CINXE.COM
Columbia CTL | Columbia Center for Teaching and Learning
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <link rel="pingback" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/xmlrpc.php" /> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className = 'js'; </script> <title>Columbia CTL | Columbia Center for Teaching and Learning</title> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin /><style id="et-divi-open-sans-inline-css">/* Original: https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800&subset=cyrillic,cyrillic-ext,greek,greek-ext,hebrew,latin,latin-ext,vietnamese&display=swap *//* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Unknown; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/538.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/538.1 Daum/4.1 */@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk5hkaVc.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk8ZkaVc.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkxhjaVc.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkyFjaVc.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk0ZjaVc.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsiH0C4n.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0C4n.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsgH1y4n.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsg-1y4n.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgshZ1y4n.ttf) format('truetype');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/27.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk5hkaVQ.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk8ZkaVQ.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkxhjaVQ.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkyFjaVQ.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk0ZjaVQ.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsiH0C4k.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0C4k.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsgH1y4k.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsg-1y4k.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgshZ1y4k.woff) format('woff');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; rv:39.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/39.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk5hkaVI.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk8ZkaVI.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkxhjaVI.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0RkyFjaVI.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: italic;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memQYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWq8tWZ0Pw86hd0Rk0ZjaVI.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 300;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsiH0C4i.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0C4i.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsgH1y4i.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsg-1y4i.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Open Sans';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-stretch: normal;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgshZ1y4i.woff2) format('woff2');}</style><style id="et-builder-googlefonts-cached-inline">/* Original: https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cardo:regular,italic,700&subset=greek,greek-ext,latin,latin-ext&display=swap *//* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Unknown; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/538.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/538.1 Daum/4.1 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpxgwjKBV1pqhv93IQ.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlp_gwjKBV1pqiv_.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpygwjKBV1pqhND-aQR.ttf) format('truetype');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/27.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpxgwjKBV1pqhv93Ic.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlp_gwjKBV1pqiv8.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpygwjKBV1pqhND-aQS.woff) format('woff');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; rv:39.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/39.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpxgwjKBV1pqhv93IE.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlp_gwjKBV1pqiv6.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cardo';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cardo/v19/wlpygwjKBV1pqhND-aQU.woff2) format('woff2');}</style><meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <script type="text/javascript"> let jqueryParams=[],jQuery=function(r){return jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r],jQuery},$=function(r){return jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r],$};window.jQuery=jQuery,window.$=jQuery;let customHeadScripts=!1;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={},$.fn=jQuery.prototype={},jQuery.noConflict=function(r){if(window.jQuery)return jQuery=window.jQuery,$=window.jQuery,customHeadScripts=!0,jQuery.noConflict},jQuery.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},jQuery.load=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.load=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},jQuery.fn.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.fn.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]};</script><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Columbia CTL » Feed" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Columbia CTL » Comments Feed" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Columbia CTL » Home Page Comments Feed" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/sample-page-2/feed/" /> <meta content="Divi v.4.27.1" name="generator"/><style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} .da11y-submenu-show,.menu li.et-hover>ul,.nav li.et-hover>ul{opacity:1!important;visibility:visible!important} .keyboard-outline{outline-style:solid!important;outline-width:2px!important;-webkit-transition:none!important;transition:none!important}a[role=tab].keyboard-outline,button:active.keyboard-outline,button:focus.keyboard-outline,input:active.keyboard-outline,input:focus.keyboard-outline{outline-offset:-5px}.et-search-form input:focus.keyboard-outline{padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.et_pb_tab{-webkit-animation:none!important;animation:none!important}.et_pb_scroll_top.et-visible:focus{outline-color:Highlight;outline-style:solid;outline-width:2px}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0){.et_pb_scroll_top.et-visible:focus{outline-color:-webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-style:auto}} .et_pb_contact_form_label,.et_pb_search .screen-reader-text,.et_pb_social_media_follow_network_name,.widget_search .screen-reader-text{display:block!important}.da11y-screen-reader-text,.et_pb_contact_form_label,.et_pb_search .screen-reader-text,.et_pb_social_media_follow_network_name,.widget_search .screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1em;font-weight:600;height:1px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;width:1px}.da11y-screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto!important;background:#f1f1f1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);color:#00547a;display:block;height:auto;left:5px;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:7px;width:auto;z-index:1000000} </style> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: 823px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1080px; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link{background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lean-captcha-css-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/mu-plugins/lean-captcha/css/lean-captcha.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='toc-screen-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/screen.min.css?ver=2408' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='toc-screen-inline-css' type='text/css'> div#toc_container {background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;}div#toc_container ul li {font-size: 100%;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='divi-breadcrumbs-module-styles-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/divi-breadcrumbs-module/styles/style.min.css?ver=2.1.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='divi-style-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/style-static.min.css?ver=4.22.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="EdBlogs 6.5.5 - http://edblogs.columbia.edu/" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fctl.columbia.edu%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fctl.columbia.edu%2F&format=xml" /> <style> @media screen and (max-width: 782px) { #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-log-in, #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-register { display: block; } #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-log-in a, #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-register a { padding: 0 8px; } } </style> <style id="simpler-css-style" type="text/css"> /* start - icon import */ @import url("https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.2.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"); /* stop - icon import */ /*start - Proxima Nova for everything*/ * { font-family: "proxima-nova", arial, sans-serif } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, ol, ul { font-family: "proxima-nova", arial, sans-serif!important; } /*stop - Proxima Nova for everything*/ /*start - Links - underline for feedback*/ h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover, p a:hover, li a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } /*stop - Links - underline for feedback*/ /*start - Primary nav*/ #top-menu li a {line-height: 1.25em!important;} #top-menu li a:hover {color: rgba(9,54,83, 1)!important; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1)!important; opacity: 1!important;} #top-menu li li li a {font-weight: normal!important;} #top-menu li li li a:hover {font-weight: bold!important;} #top-menu li li li.current-menu-item a {font-weight: bold!important;} /*stop - Primary nav*/ /*start - megamenu line fix*/ #top-menu li.mega-menu > ul > li > a:first-child { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(154, 191, 226, 1)!important; } /*stop - megamenu line fix*/ /*start - CU secondary nav*/ #et-info { float: right!important; } #et-secondary-menu { float: left!important; } #top-header * { font-family: 'Cardo', Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif!important; } #et-secondary-nav li.menu-item-16560 { text-transform: uppercase; } #et-secondary-nav a:hover {text-underline: none!important;} /*stop - CU secondary nav*/ /*start - Footer*/ p#footer-info, #global-footer-content, #footer-bottom { display: none; } /*stop - Footer*/ /* start - google search tweaks */ /*start - primary nav search box*/ .gsc-clear-button { display: none; } @media (max-width:980px) { .et_search_form_container { position: relative;} .google-search-box { position: absolute; bottom: 24px; left: 350px; width: 400px; } } @media (min-width:981px) { .et_search_form_container { position: relative;} .google-search-box { position: absolute; bottom: 24px; left: 350px; width: 