dharmakaya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Tibetan Buddhist lama to have American students was <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Ngawang_Wangyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshe Ngawang Wangyal">Geshe Ngawang Wangyal</a>, a Kalmyk-Mongolian of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> lineage, who came to the United States in 1955 and founded the "Lamaist Buddhist Monastery of America" in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> in 1958. Among his students were the future western scholars <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hopkins" title="Jeffrey Hopkins">Jeffrey Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)" title="Alexander Berzin (scholar)">Alexander Berzin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_C._Klein" title="Anne C. Klein">Anne C. Klein</a>. Other early arrivals included <a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> lama who settled in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, in 1960, and <a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarthang Tulku Rinpoche">Tarthang Tulku Rinpoche</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> teacher in America, who arrived in the US in 1968 and established the "Tibetan Nyingma Meditation Center" in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, in 1969. </p><p>A well known Tibetan Buddhist lama to live in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a>. Trungpa, part of the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> school of Tibetan Buddhism, moved to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1963, founded a temple in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and then relocated to <a href="/wiki/Barnet,_Vermont" title="Barnet, Vermont">Barnet, Vermont</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, by 1970. He established what he named Dharmadhatu meditation centers, eventually organized under a national umbrella group called <a href="/wiki/Vajradhatu" title="Vajradhatu">Vajradhatu</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_International" title="Shambhala International">Shambhala International</a> in February 2000). He developed a series of secular techniques he called <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Training</a>. Following Trungpa's death, his followers at the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Shambhala_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Shambhala Center">Rocky Mountain Shambhala Center</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stupa_of_Dharmakaya" title="Great Stupa of Dharmakaya">Great Stupa of Dharmakaya</a>, a traditional reliquary monument, near <a href="/wiki/Red_Feather_Lakes,_Colorado" title="Red Feather Lakes, Colorado">Red Feather Lakes, Colorado</a>, consecrated in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg/220px-26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg/330px-26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg/440px-26_HHK_KTD_shrine_rm_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karma_Triyana_Dharmachakra" title="Karma Triyana Dharmachakra">Karma Triyana Dharmachakra</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York" title="Woodstock, New York">Woodstock, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism: the Gelug, the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingma</a>, and the Sakya. Of these, the greatest impact in the West was made by the Gelug, led by the Dalai Lama, and the Kagyu, specifically its <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> branch, led by the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>. In 1974 <a href="/wiki/Trungpa_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Trungpa Rinpoche">Trungpa Rinpoche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a> invited the 16th Karmapa to the united States.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the early 1990s, there were several significant strands of Kagyu practice in the United States: Chögyam Trungpa's <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambhala</a> movement; <a href="/wiki/Karma_Triyana_Dharmachakra" title="Karma Triyana Dharmachakra">Karma Triyana Dharmachakra</a>, a network of centers affiliated directly with the Karmapa's North American seat in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York" title="Woodstock, New York">Woodstock, New York</a>; a network of centers founded by <a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a>; a number of centers dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">mahamudra</a> study and practice founded by <a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a>. The Drikung Kagyu lineage also has an established presence in the United States. Khenchen Konchog Gyaltsen arrived in the US in 1982 and planted the seeds for multiple Drikung centers across the country. He also paved the way for the arrival of Garchen Rinpoche, who established the Garchen Buddhist Institute in Chino Valley, Arizona. In 1990, Mahamudra Meditation Center was founded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Barth" title="Peter F. Barth">Peter F. Barth</a>, under the guidance of Thrangu Rinpoche and Khenchen Konchog Gyaltsen.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Way_Buddhism" title="Diamond Way Buddhism">Diamond Way Buddhism</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Lama_Ole_Nydahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Ole Nydahl">Lama Ole Nydahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Nydahl" title="Hannah Nydahl">Hannah Nydahl</a>, and under the spiritual guidance of <a href="/wiki/Thaye_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaye Dorje">Thaye Dorje</a>, is also active in the US. The focus is on making <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> teachings and methods available to modern and independent thinkers in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/16th_Karmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Karmapa">16th Karmapa</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Rigpe_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Rigpe Dorje">Rangjung Rigpe Dorje</a> requested Lama Ole Nydhal and Hannah Nydhal to establish Buddhist centers of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> lineage in the Western world. Lama Ole Nydahl offered Buddhist refuge to tens of thousands of people and founded 640 Buddhist centers around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingma</a> lineage is increasingly represented in the West by both Western and Tibetan teachers. <a href="/wiki/Lama_Surya_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Surya Das">Lama Surya Das</a> is a Western-born teacher carrying on the "great rimé", a non-sectarian form of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. The late <a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a> founded centers in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Gochen Tulku Sangak (sometimes spelled "Sang-Ngag") Rinpoche<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the founder and spiritual director of the first Ewam International Center located in the US. He is also the spiritual director of the Namchak Foundation in Montana and a primary lineage holder of the Namchak lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a> is a female Tibetan teacher who has a presence in America. <a href="/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo" title="Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo">Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo</a> is the first Western woman to be enthroned as a <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a>, and established Nyingma <a href="/wiki/Kunzang_Palyul_Choling" title="Kunzang Palyul Choling">Kunzang Palyul Choling</a> centers in <a href="/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona" title="Sedona, Arizona">Sedona, Arizona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poolesville,_Maryland" title="Poolesville, Maryland">Poolesville, Maryland</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> tradition is represented in America by the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a> (FPMT), founded by <a href="/wiki/Lama_Thubten_Yeshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Thubten Yeshe">Lama Thubten Yeshe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lama_Zopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Zopa">Lama Zopa</a>. Gelugpa teacher <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Michael_Roach" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshe Michael Roach">Geshe Michael Roach</a>, the first American to be awarded a <a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a> degree, established centers in New York and at <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Mountain_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Mountain University">Diamond Mountain University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sravasti_Abbey" title="Sravasti Abbey">Sravasti Abbey</a> is the first Tibetan Buddhist monastery for Western monks and nuns in the U.S., established in Washington State by Bhikshuni <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a> in 2003. It is situated on 300 acres of forest and meadows, 11 miles (18 km) outside of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Washington" title="Newport, Washington">Newport, Washington</a>, near the Idaho state line. It is open to visitors who want to learn about community life in a Tibetan Buddhist monastic setting.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <a href="/wiki/Sravasti_Abbey" title="Sravasti Abbey">Sravasti Abbey</a> was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. Bhikshuni <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a> had suggested the name, as Sravasti was the place in India where the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> spent 25 <a href="/wiki/Rains_Retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rains Retreat">rains retreats</a> (varsa in Sanskrit and yarne in Tibetan), and communities of both nuns and monks had resided there. This seemed auspicious to ensure the Buddha's teachings would be abundantly available to both male and female monastics at the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sravasti_Abbey" title="Sravasti Abbey">Sravasti Abbey</a> is notable because it is home to a growing group of fully ordained <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikshunis</a> (Buddhist nuns) practicing in the Tibetan tradition. This is special because the tradition of full ordination for women was not transmitted from India to Tibet. Ordained women practicing in the Tibetan tradition usually hold a novice ordination. Venerable <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a>, while faithfully following the teachings of her Tibetan teachers, has arranged for her students to seek full ordination as bhikshunis in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-discover-monastic-life_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discover-monastic-life-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, the Abbey, which then had seven bhikshunis and three novices, formally began its first winter <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">varsa</a> (three-month monastic retreat), which lasted until April 13, 2014. As far as the Abbey knows, this was the first time a Western bhikshuni sangha practicing in the Tibetan tradition had done this ritual in the United States and in English. On April 19, 2014, the Abbey held its first <a href="/wiki/Kathina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathina">kathina</a> ceremony to mark the end of the varsa. Also in 2014 the Abbey held its first <a href="/wiki/Pavarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavarana">Pavarana</a> rite at the end of the varsa.