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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dalekozor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalekozor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dalekozor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalekozor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mjerenje_nivelirom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mjerenje_nivelirom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mjerenje nivelirom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mjerenje_nivelirom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Libela</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Libela-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Libela</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Libela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cijevna_libela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cijevna_libela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cijevna libela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cijevna_libela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kružna_libela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kružna_libela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kružna libela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kružna_libela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mjerenje_visinskih_razlika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mjerenje_visinskih_razlika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mjerenje visinskih razlika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mjerenje_visinskih_razlika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_nivelira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_nivelira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Podjela nivelira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podjela_nivelira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niveliri_s_kompenzatorom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niveliri_s_kompenzatorom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Niveliri s kompenzatorom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niveliri_s_kompenzatorom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogreške_nivelira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogreške_nivelira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pogreške nivelira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogreške_nivelira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dodaci_niveliru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dodaci_niveliru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dodaci niveliru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dodaci_niveliru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitalni_nivelir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitalni_nivelir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Digitalni nivelir</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digitalni_nivelir-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Digitalni nivelir</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digitalni_nivelir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optika_i_mehanika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optika_i_mehanika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Optika i mehanika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optika_i_mehanika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Elektronika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nivelir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 37 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelir" title="Nivelir – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nivelir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Нівелір – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нівелір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivell_topogr%C3%A0fic" title="Nivell topogràfic – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nivell topogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivellering" title="Nivellering – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nivellering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivellierger%C3%A4t" title="Nivelliergerät – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nivelliergerät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Χωροβάτης – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωροβάτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(optical_instrument)" title="Level (optical instrument) – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Level (optical instrument)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_topogr%C3%A1fico" title="Nivel topográfico – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nivel topográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelliir" title="Nivelliir – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nivelliir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibel_topografiko" title="Nibel topografiko – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nibel topografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaituskoje" title="Vaaituskoje – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaaituskoje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveau_optique" title="Niveau optique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niveau optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="מאזנת – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאזנת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="डम्पी लेवल – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डम्पी