Vasco da Gama - World History Encyclopedia

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src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-white-r.svg">'; } function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Exploration+Portuguese_Empire+Vasco_da_Gama" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Vasco_da_Gama/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14137.png" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Vasco_da_Gama/" data-pin-description="Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) was a Portuguese navigator who, in 1497-9, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa and arrived at Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the south-west coast of India. This was the first direct voyage from Portugal to India and allowed the Europeans to cut in on the..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Mark Cartwright" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="User Page: Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> <br/> published on 03 June 2021 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-18064/vasco-de-gama/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/pt/1-18064/vasco-da-gama/" class="translation_link pt " rel="alternate">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-18064/vasco-da-gama/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-18064/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Exploration+Portuguese_Empire+Vasco_da_Gama" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/14137/vasco-da-gama-as-viceroy/" title="Vasco da Gama as Viceroy"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14137.png.webp?v=1732257307 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14137.png.webp?v=1732257307 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14137.png?v=1732257307 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14137.png?v=1732257307 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14137.png?v=1732257307" width="300" height="213" alt="Vasco da Gama as Viceroy (by Unknown Artist, CC BY-NC-SA)" title="Vasco da Gama as Viceroy (by Unknown Artist, CC BY-NC-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Vasco da Gama as Viceroy</div><div class="figauthor">Unknown Artist (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14137/vasco-da-gama-as-viceroy/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14137/vasco-da-gama-as-viceroy/","caption":"An illustration of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) as the viceroy of Portuguese India, an appointment made in 1524. (Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu, Pierpont Morgan Library, M.525)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14137.png","copyrightNotice":"Unknown Artist - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Unknown Artist"},"creditText":"Unknown Artist / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:07:19+0000","datePublished":"2021-05-30T18:57:11+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Vasco da Gama as Viceroy","height":480,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14137/vasco-da-gama-as-viceroy/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14137/vasco-da-gama-as-viceroy/","width":676} </script> <p>Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) was a Portuguese navigator who, in 1497-9, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in southern <a href="/disambiguation/africa/">Africa</a> and arrived at Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the south-west coast of <a href="/india/">India</a>. This was the first direct voyage from Portugal to India and allowed the Europeans to cut in on the immensely lucrative Eastern <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a> in spices.</p> <p>Da Gama repeated his voyage in 1502-3, but this time diplomacy took a back seat to cannon fire. The well-established patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean were changed forever as other European powers followed in da Gama’s wake and Europeans moved ever eastwards in search of riches. Da Gama became a legend in his own lifetime, and his rise to the very top of Portuguese society was confirmed when he was appointed Viceroy of <a href="/Estado_da_India/">Portuguese India</a> in 1524. Sailing for a third time to India in 1524 to take up his new role, Vasco da Gama died of illness shortly after reaching Cochin (now Kochi) on the southwest coast.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">Vasco da Gama left Cape Verde & sailed out westwards into the mid-Atlantic in a Wide curve in the hope of catching favourable southern winds.</div> <h3>Early Life</h3> <p>Vasco da Gama was born c. 1469 in Sines in the Alentejo region of Portugal. His father was Estêvão da Gama, a member of the minor nobility and his mother was Dona Isabel Sodré. Like his father, Vasco was involved in the Military Order of Santiago. He also became a member of the court of King Manuel I of Portugal (r. 1495-1521). Little is known about his early life and career except that he went on several military expeditions, likely serving in North Africa, and commanded a small fleet which captured French ships in several southern Portuguese ports in 1492. Quite why a relatively obscure figure benefitted from the king’s favour in being selected to command a major maritime expedition to the Indies is not known.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <h3>Preparation</h3> <p>The Portuguese Crown had already colonized with success three archipelagoes: Madeira (1420), the Azores (1439), and Cape Verde (1462) in the Atlantic off the coast of West Africa. The treacherous Cape Bojador was navigated in 1434, and it was discovered that ships with lateen sails and on a bold course out to catch winds and currents in the mid-Atlantic could safely be guided back home to <a href="/europe/">Europe</a>. In addition, from 1456, Portuguese mariners used a quadrant to measure their latitude position far from land by using the stars. The way south and east was finally open for those willing to take the necessary risks to get there.