750px; } } /*stop - primary nav search box*/ /*start - results*/ #results-override * { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif!important; } .gs-bidi-start-align.gs-visibleUrl.gs-visibleUrl-long { display: none; } a.gs-title { text-decoration: underline!important; margin-bottom: 20px; } /*stop - results*/ /*start - google search tweaks */ /*start - STAFF PHOTOS*/ .staffphotos p { line-height: 1.25em; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; } /*stop - STAFF PHOTOS*/ /*start - hide related posts*/ #jp-relatedposts {display: none !important;} /*stop - hide related posts*/ /*start - last of type p tag fix*/ p:last-of-type { padding-bottom: 1em; } /*stop - last of type p tag fix*/ /* start sharedaddy fix */ .sharedaddy.sd-sharing-enabled { margin-left: 60px; } body.search-results #container .sharedaddy, body.search-no-results #container .sharedaddy, body.post-type-archive-calendar_event #container .sharedaddy, body.single-calendar_event #container .sharedaddy, body.tax-calendar_event_category .sharedaddy { margin-left: 0px; } /* stop sharedaddy fix */ /*start - home page posts*/ body.home .post-content p {color: #000!important;} body.home p.post-meta {margin-bottom:0!important;} /*stop - home page posts*/ /*start - home page events*/ body.home #homepage-calendar-listing .event {margin-top:1.75em!important;} body.home #homepage-calendar-listing .event_specifics h4 {font-weight: bold!important; display:block!important; line-height: 1.25em!important;} body.home #homepage-calendar-listing .event_specifics h5 {font-weight: normal!important; display:block!important; line-height: 1.25em!important; margin-top: -.5em;} /*stop - home page events*/ /*start - sidebars*/ .et_pb_widget_area_right {color: #000!important;} .et_pb_widget_area_right a, .et_pb_widget_area_right ul.menu li a {color: #2ea3f2!important;} .et_pb_widget_area_right a:hover, .et_pb_widget_area_right ul.menu li a:hover {color: #2ea3f2!important; text-decoration: underline!important;} /*stop - sidebars*/ /*start - local-nav*/ .widget_nav_menu ul.menu li {margin-top: .75em; line-height: 1.2em;} /*stop - local-nav*/ /*start - events page*/ .ctl-events {padding: 0em !important;} .ctl-events .event {margin-top: 5em!important;} .ctl-events .event .event_specifics h4 {line-height: 1.5em!important} /*stop - events page*/ /*start - footnotes*/ .footnotes { margin: 0 auto; width: 90%; } sup.footnote { bottom: 5px; font-size: .75em; font-weight: bold; } /*stop - footnotes*/ /*start - bullet leading*/ .et_pb_text_inner ol li, .et_pb_text_inner ul li {line-height: 1.25em!important; margin-top: .8em!important;} .et_pb_text_inner ol li {list-style-position: outside!important; margin-left: 1em!important;} /*stop - bullet leading*/ /*start - phantom toc on first home page slide bug fix*/ .et_pb_slide_description #toc_container {display: none;} /*stop - phantom toc on first home page slide bug fix*/ /*start-footer bullet points bug fix*/ #footer-widgets .footer-widget li { padding-left: 0px; } #footer-widgets .footer-widget li:before { display: none; } /*stop-footer bullet points bug fix*/ /*start-disable fade-out on secondary menu*/ #et-secondary-nav a { -webkit-transition: 0s!important; -moz-transition: 0s!important; transition: 0s!important; } /*stop-disable fade-out on secondary menu*/ /*start-breadcrumb style*/ .et_pb_section.et_pb_section_0.ctl-breadcrumb.et_pb_with_background.et_section_regular { padding: 0px; } .et_pb_section.et_pb_section_0.ctl-breadcrumb.et_pb_with_background.et_section_regular .et_pb_row.et_pb_row_0 { padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-size: .8em;} .dcsbcm_divi_breadcrumb-active {font-weight: bold;} /*stop-breadcrumb style*/ /*start-footer widget title style*/ #main-footer .footer-widget h4 { color: #fff!important; } /*stop-footer widget title style*/ /*start-extra indentation on list bullets*/ .et_pb_text_inner ol li, .et_pb_text_inner ul li { margin-left: .8em; } /*stop-extra indentation on list bullets*/ /*start-superscript override*/ sup { bottom: 0.4em!important; font-size: 70%!important; } /*stop-superscript override*/ /*start-last paragraph tweak*/ p:not(.has-background):last-of-type, p:last-of-type {padding-bottom: 1em;} /*stop-last paragraph tweak*/ /*start-list spacing tweak*/ .et_pb_text ul, .et_pb_text ol { margin-top: -1em; padding-bottom: 1em; } /*start-list spacing tweak*/ /*start-hide thumbnails on mobile contingency page*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 980px) { body.page-id-21931 .et_pb_main_blurb_image { display:none!important; } } /*stop-hide thumbnails on mobile contingency page*/ /*start - cotl2021-header tweaks*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .cotl2021-header h1 { background-color: #fff; padding: .5em; font-size: 2em!important; text-align: center; border-radius: 25px; } } /*stop - cotl2021-header tweaks*/ /*start - cotl2024 style tweaks*/ .cotl24-section * {font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif!important; word-spacing: -.15ch!important;} /*stop - cotl2024 style tweaks*/</style><!-- end of custom css --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0" /><link rel="sitemap" type="application/xml" title="Sitemap" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu?dynamic-sitemap=1" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = false; window.onerror = function( msg, url, line, col, error ) { // Break out early, do not processing if a downgrade reqeust was already sent. if ( jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade ) { return true; } var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var nonce = '2ca6e61372'; var jQueryFunctions = [ 'andSelf', 'browser', 'live', 'boxModel', 'support.boxModel', 'size', 'swap', 'clean', 'sub', ]; var match_pattern = /\)\.(.+?) is not a function/; var erroredFunction = msg.match( match_pattern ); // If there was no matching functions, do not try to downgrade. if ( null === erroredFunction || typeof erroredFunction !== 'object' || typeof erroredFunction[1] === "undefined" || -1 === jQueryFunctions.indexOf( erroredFunction[1] ) ) { return true; } // Set that we've now attempted a downgrade request. jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = true; xhr.open( 'POST', 'http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php' ); xhr.setRequestHeader( 'Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' ); xhr.onload = function () { var response, reload = false; if ( 200 === xhr.status ) { try { response = JSON.parse( xhr.response ); reload = response.data.reload; } catch ( e ) { reload = false; } } // Automatically reload the page if a deprecation caused an automatic downgrade, ensure visitors get the best possible experience. if ( reload ) { location.reload(); } }; xhr.send( encodeURI( 'action=jquery-migrate-downgrade-version&_wpnonce=' + nonce ) ); // Suppress error alerts in older browsers return true; } </script> <!-- Google Analytics tracking code output by Beehive Analytics Pro --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-81BNBM5P3J&l=beehiveDataLayer"></script> <script> window.beehiveDataLayer = window.beehiveDataLayer || []; function gaplusu() {beehiveDataLayer.push(arguments);} gaplusu('js', new Date()) gaplusu('config', 'G-81BNBM5P3J', { 'anonymize_ip': true, 'allow_google_signals': false, }) </script> <style type="text/css"> /* <![CDATA[ */ img.latex { vertical-align: middle; border: none; } /* ]]> */ </style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style> <!--uservoice contact widget Javascript SDK--> <br> <script>(function(){var uv=document.createElement('script');uv.type='text/javascript';uv.async=true;uv.src='//widget.uservoice.com/dkVYqbXQhFFO8CC5uid0g.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv,s)})()</script> <!-- google search experiment --> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://www1.columbia.edu/sec/ccnmtl/remote/edblogs_scripts/google_search.js"></script> <!-- google site verification --> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Hl87bMYZLc-Y9alAS3STHrF8UI-BKlTLyWpTh11JmDg" /> <!-- theme color for new browsers --> <meta name="theme-color" content="#0d2f49"> <!--adobe typekit--> <script src="https://use.typekit.net/ias7hei.js"></script> <script>try{Typekit.load({ async: true });}catch(e){}</script> <!--CIRTL--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/cnc-local-site-prod/cnc-local-site.css"> <!--fontawesome--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.0.13/css/regular.css" integrity="sha384-EWu6DiBz01XlR6XGsVuabDMbDN6RT8cwNoY+3tIH+6pUCfaNldJYJQfQlbEIWLyA" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.0.13/css/fontawesome.css" integrity="sha384-GVa9GOgVQgOk+TNYXu7S/InPTfSDTtBalSgkgqQ7sCik56N9ztlkoTr2f/T44oKV" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="icon" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2016/07/avatar-ctl-zz6b0x-e1492025916590-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2016/07/avatar-ctl-zz6b0x-e1492025916590-200x200.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2016/07/avatar-ctl-zz6b0x-e1492025916590-200x200.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2016/07/avatar-ctl-zz6b0x-e1492025916590.jpg" /> <style id="et-divi-customizer-global-cached-inline-styles">body,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,body .et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_post p,body .et_pb_bg_layout_dark .et_pb_post p{font-size:16px}.et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_best_value{font-size:18px}body{color:#000000}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color:#000000}body{line-height:1.4em}#et_search_icon:hover,.mobile_menu_bar:before,.mobile_menu_bar:after,.et_toggle_slide_menu:after,.et-social-icon a:hover,.et_pb_sum,.et_pb_pricing li a,.et_pb_pricing_table_button,.et_overlay:before,.entry-summary p.price ins,.et_pb_member_social_links a:hover,.et_pb_widget li a:hover,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio .et_pb_portfolio_filters li a.active,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio .et_pb_portofolio_pagination ul li a.active,.et_pb_gallery .et_pb_gallery_pagination ul li a.active,.wp-pagenavi span.current,.wp-pagenavi a:hover,.nav-single a,.tagged_as a,.posted_in a{color:#255c7e}.et_pb_contact_submit,.