<sup id="cite_ref-discover-monastic-life_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discover-monastic-life-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup> </sup> In October 2015 the Annual Western Buddhist Monastic Gathering was held at the Abbey for the first time; it was the 21st such gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Geshe Thupten Dorjee, educated at Drepung Loseling Monastery, and poet Sidney Burris founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Cultural_Institute_of_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan Cultural Institute of Arkansas (page does not exist)">Tibetan Cultural Institute of Arkansas</a>, which began offering two weekly meditation courses and bringing monks and scholars to give lectures to the community at large.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the TEXT (Tibetans in Exile Today) Program at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas" title="Fayetteville, Arkansas">Fayetteville</a> began an oral history project to help archive the stories of Tibetans currently living in exile in India.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2011, a month after the Dalai Lama visited, TCIA received a donation to build a retreat center and stupa near <a href="/wiki/Crosses,_Arkansas" title="Crosses, Arkansas">Crosses, Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the first Tibetan Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunnery">nunnery</a> in North America was established in Vermont,<sup id="cite_ref-vajra_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajra-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called Vajra Dakini Nunnery, offering novice ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-vajra_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajra-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbot of this nunnery is an American woman named Khenmo Drolma who is the first "bhikkhunni", a fully ordained Buddhist nun, in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> tradition of Buddhism, having been ordained in Taiwan in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-vajra_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajra-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as a Buddhist abbot, having been installed as abbot of Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-makinghistory_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makinghistory-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theravada">Theravada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Theravada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg/220px-Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg/330px-Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg/440px-Insight_Meditation_Society%27s_retreat_center_amidst_blossoms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Insight_Meditation_Society" title="Insight Meditation Society">Insight Meditation Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barre,_Massachusetts" title="Barre, Massachusetts">Barre, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Theravada is best known for <a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a>, roughly translated as "insight meditation", which is an ancient meditative practice described in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school of Buddhism and similar scriptures. <a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana</a> also refers to a distinct movement which was begun in the 20th century by reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahāsi Sayādaw</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> monk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1992132–137_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992132–137-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanaponika1998107–109_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanaponika1998107–109-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoster20099–10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoster20099–10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahāsi Sayādaw was a Theravada <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> and Vipassana is rooted in the Theravada teachings, but its goal is to simplify ritual and other peripheral activities in order to make meditative practice more effective and available both to monks and to laypeople. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Theravada_Buddhists">American Theravada Buddhists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: American Theravada Buddhists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg/220px-Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg/330px-Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg/440px-Abhayagiriasalhapuja2014h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery, Asalha Puja 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1965, monks from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> established the Washington Buddhist Vihara in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, the first Theravada monastic community in the United States. The Vihara was accessible to English-speakers with Vipassana meditation part of its activities. However, the direct influence of the Vipassana movement would not reach the U.S. until a group of Americans returned there in the early 1970s after studying with Vipassana masters in Asia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a>, after journeying to Southeast Asia with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>, lived in <a href="/wiki/Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhgaya">Bodhgaya</a> as a student of <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Munindra" title="Anagarika Munindra">Anagarika Munindra</a>, the head monk of <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> and himself a student of <a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Māhāsai Sayādaw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a> also worked for the Peace Corps in Southeast Asia, and then studied and ordained in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a>, a major figure in 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thai Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a> went to India in 1971 and studied with <a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a>, a former Calcutta housewife trained in vipassana by Māhāsai Sayādaw.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> also has a number of branch monasteries in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery">Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Pasanno" title="Ajahn Pasanno">Ajahn Pasanno</a>, Abbot), <a href="/wiki/Metta_Forest_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Metta Forest Monastery">Metta Forest Monastery</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> as Abbot) and Jetavana Temple Forest Monastery. </p><p>Goldstein and Kornfield met in 1974 while teaching at the <a href="/wiki/Naropa_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Naropa Institute">Naropa Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The next year, Goldstein, Kornfield, and Salzberg, who had very recently returned from Calcutta, along with Jacqueline Schwarz, founded the <a href="/wiki/Insight_Meditation_Society" title="Insight Meditation Society">Insight Meditation Society</a> on an 80-acre (324,000 m<sup>2</sup>) property near <a href="/wiki/Barre,_Massachusetts" title="Barre, Massachusetts">Barre, Massachusetts</a>. IMS hosted visits by Māhāsi Sayādaw, Munindra, Ajahn Chah, and Dipa Ma. In 1981, Kornfield moved to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where he founded another Vipassana center, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Rock_Meditation_Center" title="Spirit Rock Meditation Center">Spirit Rock Meditation Center</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin County</a>. In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Rosenberg" title="Larry Rosenberg">Larry Rosenberg</a> founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Insight_Meditation_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge Insight Meditation Center (page does not exist)">Cambridge Insight Meditation Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. Another Vipassana center is the Vipassana Metta Foundation, located on <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>. "When a Retreat Center course is in progress, anyone who is not already participating in the retreat is welcome to attend the evening talks about the teachings, known as Dharma talks. Those with insight meditation experience are also welcome to attend group sittings."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talks</a> are available for free download, a service provided by <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Seed" title="Dharma Seed">Dharma Seed</a>. </p><p>In 1989, the Insight Meditation Center established the <a href="/wiki/Barre_Center_for_Buddhist_Studies" title="Barre Center for Buddhist Studies">Barre Center for Buddhist Studies</a> near the IMS headquarters, to promote scholarly investigation of Buddhism. Its first director was Mu Soeng, a former Korean Zen monk.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Amaro" title="Ajahn Amaro">Ajahn Amaro</a> made several teaching trips to northern California. Many who attended his meditation retreats became enthusiastic about the possibility of establishing a permanent monastic community in the area. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Amaravati Buddhist Monastery">Amaravati Monastery</a> in England received a substantial donation of land in <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino County">Mendocino County</a> from Chan Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>. The land was allocated to establish a forest monastery. Abhayagiri Monastery was established and placed in the hands of a group of lay practitioners, the Sanghapala Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Pasanno" title="Ajahn Pasanno">Ajahn Pasanno</a> moved to California on New Year's Eve of 1997 to share the abbotship of Abhayagiri Monastery, Redwood Valley, California, with Ajahn Amaro.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997 Dhamma Cetiya Vihara in Boston<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded by Ven. Gotami of Thailand, then a 10 precept nun. Ven. Gotami received full ordination in 2000, at which time her dwelling became America's first Theravada Buddhist bhikkhuni <i>vihara</i>. <i>"Vihara"</i> translates as monastery or nunnery, and may be both dwelling and community center where one or more bhikkhus or bhikkhunis offer teachings on Buddhist scriptures, conduct traditional ceremonies, teach meditation, offer counseling and other community services, receive alms, and reside. More recently established Theravada bhikkhuni viharas include: Mahapajapati Monastery<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where several nuns (bhikkhunis and novices) live together in the desert of southern California near Joshua Tree, founded by Ven. Gunasari Bhikkhuni of Burma in 2008; Aranya Bodhi Hermitage<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by Ven. Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni in the forest near Jenner, CA, with Ven. Sobhana Bhikkhuni as Prioress, which opened officially in July 2010, where several bhikkhunis reside together along with trainees and lay supporters; and Sati Saraniya<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Ontario, founded by Ven. Medhanandi in appx 2009, where two bhikkhunis reside. In 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alokavihara.org/">Aloka Vihara Forest Monastery</a> in the Sierra Foothills of California was created by Ayya Anandabodhi and Ayya Santacitta. (There are also quiet residences of individual bhikkhunis where they may receive visitors and give teachings, such as the residence of Ven. Amma Thanasanti Bhikkhuni<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2009–2010 in Colorado Springs; and the Los Angeles residence of Ven. Susila Bhikkhuni; and the residence of Ven. Wimala Bhikkhuni in the mid-west.) </p><p>In 2010, in Northern California, four novice nuns were given the full <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhuni</a> ordination in the Thai Theravada tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony. <a href="/wiki/Bhante_Gunaratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhante Gunaratana">Bhante Gunaratana</a> and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Boorstein_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boorstein-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhante Gunaratana is currently the abbot of the Bhavana Society, a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meditation_retreat_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation retreat center">meditation retreat center</a> that he founded in <a href="/wiki/High_View,_West_Virginia" title="High View, West Virginia">High View</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luo_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S._N._Goenka">S. N. Goenka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: S. N. Goenka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a> was a Burmese-born meditation teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>. His teacher, <a href="/wiki/Sayagyi_U_Ba_Khin" title="Sayagyi U Ba Khin">Sayagyi U Ba Khin</a> of Burma, was a contemporary of Māhāsi Sayādaw's, and taught a style of Buddhism with similar emphasis on simplicity and accessibility to laypeople. Goenka established a method of instruction popular in Asia and throughout the world. In 1981, he established the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vridhamma.org/">Vipassana Research Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Igatpuri" title="Igatpuri">Igatpuri, India</a>, and his students built several centers in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_of_American_Buddhists">Association of American Buddhists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Association of American Buddhists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Association of American Buddhists</b> was a group which promotes <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> through publications, ordination of <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, and classes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organized in 1960 by American practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, it does not espouse any particular school or schools of Buddhism. It respects all Buddhist traditions as equal, and encourages unity of Buddhism in thought and practice. It states that a different, American, form of Buddhism is possible, and that the cultural forms attached to the older schools of Buddhism need not necessarily be followed by westerners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_and_Buddhism">Women and Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Women and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rita_Gross" title="Rita Gross">Rita M. Gross</a>, a feminist religious scholar, claims that multiple people converted to Buddhism in the 1960s and 1970s as an attempt to combat traditional American values. However, in their conversion, they have created a new form of Buddhism distinctly Western in thought and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratization and the rise of women in leadership positions have been among the most influential characteristics of American Buddhism. However, another one of these characteristics is rationalism, which has allowed Buddhists to come to terms with the scientific and technological advances of the 21st century. Engagement in social issues, such as global warming, domestic violence, poverty and discrimination, has also shaped Buddhism in America. Privatization of ritual practices into home life has embodied Buddhism in America. The idea of living in the "present life" rather than focusing on the future or the past is also another characteristic of American Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American Buddhism was able to embed these new religious ideals into such a historically rich religious tradition and culture due to the high conversion rate in the late 20th century. Three important factors led to this conversion in America: the importance of religion, societal openness, and spirituality. American culture places a large emphasis on having a personal religious identity as a spiritual and ethical foundation. During the 1960s and onward, society also became more open to other religious practices outside of Protestantism, allowing more people to explore Buddhism. People also became more interested in spiritual and experiential religion rather than the traditional institutional religions of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass conversion of the 60s and 70s was also occurring alongside the second-wave feminist movement. While some of the women who became Buddhists at this time were drawn to its "gender neutral" teachings, in reality Buddhism is a traditionally patriarchal religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two conflicting ideas caused "uneasiness" with American Buddhist women.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uneasiness was further justified after 1983, when some male Buddhist teachers were exposed as "sexual adventurers and abusers of power."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spurred action among women in the American Buddhist community. After much dialogue within the community, including a series of conferences entitled "The Feminine in Buddhism", Sandy Boucher, a feminist-Buddhist teacher, interviewed over one hundred Buddhist women.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She determined from their experiences and her own that American Buddhism has "the possibility for the creation of a religion fully inclusive of women's realities, in which women hold both institutional and spiritual leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, there is a strong presence of women in American Buddhism, and a number of women are even in leadership roles.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also may be due to the fact that American Buddhism tends to stress democratization over the traditional hierarchical structure of Buddhism in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study of Theravada Buddhist centers in the U.S., however, found that although men and women thought that Buddhist teachings were gender-blind, there were still distinct gender roles in the organization, including more male guest teachers and more women volunteering as cooks and cleaners.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Sunya Gladys Pratt was ordained as a Buddhist minister in the Shin tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wadland_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wadland-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Karuna_Dharma" title="Karuna Dharma">Karuna Dharma</a> became the first fully ordained female member of the Buddhist monastic community in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Ani <a href="/wiki/Pema_Chodron" class="mw-redirect" title="Pema Chodron">Pema Chodron</a>, an American woman, was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhuni</a> in a lineage of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Pema Chödrön was the first American woman to be ordained as a Buddhist nun in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-DharmaHaven_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DharmaHaven-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ani_Pema_Chödrön_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ani_Pema_Chödrön-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo" title="Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo">Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo</a>, an American woman formerly called Catharine Burroughs, became the first Western woman to be named a reincarnate lama.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1988_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1988-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Sherry Chayat became the first American woman to receive transmission in the Rinzai school of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-highbeam.com_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highbeam.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Khenmo_Drolma" title="Khenmo Drolma">Khenmo Drolma</a>, an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism, traveling to Taiwan to be ordained.<sup id="cite_ref-drolma_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drolma-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 she became the first westerner of either sex to be installed as an abbot in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, being installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont (America's first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery) in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakini_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakini-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ayya_Sudhamma_Bhikkhuni" title="Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni">Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni</a> became the first American-born woman to gain bhikkhuni ordination in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-OWBAW2006_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWBAW2006-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ViharaBio_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViharaBio-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PreservingTheDhamma_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreservingTheDhamma-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, for the first time in American history, a Buddhist ordination was held where an American woman (Sister Khanti-Khema) took the <a href="/wiki/Samaneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaneri">Samaneri</a> (novice) vows with an American monk (<a href="/wiki/Bhante_Vimalaramsi" title="Bhante Vimalaramsi">Bhante Vimalaramsi</a>) presiding. This was done for the Buddhist American Forest Tradition at the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center in Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-dhammasukha_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhammasukha-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Kodo_Boyd" title="Merle Kodo Boyd">Merle Kodo Boyd</a>, born in Texas, became the first African-American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford2006_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont), offering novice ordination in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, was officially consecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakini_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakini-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Terri Omori is appointed the first female president of the 12,000 member strong <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omori_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omori-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_developments">Contemporary developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Contemporary developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engaged_Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Engaged Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socially <a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">engaged Buddhism</a> has developed in Buddhism in the West. While some critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> assert the term is redundant, as it is mistaken to believe that Buddhism in the past has not affected and been affected by the surrounding society, others have suggested that Buddhism is sometimes seen as too passive toward public life. This is particularly true in the West, where almost all converts to Buddhism come to it outside of an existing family or community tradition. Engaged Buddhism is an attempt to apply Buddhist values to larger social problems, including <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental concerns</a>. The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, during his years as a peace activist in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Peace_Fellowship" title="Buddhist Peace Fellowship">Buddhist Peace Fellowship</a> was founded in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a>, Anne Aitken, Nelson Foster, and others and received early assistance from <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a>, and Joanna Macy.