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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian-American psychologist (1927–2010)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lovaas" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lovas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lovas (disambiguation)">Lovas</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">O. Ivar Løvaas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ole Ivar Løvaas</div><br />8 May 1927<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lier,_Norway" title="Lier, Norway">Lier, Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 2010 (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian American">Norwegian American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, PhD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Clinical psychologist, researcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org">Professor emeritus, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">Discrete trial training</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Nina Watthen</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1986)<wbr /></div><br />Beryl Scoles (m. 1955; divorced)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lovaas.com/">http://www.lovaas.com/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ole Ivar Løvaas</b> (8 May 1927 – 2 August 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Larrason_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larrason-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Norwegian-American clinical <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. He is most well known for his research on what is now called <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA) to teach <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autistic</a> children through prompts, <a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">modeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a>. His application of the science was also noted for its use of <a href="/wiki/Aversives" title="Aversives">aversives</a> (punishment) to reduce undesired behavior, which are no longer supported as a part of most ABA treatment plans. </p><p>Løvaas founded the Lovaas Institute and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society of America</a>. He is also considered a pioneer of ABA due to his development of <a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">discrete trial training</a> and early intensive behavioral intervention for autistic children. </p><p>His work influenced how autism is treated, and Løvaas received widespread acclaim and several awards during his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-SCCAP_Award_Winners:_Division_53_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCAP_Award_Winners:_Division_53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also strong criticisms from many autistic self advocates and researchers supporting the autism rights movement and neurodiversity movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Løvaas was born in <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Norway" title="Lier, Norway">Lier, Norway</a> on 8 May 1927 to Hildur and Ernst Albert Løvaas.<sup id="cite_ref-Larrason_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larrason-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two siblings: an older sister named Nora and a younger brother named Hans Erik.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Løvaas attended Hegg Elementary School in Lier from 1934 to 1941. He attended junior high school at Drammen Realskole until 1944, and then moved on to Drammen Latin School for high school, graduating in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Løvaas moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. There he married Beryl Scoles in 1955, and together they had four children. Lovaas later divorced his wife and remarried Nina Watthen in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAT_obit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT_obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from high school, Løvaas served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Norwegian Air Force</a> for 18 months. He was a forced farm worker during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">1940s Nazi occupation of Norway</a>, and often said that observing the Nazis had sparked his interest in human behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_obit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT_obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attended <a href="/wiki/Luther_College_(Iowa)" title="Luther College (Iowa)">Luther College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa" title="Decorah, Iowa">Decorah, Iowa</a>, graduating in 1951 after just one year with his B.A. in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. Løvaas received his Masters of Science in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in 1955, and his PhD in learning and clinical psychology from the same school 3 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his career, Løvaas worked at the Pinel foundation, which focused on <a href="/wiki/Freudian_psychoanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian psychoanalysis">Freudian psychoanalysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earning his PhD, he took a position at the University of Washington's Child Development Institute, where he first learned of behavior analysis. Løvaas began teaching at UCLA in 1961 in the Department of Psychology, where he performed research on children with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum disorder</a> at the school's Neuropsychiatric Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started an early intervention clinic at UCLA called the UCLA Young Autism Project, which provided intensive intervention inside the children's homes. He was named <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> in 1994. Løvaas also established the Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention (LIFE) that provides interventions based on his research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovaas2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovaas2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Løvaas taught now prominent behaviorists, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koegel" title="Robert Koegel">Robert Koegel</a>, Laura Schreibman, Tristram Smith, <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Granpeesheh" title="Doreen Granpeesheh">Doreen Granpeesheh</a>, John McEachin, Ron Leaf, Jacquie Wynn, and thousands of UCLA students who took his "Behavior Modification" course during his 50 years of teaching. He also co-founded what is today the <a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society of America</a> (ASA), published hundreds of research articles and several books, and received many accolades for his research. Due to this research, a number of school districts have adopted his programs. His work influenced how autism is treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovaas2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovaas2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lovaas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovaas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_intervention">Autism intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autism intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_research">Early research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/220px--O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="155" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle="O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="682" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1022" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1408" data-height="992" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="204" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="340" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="510" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm/O._Ivar_Lovaas_ABA_experiments_on_autistic_kids_1965.