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_newsletter_button,.comment-reply-link,.form-submit .et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_promo_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_more_button,.et_pb_contact p input[type="checkbox"]:checked+label i:before,.et_pb_bg_layout_light.et_pb_module.et_pb_button{color:#255c7e}.footer-widget h4{color:#255c7e}.et-search-form,.nav li ul,.et_mobile_menu,.footer-widget li:before,.et_pb_pricing li:before,blockquote{border-color:#255c7e}.et_pb_counter_amount,.et_pb_featured_table .et_pb_pricing_heading,.et_quote_content,.et_link_content,.et_audio_content,.et_pb_post_slider.et_pb_bg_layout_dark,.et_slide_in_menu_container,.et_pb_contact p input[type="radio"]:checked+label i:before{background-color:#255c7e}a{color:#255c7e}.nav li ul{border-color:#2c6bab}.et_secondary_nav_enabled #page-container #top-header{background-color:#073654!important}#et-secondary-nav li ul{background-color:#073654}.et_header_style_centered .mobile_nav .select_page,.et_header_style_split .mobile_nav .select_page,.et_nav_text_color_light #top-menu>li>a,.et_nav_text_color_dark #top-menu>li>a,#top-menu a,.et_mobile_menu li a,.et_nav_text_color_light .et_mobile_menu li a,.et_nav_text_color_dark .et_mobile_menu li a,#et_search_icon:before,.et_search_form_container input,span.et_close_search_field:after,#et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{color:#2c6bab}.et_search_form_container input::-moz-placeholder{color:#2c6bab}.et_search_form_container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#2c6bab}.et_search_form_container input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#2c6bab}#top-menu li a{font-size:16px}body.et_vertical_nav .container.et_search_form_container .et-search-form input{font-size:16px!important}#top-menu li.current-menu-ancestor>a,#top-menu li.current-menu-item>a,#top-menu li.current_page_item>a{color:#000000}#main-footer .footer-widget h4,#main-footer .widget_block h1,#main-footer .widget_block h2,#main-footer .widget_block h3,#main-footer .widget_block h4,#main-footer .widget_block h5,#main-footer .widget_block h6{color:#255c7e}.footer-widget li:before{border-color:#255c7e}#footer-widgets .footer-widget li:before{top:10.6px}body .et_pb_button{border-radius:10px}body.et_pb_button_helper_class .et_pb_button,body.et_pb_button_helper_class .et_pb_module.et_pb_button{}body .et_pb_bg_layout_light.et_pb_button:hover,body .et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_button:hover,body .et_pb_button:hover{border-radius:10px}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:981px){.et_pb_section{padding:2% 0}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}.et_header_style_centered.et_hide_primary_logo #main-header:not(.et-fixed-header) .logo_container,.et_header_style_centered.et_hide_fixed_logo #main-header.et-fixed-header .logo_container{height:11.88px}.et_fixed_nav #page-container .et-fixed-header#top-header{background-color:#073654!important}.et_fixed_nav #page-container .et-fixed-header#top-header #et-secondary-nav li ul{background-color:#073654}.et-fixed-header #top-menu a,.et-fixed-header #et_search_icon:before,.et-fixed-header #et_top_search .et-search-form input,.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input,.et-fixed-header .et_close_search_field:after,.et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{color:#2c6bab!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input::-moz-placeholder{color:#2c6bab!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#2c6bab!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#2c6bab!important}.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current-menu-ancestor>a,.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current-menu-item>a,.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current_page_item>a{color:#000000!important}}@media only screen and (min-width:1350px){.et_pb_row{padding:27px 0}.et_pb_section{padding:27px 0}.single.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_full_width_page .et_post_meta_wrapper{padding-top:81px}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}}h1,h1.et_pb_contact_main_title,.et_pb_title_container h1{font-size:26px}h2,.product .related h2,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_quote_content blockquote p{font-size:22px}h3{font-size:18px}h4,.et_pb_circle_counter h3,.et_pb_number_counter h3,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_post h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_post h2,.et_pb_blog_grid h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2,.et_pb_gallery_grid .et_pb_gallery_item h3,.et_pb_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2{font-size:15px}h5{font-size:13px}h6{font-size:12px}.et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:39px}.et_pb_gallery_grid .et_pb_gallery_item h3,.et_pb_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2{font-size:13px} #top-header .container{font-family:'Cardo',Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif}.et_pb_blurb h4{font-size:19px}.et_pb_slider_fullwidth_off .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:23px}.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_slider_fullwidth_off .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:12.999999993px}.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_slider_fullwidth_off .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:12.999999993px}.et_pb_slider_fullwidth_off .et_pb_slide_description{padding-top:50%;padding-bottom:50%}.et_pb_promo{padding:9px 13.5px!important}.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_promo{padding:9px}.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_promo{padding:9px}.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_promo{padding:9px}.et_pb_portfolio .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_fullwidth_portfolio .et_pb_portfolio_item h3,.et_pb_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2{font-size:16px}.et_pb_toggle.et_pb_toggle_item h5{font-size:20px}.et_pb_fullwidth_section .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:22px}.et_pb_fullwidth_section .et_pb_slide_content{font-size:20px}.et_pb_fullwidth_section .et_pb_slide_description{padding-top:8%;padding-bottom:8%}</style><style type="text/css">#wp-admin-bar-abm-login{display:block!important}body .wp-video-shortcode video,body video.wp-video-shortcode{margin:0;padding:0;background:0 0;border:none;box-shadow:none;min-width:0;height:auto;min-height:0}.screen-reader-text:not(button){clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);position:absolute!important;height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden}</style></head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-2 custom-background et_pb_button_helper_class et_fullwidth_nav et_fullwidth_secondary_nav et_fixed_nav et_show_nav et_secondary_nav_enabled et_secondary_nav_two_panels et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_header_style_left et_pb_svg_logo et_pb_footer_columns4 et_boxed_layout et_pb_gutter windows et_pb_gutters3 et_pb_pagebuilder_layout et_no_sidebar et_divi_theme et-db"> <div id="page-container"> <div id="top-header"> <div class="container clearfix"> <div id="et-info"> <span id="et-info-phone">1-212-854-1692</span> <a href="mailto:ColumbiaCTL@columbia.edu"><span id="et-info-email">ColumbiaCTL@columbia.edu</span></a> </div> <div id="et-secondary-menu"> <ul id="et-secondary-nav" class="menu"><li class="cu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16560"><a href="http://www.columbia.edu">Columbia University in the City of New York</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-16561"><a href="http://provost.columbia.edu/">OFFICE <em>of the</em> PROVOST</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16565"><a href="http://vptli.columbia.edu/">Office of Teaching, Learning, and Innovation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16562"><a href="http://provost.columbia.edu/policies">University Policies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16564"><a href="http://online.columbia.edu/">Columbia Online</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16563"><a href="http://registrar.columbia.edu/event/academic-calendar">Academic Calendar</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <header id="main-header" data-height-onload="66"> <div class="container clearfix et_menu_container"> <div class="logo_container"> <span class="logo_helper"></span> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/"> <img src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2022/10/logo-ctl-color-digital.svg" width="93" height="43" alt="Columbia CTL" id="logo" data-height-percentage="54" /> </a> </div> <div id="et-top-navigation" data-height="66" data-fixed-height="40"> <nav id="top-menu-nav"> <ul id="top-menu" class="nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-16908"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/">For Faculty</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16909"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/">Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-38727"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/fall-2024/">Fall 2024 Offerings</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16521"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/offerings/">Offerings for Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-44968"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/offerings/ctl-to-go/">CTL To Go</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18232"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/support-rfp/">Funded Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34705"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/sapp/">Partner with Students!</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16533"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/faculty-spotlights/">Faculty Spotlights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16501"><a title="Contacts for Faculty" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/faculty-contacts/">Contacts for Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49004"><a href="https://soler.columbia.edu/">Science of Learning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-16910"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/">For Graduate Students</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16911"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/">Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16535"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/programs-for-graduate-students/">Offerings for Graduate Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16937"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/pathways/">Teaching Development Pathways</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16901"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/opportunities-for-graduate-students/">Fellowships and Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18254"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/student-spotlights/">Student Spotlights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17054"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/graduate-instructors/graduate-contacts/">Contacts for Graduate Instructors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-16929"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/">Resources and Technology</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16930"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/">Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16942"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/">Resources and Guides</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49385"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/ai/">Teaching with AI</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-46362"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/advancing-mentorship/">Mentoring</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16509"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/teaching-with-technology/">Instructional Technologies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22080"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/teaching-with-technology/teaching-online/">Teaching in All Modalities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16510"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/courseworks/">CourseWorks