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="14123"> <a href="/image/14123/portuguese-colonial-empire-in-the-age-of-explorati/" title="Portuguese Colonial Empire in the Age of Exploration" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14123.png.webp?v=1737996844-1694073407 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14123.png.webp?v=1737996844-1694073407 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14123.png.webp?v=1737996844-1694073407 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/14123.png.webp?v=1737996844-1694073407 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14123.png?v=1737996844-1694073407 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14123.png?v=1737996844-1694073407 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14123.png?v=1737996844-1694073407 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/14123.png?v=1737996844-1694073407 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14123.png?v=1737996844-1694073407" alt="Portuguese Colonial Empire in the Age of Exploration" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="422" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Portuguese Colonial Empire in the Age of Exploration</div><div class="figauthor">Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/portuguese-colonial-empire-in-the-age-of-explorati/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/portuguese-colonial-empire-in-the-age-of-explorati/","caption":"A map illustrating the evolution of Portugal into a global colonial power following the period of European exploration of the 15th century. Portugal\u2019s colonial Empire began in the fifteenth century, with the kings of Portugal seeking trade routes to the East Indies. As a result, it became the oldest overseas Empire established by a European power (truth be told - geographically speaking big part of it was established after 1884, and it survived all others, losing virtually no territory after the 1822 secession of Brazil until India seized Goa in 1961). Starting with the conquest of cities on the Moroccan coast and a push to continue the Reconquista beyond the Iberian Peninsula, the birth moment of the Empire could be seen with the taking of Ceuta in 1415 (it ended with the transfer of Macau to China in 1999) as Portuguese sailors utilizing novel technologies for cartography and navigation explored the open sea, discovering the islands of the Canaries, Madeira, Azores, and Cape Verde and later the African coast until, in 1488, they sailed beyond Cape of Good Hope, followed in 1498, of Vasco da Gama opening a maritime route to India and establishing dominance in the Spice Trade.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14123.png","copyrightNotice":"Simeon Netchev - CC BY-NC-ND - This licence only allows others to download this content and share it with others as long as the author is credited, but they can't change the content in any way or use it commercially. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/#person","name":"Simeon Netchev","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/simeon-netchev/"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-simeonnetchev.jpg","description":"Simeon is a freelance visual designer and history teacher passionate about the human stories behind past events. He believes every image should tell a story and spark interaction, while each map leads on a journey, blending imagination with education.","jobTitle":"Graphic Designer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Simeon Netchev / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2023-09-07T07:56:47+0000","datePublished":"2021-05-29T22:08:36+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Portuguese Colonial Empire in the Age of Exploration","height":2787,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/portuguese-colonial-empire-in-the-age-of-explorati/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/portuguese-colonial-empire-in-the-age-of-explorati/","width":4961} </script> </p> <p>In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias sailed down the coast of West Africa and made the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of the African continent (now South Africa). Dias planned a second, more ambitious voyage to find a direct sea route to India. However, command of this second expedition was awarded to Vasco da Gama; its primary purpose, as one crewman replied to the question "why are you here?" when he finally arrived in India: to find Christians and spices. The former aim rested on the conviction that somewhere in the east was a great Christian kingdom or several of them. These kingdoms could be useful allies against the Islamic states in the Middle East, long-time rivals to European powers in terms of <a href="/religion/">religion</a> and commerce. The Portuguese knew about the well-established trade being conducted in the Middle East between Asian, African, Muslim, and Italian states, a trade which already criss-crossed the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Middle Eastern land routes. Additional motives were to find food sources, Portugal being a net importer of foodstuffs at that time, to gain honour and prestige for the Crown, and to acquire wealth and glory for the mariners who risked their lives. The gathering of scientific and geographical knowledge was only deemed useful if it assisted the achievement of the expedition’s primary aims.</p> <div class="big_quote">The voyages of Vasco da Gama to India & <a href="/Christopher_Columbus/">Christopher Columbus</a> to the Americas opened up the world to European exploration & <a href="/disambiguation/colonization/">colonization</a>.