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another engaged Buddhist group is the <a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemaker_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Peacemaker Order">Zen Peacemaker Order</a>, founded in 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Tetsugen_Bernard_Glassman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetsugen Bernard Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a> and Sandra Jishu Holmes.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the American Buddhist scholar-monk, Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi, was invited to write an editorial essay for the Buddhist magazine Buddhadharma. In his essay, he called attention to the narrowly inward focus of American Buddhism, which has been pursued to the neglect of the active dimension of Buddhist compassion expressed through programs of social engagement. Several of Ven. Bodhi's students who read the essay felt a desire to follow up on his suggestions. After a few rounds of discussions, they resolved to form a Buddhist relief organization dedicated to alleviating the suffering of the poor and disadvantaged in the developing world. At the initial meetings, seeking a point of focus, they decided to direct their relief efforts at the problem of global hunger, especially by supporting local efforts by those in developing countries to achieve self-sufficiency through improved food productivity. Contacts were made with leaders and members of other Buddhist communities in the greater New York area, and before long Buddhist Global Relief emerged as an inter-denominational organization comprising people of different Buddhist groups who share the vision of a Buddhism actively committed to the task of alleviating social and economic suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconduct">Misconduct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Misconduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">Charismatic authority</a></div> <p>A number of groups and individuals have been implicated in scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandra Bell has analysed the scandals at Vajradhatu and the San Francisco Zen Center and concluded that these kinds of scandals are most likely to occur in organisations that are in transition between the pure forms of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> that brought them into being and more rational, corporate forms of organization". She also highlights the student-teacher dynamic and the significance of a spiritual leader in the West, where lay Buddhist are likely focused on practices such as meditation. This teacher must know the student to guide them through difficulties, and the student must be trusting and open with the teacher, this can be a powerful opportunity but also opens the door to potential issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Prebish_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prebish-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford states that no one can express the "hurt and dismay" these events brought to each center, and that the centers have in a number of cases emerged stronger because they no longer depend on a "single charismatic leader".<sup id="cite_ref-ford101_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford101-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Sharf also mentions charisma from which institutional power is derived, and the need to balance charismatic authority with institutional authority.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaborate analyses of these scandals are made by Stuart Lachs, who mentions the uncritical acceptance of religious narratives, such as lineages and dharma transmission, which aid in giving uncritical charismatic powers to teachers and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following is a partial list from reliable sources, limited to the United States and by no means all-inclusive. </p> <ul><li>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a> experienced a sex scandal resulting in the resignation of abbot <a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Richard Baker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a> slept with several of his students at the <a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a> and he died of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ford101_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford101-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a> had sexual affairs with several of his students in the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ford101_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford101-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> teacher <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> openly had sexual relationships with numbers of female members of his sangha, and died of health complications from his quite public alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheimer_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trungpa's Dharma heir <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sel_Tendzin" title="Ösel Tendzin">Ösel Tendzin</a> contracted and later died from complications of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> virus. Knowing himself to be infected, Tendzin had unprotected sex with at least two of his male students. One of them later died of AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-LachsND_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LachsND-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Shasta_Abbey" title="Shasta Abbey">Shasta Abbey</a> abbot and successor to <a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a> Eko Little resigned and subsequently disrobed after admitting to forming a sexual relationship with one of the members of the lay congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a> retired from the <a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a> after admitting to sexual liaisons.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheimer_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011 because of sexual misconduct, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a> said he would disrobe as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist priest</a> and resign as an elder of the <a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several women have accused <a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Joshu Sasaki</a> of making sexual advances over the course of decades,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scandal struck the Cimarron Zen Center in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accreditation">Accreditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Accreditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more schools of Buddhism. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Definitions and policies may differ greatly between different schools or sects: for example, "many, perhaps most" Soto priests "see no distinction between ordination and Dharma transmission". Disagreement and misunderstanding exist on this point, among lay practitioners and Zen teachers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Ford writes, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[S]urprising numbers of people use the titles <i>Zen teacher</i>, <i>master</i>, <i>roshi</i> and <i>sensei</i> without any obvious connections to Zen [...] Often they obfuscate their Zen connections, raising the very real question whether they have any authentic relationship to the Zen world at all. In my studies I've run across literally dozens of such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford,_p._79_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford,_p._79-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>James Ford claims that about eighty percent of authentic teachers in the United States belong to the <a href="/wiki/American_Zen_Teachers_Association" title="American Zen Teachers Association">American Zen Teachers Association</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a> and are listed on their websites. This can help a prospective student sort out who is a "normative stream" teacher from someone who is perhaps not, but of course twenty percent do not participate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford,_p._79_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford,_p._79-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_of_Buddhism_in_the_United_States">Demographics of Buddhism in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Demographics of Buddhism in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_of_Buddhists">Numbers of Buddhists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Numbers of Buddhists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accurate counts of Buddhists in the United States are difficult. Self-description has pitfalls. Because Buddhism is a cultural concept, individuals who self-describe as Buddhists may have little knowledge or commitment to Buddhism as a religion or practice; on the other hand, others may be deeply involved in meditation and committed to the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, but may refuse the label "Buddhist". In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._F._Thurman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. F. Thurman">Robert A. F. Thurman</a> estimated there were 5 to 6 million Buddhists in America. </p><p>In a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, at 0.7% Buddhism was the third largest religion in the US after <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (78.4%), no religion (10.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (1.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 on the occasion of a visit from the Dalai Lama, <i><a href="/wiki/U-T_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="U-T San Diego">U-T San Diego</a></i> said there are 1.2 million Buddhist practitioners in the U.S., and of them 40% live in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 the <i>"Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life Religious Landscape Survey"</i> estimated American Buddhists at 0.7% of the American population. During the same year the <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a> (ARIS), estimated this same figure at 0.5%. ARIS estimated that the number of adherents rose by 170% between 1990 and 2000, reaching 1.2 million followers in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenophilia_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenophilia-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to William Wilson Quinn "by all indications that remarkable rate of growth continues unabated."<sup id="cite_ref-AmBud_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmBud-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Scholars are unsure whether the reports are accurate, as Americans who might dabble in various forms of Buddhism may not identify themselves as Buddhist on a survey. That makes it difficult to quantify the number of Buddhists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenophilia_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenophilia-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Others argued, in 2012, that Buddhists made up 1 percent of the American population (about three million people).