लेवल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Հարթաչափ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարթաչափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livello_(strumento)" title="Livello (strumento) – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livello (strumento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიველირი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიველირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelyras" title="Nivelyras – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nivelyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidz%C4%AB%C5%86s" title="Leidzīņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Leidzīņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelieris" title="Nivelieris – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nivelieris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="डम्पी लेवल – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डम्पी लेवल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterpas_(landmeetkunde)" title="Waterpas (landmeetkunde) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterpas (landmeetkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwelator" title="Niwelator – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niwelator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_topogr%C3%A1fico" title="Nível topográfico – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível topográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel%C4%83_topografic%C4%83" title="Nivelă topografică – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nivelă topografică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelir" title="Nivelir – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nivelir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Нивелир – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нивелир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%88" title="نىۋو – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىۋو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Нівелір – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нівелір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelir" title="Nivelir – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nivelir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96%E5%84%80" title="水準儀 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水準儀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%8F%A1" title="平水鏡 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="平水鏡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q584082#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nivelir" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Nivelir&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nivelir"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nivelir"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Nivelir" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Nivelir" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&oldid=6904695" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Nivelir&id=6904695&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNivelir"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNivelir"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Nivelir"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nivelir&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surveying_levels" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q584082" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Us_land_survey_officer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.jpg/300px-Us_land_survey_officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.jpg/450px-Us_land_survey_officer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Korištenje nivelira na gradilištu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Automatic_Level.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Automatic_Level.svg/300px-Automatic_Level.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Automatic_Level.svg/450px-Automatic_Level.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Automatic_Level.svg/600px-Automatic_Level.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Automatski nivelir koristi optički element na njihalu (kompenzator) da kompenzira male greške</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Surveyors_tripod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Surveyors_tripod.jpg/300px-Surveyors_tripod.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Surveyors_tripod.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Stalak za nivelir</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg/300px-DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg/450px-DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg/600px-DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cijevna libela</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Green_bull%27s_eye_level_(level).