Support</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43165"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/columbiactl">Event Recordings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-16493"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/">About the CTL</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16858"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/">Mission and Vision</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16494"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/leadershipcouncil/">Leadership Council</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16495"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/team/">Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16496"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/ctl-advisory-board/">CTL Advisory Board</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-24925"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/teaching-scholars/">Senior Faculty Teaching Scholars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16498"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/category/announcements/">News and Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18604"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/career-opportunities/">Career Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38100"><a href="https://portfolio.ctl.columbia.edu/">CTL Portfolio</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-27541"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/annual-report/">Annual Report</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19223"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/events-archive/">Past Symposiums</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49005"><a href="https://soler.columbia.edu/">SOLER</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16859"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/events/"><i class="far fa-calendar" style="font-size: 1.25em;color:#006ba6;"></i></a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="et_top_search"> <span id="et_search_icon"></span> </div> <div id="et_mobile_nav_menu"> <div class="mobile_nav closed"> <span class="select_page">Select Page</span> <span class="mobile_menu_bar mobile_menu_bar_toggle"></span> </div> </div> </div> <!-- #et-top-navigation --> </div> <!-- .container --> <div class="et_search_outer"> <div class="container et_search_form_container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="et-search-form" action="http://ctl.columbia.edu/"> <input type="search" class="et-search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </form> <span class="et_close_search_field"></span> </div> </div> </header> <!-- #main-header --> <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-2" class="post-2 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 et_hover_enabled et_pb_slider et_slider_auto et_slider_speed_8000"> <div class="et_pb_slides"> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_0 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_slide_with_image et_pb_media_alignment_center et-pb-active-slide" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_0"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_image"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="347" height="429" src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2024/07/ITG-cover.jpg" alt="" srcset="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2024/07/ITG-cover.jpg 347w, http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2024/07/ITG-cover-243x300.jpg 243w" sizes="(max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px" class="wp-image-48278" /></div> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><ul class="toc_list"><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li></li></ul></li></ul></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li><ul><li><ul><li></li></ul></li><li><ul><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><ul><li><ul><li></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Guide_for_Inclusive_Teaching_at_Columbia"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/inclusive-teaching-guide/">Guide for Inclusive Teaching at Columbia</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p>Learn strategies for creating a supportive learning environment for all students.</p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/inclusive-teaching-guide/">Read more </a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_1 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_media_alignment_center" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_1"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Teaching_and_Learning_in_the_Age_of_AI"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/ai/">Teaching and Learning in the Age of AI</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p class="p1">Find inspiration, experiment, and access resources.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/ai/">Learn more</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_2 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_media_alignment_center" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_2"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Fall_2024_Offerings_for_Faculty"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/fall-2024/">Fall 2024 Offerings for Faculty</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p>Engage in live offerings, explore our online resources and courses, or request a consultation, teaching observation, or Workshop To Go today.</p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/fall-2024/">Read more</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_3 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_media_alignment_center" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_3"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Teaching_in_Times_of_Stress_and_Challenge"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/teaching-in-times-of-stress/">Teaching in Times of Stress and Challenge</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p class="p1"><span class="s1">This resource offers strategies for teaching during times of stress and highlights campus support available to help you and your students navigate challenges.</span></p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/teaching-in-times-of-stress/">Read more</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_4 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_slide_with_image et_pb_media_alignment_center" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_4"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_image"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1080" src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2022/09/logo-amp-full-1.png" alt="" srcset="http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2022/09/logo-amp-full-1.png 1920w, http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2022/09/logo-amp-full-1-1280x720.png 1280w, http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2022/09/logo-amp-full-1-980x551.png 980w, http://ctl.columbia.edu/files/2022/09/logo-amp-full-1-480x270.png 480w" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1920px, 100vw" class="wp-image-39319" /></div> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Advancing_Mentorship_Practices"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/advancing-mentorship/">Advancing Mentorship Practices</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p><strong>Cultivating effective, efficient and inclusive mentoring practices at Columbia.</strong></p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/advancing-mentorship/">Learn more </a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_slide et_pb_slide_5 et_clickable et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_media_alignment_center" data-slide-id="et_pb_slide_5"> <div class="et_pb_container clearfix"> <div class="et_pb_slider_container_inner"> <div class="et_pb_slide_description"> <h1 class="et_pb_slide_title"><span id="Teaching_Development_Program_TDP"><a href="https://tdp.ctl.columbia.edu/">Teaching Development Program (TDP)</a></span></h1><div class="et_pb_slide_content et-hide-mobile"><p><strong>The Teaching Development Program (TDP) allows Columbia doctoral students to cultivate, document, and reflect on teaching development across the arc of their graduate school career. </strong></p></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_more_button et-hide-mobile" href="https://tdp.ctl.columbia.edu/">Learn more and register</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_cta_1 et_clickable et_pb_promo et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_promo_description"><h2 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Get_Help">Get Help</span></h2><div><p>Get one-on-one support from CTL staff.</p></div></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_promo_button" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/teaching-with-technology/teaching-online/get-help/" data-icon="5">Contact Us</a></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><div style="display: none;"><!--javascript--><br /><script src="https://www1.columbia.edu/sec/ccnmtl/remote/edblogs_scripts/ctl-cal-prod/dist/homepage.bundle.js"></script></div> <h4 class="widgettitle"><span id="Upcoming_Opportunities">Upcoming Opportunities</span></h4> <div id="homepage-calendar-listing"> </div></div> </div><div class="et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_0_wrapper et_pb_button_alignment_left et_pb_module " data-background-layout="light"> <a class="et_pb_button et_pb_button_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/events/">More Events</a> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>News & Features</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blog_0 et_pb_posts et_pb_bg_layout_light "> <div class="et_pb_ajax_pagination_container"> <article id="post-50118" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_0 post-50118 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Faculty_Connect_students_to_each_other_and_enhance_learning_through_collaboration"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/faculty-nov18-2024/">This Week for Faculty: Connect students to each other and enhance learning through collaboration</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Nov 19, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>Collaborative learning activities are a great way to actively engage students in their own learning.</p> </div></div> </article> <article id="post-50089" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_1 post-50089 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Faculty_Creating_a_High_Trust_Low_Stress_Class_Environment"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/faculty-nov11-2024/">This Week for Faculty: Creating a High Trust, Low Stress Class Environment</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Nov 12, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>For students to do their best learning, it’s important to create a high trust, low stress environment.