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 2050 Buddhism is projected to become the third largest major religious group in North America, after Christianity and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_of_Buddhist_Converts">Demographics of Buddhist Converts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Demographics of Buddhist Converts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sociological survey conducted in 1999 found that relative to the US population as a whole, Buddhist converts are proportionately more likely to be white, upper middle class, highly educated, and left-leaning in their political views. In terms of race, only 10% of survey respondents indicated they were a race other than white, a matter that has been cause of some concern among Buddhist leaders. Nearly a third of the respondents were college graduates, and more than half held advanced degrees. Politically, 60% identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> affiliations outnumbered <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> by 3 to 1. Buddhist converts were also proportionately more likely to have come from <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> backgrounds. More than half of these adherents came to Buddhism through reading books on the topic, with the rest coming by way of martial arts and friends or acquaintances. The average age of the respondents was 46. Daily meditation was their most commonly cited Buddhist practice, with most meditating 30 minutes a day or more.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 a Pew Foundation survey found 67% of American Buddhists were raised in a religion other than Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-pew2015_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew2015-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 61% said their spouse has a religion other than Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-pew2015_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew2015-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also showed that one-third of Buddhists in America are of Asian descent, while the remaining three-fourths are converts to Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey was conducted only in English and Spanish, and may under-estimate Buddhist immigrants who speak Asian languages. A 2012 Pew study found Buddhism is practiced by 15% of surveyed Chinese Americans, 6% of Koreans, 25% of Japanese, 43% of Vietnamese and 1% of Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_divide">Ethnic divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ethnic divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the 2008 Pew Landscape Study suggested white Americans made up the majority of Buddhists in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequent research has refuted this conclusion, first on the study's small data set, second on significant methodological errors, and third on subsequent research published by Pew in the 2012 survey of religious life of Asian Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this latter study's data, Asian American Buddhists make up approximately 67–69% of all Buddhists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussion about Buddhism in America has sometimes focused on the issue of the visible ethnic divide separating ethnic Buddhist congregations from import Buddhist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although multiple Zen and Tibetan Buddhist temples were founded by Asians, they now attract fewer Asian-Americans. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka_Gakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōka Gakkai">Sōka Gakkai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost all active Buddhist groups in America are either ethnic or import Buddhism based on the demographics of their membership. There is often limited contact between Buddhists of different ethnic groups. </p><p>However, the cultural divide should not necessarily be seen as pernicious. It is often argued that the differences between Buddhist groups arise benignly from the differing needs and interests of those involved. Convert Buddhists tend to be interested in <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, in some cases eschewing the trappings of religiosity altogether. On the other hand, for immigrants and their descendants, preserving tradition and maintaining a social framework assume a much greater relative importance, making their approach to religion naturally more conservative. Further, based on a survey of Asian-American Buddhists in San Francisco, "many Asian-American Buddhists view non-Asian Buddhism as still in a formative, experimental stage" and yet they believe that it "could eventually mature into a religious expression of exceptional quality".<sup id="cite_ref-belief7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional questions come from the demographics within import Buddhism. The majority of American converts practicing at Buddhist centers are white, often from <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> backgrounds. Only Sōka Gakkai has attracted significant numbers of African-American or Latino members. A variety of ideas have been broached regarding the nature, causes, and significance of this racial uniformity. Journalist Clark Strand noted </p> <dl><dd>…that it has tried to recruit [African-Americans] at all makes Sōka Gakkai International utterly unique in American Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Strand, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle</a></i> (an American Buddhist journal) in 2004, notes that SGI has specifically targeted African-Americans, Latinos and Asians, and other writers have noted that this approach has begun to spread, with Vipassana and Theravada retreats aimed at non-white practitioners led by a handful of specific teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A question is the degree of importance ascribed to discrimination, which is suggested to be mostly unconscious, on the part of white converts toward potential minority converts.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some extent, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial divide</a> indicates a class divide, because convert Buddhists tend to be more educated.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among African American Buddhists who commented on the dynamics of the racial divide in convert Buddhism are <a href="/wiki/Jan_Willis" title="Jan Willis">Jan Willis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles R. Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Pew study shows that Americans tend to be less biased towards Buddhists when compared to other religions, such as Christianity, to which 18% of people were biased, when only 14% were biased towards Buddhists. American Buddhists are often not raised as Buddhists, with 32% of American Buddhists being raised Protestant, and 22% being raised Catholic, which means that over half of the American Buddhists were converted at some point in time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="states quantitative data from an uncited Pew study (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, Buddhism has had to adapt to America in order to garner more followers so that the concept would not seem so foreign, so they adopted "Catholic" words such as "worship" and "churches".<sup id="cite_ref-neh.gov_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh.gov-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_education_in_the_United_States">Buddhist education in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Buddhist education in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Naropa_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Naropa Institute">Naropa Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, a four-year Buddhist college in the US (now Naropa University) in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> was an initial faculty member, christening the institute's poetry department the "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School" title="Jack Kerouac School">Jack Kerouac School</a> of Disembodied Poetics". Now Naropa University, the school offers accredited degrees in a number of subjects, many not directly related to Buddhism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West" title="University of the West">University of the West</a> is affiliated with Hsi Lai Temple and was previously Hsi Lai University. <a href="/wiki/Soka_University_of_America" title="Soka University of America">Soka University of America</a>, in Aliso Viejo California, was founded by the Sōka Gakkai as a secular school committed to philosophic Buddhism. The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas is the site of <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a>, a four-year college teaching courses primarily related to Buddhism but including some general-interest subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Buddhist_Studies" title="Institute of Buddhist Studies">Institute of Buddhist Studies</a> in Berkeley, California, in addition to offering a master's degree in Buddhist Studies acts as the ministerial training arm of the Buddhist Churches of America and is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Theological_Union" title="Graduate Theological Union">Graduate Theological Union</a>. The school moved into the Jodo Shinshu Center in Berkeley. </p><p>The first Buddhist <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Developing_Virtue_Secondary_School" title="Developing Virtue Secondary School">Developing Virtue Secondary School</a>, was founded in 1981 by the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a> at their branch monastery in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah, California</a>. In 1997, the Purple Lotus Buddhist School offered elementary-level classes in <a href="/wiki/Union_City,_California" title="Union City, California">Union City, California</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a>; it added a middle school in 1999 and a high school in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Buddhist high school, Tinicum Art and Science now The Lotus School of Liberal Arts, which combines Zen practice and traditional liberal arts, opened in <a href="/wiki/Ottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Ottsville, Pennsylvania">Ottsville, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1998. It is associated informally with the World Shim Gum Do Association in Boston. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Buddhist_Academy" title="Pacific Buddhist Academy">Pacific Buddhist Academy</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, in 2003. It shares a campus with the <a href="/wiki/Hongwanji_Mission_School" title="Hongwanji Mission School">Hongwanji Mission School</a>, an elementary and middle school; both schools affiliated with the Honpa Hongwanji Jodo Shinshu mission.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juniper Foundation, founded in 2003, holds that Buddhist methods must become integrated into modern culture just as they were in other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juniper Foundation calls its approach "Buddhist training for modern life"<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it emphasizes meditation, balancing emotions, cultivating compassion and developing insight as four building blocks of Buddhist training.