</div> <p>The funding for the expedition came from a mix of the Crown and private merchants, and it was not in any way lacking. Two ships were constructed specifically for the voyage: <em>São Gabriel</em>, to be commanded by da Gama, and <em>São Rafael</em>. The other two ships were the <em>Berrio</em>, a <a href="/Caravel/">caravel</a>, and, largest of the fleet, a 200-ton store ship. Amongst the captains chosen by da Gama were his own brothers Paulo and Nicolau Coelho, who would captain the <em>São Rafael </em>and the <em>Berrio </em>respectively. Another important member of the team was Dias’ chief pilot Pêro de Alenquer, who had valuable experience of the Cape. Finally, the hand-picked crew, which numbered no more than 170 men in all, was well-paid compared to other expeditions.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>First Voyage to India</h3> <p>The Portuguese explorer set off from the mouth of the Tagus River near Lisbon on 8 July 1497 and reached the Portuguese colony of the Cape Verde Islands where he refitted and resupplied his ships. He left Cape Verde on 3 August and, instead of hugging the African coast, he sailed out westwards into the mid-Atlantic in a wide curve in the hope of catching favourable winds. As a result, the mariners spent a remarkable three months at sea without any sighting of land. Dias, in contrast, had hugged the West African coast and laboriously pushed against prevailing winds and currents.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="14121"> <a href="/image/14121/vasco-da-gama-departing-lisbon/" title="Vasco da Gama Departing Lisbon" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14121.png.webp?v=1707874984 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14121.png.webp?v=1707874984 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14121.png?v=1707874984 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14121.png?v=1707874984 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14121.png?v=1707874984" alt="Vasco da Gama Departing Lisbon" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="332" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Vasco da Gama Departing Lisbon</div><div class="figauthor">Alfredo Roque Gameiro (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14121/vasco-da-gama-departing-lisbon/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14121/vasco-da-gama-departing-lisbon/","caption":"A c. 1900 painting by Alfredo Roque Gameiro showing the departure of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1525) from Lisbon. He was the first European to sail directly from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, a voyage taken in 1497-9. (National Library of Portugal, Lisbon)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14121.png","copyrightNotice":"Alfredo Roque Gameiro - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Alfredo Roque Gameiro"},"creditText":"Alfredo Roque Gameiro / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:07:19+0000","datePublished":"2021-05-30T13:38:32+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Vasco da Gama Departing Lisbon","height":898,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14121/vasco-da-gama-departing-lisbon/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14121/vasco-da-gama-departing-lisbon/","width":1355} </script> </p> <p>The monotonous routine of life at sea was now only broken by mealtimes:</p> <blockquote> <p>The galley boy cooked the single daily hot meal over a sand-filled firebox on the deck, and the men ate the results off wooden trenchers with their fingers or pocketknives. Every crew member, from the captain down, received the same basic daily rations: a pound and a half of biscuit, two and a half pints of water, and small measures of vinegar and olive oil, together with a pound of salt beef or half a pound of pork, or rice and cod or cheese instead of the meat on fasting days. Delicacies like dried fruit were reserved for the top brass and would prove vital in preserving their health.</p> <p>(Cliff, 174)</p> </blockquote> <p>The small fleet finally swung back in eastwards, and they reached the southern tip of Africa on 7 November, several weeks quicker than Dias had managed. The ships were repaired, cleaned, and restocked at a bay they named St. Helena Bay. A meeting with Africans started well but descended into violence which saw several men wounded, including da Gama, shot in the leg by an arrow.</p> <p>Rounding the Cape of Good Hope on 22 November, da Gama again stopped to take on fresh stores, this time at Mossel Bay. It was decided to break up the largest ship and redistribute the men and stores amongst the remaining three vessels of his fleet. The navigator then skipped up the coast of East Africa, stopping at the Islamic trading post of Quelimane amongst others.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>Many of da Gama’s crew were suffering from scurvy by this time, then a new disease for European sailors and one whose cause and cure were unknown (a deficiency in Vitamin C). Arab sailors in Mombassa in East Africa, reached on 7 April, clearly knew about it and how to deal with it as they gave oranges to some crew members, and it was observed they made a speedy recovery. Unfortunately, nothing was done to prevent the disease returning as the voyage wore on. Da Gama then arrived at the Kingdom of Malindi on 15 April where he was given a pilot and a chart to help in the crossing to India. It has long been claimed that this pilot was the famous navigator Ahmad Ibn Masdjid (aka Majid), but this has since been disproved by scholars.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="14136"> <a href="/image/14136/vasco-da-gama-arriving-at-calicut-india/" title="Vasco da Gama Arriving at Calicut, India" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14136.png.webp?v=1728343025 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14136.png.webp?v=1728343025 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14136.png?v=1728343025 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14136.png?v=1728343025 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14136.png?v=1728343025" alt="Vasco da Gama Arriving at Calicut, India" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="331" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Vasco da Gama Arriving at Calicut, India</div><div class="figauthor">Roque Gameiro (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14136/vasco-da-gama-arriving-at-calicut-india/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14136/vasco-da-gama-arriving-at-calicut-india/","caption":"A c. 1900 painting by Alfredo Roque Gameiro showing the arrival of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1525) at Calicut in India. 