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="510" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Lovaas prompting several young research subjects and using food as a reinforcer, ca. 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Løvaas established the Young Autism Project clinic at UCLA in 1962, where he began his research, authored training manuals, and recorded tapes of him and his graduate students implementing <a href="/wiki/Errorless_learning" title="Errorless learning">errorless learning</a>—based on <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> and what was then referred to as <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">behavior modification</a>—to instruct autistic children. He later coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">discrete trial training</a>" to describe the procedure, which was used to teach listener responding, eye contact, fine and gross motor imitation, receptive and expressive language, academic, and a variety of other skills. In an errorless discrete trial, the child sits at a table across from the therapist who provides an instruction (i.e., "do this", "look at me", "point to", etc.), followed by a prompt, then the child's response, and a stimulus reinforcer. The prompts are later discontinued once the child demonstrates proficiency. During this time, Løvaas and colleagues also employed physical aversives (<a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>), such as electric shocks and slaps, to decrease aggressive and self-injurious behavior, as well as verbal reprimands if the child answered incorrectly or engaged in <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">self-stimulatory behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Larrason_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larrason-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pediatrics3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pediatrics3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1987_study">1987 study</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1987 study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, Løvaas published a study<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demonstrated that, following forty hours a week of treatment, 9 of the 19 autistic children developed typical <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQs</a> by 30 points on average, and were placed in regular classrooms. A 1993 follow-up study<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that 8 maintained their gains and were "indistinguishable from their typically developing peers", scoring in the normal range of social and emotional functioning. His studies were limited because Løvaas did not <a href="/wiki/Randomize" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomize">randomize</a> the participants or treatment groups. This produced a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">quasi-experiment</a> in which he was able to control the assignment of children to treatment groups. His manipulation of the study in this way may have been responsible for the observed effects. The true efficacy of his method cannot be determined since his studies cannot be repeated for ethical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1998 study subsequently recommended that EIBI programs be regarded with skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the United States Surgeon General's office wrote, "Thirty years of research has demonstrated the efficacy of applied behavioral methods in reducing inappropriate behavior and in increasing communication, learning, and appropriate social behavior", and he also endorsed the 1987 study.<sup id="cite_ref-Surgeon_General_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgeon_General-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature_reviews">Literature reviews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2007 review study in <i>Pediatrics</i>, "The effectiveness of [EIBI] in [autism spectrum disorder] has been well-documented through 5 decades of research by using single-subject methodology and in controlled studies... in university and community settings." It further stated, "Children who receive early intensive behavioral treatment have been shown to make substantial, sustained gains in IQ, language, academic performance, and adaptive behavior as well as some measures of social behavior, and their outcomes have been significantly better than those of children in control groups." However, the study also recommended to later generalize the child's skills with more <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_procedures" title="Natural language procedures">naturalistic ABA-based procedures</a>, such as incidental teaching and <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">pivotal response treatment</a>, so their progress is maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-Pediatrics1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pediatrics1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another review in 2008 described DTT as a "'well-established' psychosocial intervention for improving the intellectual performance of young children with autism spectrum disorders..."<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, it was found that the intervention is effective for some, but "the literature is limited by methodological concerns" due to there being small sample sizes and very few studies that used random assignment,<sup id="cite_ref-Pediatrics2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pediatrics2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2018 Cochrane review subsequently indicated low-quality evidence to support this method.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, a meta-analysis in the same journal database concludes how some recent research is beginning to suggest that because of the heterology of ASD, there are a wide range of different learning styles and that it is the children with lower <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">receptive language skills</a> who acquire <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> from Løvaas' treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, a multi-site randomized control trial study of 164 participants indicated similar findings.<sup id="cite_ref-AutismResearch2023Study_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutismResearch2023Study-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UCLA_Feminine_Boy_Project">UCLA Feminine Boy Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UCLA Feminine Boy Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></div> <p>Løvaas co-authored a study with <a href="/wiki/George_Alan_Rekers" class="mw-redirect" title="George Alan Rekers">George Rekers</a> in 1974 where they attempted to modify the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> male children through the use of rewards and punishment with the goal of preventing them from becoming adult <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexuals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-behavioraltreatment_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behavioraltreatment-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of the first of these studies, a young boy at the age of 4 at the inception of the experiment, died by suicide as an adult in 2003; his family attribute the suicide to this treatment. Despite the follow-up study (which Løvaas was not involved in) writing that the therapy successfully converted his <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, his sister expressed concerns that it was overly biased as "he was conditioned to say that", and she read his journal, which described how he feared disclosing his <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> due to his father <a href="/wiki/Spank" class="mw-redirect" title="Spank">spanking</a> him as a child as punishment for engaging in feminine behavior, such as playing with dolls.