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Buddhist_Americans">Notable Buddhist Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notable Buddhist Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Buddhists" title="List of American Buddhists">List of American Buddhists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti_(bookstore)" title="Pariyatti (bookstore)">Pariyatti (bookstore)</a>, sole distributor of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a> in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Roar_(magazine)" title="Lion's Roar (magazine)">Lion's Roar (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Buddhism in Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15973-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15973-9"><bdi>978-0-231-15973-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15973-9&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dex4pG4KuW1MC%26dq%3Dbuddhism%2520in%2520amer%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Prebish, Buddhism:the American Experience, 2003, Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202102222/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112">"Hickey, Wakoh Shannon, "Two Buddhisms, Three Buddhisms, and Racism," Journal of Global Buddhism 11 (2010), 1–25"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112">the original</a> on 2019-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hickey%2C+Wakoh+Shannon%2C+%22Two+Buddhisms%2C+Three+Buddhisms%2C+and+Racism%2C%22+Journal+of+Global+Buddhism+11+%282010%29%2C+1%E2%80%9325&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbuddhism.org%2Fjgb%2Findex.php%2Fjgb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620081704/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/223/203">"Han, Chenxing, "Diverse Practices and Flexible Beliefs Among Young Adult Asian American Buddhists," Global Buddhism 18 (2017), 1–24"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/223/203">the original</a> on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Han%2C+Chenxing%2C+%22Diverse+Practices+and+Flexible+Beliefs+Among+Young+Adult+Asian+American+Buddhists%2C%22+Global+Buddhism+18+%282017%29%2C+1%E2%80%9324&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbuddhism.org%2Fjgb%2Findex.php%2Fjgb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F223%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/2010/05/10/western-self-asian-other-modernity-authenticity-and-nostalgia-for-%e2%80%9ctradition%e2%80%9d-in-buddhist-studies/">"Western Self, Asian Other in Buddhist Studies"</a>. May 10, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131340/https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/2010/05/10/western-self-asian-other-modernity-authenticity-and-nostalgia-for-%E2%80%9Ctradition%E2%80%9D-in-buddhist-studies/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Self%2C+Asian+Other+in+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.dickinson.edu%2Fbuddhistethics%2F2010%2F05%2F10%2Fwestern-self-asian-other-modernity-authenticity-and-nostalgia-for-%25e2%2580%259ctradition%25e2%2580%259d-in-buddhist-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Timeline/events/event_354.asp">"Events | First Buddhist Temples Built | Timeline | the Association of Religion Data Archives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224035916/http://www.thearda.com/Timeline/events/event_354.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+%26%23124%3B+First+Buddhist+Temples+Built+%26%23124%3B+Timeline+%26%23124%3B+the+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FTimeline%2Fevents%2Fevent_354.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford5962-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ford5962_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ford5962_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, pp. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoricHawaii" class="citation web cs1">HistoricHawaii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historichawaii.org/2021/08/12/hamakua-jodo-mission-past-present-and-future/">"Hāmākua Jodo Mission: Past, Present and Future"</a>. <i>Historic Hawaii Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Hawaii+Foundation&rft.atitle=H%C4%81m%C4%81kua+Jodo+Mission%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.au=HistoricHawaii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorichawaii.org%2F2021%2F08%2F12%2Fhamakua-jodo-mission-past-present-and-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamakuajodomission.org/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>Hamakua Jodo Mission</i>. 2019-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamakua+Jodo+Mission&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamakuajodomission.org%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prebish 1999, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033118/http://www.faithandmedia.org/cms/uploads/files/8_guide-buddhism.pdf">"A journalist's Guide to Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canada: Centre for Faith and the Media. September 20, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faithandmedia.org/cms/uploads/files/8_guide-buddhism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+journalist%27s+Guide+to+Buddhism&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Centre+for+Faith+and+the+Media&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faithandmedia.org%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F8_guide-buddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hughes_Seager1999" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hughes Seager (1999). <i>Buddhism in America</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10868-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10868-3"><bdi>978-0-231-10868-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10868-3&rft.au=Richard+Hughes+Seager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2024" class="citation journal cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesnur.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tjoc_8_4_8_melton.pdf">"From NSA to SGI in the USA: The Emergence of Soka Gakkai in America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of CESNUR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+CESNUR&rft.atitle=From+NSA+to+SGI+in+the+USA%3A+The+Emergence+of+Soka+Gakkai+in+America&rft.date=2024-08&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcesnur.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F07%2Ftjoc_8_4_8_melton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prebish 1999, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerryson2016" class="citation book cs1">Jerryson, Michael (2016-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QGDDQAAQBAJ&q=Soka+Gakkai+Buddhists+do+not+practice+meditative+techniques+other+than+chanting&pg=PT600"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062340-1"><bdi>978-0-19-062340-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114104635/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QGDDQAAQBAJ&q=Soka+Gakkai+Buddhists+do+not+practice+meditative+techniques+other+than+chanting&pg=PT600">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062340-1&rft.aulast=Jerryson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QGDDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSoka%2BGakkai%2BBuddhists%2Bdo%2Bnot%2Bpractice%2Bmeditative%2Btechniques%2Bother%2Bthan%2Bchanting%26pg%3DPT600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Bimlesh K. (2018-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urr.shodhsagar.com/index.php/j/article/view/724">"Buddhism : Compassion as a transformative Panacea for Humanity in the poems of Walt Whitman and T.S. Eliot"</a>. <i>Universal Research Reports</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2348-5612">2348-5612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universal+Research+Reports&rft.atitle=Buddhism+%3A+Compassion+as+a+transformative+Panacea+for+Humanity+in+the+poems+of+Walt+Whitman+and+T.S.+Eliot&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.issn=2348-5612&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bimlesh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furr.shodhsagar.com%2Findex.php%2Fj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Arnold1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/books/lightasi/asia-hp.htm"><i>The Light of Asia</i></a>. Theosophical University Press, from Roberts Brothers, Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55700-154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55700-154-2"><bdi>978-1-55700-154-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050302144327/http://theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/books/lightasi/asia-hp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+of+Asia&rft.pub=Theosophical+University+Press%2C+from+Roberts+Brothers%2C+Boston&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=978-1-55700-154-2&rft.au=Edwin+Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theosophy-nw.org%2Ftheosnw%2Fbooks%2Flightasi%2Fasia-hp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus2004" class="citation book cs1">Carus, Paul (2004). <i>The gospel of Buddha according to old records</i>. Open court publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gospel+of+Buddha+according+to+old+records.&rft.pub=Open+court+publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_Fields1992" class="citation book cs1">Rick Fields (1992) [1981]. <i>How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America</i>. London: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-583-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Swans+Came+to+the+Lake%3A+A+Narrative+History+of+Buddhism+in+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-583-0&rft.au=Rick+Fields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ford_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2006" class="citation book cs1">Ford, James Ishmael (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/59"><i>Zen Master Who?</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/59">59–62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-509-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-509-8"><bdi>0-86171-509-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Master+Who%3F&rft.pages=59-62&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86171-509-8&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=James+Ishmael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenmasterwhoguid00jame%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pluralism-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pluralism_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pluralism_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/at-the-1893-world%E2%80%99s-parliament-of-religions">"At the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions"</a>. <i>Pluralism.com</i>. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104085314/https://pluralism.org/at-the-1893-world%E2%80%99s-parliament-of-religions">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pluralism.com&rft.atitle=At+the+1893+World%27s+Parliament+of+Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fat-the-1893-world%25E2%2580%2599s-parliament-of-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebishTanaka1998" class="citation book cs1">Prebish, Charles S.; Tanaka, Kenneth K., eds. (1998-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520920651"><i>The Faces of Buddhism in America</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520920651">10.1525/9780520920651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92065-1"><bdi>978-0-520-92065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faces+of+Buddhism+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520920651&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92065-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1525%2F9780520920651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight_Goddard2009" class="citation book cs1">Dwight Goddard (2009) [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRTsu_wwqVIC"><i>A Buddhist Bible</i></a>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-10995-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-10995-9"><bdi>978-0-559-10995-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Buddhist+Bible&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-559-10995-9&rft.au=Dwight+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRTsu_wwqVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avdbraak.nl/Taylor_and_Zen_I.doc">"Andre van de Braak, <i>ZEN SPIRITUALITY IN A SECULAR AGE. Charles Taylor and Zen Buddhism in the West</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215203/http://www.avdbraak.nl/Taylor_and_Zen_I.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andre+van+de+Braak%2C+ZEN+SPIRITUALITY+IN+A+SECULAR+AGE.+Charles+Taylor+and+Zen+Buddhism+in+the+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avdbraak.nl%2FTaylor_and_Zen_I.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While not serious, Whalen's interest began in 1946, in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuiter,_John2002" class="citation book cs1">Suiter, John (2002). <i>Poets on the Peaks: Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen & Jack Kerouac in the Cascades</i>. Counterpoint. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-148-2"><bdi>978-1-58243-148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poets+on+the+Peaks%3A+Gary+Snyder%2C+Philip+Whalen+%26+Jack+Kerouac+in+the+Cascades&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58243-148-2&rft.au=Suiter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntroduction_by_Douglas,_Annin_Kerouac,_Jack2006" class="citation book cs1">Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Douglas_(historian)" title="Ann Douglas (historian)">Douglas, Ann</a>; in Kerouac, Jack (2006) [1958]. <i>The Dharma Bums</i>. Viking (Penguin). p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01993-9"><bdi>978-0-670-01993-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dharma+Bums&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Viking+%28Penguin%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-01993-9&rft.au=Introduction+by+Douglas%2C+Ann&rft.au=in+Kerouac%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501035613/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868663,00.html">"Religion: Zen: Beat & Square"</a>. Time. July 21, 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868663,00.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Zen%3A+Beat+%26+Square&rft.date=1958-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C868663%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&dq=%22sherry+chayat+was+born%22&pg=PA642">Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America, Volume 2</a> By Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Marie Cantlon (pg. 642)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperSanFrancisco,_2006_320_pages;_$24.95_hardcover_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperSanFrancisco2006" class="citation web cs1">HarperSanFrancisco (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2006/spring/women_of_the_way_review.html">"The Lost Lineage"</a>. Thebuddhadharma.com. p. 320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091551/http://www.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2006/spring/women_of_the_way_review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Lineage&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Thebuddhadharma.com&rft.date=2006&rft.au=HarperSanFrancisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebuddhadharma.com%2Fissues%2F2006%2Fspring%2Fwomen_of_the_way_review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seager, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seager, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seager, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/TaizanMaezumi.html">"Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi"</a>. <i>Asia Pacific Research Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217075318/http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/TaizanMaezumi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Research+Online&rft.atitle=Hakuyu+Taizan+Maezumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciolek.com%2FWWWVLPages%2FZenPages%2FTaizanMaezumi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ford2006_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford2006_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ishmael_Ford2006" class="citation book cs1">James Ishmael Ford (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kut6gcyTNEC&pg=PA166"><i>Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen</i></a>. Wisdom Publications. pp. 166–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-509-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-509-1"><bdi>978-0-86171-509-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Master+Who%3F%3A+A+Guide+to+the+People+and+Stories+of+Zen&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-509-1&rft.au=James+Ishmael+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kut6gcyTNEC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613041853/http://chan1.org/biography.html">"Who Is Master Sheng-yen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chan1.org/biography.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Master+Sheng-yen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chan1.org%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhism.org/dharma/Hye-Am/Prolegomena.html">"Hye-Am"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725030429/http://www.buddhism.org/dharma/Hye-Am/Prolegomena.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hye-Am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhism.org%2Fdharma%2FHye-Am%2FProlegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myo Vong (2008). <i>Cookies of Zen</i>. EunHaeng NaMu Seoul, South Korea. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-5660-257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-5660-257-8">978-89-5660-257-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldzen.org/">"World Zen Fellowship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625061223/http://worldzen.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Zen+Fellowship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldzen.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deerparkmonastery.org/">"A Practice Center in the Tradition of Thich Nhat Hanh – Deer Park Monastery"</a>. <i>web site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115025648/http://deerparkmonastery.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web+site&rft.atitle=A+Practice+Center+in+the+Tradition+of+Thich+Nhat+Hanh+%E2%80%93+Deer+Park+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deerparkmonastery.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bluecliffmonastery.org/">"Blue Cliff Monastery"</a>. <i>web site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902031831/http://bluecliffmonastery.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web+site&rft.atitle=Blue+Cliff+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbluecliffmonastery.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnoliavillage.org/">"Magnolia Grove Monastery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117170628/http://www.magnoliavillage.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnolia+Grove+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnoliavillage.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shambhalamountain.org/stupa.html">"The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya"</a>. <i>Shambhala Mountain Center web site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627072646/http://www.shambhalamountain.org/stupa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shambhala+Mountain+Center+web+site&rft.atitle=The+Great+Stupa+of+Dharmakaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shambhalamountain.org%2Fstupa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The 16th Karmapa and Karma Kagyu Buddhism in the West". <i>BUDDHISM TODAY</i>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BUDDHISM+TODAY&rft.atitle=The+16th+Karmapa+and+Karma+Kagyu+Buddhism+in+the+West&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamdup2024" class="citation book cs1">Samdup, Tashi (2024). Drolma, Victoria (ed.). <i>A Modern Teacher of Ancient Wisdom: Khenchen Könchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche</i>. Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin: Vajra Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9962411-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9962411-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9962411-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+Teacher+of+Ancient+Wisdom%3A+Khenchen+K%C3%B6nchog+Gyaltsen+Rinpoche&rft.place=Mt.+Horeb%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Vajra+Publications&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-9962411-6-8&rft.aulast=Samdup&rft.aufirst=Tashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/diamond-way-buddhist-center-austin">"Diamond Way Buddhist Center, Austin"</a>. <i>Harvard University Pluralism Project Archive</i>. 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University+Pluralism+Project+Archive&rft.atitle=Diamond+Way+Buddhist+Center%2C+Austin&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhwpi.harvard.edu%2Fpluralismarchive%2Fdiamond-way-buddhist-center-austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"A Special Message from Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Karmapa, for the Fiftieth Anniversary of Diamond Way Buddhism in the West". <i>Buddhism Today</i>. September 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhism+Today&rft.atitle=A+Special+Message+from+Thaye+Dorje%2C+His+Holiness+the+17th+Karmapa%2C+for+the+Fiftieth+Anniversary+of+Diamond+Way+Buddhism+in+the+West&rft.date=2022-09-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namchak.org/teachings/teachers-1">"Namchak Teachers | Namchak"</a>. <i>www.namchak.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081815/http://www.namchak.org/teachings/teachers-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.namchak.org&rft.atitle=Namchak+Teachers+%7C+Namchak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namchak.org%2Fteachings%2Fteachers-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namchak.org/teachings/teachers-1">"Namchak Teachers | Namchak"</a>. <i>www.namchak.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208104533/http://www.namchak.org/teachings/teachers-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.namchak.org&rft.atitle=Namchak+Teachers+%7C+Namchak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namchak.org%2Fteachings%2Fteachers-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sravastiabbey.org/">"Home – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"</a>. <i>Sravasti Abbey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723054406/https://sravastiabbey.org//">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sravasti+Abbey&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Sravasti+Abbey+%E2%80%93+A+Buddhist+Monastery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsravastiabbey.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSravasti_Abbey2017" class="citation web cs1">Sravasti Abbey (2017-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sravastiabbey.org/dalai-lama-endorsement/">"Dalai Lama Endorsement"</a>. <i>Sravasti Abbey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727202345/http://sravastiabbey.org/dalai-lama-endorsement/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sravasti+Abbey&rft.atitle=Living+in+Vinaya+%E2%80%93+Sravasti+Abbey+%E2%80%93+A+Buddhist+Monastery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsravastiabbey.org%2Fdiscover-monastic-life%2Fliving-in-vinaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sravastiabbey.org/joys-challenges-focus-21st-western-buddhist-monastic-gathering/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Joys and Challenges" Are the Focus for 21st Western Buddhist Monastic Gathering – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"</a>. <i>Sravasti Abbey</i>. 2015-12-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224085947/https://sravastiabbey.org/joys-challenges-focus-21st-western-buddhist-monastic-gathering/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2002" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Richard_Baker_and_the_Myth.htm"><i>Richard Baker and the Myth of the Zen Roshi</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052539/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Richard_Baker_and_the_Myth.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-05<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Something+Has+to+Change%27%3A+Blacks+in+American+Buddhism&rft.pub=Lion%27s+Roar&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=Pintak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Fsomething-has-to-change-blacks-in-american-buddhism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neh.gov-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neh.gov_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2010/marchapril/feature/american-zenophilia">"American Zenophilia"</a>. <i>National Endowment for the Humanities</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529055245/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2010/marchapril/feature/american-zenophilia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=American+Zenophilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fhumanities%2F2010%2Fmarchapril%2Ffeature%2Famerican-zenophilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501074337/http://www.naropa.edu/about/history.cfm">"History: The 20th Century"</a>. <i>Naropa University web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naropa.edu/about/history.