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(National Library of Portugal, Lisbon)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14136.png","copyrightNotice":"Roque Gameiro - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Roque Gameiro"},"creditText":"Roque Gameiro / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:07:19+0000","datePublished":"2021-05-30T18:50:47+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Vasco da Gama Arriving at Calicut, India","height":900,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14136/vasco-da-gama-arriving-at-calicut-india/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14136/vasco-da-gama-arriving-at-calicut-india/","width":1363} </script> </p> <p>The explorers left Malindi on 24 April 1498 and crossed the Indian Ocean to arrive near Calicut on the Malabar coast on 18 May. The direct sailing route from Portugal to India had taken ten months. As was the habit of Portuguese sailors, pillars were erected - six in this case - to <a href="/disambiguation/Mark/">mark</a> the landfalls of the expedition. The Portuguese did a little sightseeing such as visiting <a href="/hinduism/">Hindu</a> temples, although the visitors mistook <a href="/hinduism/">Hinduism</a> as some sort of odd branch of Eastern <a href="/christianity/">Christianity</a>. Da Gama was able to communicate with the ruler of Calicut via the several fluent Arabic speakers he had in his crew who, in turn, worked with native Malayalam interpreters. A great disappointment, though, was the discovery that the Indians seemed perfectly content with their existing trade relations and remained rather sceptical of these new interlopers in odd clothing.</p> <p>The ships took on board a quantity of precious spices such as <a href="/Pepper/">pepper</a>, ginger, cloves, and cinnamon, although really only a sample compared to future expeditions. In his role as ambassador, Da Gama tried to woo the ruler of Calicut, whom they called the <em>zamorin</em>, by exaggerating the great power of king Manuel and presenting some gifts. Unfortunately, inexperience here took its toll as da Gama’s gifts of clothing and foodstuffs were nowhere near as sumptuous as was the custom in this part of the world. There was also some irritation on the part of da Gama at the difficulties in organising several audiences with the <em>zamorin</em> and then convincing him that he came as an ambassador of a rich and powerful king. It seems relations deteriorated due to mutual suspicion and lack of communication. A number of Portuguese onshore were arrested, perhaps in a misunderstanding over the port’s departure tax. Fearing for the safety of his ships, da Gama took a number of hostages himself. These hostages were also useful to show the authorities back home that da Gama had indeed sailed to India. It was all a very unsatisfactory way of doing business, but next time, Portuguese cannons would do the talking, not ambassadors.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Return & Recognition</h3> <p>In October, da Gama recrossed the Indian Ocean, this time meeting a series of calms and storms. Scurvy struck again, leaving the ships short of able crew as over 30 men died. Returning to Malindi on 2 January 1499, the surviving crew members were revived but so many had succumbed to the disease that the <em>São Rafael </em>was abandoned for lack of crew to sail all the ships. The ruler of Malindi, eager to gather support in his rivalry with Mombassa, sent an ambassador so that he might meet the Portuguese king. The Portuguese left Malindi on 11 January. The Cape of Good Hope was rounded on 20 March 1499 and da Gama sailed on to make landfall in the Portuguese Azores. It was here that Paulo da Gama died.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rxHf_2zTcQo?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Vasco da Gama: Portuguese Explorer - Fast Facts | History"></iframe></div></div> <p><br /> The mariners eventually sailed back to Portugal, the ships arriving separately in July and August 1499 after what had been a terrible 11-month voyage from India. Of the 170-odd crew who had left Lisbon 732 days before, only around 55 made it back home. The remaining adventurers were at least given a great reception. To celebrate the success of da Gama’s voyage, the longest voyage ever undertaken in the history of navigation in terms of time and miles covered, King Manuel minted a massive new <a href="/gold/">gold</a> <a href="/coinage/">coin</a>, the ten-cruzado known simply as the <em>português</em>. A celebrated account of the voyage, actually a diary or <em>roteiro</em>, was written by a crew member who is often identified as Alvaro Velho. Da Gama himself received a royal grant giving him possession of Sines and its various tax incomes, right of membership to the Royal Council, various maritime honours, the title of Admiral of the Indies, and the right to bear the title <em>Dom</em> before his name. By 1501, the Portuguese explorer had further increased his position in society when he married the noblewoman Dona Caterina de Ataíde.</p> <h3>The India Route is Established</h3> <p>The Portuguese now had a maritime route that allowed them to gain direct access to the riches of the East and cut out middlemen traders. In addition, it seemed (completely mistakenly) that there were Christian kingdoms in the east that could be useful allies against the Mamluk Sultanate. There had been some European trade contacts before with India, but the scale it would now reach was unprecedented. It is also true that this new development in world trade certainly did not put an end to the traditional Arabian land caravan routes from India to the <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a>. A second Portuguese expedition, this time with 13 ships and 1500 men and commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral, set off to repeat da Gama’s feat in March 1500 and was given the brief of muscling-in on Muslim trade by sinking any Arab ships they came across. Cabral, trying to emulate da Gama's Atlantic route, sailed too far west and accidentally ‘discovered’ Brazil, which eventually became another Portuguese colony.