</p> </div></div> </article> <article id="post-50080" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_2 post-50080 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Grad_Students_Join_us_for_Teachers8217_LoungeClimate_Cafe"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/grad-student-nov11/">This Week for Grad Students: Join us for Teachers’ Lounge—Climate Cafe</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Nov 12, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>Teachers’ Lounges are a series of informal discussions about teaching practices and the culture of learning at Columbia.</p> </div></div> </article> <article id="post-50022" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_3 post-50022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Grad_Students_Join_Upcoming_Lead_Teaching_Fellow_Events"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/grad-student-oct28/">This Week for Grad Students: Join Upcoming Lead Teaching Fellow Events</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Oct 29, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>The 2024-25 Lead Teaching Fellows are running workshops and discussions in departments all around Columbia.</p> </div></div> </article> <article id="post-50009" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_4 post-50009 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Faculty_Teaching_During_and_After_the_2024_US_Election"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/faculty-oct28-2024/">This Week for Faculty: Teaching During and After the 2024 U.S. Election</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Oct 29, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>Explore the ‘Teaching During and After the 2024 U.S. Elections’ resource for tips as you teach through an election season.</p> </div></div> </article> <article id="post-49932" class="et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_no_thumb et_pb_blog_item_0_5 post-49932 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcements"> <h2 class="entry-title"><span id="This_Week_for_Grad_Students_Inclusive_teaching_in_STEM_Sign_up_for_Journal_Club"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/grad-student-oct21-2024/">This Week for Grad Students: Inclusive teaching in STEM, Sign up for Journal Club!</a> </span></h2> <p class="post-meta"><span class="published">Oct 22, 2024</span></p><div class="post-content"><div class="post-content-inner"><p>Are you interested in creating an inclusive educational climate for all STEM learners? Join us for the CTLgrads Journal Club.</p> </div></div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_1_wrapper et_pb_button_alignment_left et_pb_module " data-background-layout="light"> <a class="et_pb_button et_pb_button_1 et_pb_bg_layout_light" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/category/announcements/">More News</a> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <ul class="et_pb_module et_pb_social_media_follow et_pb_social_media_follow_0 clearfix et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <li class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_0 et_pb_social_icon et_pb_social_network_link et-social-twitter'><a href='http://twitter.com/columbiactl' class='icon et_pb_with_border' title='Follow on Twitter' target="_blank"><span class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_name' aria-hidden='true' >Follow</span></a></li><li class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_1 et_pb_social_icon et_pb_social_network_link et-social-youtube'><a href='http://youtube.com/ccnmtl' class='icon et_pb_with_border' title='Follow on Youtube' target="_blank"><span class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_name' aria-hidden='true' >Follow</span></a></li><li class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_2 et_pb_social_icon et_pb_social_network_link et-social-rss'><a href='https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/podcast/' class='icon et_pb_with_border' title='Follow on RSS' target="_blank"><span class='et_pb_social_media_follow_network_name' aria-hidden='true' >Follow</span></a></li> </ul><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_0 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_top et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="About_Us"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/">About Us</a></span></h4> <div class="et_pb_blurb_description"><p>The CTL partners with faculty, graduate students, and colleagues across the institution to support excellence and innovation in teaching and learning.</p></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_cta_3 et_clickable et_pb_promo et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_promo_description"><h3 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Teaching_with_AI">Teaching with AI</span></h3><div><p>See CTL resources and programming on teaching and learning with Artificial Intelligence (AI).</p></div></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_promo_button" href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/ai/" target="_blank">Learn more</a></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_main_blurb_image"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/podcast/" target="_blank"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap"><span class="et-waypoint et_pb_animation_off et_pb_animation_off_tablet et_pb_animation_off_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle"></span></span></a></div> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="CTL_Podcast"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/podcast/" target="_blank">CTL Podcast</a></span></h4> <div class="et_pb_blurb_description"><p>Listen to the CTL’s podcast <a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/podcast/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Dead Ideas in Teaching and Learning</em></a>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_main_blurb_image"><a href="http://eepurl.com/bu11aH"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap"><span class="et-waypoint et_pb_animation_off et_pb_animation_off_tablet et_pb_animation_off_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle"></span></span></a></div> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Join_Our_Email_List"><a href="http://eepurl.com/bu11aH">Join Our Email List</a></span></h4> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_3 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_main_blurb_image"><a href="mailto:columbiactl@columbia.edu"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap"><span class="et-waypoint et_pb_animation_off et_pb_animation_off_tablet et_pb_animation_off_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle"></span></span></a></div> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Contact_Us"><a href="mailto:columbiactl@columbia.edu">Contact Us</a></span></h4> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_4 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_main_blurb_image"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/about/career-opportunities/"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap"><span class="et-waypoint et_pb_animation_off et_pb_animation_off_tablet et_pb_animation_off_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle"></span></span></a></div> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Career_Opportunities"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/about/career-opportunities/">Career Opportunities</a></span></h4> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_cta_4 et_pb_promo et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_promo_description"><h2 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="Thank-a-Prof_Thank-a-TA">Thank-a-Prof Thank-a-TA</span></h2><div><p> Thank a professor or teaching assistant for their dedication in teaching and learning.</p></div></div> <div class="et_pb_button_wrapper"><a class="et_pb_button et_pb_promo_button" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/thank-a-prof">Details</a></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0"> <a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/announcements/faculty-spotlight-yi-zhang/"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2020/10/zhang-300x169.jpg" alt="Yi Zhang headshot" title="zhang" class="wp-image-27046" /></span></a> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_5 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_blurb_position_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_content"> <div class="et_pb_blurb_container"> <h4 class="et_pb_module_header"><span id="In_the_Spotlight"><a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/faculty-spotlights/">In the Spotlight</a></span></h4> <div class="et_pb_blurb_description"><p>CTL staff support instructors at Columbia as they transform their classrooms and create engaging learning experiences. In these stories and conversations, instructors <a href="https://ctl.columbia.edu/faculty/faculty-spotlights/">reflect back on their experiences.</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <span class="et_pb_scroll_top et-pb-icon"></span> <footer id="main-footer"> <div class="container"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="clearfix"> <div class="footer-widget"><div id="text-4" class="fwidget et_pb_widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><a title="Columbia University" href="http://columbia.edu"><img src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2016/09/logo-cu-rmvujm-24otlud.png" alt="Columbia University" /></a></div> </div><div id="text-3" class="fwidget et_pb_widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><a title="Office of the Provost" href="https://provost.columbia.edu/"><img src="https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2016/09/officeofprovost-23qrcxn-14yjc8r.png" alt="Office of the Provost" /></a> </div> </div></div><div class="footer-widget"><div id="nav_menu-40" class="fwidget et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu"><h4 class="title">Learn More</h4><div class="menu-courtesy-links-container"><ul id="menu-courtesy-links" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16853"><a title="Contact Us" href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/career-opportunities/">Career Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22620"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/teaching-with-technology/teaching-online/get-help/">Visit Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20250"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/site-map/">Site Map</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><div class="footer-widget"><div id="nav_menu-2" class="fwidget et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu"><h4 class="title">Follow Us</h4><div class="menu-social-media-container"><ul id="menu-social-media" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16856"><a href="https://twitter.com/ColumbiaCTL">Twitter</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16855"><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/dead-ideas-in-teaching-and-learning/id1535499508">Podcast</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18377"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/columbiactl">YouTube</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><div class="footer-widget"><div id="nav_menu-41" class="fwidget