<sup id="cite_ref-behavioraltreatment_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behavioraltreatment-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn7jun2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn7jun2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, the <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis</i> officially issued an Expression of Concern about the Rekers and Løvaas study.<sup id="cite_ref-Concern2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concern2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the editorial accompanying the Expression of Concern, the journal discusses the damage done by the study. It emphasizes that the study inflicted personal harm upon the study's subject and his family, as well as to the gay community, for inappropriately promoting the study as evidence that <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a> is effective. It also argues that the field of behavior analysis was harmed by the false portrayal that the study and the use of conversion therapy are currently representative of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Concern2020_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concern2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_accolades">Awards and accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Løvaas received praise from several organizations during his lifetime. In 2001, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Clinical_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychology" title="Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology">Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology</a> Distinguished Career Award.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCAP_Award_Winners:_Division_53_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCAP_Award_Winners:_Division_53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the Edgar Doll Award from the 33rd Division of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, the Lifetime Research Achievement Award from the 55th Division of the American Psychological Association, and the Award for Effective Presentation of Behavior Analysis in the Mass Media by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a>. Løvaas also earned a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim fellowship</a> and the California Senate Award, which is an honorary doctorate. He was named a Fellow by Division 7 of the American Psychological Association and was given the Champion of Mental Health Award by <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of making autistic people indistinguishable from their peers has attracted significant backlash from autistic advocates. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Bascom" title="Julia Bascom">Julia Bascom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a> (ASAN) has said "ASAN's objection is fundamentally an ethical one. The stated end goal of ABA is an autistic child who is 'indistinguishable from their peers'—an autistic child who can pass as <a href="/wiki/Neurotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotypical">neurotypical</a>. We don’t think that’s an acceptable goal. The end goal of all services, supports, interventions, and therapies an autistic child receives should be to support them in growing up into an autistic adult who is happy, healthy, and living a self-determined life."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="When did she make this statement? Obviously, before the archive-date of this reference, but is there a more exact date? (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Løvaas has also been criticized for his view of autistic people in relation to other people, as he said in a statement during an interview, "You start pretty much from scratch when you work with an autistic person. You have a person in the physical sense - they have hair, a nose, a mouth - <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">but they are not people</a> in the psychological sense."<sup id="cite_ref-chance_1974_76_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chance_1974_76-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fletcher_watson_2019_25_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher_watson_2019_25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aversives">Aversives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aversives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Løvaas is credited with popularizing the use of <a href="/wiki/Aversives" title="Aversives">aversives</a> in behavior modification, as shown in a <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> photo spread in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later admitted that they were only temporarily effective and punishments became less effective over time.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Løvaas abandoned these tactics, telling CBS in a 1994 interview, "These people are so used to pain that they can adapt to almost any kind of aversive you give them."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human rights </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotribes">Neurotribes</a></li></ul> <p>Behaviorism </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Rekers" title="George Rekers">George Rekers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.F._Skinner" class="mw-redirect" title="B.F. Skinner">B.F. Skinner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Autistic Child: Language Development Through Behavior Modification</i>, 1977</li> <li><i>Teaching Developmentally Disabled Children: The Me Book</i>, 1981</li> <li><i>Teaching Individuals With Developmental Delays: Basic Intervention Techniques</i>, 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Larrason-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larrason_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrason_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrason_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLarssonWright2011" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Eric V; Wright, Scott (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089401">"O. Ivar Lovaas (1927–2010)"</a>. <i>The Behavior Analyst</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03392239">10.1007/BF03392239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089401">3089401</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Behavior+Analyst&rft.atitle=O.+Ivar+Lovaas+%281927%E2%80%932010%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3089401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03392239&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Eric+V&rft.au=Wright%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3089401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2010" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/health/23lovaas.html">"O. 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If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Expression_of_concern" title="Template:Expression of concern">expression of concern</a>|...}}</code> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Expression_of_concern" title="Template:Expression of concern">expression of concern</a>|...|intentional=yes}}</code>.</span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekersLovaasLow1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Alan_Rekers" class="mw-redirect" title="George Alan Rekers">Rekers, George A.</a>; Lovaas, O. Ivar; Low, Benson (June 1974). 