The R-7 family of launchers

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valign="top" > <p align="center" class="mainHeadline">The Soyuz rocket family</p> <p align="left" class="quickDesc">The oldest space launcher family in the world, Soyuz and its direct predessors are responsible for numerous space firsts, including the <a href="sputnik.html">first satellite</a>, the <a href="vostok1.html">first man in space</a>, first soft landing on the Moon and many others.</p> <hr> <p align="center"><img src="images/rockets/r7/soyuz_fg/soyuz-u_fg_molniya_1.jpg" alt="family" width="730" height="731"></p> <p align="center" class="picCaption">The Soyuz rocket family as of 2002.</p> <hr> <span class="bodyText">In May 2024, the head of RKTs Progress Dmitry Baranov said that the company had produced 12 versions of R-7-based launch vehicles since the start of their production in Samara (then Kuibyshev) in 1959.</span> <p class="tableHeadline">Space launch vehicles derived from the <a href="r7.html">R-7</a> ICBM:</p> <hr> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey" align="center"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="center">Type </div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="center">Presumed manufacturer index </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="center">US designation</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="center">Sheldon designation</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="center">Developer</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"><div align="center">First launch</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableHeader"> <div align="left">Payloads</div> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="sputnik_lv.html">Sputnik</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K71PS</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">1957 Oct. 4</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="sputnik.html">Sputnik-1</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Luna/Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Third stage with 8D714 engine for <a href="spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html">Luna probes</a>, <a href="spacecraft_manned_first.html">Vostok</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="vostok_lv.html">Vostok</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72K</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="spacecraft_manned_first.html">Vostok</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok-2</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72V</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">-</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vostok-2M</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72V1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Elektron, <a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok-2M</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72V3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Elektron, <a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vostok-2M</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72D</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Elektron, <a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok-2M</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K72-2D</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Elektron, <a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Luna</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K73/73E</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vehicle with the 8D711 oxygen-dimethylhydrazin engine for OD-1, OD-2 and E-3 projects</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Sputnik</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A91</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="sputnik3.html">Object D (Sputnik-3)</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A92</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Zenit-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok-M</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A92M</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">1964 Aug. 28</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="tselina.html">Tselina D</a>, <a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a>, IRS-1A, Intercosmos-Bulgaria</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A92ME</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a>, <a href="tselina.html">Tselina-D</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A92V3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Zenit-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">8A93</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">OD-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Vostok</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A92</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-3</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Zenit-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">-</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">8K74LK</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div 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href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K78-MV</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-6</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2-e</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <a href="spacecraft_planetary_mars.html">Mars</a>/<a href="spacecraft_planetary_venus.html">Venera</a>, Prognoz, Zond</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"><a href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K78-2MV</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-6</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2-e</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <a href="spacecraft_planetary_mars.html">Mars</a>/<a href="spacecraft_planetary_venus.html">Venera</a>, Prognoz, Zond</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText"><a href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K78-E6</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-6</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2-e</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <a href="luna9.html">Luna (E-6)</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"><a href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya-M</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">8K78M</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-6</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2-e</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <a href="spacecraft_planetary_mars.html">Mars</a>/<a href="spacecraft_planetary_venus.html">Venera</a>, Prognoz, <a href="3mv_zond1.html">Zond 1-3</a>, IRS-1C, <a href="oko.html">Oko</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Polyot</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11K59 (11A59?) </div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-5</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="is.html">IS</a> (Polyot-1,2)</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"> <a href="voskhod_lv.html">Voskhod</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A57</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1963 Nov. 16</div></td> <td class="tableText">Voskhod, Zenit </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText"> <a href="voskhod.html">Voskhod</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A59</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText">Zenit-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"> <a href="voskhod_lv.html">Voskhod</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A510</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">OKB-1</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText">Zenit-4/ <a href="us.html">US</a>-prototypes </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="soyuz.html">Soyuz</a>, <a href="soyuz-7k-ok.html">Soyuz 7K-OK</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"> <p>Soyuz-M </p> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511M</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1966 Nov. 28</div></td> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-7K-VI, Zenit-4MT, Yantar</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-U</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511U</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1973 May 18</div></td> <td class="tableText">Soyuz TM, Soyuz TMA, <a href="kobalt_m.html">Kobalt-M</a>; Progress. (Planned to be in operation until 2017)</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-U2</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511U2</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1982 Dec. 