et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu"><h4 class="title">Get in Touch</h4><div class="menu-get-in-touch-container"><ul id="menu-get-in-touch" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17203"><a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17204"><a href="mailto:ColumbiaCTL@columbia.edu">ColumbiaCTL@columbia.edu</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17205"><a href="tel:1-212-854-1692">212-854-1692</a></li> </ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container clearfix"> <ul class="et-social-icons"> <li class="et-social-icon et-social-facebook"> <a href="#" class="icon"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="et-social-icon et-social-twitter"> <a href="#" class="icon"> <span>X</span> </a> </li> <li class="et-social-icon et-social-rss"> <a href="http://ctl.columbia.edu/feed/" class="icon"> <span>RSS</span> </a> </li> </ul><p id="footer-info">Designed by <a href="https://www.elegantthemes.com" title="Premium WordPress Themes">Elegant Themes</a> | Powered by <a href="https://www.wordpress.org">WordPress</a></p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> .wmd-buttons-button, .wmd-buttons-content { display: inline-block; } .wmd-buttons-button { text-decoration:none !important; cursor:pointer; position: relative; text-decoration: none; letter-spacing:1px; margin:5px; } .wmd-buttons-button:hover { opacity:0.8; -moz-opacity: 0.8; -khtml-opacity: 0.8; -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=80)"; filter: alpha(opacity=80); } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var et_link_options_data = [{"class":"et_pb_slide_0","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/resources-and-technology\/resources\/inclusive-teaching-guide\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_slide_1","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/ai\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_slide_2","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/faculty\/fall-2024\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_slide_3","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/resources-and-technology\/resources\/teaching-in-times-of-stress\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_slide_4","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/advancing-mentorship\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_slide_5","url":"https:\/\/tdp.ctl.columbia.edu\/","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_cta_1","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/resources-and-technology\/teaching-with-technology\/teaching-online\/get-help\/","target":"_blank"},{"class":"et_pb_cta_3","url":"https:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/ai\/%20","target":"_blank"}]; </script> <div tabindex="-1" role="region" aria-label="Messages" class="admin-message-sr-focus-area"><div class="admin-message-holder admin-message-footer-bar-holder"> <div id="admin-message-1" class="admin-message admin-message-notice admin-message-front-end-inline admin-message-is-dismissible admin-message-notice-pure" data-id="1" data-time="1526650967"> <div class="admin-message-content"> <span class="admin-message-screen-reader-text">Viewing Message: 1 of 1.<br/></span> <span class="admin-message-screen-reader-text">Notice</span> <p>This website uses cookies to identify users, improve the user experience and requires cookies to work. By continuing to use this website, you consent to Columbia University's use of cookies and similar technologies, in accordance with the <a href="https://cuit.columbia.edu/content/columbia-university-website-cookie-notice">Columbia University Website Cookie Notice</a>.</p> </div> <button class="admin-message-notice-dismiss"> <span class="screen-reader-text">>Dismiss this notice.</span> </button> </div> <style type="text/css">#admin-message-1 { -webkit-transition: 400ms all; transition: 400ms all; background: #FFB400; color: #000 !important; font-family: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Helvetica Neue\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px !important; line-height: 1.42857; position: fixed; left: 0; right: 0; margin: auto; bottom: 0; padding: 20px 30px; z-index: 1000; } #admin-message-1 p { color: #000; font-size: 19px; } #admin-message-1 a { color: #000; font-weight: bold; } #admin-message-1 .admin-message-notice-dismiss::before { color: #000; font-weight: bold; width: 22px; height: 22px; font: normal 22px/22px dashicons; }</style></div><style id="admin-message-footer-bar-css"></style></div><link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='none' onload="media='all'" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='admin-message-css' href='http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/admin-message/css/admin-message.css?ver=11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jqueryParams.length&&$.each(jqueryParams,function(e,r){if("function"==typeof r){var n=String(r);n.replace("$","jQuery");var a=new Function("return "+n)();$(document).ready(a)}}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/mu-plugins/lean-captcha/js/howler.min.js?ver=2015102605" id="lean-captcha-howler-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lean-captcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var lean_captcha_object = {"ajax_url":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","key":"lc_nXQQflJs039U5g47xKl7rg=="}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/mu-plugins/lean-captcha/js/lean-captcha.js?ver=201709035" id="lean-captcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="blog_templates_front-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var blog_templates_params = {"type":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/blogtemplates//blogtemplatesfiles/assets/js/front.js?ver=2.6.8.2" id="blog_templates_front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="toc-front-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var tocplus = {"smooth_scroll_offset":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/front.min.js?ver=2408" id="toc-front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="divi-custom-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var DIVI = {"item_count":"%d Item","items_count":"%d Items"}; var et_builder_utils_params = {"condition":{"diviTheme":true,"extraTheme":false},"scrollLocations":["app","top"],"builderScrollLocations":{"desktop":"app","tablet":"app","phone":"app"},"onloadScrollLocation":"app","builderType":"fe"}; var et_frontend_scripts = {"builderCssContainerPrefix":"#et-boc","builderCssLayoutPrefix":"#et-boc .et-l"}; var et_pb_custom = {"ajaxurl":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","images_uri":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/themes\/divi\/images","builder_images_uri":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/themes\/divi\/includes\/builder\/images","et_frontend_nonce":"e72ce3e012","subscription_failed":"Please, check the fields below to make sure you entered the correct information.","et_ab_log_nonce":"4ed1ffaf82","fill_message":"Please, fill in the following fields:","contact_error_message":"Please, fix the following errors:","invalid":"Invalid email","captcha":"Captcha","prev":"Prev","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","wrong_captcha":"You entered the wrong number in captcha.","wrong_checkbox":"Checkbox","ignore_waypoints":"no","is_divi_theme_used":"1","widget_search_selector":".widget_search","ab_tests":[],"is_ab_testing_active":"","page_id":"2","unique_test_id":"","ab_bounce_rate":"10","is_cache_plugin_active":"yes","is_shortcode_tracking":"","tinymce_uri":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/themes\/divi\/includes\/builder\/frontend-builder\/assets\/vendors","accent_color":"#255c7e","waypoints_options":[]}; var et_pb_box_shadow_elements = []; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/js/scripts.min.js?ver=4.22.2" id="divi-custom-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/divi-breadcrumbs-module/scripts/frontend-bundle.min.js?ver=2.1.5" id="divi-breadcrumbs-module-frontend-bundle-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/core/admin/js/common.js?ver=4.27.1" id="et-core-common-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="divi-accessibility-da11y-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _da11y = {"version":"2.0.5","active_outline_color":"#2ea3f2","skip_navigation_link_text":"Skip to content"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/divi-accessibility/public/js/da11y.js?ver=2.0.5" id="divi-accessibility-da11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="divi-accessibility-da11y-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(document).ready((function(e){function n(){const n=e(".et_search_form_container");n.hasClass("et_pb_is_animating")||(e(".et_menu_container").removeClass("et_pb_menu_visible et_pb_no_animation").addClass("et_pb_menu_hidden"),n.removeClass("et_pb_search_form_hidden et_pb_no_animation").addClass("et_pb_search_visible et_pb_is_animating"),setTimeout((function(){e(".et_menu_container").addClass("et_pb_no_animation"),n.addClass("et_pb_no_animation").removeClass("et_pb_is_animating")}),1e3),n.find("input").focus(),function(){const n=e(".et_search_form_container"),s=e("body");if(n.hasClass("et_pb_search_visible")){const a=e("#main-header").innerHeight(),i=e("#top-menu").width(),t=e("#top-menu li a").css("font-size");n.css({height:a+"px"}),n.find("input").css("font-size",t),s.hasClass("et_header_style_left")?n.find("form").css("max-width",i+60):n.css("max-width",i+60)}}())}e(".et-menu > li").on("focusout",(function(){e(this).removeClass("et-hover")})),e(".menu-item-has-children > a").length&&(e(".menu-item-has-children > a").addClass("da11y-submenu"),e(".menu-item-has-children > a").attr("aria-expanded","false")),e(".menu-item a").on("focus",(function(){e(this).siblings(".da11y-submenu").attr("aria-expanded","true"),e(this).siblings(".sub-menu").addClass("da11y-submenu-show"),e(this).trigger("mouseenter")})),e(".menu-item-has-children a").on("focusout",(function(){e(this).parent().not(".menu-item-has-children").is(":last-child")&&e(this).parents(".menu-item-has-children").children(".da11y-submenu").attr("aria-expanded","false").trigger("mouseleave").siblings(".sub-menu").removeClass("da11y-submenu-show")})),e(".menu-item-has-children a").keyup((function(n){if(27===n.keyCode){var s=e(this).parents(".menu-item-has-children").last();s.length&&(s.children("a").focus(),s.find(".da11y-submenu").attr("aria-expanded","false").trigger("mouseleave").siblings(".sub-menu").removeClass("da11y-submenu-show"))}})),e(this).keyup((function(){e(".et-search-field").focus((function(){n()})).blur((function(){e(".et_search_form_container").hasClass("et_pb_is_animating")||(e(".et_menu_container").removeClass("et_pb_menu_hidden et_pb_no_animation").addClass("et_pb_menu_visible"),e(".et_search_form_container").removeClass("et_pb_search_visible et_pb_no_animation").addClass("et_pb_search_form_hidden et_pb_is_animating"),setTimeout((function(){e(".et_menu_container").addClass("et_pb_no_animation"),e(".et_search_form_container").addClass("et_pb_no_animation").removeClass("et_pb_is_animating")}),1e3))}))}))})); jQuery(document).ready((function(n){const t=((window||{})._da11y||{}).skip_navigation_link_text||!1;!function(e){const i='<a href="'+e+'" class="skip-link da11y-screen-reader-text">'+t+"</a>";n(e).attr("tabindex",-1),n("body").prepend(i)}("#main-content"),n('a[href^="#"]').click((function(){n("#"+n(this).attr("href").slice(1)).focus()}))})); jQuery(document).ready((function(e){let n=new Date,o=new Date;e(this).on("focusin",(function(t){e(".keyboard-outline").removeClass("keyboard-outline");o<n&&e(t.target).addClass("keyboard-outline")})),e(this).on("mousedown",(function(){o=new Date})),e(this).on("keydown",(function(){n=new Date}))})); jQuery(document).ready((function(t){t(".et_pb_toggle").each((function(e){var a=t(this),o=a.find(".et_pb_toggle_title"),_=a.find(".et_pb_toggle_content"),i=a.hasClass("et_pb_accordion_item");o.attr("role","button"),o.attr("tabindex",0),o.attr("aria-controls","et_pb_toggle_content_"+e),_.attr("id","et_pb_toggle_content_"+e),a.hasClass("et_pb_toggle_open")?