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September 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjaba.781">10.1002/jaba.781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33084123">33084123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Behavior+Analysis&rft.atitle=Expression+of+Concern&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1837&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjaba.781&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33084123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjaba.781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshYoBoy.com" class="citation news cs1">IshYoBoy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelovaascenter.com/about-us/dr-ivar-lovaas/">"Dr. Ole Ivar Lovaas | Pioneer of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)"</a>. <i>The Lovaas Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lovaas+Center&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ole+Ivar+Lovaas+%7C+Pioneer+of+Applied+Behavior+Analysis+%28ABA%29&rft.au=IshYoBoy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelovaascenter.com%2Fabout-us%2Fdr-ivar-lovaas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therapistndc.org/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba/">"Applied behavior analysis (ABA)"</a>. <i>Therapist Neurodiversity Collective</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129230105/https://therapistndc.org/applied-behavior-analysis-aba/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapist+Neurodiversity+Collective&rft.atitle=Applied+behavior+analysis+%28ABA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherapistndc.org%2Ftherapy%2Fapplied-behavior-analysis-aba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chance_1974_76-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chance_1974_76_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance1974" class="citation magazine cs1">Chance, Paul (January 1974). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'After you hit a child, you can't just get up and leave him; you are hooked to that kid': A conversation with Ivar Lovaas about self-mutilating children and how their parents make it worse". <i>Psychology Today</i>. New York, NY: Sussex Publishers. p. 76. <q>You see, you start pretty much from scratch when you work with an autistic child. You have a person in the physical sense—they have hair, a nose, and a mouth—but they are not people in the psychological sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=%27After+you+hit+a+child%2C+you+can%27t+just+get+up+and+leave+him%3B+you+are+hooked+to+that+kid%27%3A+A+conversation+with+Ivar+Lovaas+about+self-mutilating+children+and+how+their+parents+make+it+worse&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1974-01&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher_watson_2019_25-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fletcher_watson_2019_25_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher-WatsonHappé2019" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher-Watson, Sue; Happé, Francesca (2019). <i>Autism: A New Introduction to Psychological Theory and Current Debates</i> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138106123" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138106123"><bdi>978-1138106123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autism%3A+A+New+Introduction+to+Psychological+Theory+and+Current+Debates&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1138106123&rft.aulast=Fletcher-Watson&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Happ%C3%A9%2C+Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.uoregon.edu/autismhistoryproject/archive/screams-slaps-and-love-a-surprising-shocking-treatment-helps-far-gone-mental-cripples-1965/">"Screams, Slaps, and Love: A Surprising, Shocking Treatment Helps Far-Gone Mental Cripples"</a>. <i>Life</i>. 7 May 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Screams%2C+Slaps%2C+and+Love%3A+A+Surprising%2C+Shocking+Treatment+Helps+Far-Gone+Mental+Cripples.&rft.date=1965-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.uoregon.edu%2Fautismhistoryproject%2Farchive%2Fscreams-slaps-and-love-a-surprising-shocking-treatment-helps-far-gone-mental-cripples-1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonnerman" class="citation web cs1">Gonnerman, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/08/school-shock/">"The school of shock"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=The+school+of+shock&rft.aulast=Gonnerman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2F08%2Fschool-shock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/eye-to-eye/episode-842182/201230">"Eye to Eye"</a>. <i>TV Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+Guide&rft.atitle=Eye+to+Eye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.com%2Ftvshows%2Feye-to-eye%2Fepisode-842182%2F201230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Screams, Slaps & Love: A surprising, shocking treatment helps far-gone mental cripples". <i>Life</i> magazine, 1965. -- An editorial that promotes Lovaas' physical abuse of autistic children as ground-breaking and highly effective therapy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Phyllis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTspAAAAYAAJ&q=Lovaas"><i>Gender shock : exploding the myths of male and female</i></a> (1st Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47717-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47717-8"><bdi>978-0-385-47717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+shock+%3A+exploding+the+myths+of+male+and+female&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Anchor+books&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47717-8&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTspAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLovaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span>—A book that discusses Lovaas' work at the UCLA Gender Identity Clinic.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman2015" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Steve (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WgBDAAAQBAJ"><i>Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58333-467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58333-467-6"><bdi>978-1-58333-467-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurotribes%3A+The+Legacy+of+Autism+and+the+Future+of+Neurodiversity&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58333-467-6&rft.aulast=Silberman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WgBDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOle+Ivar+Lovaas" class="Z3988"></span>—A book about the history of research on autism, including the work of Lovaas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Ivar_Lovaas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovaas.com/">Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107821029">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57916388">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1757147/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp6qcb38VKxXbw3PDjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131717812">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80094092">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448079">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lovaas, O. Ivar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV098575">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36539860">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p079908772">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90114609">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024124&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrxfdv4vhhkj0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810669145005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007342260105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02951014?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061683353">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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