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg/300px-Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg/450px-Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg/600px-Green_bull%27s_eye_level_%28level%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Kružna libela</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Surveyors_tripod_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Surveyors_tripod_head.jpg/300px-Surveyors_tripod_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Surveyors_tripod_head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Na stalku se nalazi vijak za pritezanje nivelira</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Surveyors_tripod_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Surveyors_tripod_foot.jpg/300px-Surveyors_tripod_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Surveyors_tripod_foot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Noga stalka se može podešavati</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nivelir</b> je osnovni <a href="/wiki/Mjerni_instrument" title="Mjerni instrument">mjerni instrument</a> za mjerenje visinskih razlika kod <a href="/wiki/Geodetsko_mjerenje" title="Geodetsko mjerenje">geodetskih mjerenja</a>. Osnovni princip zasniva se na djelovanju <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">sile teže</a>, odnosno dovođenje vizurne osi <a href="/wiki/Dalekozor" title="Dalekozor">dalekozora</a> u vodoravni položaj. To se postiže primjenom <a href="/wiki/Libela" title="Libela">libele</a> ili kompenzatora. Korištenjem nivelira, visinske razlike se dobivaju iz direktnih mjerenja. <b>Nivelmanska letva</b> treba biti okomito postavljena u prostoru, što se postiže kružnom libelom. </p><p>Na donjem dijelu nivelira nalaze se tri podnožna <a href="/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak">vijka</a> koji služe za postavljanje instrumenta u vodoravan položaj. Gornji dio se okreće oko glavne (okomite) osi, a ujedno je i nosač dalekozora. Glavna os mora osigurati stabilnost instrumenta i vrlo pravilno zakretanje ostalih pokretnih dijelova, što zahtijeva posebnu kvalitetu materijala i točnu izradu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalekozor">Dalekozor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Dalekozor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dalekozor"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Dalekozor" title="Dalekozor">Dalekozor</a></div></i></div> <p>Osnovna operacija pri geodetskim mjerenjima, bilo da se radi o mjerenjima <a href="/wiki/Pravac" title="Pravac">pravaca</a> ili mjerenjima na nivelmansku letvu, je viziranje. Za tu svrhu služi dalekozor. Osnovni dijelovi dalekozora su: <a href="/wiki/Objektiv" title="Objektiv">objektiv</a>, nitni križ, <a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">okular</a>. Objektiv služi za preslikavanje predmeta (vizurnih marki) iz prostora predmeta u prostor slike. Slika predmeta koju stvara objektiv mora se nalaziti u ravnini nitnog križa (ako to nije slučaj dolazi do paralakse nitnog križa). Spojnica presjeka niti nitnog križa i glavne točke objektiva čini vizurnu os. Nitni križ zajedno s nastalom slikom opažanog predmeta (marke) promatramo okularom koji ima ulogu lupe (povećala). Dalekozor zajedno s <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">okom</a> opažača čini cjelinu i konačno slika nitnog križa i mjerenog predmeta stvara se na <a href="/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnica_(oko)" title="Mrežnica (oko)">mrežnici oka</a>. </p><p>Dalekozor je <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optički</a> instrument koji u svojoj osnovnoj namjeni služi za povećanje vidnog kuta prilikom promatranja udaljenih predmeta. Dalekozor je građen od objektiva i okulara. Objektiv je sabirni optički sustav koji stvara realnu međusliku udaljenih predmeta po zakonima optičkog preslikavanja. Predmet promatranja nalazi se na udaljenosti većoj od 2 <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDari%C5%A1te" title="Žarište">žarišta</a> objektiva, te je slika koju stvara objektiv umanjena, realna i preokrenuta. Okular je povećalo kojim se promatra realna međuslika. Iza okulara se nalazi oko opažača, dalekozor je stoga subjektivni optički instrument. <b>Mjerni dalekozor</b> (1611. je napravio <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a>) ima u ravnini zadanog vidnog polja ugrađenu staklenu pločicu s nitnim križem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mjerenje_nivelirom">Mjerenje nivelirom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Mjerenje nivelirom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mjerenje nivelirom"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Dioptriranje</b> je postupak izoštravanja slike nitnog križa okretanjem tubusa okulara. Oko sliku nitnog križa treba vidjeti oštro u stanju mirovanja akomodacije. Samo je jedan položaj <a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">okulara</a> u koji ga treba postaviti prije mjerenja dalekozorom i više ga u toku mjerenja ne smijemo mijenjati. Okular odvinemo toliko da slika nitnog križa ne bude oštra. Zakrećemo okular prema pločici s nitnim križem do najpovoljnije oštrine. Pročitamo položaj na dioptrijskoj skali, te u istom smjeru zakrenemo okular za otprilike 0,5 dioptrije. Time smo okular doveli u optimalan položaj, a oko u stanje mirovanja akomodacije.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Viziranjem</b> navodimo nitni križ (tj. njegovu sliku) na točku cilja (vizurnu točku, objekt, marku). U prvom položaju nivelira grubo se vizira vizurna točka preko nišana dalekozora tako da se slika opažanog objekta dovede u vidno polje. Nakon grubog viziranja, kod zakočenog gornjeg dijela i dalekozora, <a href="/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak">vijcima</a> za fini pomak dalekozora fino viziramo, dovodimo niti nitnog križa na mjerni objekt. </p><p><b>Vizurna os</b> određena je <a href="/wiki/Pravac" title="Pravac">pravcem</a> koji prolazi presjecištem glavnih niti nitnog križa i glavnom točkom objektiva. Ravnina koju opisuje vizurna os pri okretanju oko vovoravne osi nivelira naziva se <b>vizurnom ravninom</b>. </p><p>Pod pojmom <b>vizure</b> podrazumijeva se skup točaka kojim prolazi zraka <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a> od vizirane točke kroz <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosferu</a> do objektiva dalekozora, te dalje do presjecišta nitnog križa. Zbog utjecaja <a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">refrakcije</a> vizura je u prostoru blago zakrivljena <a href="/wiki/Krivulja" title="Krivulja">krivulja</a>. </p><p>Prije finog viziranja potrebno je <b>izoštriti sliku</b> opažanog objekta. Slika mjernog objekta mora biti oštra i treba se nalaziti u ravnini nitnog križa. Prema konstrukciji dalekozora postoje dva načina izoštravanja: </p> <ul><li>Vanjsko izoštravanje - okular se zajedno s nitnim križem pomiče unutar cijevi objektiva. Duljina dalekozora je promjenjiva i ovisi o udaljenosti opažane točke. Nedostatak ovakvog načina izoštravanja je u tome što je pomična okularna cijev izložena vanjskim oštećenjima i utjecajima.