(o.attr("aria-expanded",!0),i&&o.attr("aria-disabled",!0)):(o.attr("aria-expanded",!1),i&&o.removeAttr("aria-disabled"))})),t(".et_pb_toggle_title").on("keydown",(function(t){32===t.which&&t.preventDefault()})),t(document).on("keyup",(function(e){13!==e.which&&32!==e.which||t(".et_pb_toggle_title:focus").trigger("click")})),t(".et_pb_toggle_title").on("click",(function(){var e=t(this),a=e.parent();a.hasClass("et_pb_accordion_item")?a.hasClass("et_pb_toggle_open")||(e.closest(".et_pb_accordion").find(".et_pb_toggle").each((function(){if($toggle=t(this),$toggle.hasClass("et_pb_toggle_open")){var e=$toggle.find(".et_pb_toggle_title");e.attr("aria-expanded",!1),e.removeAttr("aria-disabled")}})),setTimeout((function(){e.attr("aria-expanded",!0),e.attr("aria-disabled",!0)}),500)):a.hasClass("et_pb_toggle_open")?e.attr("aria-expanded",!1):e.attr("aria-expanded",!0)}))})); jQuery(document).ready((function(e){e(".et-search-field").each((function(t){e(this).attr("id","et_pb_search_module_input_"+t),e("#et_pb_search_module_input_"+t).before('<label class="da11y-screen-reader-text" for="et_pb_search_module_input_'+t+'">Search for...</label>'),e("#et_pb_search_module_input_"+t).after('<button type="submit" class="da11y-screen-reader-text">Search</button>')})),e(".et_pb_s").each((function(t){e(this).attr("id","et_pb_s_module_input_"+t),e("#et_pb_s_module_input_"+t).before('<label class="da11y-screen-reader-text" for="et_pb_s_module_input_'+t+'">Search for...</label>')})),e(".et_pb_contact_form").each((function(){e(this).find(".et_pb_contact_captcha_question").parent().wrap("<label></label>")})),e(".et-social-facebook a.icon span").text("Facebook"),e(".et-social-twitter a.icon span").text("Twitter"),e(".et-social-google-plus a.icon span").text("Google Plus"),e(".et-social-pinterest a.icon span").text("Pinterest"),e(".et-social-linkedin a.icon span").text("LinkedIn"),e(".et-social-tumblr a.icon span").text("Tumblr"),e(".et-social-instagram a.icon span").text("Instagram"),e(".et-social-skype a.icon span").text("Skype"),e(".et-social-flikr a.icon span").text("Flickr"),e(".et-social-myspace a.icon span").text("Myspace"),e(".et-social-dribbble a.icon span").text("Dribble"),e(".et-social-youtube a.icon span").text("YouTube"),e(".et-social-vimeo a.icon span").text("Vimeo"),e(".et-social-rss a.icon span").text("RSS")})); jQuery(document).ready((function(t){t(".et_pb_tabs_controls").each((function(){t(this).attr("role","tablist")})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls li").each((function(){t(this).attr("role","presentation")})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls a").each((function(){t(this).attr({role:"tab"})})),t(".et_pb_tab").each((function(){t(this).attr("role","tabpanel")})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls li:not(.et_pb_tab_active) a").each((function(){t(this).attr({"aria-selected":"false","aria-expanded":"false",tabindex:-1})})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls li.et_pb_tab_active a").each((function(){t(this).attr({"aria-selected":"true","aria-expanded":"true",tabindex:0})})),t("ul.sub-menu .menu-item a").each((function(){t(this).attr({"aria-haspopup":"true"})})),t("a:not(.et-social-icon a, .wp-block-button__link, figure a, .et_pb_button, .et_pb_video_play a, .et_pb_tabs_controls a)").each((function(){t(this).attr({role:"link"})})),t("#et_search_icon, .et_close_search_field, #et_mobile_nav_menu, #searchsubmit, .icon, .wp-block-button__link, .et_pb_button, .et_pb_video_play a").each((function(){t(this).attr({role:"button"})})),t("#g-recaptcha-response").each((function(){t(this).attr({"aria-hidden":"true","aria-label":"do not use","aria-readonly":"true"})})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls a").each((function(a){t(this).attr({id:"et_pb_tab_control_"+a,"aria-controls":"et_pb_tab_panel_"+a})})),t(".et_pb_tab").each((function(a){t(this).attr({id:"et_pb_tab_panel_"+a,"aria-labelledby":"et_pb_tab_control_"+a})})),t(".et_pb_tab.et_pb_active_content").each((function(){t(this).attr("aria-hidden","false")})),t(".et_pb_tab:not(.et_pb_active_content)").each((function(){t(this).attr("aria-hidden","true")})),t(".et_pb_tabs").each((function(a){t(this).attr("data-da11y-id","et_pb_tab_module_"+a)})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls a").on("click",(function(){const a=t(this).attr("id"),e=t(this).closest(".et_pb_tabs").attr("data-da11y-id");t('[data-da11y-id="'+e+'"] .et_pb_tabs_controls a').attr({"aria-selected":"false","aria-expanded":"false",tabindex:-1}),t(this).attr({"aria-selected":"true","aria-expanded":"true",tabindex:0}),t("#"+e+" .et_pb_tab").attr("aria-hidden","true"),t('[aria-labelledby="'+a+'"]').attr("aria-hidden","false")})),t(".et_pb_tabs_controls a").keyup((function(a){const e=t(this).closest(".et_pb_tabs").attr("data-da11y-id"),i=t('[data-da11y-id="'+e+'"]');if(39===a.which){const t=i.find("li.et_pb_tab_active").next();t.length>0?t.find("a").trigger("click"):i.find("li:first a").trigger("click")}else if(37===a.which){const t=i.find("li.et_pb_tab_active").prev();t.length>0?t.find("a").trigger("click"):i.find("li:last a").trigger("click")}t(".et_pb_tabs_controls a").removeClass("keyboard-outline"),i.find("li.et_pb_tab_active a").addClass("keyboard-outline")})),t(".et_pb_search").each((function(a){t(this).attr("data-da11y-id","et_pb_search_module_"+a)})),t('[data-required_mark="required"]').each((function(){t(this).attr("aria-required","true")})),t(".et_pb_contactform_validate_field").attr("type","hidden"),t(".et-pb-contact-message").attr("role","alert"),t("#main-content").attr("role","main"),t(".et_pb_fullwidth_header").each((function(a){t(this).attr("aria-label","Wide Header"+a)})),t("#comment-wrap").attr("aria-label","Comments"),t(".aria-hidden").each((function(a,e){!function a(e){const i=t(e);t(e).attr("aria-hidden","true");for(const t of i.children())a(t)}(e)}))})); jQuery(document).ready((function(e){e("#et_top_search, .et_close_search_field, .et_pb_main_blurb_image").attr("aria-hidden","true")})); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mejsL10n = {"language":"en","strings":{"mejs.download-file":"Download File","mejs.install-flash":"You are using a browser that does not have Flash player enabled or installed. Please turn on your Flash player plugin or download the latest version from https:\/\/get.adobe.com\/flashplayer\/","mejs.fullscreen":"Fullscreen","mejs.play":"Play","mejs.pause":"Pause","mejs.time-slider":"Time Slider","mejs.time-help-text":"Use Left\/Right Arrow keys to advance one second, Up\/Down arrows to advance ten seconds.","mejs.live-broadcast":"Live Broadcast","mejs.volume-help-text":"Use Up\/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.","mejs.unmute":"Unmute","mejs.mute":"Mute","mejs.volume-slider":"Volume Slider","mejs.video-player":"Video Player","mejs.audio-player":"Audio Player","mejs.captions-subtitles":"Captions\/Subtitles","mejs.captions-chapters":"Chapters","mejs.none":"None","mejs.afrikaans":"Afrikaans","mejs.albanian":"Albanian","mejs.arabic":"Arabic","mejs.belarusian":"Belarusian","mejs.bulgarian":"Bulgarian","mejs.catalan":"Catalan","mejs.chinese":"Chinese","mejs.chinese-simplified":"Chinese (Simplified)","mejs.chinese-traditional":"Chinese (Traditional)","mejs.croatian":"Croatian","mejs.czech":"Czech","mejs.danish":"Danish","mejs.dutch":"Dutch","mejs.english":"English","mejs.estonian":"Estonian","mejs.filipino":"Filipino","mejs.finnish":"Finnish","mejs.french":"French","mejs.galician":"Galician","mejs.german":"German","mejs.greek":"Greek","mejs.haitian-creole":"Haitian Creole","mejs.hebrew":"Hebrew","mejs.hindi":"Hindi","mejs.hungarian":"Hungarian","mejs.icelandic":"Icelandic","mejs.indonesian":"Indonesian","mejs.irish":"Irish","mejs.italian":"Italian","mejs.japanese":"Japanese","mejs.korean":"Korean","mejs.latvian":"Latvian","mejs.lithuanian":"Lithuanian","mejs.macedonian":"Macedonian","mejs.malay":"Malay","mejs.maltese":"Maltese","mejs.norwegian":"Norwegian","mejs.persian":"Persian","mejs.polish":"Polish","mejs.portuguese":"Portuguese","mejs.romanian":"Romanian","mejs.russian":"Russian","mejs.serbian":"Serbian","mejs.slovak":"Slovak","mejs.slovenian":"Slovenian","mejs.spanish":"Spanish","mejs.swahili":"Swahili","mejs.swedish":"Swedish","mejs.tagalog":"Tagalog","mejs.thai":"Thai","mejs.turkish":"Turkish","mejs.ukrainian":"Ukrainian","mejs.vietnamese":"Vietnamese","mejs.welsh":"Welsh","mejs.yiddish":"Yiddish"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-and-player.min.js?ver=4.2.17" id="mediaelement-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-migrate.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="mediaelement-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpmejsSettings = {"pluginPath":"http\/wp-includes\/js\/mediaelement\/","classPrefix":"mejs-","stretching":"responsive","audioShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement","videoShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="wp-mediaelement-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/includes/builder/feature/dynamic-assets/assets/js/jquery.fitvids.js?ver=4.27.1" id="fitvids-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/includes/builder/feature/dynamic-assets/assets/js/jquery.mobile.js?ver=4.27.1" id="jquery-mobile-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/includes/builder/feature/dynamic-assets/assets/js/easypiechart.js?ver=4.27.1" id="easypiechart-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/themes/divi/includes/builder/feature/dynamic-assets/assets/js/salvattore.js?ver=4.22.2" id="salvattore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="admin-message-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var admin_message = {"ajaxurl":"http:\/\/ctl.columbia.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","domain":"ctl.columbia.edu","time":"1732386879","logged_in":"","theme":"divi"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ctl.columbia.edu/wp-content/plugins/admin-message/js/admin-message.js?ver=1712048099" id="admin-message-js"></script> <style id="et-builder-module-design-2-cached-inline-styles">.et_divi_builder #et_builder_outer_content .et_pb_module.et_pb_text ul,.et_divi_builder #et_builder_outer_content .et_pb_module.et_pb_text ol{padding:0 0 23px 16px}.et_divi_builder #et_builder_outer_content .et_pb_module.et_pb_text ul li{list-style-type:disc}.et_divi_builder #et_builder_outer_content .et_pb_module.et_pb_text ol li{list-style-type:decimal}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5 .