23</div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="progress.html">Progress-M</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-U2</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511K</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB</div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText">Resurs, Soyuz-TM</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-Irene</td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">Arianespace </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText">Globalstar (project) </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-Ikar </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511U</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">Starsem </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1999 Feb. 9</div></td> <td class="tableText">Globalstar</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-<a href="fregat.html">Fregat</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">SL-4</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">Starsem </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">2000</div></td> <td class="tableText">Cluster, IRDT</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Vostok-2 (Vostok-A/Soyuz-2LK)/<a href="fregat.html">Fregat</a></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">11K55</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">SL-4</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">A-2</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">NPO Lavochkin </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText">A proposal circa 1993-1996. Revived in 2016</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"><a href="soyuz-fg.html">Soyuz-FG</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">11A511FG</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB Progress </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">2001 May 21</div></td> <td class="tableText">Progress M1, AMOS-2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText"><a href="soyuz2-1a.html">Soyuz-2-1a (Rus)</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">14A14 (131KS)</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB Progress </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center"><font color="#000000"><a href="soyuz2_dummy.html">2004 Nov. 8</a></font></div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="meridian.html">Meridian</a>, <a href="soyuz2_metop.html">Metop</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText"><a href="soyuz2-1b.html">Soyuz-2-1b (Rus)</a></td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">14A15 (131KS)</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB Progress </div> </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center"><a href="corot.html">2006 Dec. 27</a></div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="corot.html">Corot</a>, <a href="tgk-pg.html">TGK PG</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Soyuz-ST-A</td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">372RN21</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">TsSKB Progress/Starsem </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><a href="galileo.html">Galileo</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Soyuz-ST-B</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">372RN21</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB Progress/Starsem </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">-</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="soyuz2-vostochny.html">Soyuz-2 for Vostochny</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">372RN16</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">RKTs Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="mikhailo-lomonosov.html">Lomonosov</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Yamal</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">RKK Energia </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="iss_russia.html">ISS modules</a>, Progress-M2</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Avrora</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">RKK Energia </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Commercial satellites from Christmas Island </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Onega</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"> <div align="center">RKK Energia </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="kliper.html">Kliper</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="soyuz2_3_lv.html">Soyuz-2-3</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">RKK Energia/TsSKB Progress </div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="kliper.html">Kliper</a> ("light" version); <a href="parom.html">Parom</a> and its cargo containers </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="soyuz3_lv.html">Soyuz-3</a></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">RKK Energia </div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><a href="kliper.html">Kliper</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="soyuz1_lv.html">Soyuz-1 (Soyuz-2-1v)</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">14A15</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">TsSKB Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center"><a href="2013.html">2013</a></div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="spacecraft_military.html">Military</a>/<a href="spacecraft_application.html">commercial</a> satellites, <a href="kanopus-st.html">Kanopus-ST</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Soyuz-2-3v</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">TsSKB Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">A 2011 proposal for a 16-ton payload vehicle with a cryogenic upper stage</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">Soyuz-2-1d</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">TsSKB Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText">A proposal</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">Soyuz-4 (?)</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">TsSKB Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">A proposal (?)</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><a href="soyuz5.html">Soyuz-5</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">-</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> <div align="center">TsSKB Progress</div> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="tableText"> A proposal circa 2013</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="left">Soyuz-2M</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">RKTs Progress</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText">A proposal circa 2019 of a commercial three-stage vehicle without Fregat</td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> </table> <hr> <p> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_main_1.jpg" alt="Soyuz rocket" width="500" height="375"></p> <p align="center" class="picCaption">The Soyuz, the most recognizable Russian rocket, is only one of several space boosters, which derived from the <a href="r7.html">R-7 ballistic missile</a> developed in the mid-1950s.</p> <hr> <p class="tableHeadline">Overview of upper stages in the Soyuz family of rockets:</p> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tr align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableHeader"><div align="left">Designation</div></td> <td class="tableHeader"><a href="fregat.html">Fregat</a></td> <td class="tableHeader">Taimyr (385GK) </td> <td class="tableHeader">Yastreb</td> <td class="tableHeader">BV Ikar (50KS)</td> <td class="tableHeader"><a href="volga.html">BV Volga</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText">Mass</td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">6.6 tons </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">9.84 tons </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">12.7-18.7 tons</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Height</td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">1.5 meters </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">4 meters</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td class="tableText">Diameter</td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">3.35 meters </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">3.41 meters</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">-</div></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td class="tableText">Launch vehicle </td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">Soyuz, <a href="soyuz2_lv.html">Soyuz-2/ST </a></div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">Yamal, Avrora </div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center"><a href="angara.html">Angara</a>, Onega</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">Soyuz</div></td> <td class="tableText"><div align="center">Soyuz-2-1v</div></td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> <p align="center" class="bodyText"><img src="images/rockets/soyuz/coordinate_system_1.jpg" alt="coordinate" width="730" height="914"></p> <p align="center" class="picCaption">Coordinate system for the Soyuz family of rockets. Credit: Starsem</p> <hr> <p class="subheadLine">History of Soyuz rocket operations in the 21st century:</p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2001.