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naropa+University+web+site&rft.atitle=History%3A+The+20th+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naropa.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409064100/http://www.plbs.org/history.html">"About BLBS: Our History"</a>. <i>Purple Lotus Buddhist School web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plbs.org/history.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purple+Lotus+Buddhist+School+web+site&rft.atitle=About+BLBS%3A+Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plbs.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017112540/http://www.pacificbuddhistacademy.org/history.html">"Pacific Buddhist Academy History"</a>. <i>Pacific Buddhist Academy web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbuddhistacademy.org/history.html">the original</a> on October 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Buddhist+Academy+web+site&rft.atitle=Pacific+Buddhist+Academy+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbuddhistacademy.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juniperpath.org/works/E67209/Heirs+To+Insight/">"Heirs to Insight: Assimilating Buddhist methods into Modern Culture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214135301/http://www.juniperpath.org/works/E67209/Heirs+To+Insight">Archived</a> 2011-02-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Juniper Foundation (2009). p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juniperpath.org/discover/">"The Juniper Story"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317231358/http://www.juniperpath.org/discover/">Archived</a> 2011-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Juniper Foundation. Retrieved 2011-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juniperpath.org/works/E9A063/Awakening+the+Mind+%282nd+Ed.%29">"Awakening the Mind: An Introduction to Buddhist Training"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214135126/http://www.juniperpath.org/works/E9A063/Awakening+the+Mind+%282nd+Ed.%29">Archived</a> 2011-02-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Juniper Foundation (2009). p. 10.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2006" class="citation book cs1">Ford, James Ishmael (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame"><i>Zen Master Who?</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-509-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-509-1"><bdi>978-0-86171-509-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Master+Who%3F&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-509-1&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=James+Ishmael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenmasterwhoguid00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1992" class="citation cs2">King, Winston L. (1992), <i>Theravada Meditation. The Buddhist Transformation of Yoga</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Meditation.+The+Buddhist+Transformation+of+Yoga&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Winston+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoster2009" class="citation cs2">Koster, Frits (2009), <i>Basisprincipes Vipassana-meditatie. Mindfulness als weg naar bevrijdend inzicht</i>, Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basisprincipes+Vipassana-meditatie.+Mindfulness+als+weg+naar+bevrijdend+inzicht&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Koster&rft.aufirst=Frits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyanaponika1998" class="citation cs2">Nyanaponika (1998), <i>Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie (The heart of Buddhist Meditation)</i>, Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+hart+van+boeddhistische+meditatie+%28The+heart+of+Buddhist+Meditation%29&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Nyanaponika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebish,_Charles_S.1999" class="citation book cs1">Prebish, Charles S. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520216976"><i>Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism and America</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21697-6"><bdi>978-0-520-21697-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminous+Passage%3A+The+Practice+and+Study+of+Buddhism+and+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21697-6&rft.au=Prebish%2C+Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520216976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager,_Richard_Hughes1999" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Richard Hughes (1999). <i>Buddhism in America</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10868-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10868-3"><bdi>978-0-231-10868-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10868-3&rft.au=Seager%2C+Richard+Hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lewis, James R. <i>The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</i>. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-222-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-222-6">1-57392-222-6</a>.</li> <li>Prebish, Charles (2003). <i>Buddhism – the American Experience</i>. Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9747055-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9747055-0-0">0-9747055-0-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweed2000" class="citation book cs1">Tweed, Thomas A. (2000). <i>The American Encounter with Buddhism, 1844–1912: Victorian Culture and the Limits of Dissent</i>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807849064" title="Special:BookSources/9780807849064"><bdi>9780807849064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Encounter+with+Buddhism%2C+1844%E2%80%931912%3A+Victorian+Culture+and+the+Limits+of+Dissent&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780807849064&rft.aulast=Tweed&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionsroar.com/surveying-the-buddhist-landscape/">Surveying the Buddhist Landscape</a>", article by Charles Prebish, from <a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Roar_(magazine)" title="Lion's Roar (magazine)">Lion's Roar</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205110547/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/baumann001.html">Global Buddhism: Developmental Periods, Regional Histories, and a New Analytical Perspective</a>", article by Martin Baumann</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma/mainstreet.html">Buddhism Comes to Main Street</a>", article by Jan Nattier on UrbanDharma.org</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114083043/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/exchange/CONFERENCE/4cicob/fulltext/Deeg.htm">Buddhist Studies and its Impact on Buddhism in Western Societies</a>", article by Max Deeg</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081815/http://www.shindharmanet.com/course/chapter8.htm">Shin Buddhism in the American Context</a>", article by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bloom_(Buddhist)" title="Alfred Bloom (Buddhist)">Dr. Alfred Bloom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228002741/http://www.terebess.hu/english/names.html">Chronology of the lives of important persons in the history of Zen in America</a>, from Terebess Online</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Template:Buddhism in the West"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Template talk:Buddhism in the West"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism in the West"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhism_in_the_West248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Category:Buddhism in Europe">Buddhism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_North_America" title="Category:Buddhism in North America">Buddhism in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theravada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><b>Burma</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><b>England</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a></li> <li><b>Germany</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li> <li><b>USA</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">USA Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Shunryu Suzuki-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunryu Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Zentatsu Richard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Weitsman" title="Mel Weitsman">Mel Weitsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a></li> <li><b>Kodo Sawaki-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodo_Sawaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo Sawaki">Kodo Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shohaku_Okumura" class="mw-redirect" title="Shohaku Okumura">Shohaku Okumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li> <li><b>Yasutani-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">John Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsugen_Bernard_Glassman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetsugen Bernard Glassman">Tetsugen Bernard Glassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Joko Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzeon_Zen_Center" title="Kanzeon Zen Center">Kanzeon Zen Center</a></li> <li><b>Philip Kapleau-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a></li> <li><b>Other Soto-lineages</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyu_Matsuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyu Matsuoka">Soyu Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobun_Chino_Otogawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobun Chino Otogawa">Kobun Chino Otogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuko_Carlson" title="Gyokuko Carlson">Gyokuko Carlson</a></li> <li><b>Soen Nakagawa-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a></li> <li><b>Other Rinzai-lineages</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li> <li><b>Pan-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><b>Sanbo Kyodan</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><b>White Plum Asanga</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><b>Germany Zen</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlfried_Graf_D%C3%BCrckheim" title="Karlfried Graf Dürckheim">Karlfried Graf Dürckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muho_Noelke" class="mw-redirect" title="Muho Noelke">Muho Noelke</a></li> <li><b>Korean Seon</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a></li> <li><b>Vietnamese Thiền</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Sanbo Kyodan</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><b>Kodo Sawaki-lineage</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li> <li><b>Other Soto-lineages</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pure Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li> <li><b>USA</b></li> <li>David Brazier</li> <li><b>Canada</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu_Buddhist_Temples_of_Canada" title="Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada">Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tibetan Buddhism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><b>USA</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><b>England</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><b>Germany</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exchange</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buddhism_in_North_America165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhism_in_North_America165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in North America">Buddhism in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cuba" title="Buddhism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nicaragua" title="Buddhism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Buddhism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a 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