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <h3>Second Voyage to India</h3> <p>In 1502-3, as the <a href="/Portuguese_Empire/">Portuguese Empire</a> in the East became a reality, Vasco da Gama sailed a 15-ship fleet to Calicut (the fourth so far to be sent to the Malabar Coast by Manuel) in a revenge attack for the murder of a group of Portuguese led by Cabral, who himself had been guilty of atrocities in Calicut. Da Gama was also instructed by the Portuguese king to build a series of fortresses and to form a permanent fleet that could patrol and protect Portuguese trade interests there. The first of these forts was built at Cochin in 1503. To further promote Portuguese trade, da Gama asked the <em>zamorin</em> of Calicut to expel all Cairo and Red Sea Muslim traders from the <a href="/city/">city</a>. The <em>zamorin</em> refused to alter his established trading partners.</p> <p>Da Gama’s usual policy of attack first, trade second made him few friends, and his reputation was seriously damaged by an attack on a ship of over 300 pilgrims on their way to Mecca. Calicut was treated to a sustained barrage of cannon fire from the Portuguese fleet and there was a naval <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">battle</a> which the Europeans won. On the other hand, in that curious mix of trade and force, relations with Cochin further down the coast remained friendly. Increasingly, the whole Indian Ocean became a dangerous place to conduct trade as Indian, Arab, Dutch, Venetian, and Portuguese ships were not shy to use their cannons to get the better of their rivals.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="14119"> <a href="/image/14119/vasco-da-gama-portrait/" title="Vasco da Gama Portrait" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14119.png.webp?v=1698313383 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14119.png.webp?v=1698313383 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14119.png?v=1698313383 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14119.png?v=1698313383 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14119.png?v=1698313383" alt="Vasco da Gama Portrait" class="in_text_image" width="370" height="501" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Vasco da Gama Portrait</div><div class="figauthor">Sailko (CC BY)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14119/vasco-da-gama-portrait/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14119/vasco-da-gama-portrait/","caption":"A 16th century portrait of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1525). He was the first European to sail directly from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, a voyage taken in 1497-9. (National Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14119.png","copyrightNotice":"Sailko - CC BY - This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sailko"},"creditText":"Sailko / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:07:19+0000","datePublished":"2021-05-30T13:39:09+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Vasco da Gama Portrait","height":898,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ignoto_portoghese,_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo,_1525-50_ca._02.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14119/vasco-da-gama-portrait/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14119/vasco-da-gama-portrait/","width":663} </script> </p> <p>Da Gama returned to Portugal on 10 October 1503 with a fleet laden down with precious spices, and it was rumoured the admiral had not been shy to fill his pockets with a fortune in gems and pearls. There was, too, the added bonus of a trade treaty and tribute from the ruler of Cochin, and a handsome gold tribute from the Muslim ruler of <a href="/Kilwa/">Kilwa</a> on the <a href="/Swahili_Coast/">Swahili coast</a>. The Portuguese Crown remained hopeful of establishing regional dominance and a monopoly of trade one way or another and in 1505, a Viceroy of India was appointed, Francisco d’Almeida. The Portuguese moved ever-eastwards, even setting up a fort in <a href="/china/">China</a>, although they did not then comprehend the might of the <a href="/Ming_Dynasty/">Ming Dynasty</a> (1368-1644).</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <h3><a href="/disambiguation/Death/">Death</a> & Legacy</h3> <p>In April 1524, after a period of being out of royal favour (he was made a Count in 1519 but only after he threatened to defect to Spain), da Gama returns to the limelight when he sailed for a third time to India to take up his new role as viceroy. The old mariner had certainly clocked up some sea miles but he was seriously ill when he landed in November at what was now <a href="/Portuguese_Cochin/">Portuguese Cochin</a>. Taken to the house of a Portuguese settler called Diogo Pereira, Vasco da Gama there spent his final days. He died on Christmas Eve in 1524. He was interred in the Santo António church in Cochin, but his remains, as he had wished, were then returned to Portugal some years later. In the 19th century, his remains were then reportedly buried in the Jerónimos Monastery in Belém where a great many Portuguese monarchs were buried.</p> <p>Those who followed in the wake of Dias and da Gama sought one thing: total control of the Indian Ocean trade network, then dominated by traders on the Swahili Coast of East Africa and Muslim traders from the Persian Gulf. With inferior weapons and a lack of cooperation between city-states, the Swahili Coast was not able to put up much of a defence. Fortresses were built, for example, at Sofala in 1505, Mozambique Island in 1507, and Shama in 1526. However, the Portuguese were such ruthless traders and so many settlements were razed and ships sunk that African traders moved northwards to avoid them. India, meanwhile, proved too big a territory to dominate but the Portuguese did establish trading centres all along the western coast of the subcontinent.