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2001</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2002.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2002</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2003.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2003</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2004.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2004</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2005.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2005</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2006.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2006</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2007.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2007</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2008.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2008</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2009.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2009</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2010.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2010</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2011.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2011</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2012.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2012</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2013.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2013</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2014.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2014</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2015.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2015</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2016.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2016</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2017.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2017</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2018.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2018</a></b></p> <p class="bodyText"><b><a href="soyuz_lv_2019.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2019</a></b></p> <p class="quickDesc"><a href="soyuz_lv_2020.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2020</a></p> <p class="quickDesc"><a href="soyuz_lv_2021.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2021</a></p> <p class="quickDesc"><a href="soyuz_lv_2022.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2022</a></p> <p class="quickDesc"><a href="soyuz_lv_2023.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2023</a></p> <p class="quickDesc"><a href="soyuz_lv_2024.html">Soyuz rocket history in 2024</a></p> <p align="center" class="footerCredit"> </p> <p align="center" class="footerCredit">This page is maintained by Anatoly Zak</p> <p align="center" class="footerCredit">Last update: October 4, 2024 </p> <p align="center" class="footerCredit">All rights reserved</p> <p> </p></td> <td width="200" align="left" valign="top" bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" > <p align="center"><a href="baikonur_r7_rollout.mov"><img src="images/centers/baikonur/baikonur_r7_roll_mov_prev.jpg" width="200" height="145" border="0"></a></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The rollout of the Soyuz rocket. Copyright: © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar"><a href="iss_soyuztm32_launch.mov"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/space_stations/iss/iss_soyuztm32_lnch_mov_prv.jpg" width="200" height="162" border="0"></a></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The Soyuz rocket blasts off from Launch Complex 5. Copyright: © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <hr> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/rockets/Luna/liftoff_2.jpg" alt="luna" width="200" height="232"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">An R-7-based rocket lifts off with an <a href="spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html">early lunar probe</a> circa 1959. Credit: Roskosmos</p> <hr> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/r7_voskhod_1_2.jpg" width="156" height="200"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The launch vehicle with the Voskhod spacecraft on the launch pad in Area 1 in 1964. Credit: RKK Energia</p> <hr> <p align="center"><img src="images/rockets/r7/lv_baikonur_c1960s_2.jpg" alt="soyuz" width="200" height="140"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">A still from unidentified footage showing a liftoff of a rocket in the Soyuz family from Tyuratam. Credit: Roskosmos</p> <hr> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><a href="javascript:;"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_11a511_2.jpg" width="109" height="200" border="0" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_11a511_1.jpg','Soyuz','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=221,height=416')"></a></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The 11A511 version of the Soyuz rocket with the original <a href="soyuz_sas.html">escape system</a>. <span class="picCaptionSidebar"><a href="javascript:;" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_11a511_1.jpg','Soyuz','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=221,height=416')">Click to enlarge</a>. Credit: <a href="sources.html#narimanov">152</a></span></p> <hr> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_11a511_B_2.jpg" width="200" height="136"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The 11A511 version of the Soyuz rocket with the upgraded <a href="soyuz_sas.html">escape system</a>. Credit: <a href="sources.html#narimanov">152</a></p> <hr> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><a href="javascript:;"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/space_stations/iss/iss_soyuztm31_roll_C_2.jpg" width="200" height="150" border="0" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('images/spacecraft/manned/space_stations/iss/iss_soyuztm31_roll_C_1.jpg','sas','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=730,height=550')"></a></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">On a foggy morning in October 2000, the Soyuz booster was being prepared for the launch of the first resident crew of the International Space Station, more than 43 years after the original version of the rocket flew. <a href="javascript:;" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('images/spacecraft/manned/space_stations/iss/iss_soyuztm31_roll_C_1.jpg','sas','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=730,height=550')">Click to enlarge</a> Copyright © 2000 Anatoly Zak</p> <hr> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/r7_fregat_250.jpg" width="200" border="0"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The Soyuz-Fregat version of the Soyuz launch vehicle is being prepared in Baikonur. Copyright © 2000 Anatoly Zak</p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/r7_2_stages_250.jpg" width="200" border="0"></p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar">Four strap-on boosters and a central core stage of the R-7 rocket. Copyright © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/r7_2-3-stage_assembly_250.jpg" width="200" border="0"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The assembly of the second and third stages of the Soyuz launcher. Copyright © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/spacecraft/manned/soyuz/soyuz_lv_stage3_2.jpg" alt="soyuz" width="200" height="150" border="0"></p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar">A third stage of the Soyuz rocket. Copyright © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <p class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/r7_core_engines_250.jpg" width="200" border="0"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">A close up view of the core-stage engine on the Soyuz rocket. Copyright © 2001 Anatoly Zak</p> <p align="center" class="picCaptionSidebar"><img src="images/rd0109_vostok_2.jpg" width="144" height="200"></p> <p align="left" class="picCaptionSidebar">The RD-0109 engine, which powered the 3rd stage of the Vostok rocket. Copyright © 2002 Anatoly Zak</p></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="40" vspace="0" hspace="0" align="center" bordercolor="0"> <tr bgcolor="#999999"> <td><img src="images/footer3.gif" width="600" height="40" align="right" vspace="0" hspace="0" usemap="#Map" border="0"> <map name="Map"> <area shape="rect" coords="492,3,594,37" href="index.html"><area shape="rect" coords="58,3,104,37" href="#top" target="_self"> </map></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

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