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_button_wrapper,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description,.et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description{text-align:center}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after{opacity:1}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after{opacity:0}.et_pb_slide_0,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0{background-color:#24448c}.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_0"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_0"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_1"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_1"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_2"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_2"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_3"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_3"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_4"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_4"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_5"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_5"] .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next,.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-prev,.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 .et-pb-slider-arrows .et-pb-arrow-next{color:#ffffff}.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_0"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_0"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_1"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_1"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_2"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_2"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_3"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_3"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_4"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_4"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_5"] .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_slider[data-active-slide="et_pb_slide_5"] .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control,.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 .et-pb-controllers a,.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 .et-pb-controllers .et-pb-active-control{background-color:#ffffff}.et_pb_slide_1{background-color:#134164}.et_pb_slide_2,.et_pb_slide_3{background-color:#646977}.et_pb_slide_4,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4{background-color:#134b9b}.et_pb_slide_5{background-color:#4d5255}.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-weight:700;text-shadow:0em 0em 0.39em rgba(92,169,232,0.4)}.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_content{font-weight:700}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button{color:#000000!important;border-color:#000000;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.39)}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover{border-radius:0!important}.et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0 .et_pb_slide{background-position:top left}.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h2,.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h1.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h3.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h4.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h5.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo h6.et_pb_module_header{color:#9b0004!important;text-align:left!important}.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_description div,.et_pb_text_0.et_pb_text,.et_pb_text_1.et_pb_text,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_description div,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_description div{color:#000000!important}.et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo{background-color:#f5f5f5;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;overflow:hidden;border-width:1px;border-color:#000000}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button{color:#000000!important;border-width:1px!important;background-color:#ffffff}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:hover:after{margin-left:.3em;left:auto;margin-left:.3em;opacity:1}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:after{color:#000000;line-height:inherit;font-size:inherit!important;margin-left:-1em;left:auto;font-family:ETmodules!important;font-weight:400!important}.et_pb_text_0{font-weight:700;font-size:24px}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_0,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_1{color:#000000!important;border-color:#555555}.et_pb_button_0,.et_pb_button_0:after,.et_pb_button_1,.et_pb_button_1:after{transition:all 300ms ease 0ms}.et_pb_text_1{font-weight:700;font-size:18px}.et_pb_blog_0 .et_pb_post .entry-title a,.et_pb_blog_0 .not-found-title{font-weight:700!important}.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h2,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h1.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h3.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h4.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h5.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo h6.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h2,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h1.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h3.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h4.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h5.et_pb_module_header,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo h6.et_pb_module_header{font-size:20px!important}.et_pb_cta_3.et_pb_promo,.et_pb_cta_4.et_pb_promo{background-color:#ffffff;border-radius:5px 5px 5px 5px;overflow:hidden;border-width:1px;border-color:#000000}.et_pb_blurb_1 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et_pb_only_image_mode_wrap,.et_pb_blurb_1 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_2 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et_pb_only_image_mode_wrap,.et_pb_blurb_2 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_3 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et_pb_only_image_mode_wrap,.et_pb_blurb_3 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_4 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et_pb_only_image_mode_wrap,.et_pb_blurb_4 .et_pb_main_blurb_image .et-pb-icon{border-radius:100% 100% 100% 100%;overflow:hidden;padding-top:8px!important;padding-right:8px!important;padding-bottom:8px!important;padding-left:8px!important;background-color:#75aadb}.et_pb_blurb_1 .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_2 .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_3 .et-pb-icon,.et_pb_blurb_4 .et-pb-icon{font-size:16px;color:#ffffff;font-family:ETmodules!important;font-weight:400!important}.et_pb_image_0{text-align:left;margin-left:0}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:35px!important;color:#ffffff!important;text-align:center!important;text-shadow:0em 0em 0.32em rgba(224,157,143,0)!important}.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_content{font-weight:800!important;color:#ffffff!important;text-align:center!important}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button{color:#000000!important;border-width:1px!important;border-color:#000000;border-radius:8px;font-weight:700!important;background-color:#ffffff}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1{background-position:left top;background-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url(https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2023/09/AI-generated-image-using-Canva-1.jpg);background-color:#134164}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2{background-position:left top;background-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url(https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2022/08/shutterstock_2091989563.jpeg);background-color:#646977}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3{background-position:left top;background-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url(https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2023/10/iStock-136402696-2.jpg);background-color:#646977}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5{background-position:left top;background-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url(https://edblogs.columbia.edu/ctl3/files/2023/10/c482159d-d363-4c1d-b6ab-302d707f2d02.jpeg);background-color:#4d5255}.et_pb_social_media_follow_network_0 a.icon{background-color:#1e73be!important}.et_pb_social_media_follow_network_1 a.icon{background-color:#a82400!important}.et_pb_social_media_follow_network_2 a.icon{background-color:#ff8a3c!important}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after{opacity:0}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_0:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_1:hover:after{opacity:1}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_0:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_1:after{display:inline-block;opacity:0}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:after{line-height:inherit;font-size:inherit!important;margin-left:-1em;left:auto;display:inline-block;opacity:0;content:attr(data-icon);font-family:ETmodules!important;font-weight:400!important}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:before{display:none}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:hover:after{margin-left:.3em;left:auto;margin-left:.3em;opacity:1}.et_pb_image_0 .et_pb_image_wrap img{width:auto}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:28px!important}.et_pb_slide_0 p,.et_pb_slide_1 p,.et_pb_slide_2 p,.et_pb_slide_3 p,.et_pb_slide_4 p,.et_pb_slide_5 p{line-height:1.4em!important}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after{opacity:0}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_0:hover:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_1:hover:after{opacity:1}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_fullwidth_slider_0.et_pb_slider .et_pb_more_button.et_pb_button:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_0:after,body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_button_1:after{display:inline-block;opacity:0}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:after{line-height:inherit;font-size:inherit!important;margin-left:-1em;left:auto;display:inline-block;opacity:0;content:attr(data-icon);font-family:ETmodules!important;font-weight:400!important}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:before{display:none}body #page-container .et_pb_section .et_pb_cta_1.et_pb_promo .et_pb_promo_button.et_pb_button:hover:after{margin-left:.3em;left:auto;margin-left:.3em;opacity:1}.et_pb_image_0 .et_pb_image_wrap img{width:auto}.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_0.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_1.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_2.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_3.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_4.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_slide_5.et_pb_slide .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:28px!important}.et_pb_slide_0 p,.et_pb_slide_1 p,.et_pb_slide_2 p,.et_pb_slide_3 p,.et_pb_slide_4 p,.et_pb_slide_5 p{line-height:1.4em!important}}</style></body> </html>