</p> <p>More generally, the voyages of Vasco da Gama to India and Christopher <a href="/Christopher_Columbus/">Columbus</a> to the Americas in 1492 opened up the world to European exploration and colonization. The Portuguese went even further east, establishing colonies at Macau in China, at Nagasaki in <a href="/disambiguation/Japan/">Japan</a>, and even visiting <a href="/Korea/">Korea</a>. Empires rose, Europeans benefitted from a cheaper and more varied range of products, flora and fauna were shifted about the globe, diseases found new victims, and the lives of millions of indigenous peoples on four continents were changed forever.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Exploration+Portuguese_Empire+Vasco_da_Gama" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__9230aa9bd951a4485f3c8502a19807e3"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0062890484/" rel="sponsored">Bergreen, Laurence. <i>Over the Edge of the World Updated Edition.</i> William Morrow Paperbacks, 2019.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7258f17dfe352d801fd0100b108aaab8"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0061735132/" rel="sponsored">Cliff, Nigel. <i>The Last Crusade.</i> Harper Perennial, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__ee1e9fba81f28f9b09748ca3a3f50b2f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521603978/" rel="sponsored">Disney, A. R. <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2009.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__5a78a520c257e16ad6b55f0d41078093"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521738229/" rel="sponsored">Disney, A. R. <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2009.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4791c0a228d86b914c922b6e5b2da804"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0140513213/" rel="sponsored">McEvedy, Colin. <i>The Penguin Atlas of African History.</i> Penguin Books, 1996.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__3e8d967c456fd01ddba8c6238cf9c59f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521768942/" rel="sponsored">Newitt, Malyn. <i>The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2010.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__481046fc55cbe3ddbee3445715c614a1"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521028507/" rel="sponsored">Pearson, M. N. <i>NCHI.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2006.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4aa408e00ca68859a87b5da30281a320"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0801859557/" rel="sponsored">Russell-Wood, A. J.R. <i>The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808.</i> JHUP, 1998.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__a37b0875b043b1d251521be704191f7e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521646294/" rel="sponsored">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. <i>The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1998.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="nofollow" title="Mark Cartwright"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG?v=1588174056" width="100" height="100" alt="Mark Cartwright" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. 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id="ci_related_content"> <div class="ci_related_content_wrapper ci_two_cols three_cols"> <div class="columns"> <a href="/article/2025/the-portuguese-conquest-of-india/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-2025" data-score="910515" data-ci-type-id="2"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14136.png.webp?v=1728343025 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14136.png.webp?v=1728343025 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14136.png?v=1728343025 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14136.png?v=1728343025 720w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14136.png?v=1728343025" width="360" height="202" alt="The Portuguese Conquest of India" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>The Portuguese Conquest of India</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Throughout the 15th century, the Portuguese Crown yearned for a... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Portuguese_Cochin/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-19841" data-score="837499" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14185.png.webp?v=1728343027 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14185.png.webp?v=1728343027 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14185.png?v=1728343027 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14185.png?v=1728343027 720w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14185.png?v=1728343027" width="360" height="202" alt="Portuguese Cochin" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Portuguese Cochin</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Cochin, located on the southwest coast of India, was a Portuguese... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Portuguese_Empire/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-19821" data-score="790919" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14392.png.webp?v=1737344824 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14392.png.webp?v=1737344824 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14392.png?v=1737344824 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/14392.png?v=1737344824 720w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14392.png?v=1737344824" width="360" height="202" alt="Portuguese Empire" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Portuguese Empire</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Portuguese Empire was established from the 15th century and... </div> 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