</li> <li>Unutrašnje izoštravanje - dalekozor je zatvorena cjelina, duljina je konstantna. Izoštravanje se radi pomicanjem jednog optičkog elementa, a to je <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%87a_(optika)" title="Leća (optika)">leća</a> ili zrcalo. Kod današnjih dalekozora nivelira najčešće se pomiče negativni član objektiva. Što je objekt bliži, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDari%C5%A1te" title="Žarište">žarišna daljina</a> je kraća, negativni član je bliže nitnom križu.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">Oko</a> zajedno s dalekozorom čini optičku cjelinu, te je viziranje prema tome subjektivno fiziološko-optička pojava. Točnost viziranja ovisi o mnogim faktorima kao što su: rasvjeta, kontrast i oblik mjernog objekta, oblik i debljina niti nitnog križa, <a href="/wiki/Paralaksa" title="Paralaksa">paralaksa</a> nitnog križa, udaljenost opažanog objekta, stanje u atmosferi, fiziološka i optička svojstva oka opažača i psihološki utjecaji. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libela">Libela</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Libela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Libela"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Libela" title="Libela">Libela</a></div></i></div> <p>Kod geodetskih instrumenata libele služe za postavljanje osi u okomit ili vodoravan položaj; a također, koriste se i kod geodetskog pribora. Po obliku se libele mogu podijeliti na cijevne i kružne (dozne). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cijevna_libela">Cijevna libela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Cijevna libela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Cijevna libela"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cijevna libela se prvi puta primijenila 1661. Sastoji se od <a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklene</a> <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevi</a> koja je s unutrašnje strane brušena u bačvastom obliku. Ispunjena je tekućinom niskog ledišta (nižeg od - 50˚C), a to je <a href="/wiki/Alkoholi" title="Alkoholi">alkohol</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Eter" class="mw-disambig" title="Eter">eter</a>. </p><p>S vanjske strane libele nalazi se ugravirana podjela koja može biti kontinuirana ili simetrična (prekinuta). Središnja točka podjele naziva se markom libele. Osjetljivost ili podatak libele mjeri se središnjim kutom koji odgovara luku od jednog parsa (ε). To je kut promjene nagiba libele uz pomak mjehura za veličinu jednog parsa. Najpreciznije libele imaju osjetljivost od 1˝ do 2˝. Osjetljivost se kod geodetskih instrumenata kreće od: 10˝ - 120˝. Ispravno promatranje podjele libele je promatranje okomito na podjelu. Temperatura utječe na duljinu mjehura libele. Libela na dalekozoru postavljena je paralelno s vizurnom osi dalekozora i služi za točnije postavljanje dalekozora tj. vizurne osi u vodoravan položaj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kružna_libela"><span id="Kru.C5.BEna_libela"></span>Kružna libela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Kružna libela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kružna libela"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kružna (dozna) libela datira od 1770. Primjenjuje se za grubo postavljanje u vodoravan položaj. Gornja ploha libele je dio kugle. S vanjske strane stakla nalazi se jedan ili više koncentričnih kružića. Središte <a href="/wiki/Krug" title="Krug">kružića</a> je marka libele. Os dozne libele prolazi markom i središtem zakrivljenosti unutrašnje brušene plohe. Kada se mjehurić nalazi u središtu kružića libela je namještena; os libele je okomita u prostoru. Osjetljivost kružne (dozne) libele kreće se od 2΄ - 30΄ te se koristi za grubo postavljanje u vodoravan položaj instrumenata i pribora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mjerenje_visinskih_razlika">Mjerenje visinskih razlika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Mjerenje visinskih razlika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mjerenje visinskih razlika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korištenjem nivelira, visinske razlike se određuju očitanjem na nivelmanskim letvama, koje se postavljaju okomito pomoću dozne libele na točke na kojima se određuju visinske razlike. Pri tome, vizurna linija treba biti u vovodravnoj ravnini. Nivelir se postavlja na stativ, u pravilu u sredinu između točaka čija se visinska razlika određuje. </p><p>Za određivanje visinske razlike između udaljenih točaka, potrebno je postupno prenositi visine od točke do točke. Visina neke točke na Zemljinoj površini je udaljenost te točke od srednje nivo plohe <a href="/wiki/More" title="More">mora</a>. Nivo ploha mora određuje se dugogodišnjim opažanjem s instrumentima – <a href="/wiki/Mareograf" title="Mareograf">mareografima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_nivelira">Podjela nivelira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Podjela nivelira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela nivelira"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nivelire dijelimo po točnosti na osnovi srednje visinske razlike po 1 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">km</a> obostranog niveliranja: </p> <ul><li>niveliri najviše točnosti ≤ 0,5 mm / km</li> <li>niveliri visoke točnosti ≤ 1,0 mm / km</li> <li>niveliri više točnosti ≤ 3,0 mm / km</li> <li>niveliri srednje točnosti ≤ 8,0 mm / km</li> <li>obični ili jednostavni niveliri > 8 mm / km</li></ul> <p>Podjela nivelira po namjeni: </p> <ul><li>precizni niveliri</li> <li>inženjerski niveliri</li> <li>građevinski niveliri</li></ul> <p>Podjela nivelira prema načinu uvodoravnjivanja vizurne linije: </p> <ul><li>niveliri s libelom</li> <li>digitalni niveliri</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niveliri_s_kompenzatorom">Niveliri s kompenzatorom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Niveliri s kompenzatorom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Niveliri s kompenzatorom"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U današnjoj primjeni najviše se koriste niveliri s kompenzatorom koji omogućuje automatsko uvodoravnjivanje geodetske vizurne linije u radnom području kompenzatora. Kompenzator je optičko-mehanički sklop, koji unutar područja rada (hoda) automatski kompenzira utjecaj <a href="/wiki/Nagib_osi" title="Nagib osi">nagiba</a> okomite osi na položaj vizurne osi, te je dovodi vodoravnom u prostoru. Kompenzator radi na principu fizikalnog <a href="/wiki/Njihalo" title="Njihalo">njihala</a>. Kompenzator je u većini nivelira smješten unutar kućišta dalekozora, između objektiva i nitnog križa. </p><p>Prva konstrukcija nivelira, gdje se kao kompenzator primjenjuje optički element na njihalu, datira od 1950. (prvi nivelir izrađen je u tvornici ZEISS – Opton, Oberkochen, tadašnja <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka">Zapadna Njemačka</a>). Zadatak kompenzatora je da pri nagnutom dalekozoru (tj. nagnutoj okomitoj osi) unutar područja kompenzacije, obično od 5´ do 30´, automatski otkloni zrake snopa, tako da vizurna linija bude u prostoru vodoravna. </p><p>Uređaj za kompenzaciju je složene optičko – mehaničke građe, gdje se kompenzatorom naziva samo pomični element. Kao pomični optički elementi koriste se: prizme za refleksiju (pravokutna, krovna, sustav prizama), ravno zrcalo, kutno zrcalo, <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%87a_(optika)" title="Leća (optika)">leća</a>, te u nekim slučajevima i tekućina. Unutar samog kompenzatora nalazi se i optički sustav od više optičkih elemenata koji su nepomični. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogreške_nivelira"><span id="Pogre.C5.A1ke_nivelira"></span>Pogreške nivelira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Pogreške nivelira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pogreške nivelira"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kao i kod <a href="/wiki/Teodolit" title="Teodolit">teodolita</a>, tako i kod nivelira, ispituje se ispravnost pojedinih osi: ispravnost glavne osi, vizurne osi, osi kružne libele. Glavna ili okomita os nivelira za vrijeme mjerenja mora biti okomita. Vizurna os mora biti u prostoru vodoravna. Os kružne libele treba biti paralelna s glavnom osi. Kod niveliranja glavni uvjet nivelira je da pri okomitom položaju glavne osi vizurna os mora biti u prostoru vodoravna. Ako uvjet nije zadovoljen, kao posljedica je pogreška visinske razlike pri nejednakim udaljenostima nivelmanske letve od nivelira. Svi ostali uvjeti su sporedni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dodaci_niveliru">Dodaci niveliru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Dodaci niveliru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dodaci niveliru"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Plan paralelna ploča kao mikrometarski vijak može biti ugrađena ispred objektiva dalekozora ili samostalno kao dodatak ispred objektiva. Primjenjuje se kod nivelira najviše točnosti ili kod preciznih nivelira.</li> <li>Objektivna prizma za otklon zrake svjetlosti za 90°. Primjenjuje se za dovođenje vizurne osi u okomitu ravninu.</li> <li>Predleća kao dodatak objektivu radi viziranja vrlo bliskih točaka ili očitanja lineala.</li> <li>„Slomljeni“ okular za promatranje kroz dalekozor odozgo.</li> <li>Dodatak za osvjetljenje nitnog križa.</li> <li>Laserski okular za projekciju nitnog križa laserskom svjetlošću kod mjerenja u tamnim prostorijama (npr. <a href="/wiki/Tunel" title="Tunel">tunel</a> i dr.)</li> <li>Izmjenljivi okulari za različita povećanja dalekozora.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digitalni_nivelir">Digitalni nivelir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Digitalni nivelir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Digitalni nivelir"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optika_i_mehanika">Optika i mehanika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Optika i mehanika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Optika i mehanika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digitalni nivelir izrađen je isto kao nivelir s kompenzatorom. Optički i mehanički dijelovi su istovjetni. S digitalnim nivelirom mogu se izvoditi i klasična vizualna opažanja. <a href="/wiki/Digitalizacija" title="Digitalizacija">Digitalni</a> nivelir ima ugrađenu diobenu kocku koja ima ulogu djelitelja zračenja (<a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>). Diobena kocka dijeli <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenu svjetlost</a> od vidljive. Infracrvenu svjetlost (sliku) otklanja na <a href="/wiki/Fotodioda" title="Fotodioda">fotodiode</a> poredane u jednom redu, a vidljivu svjetlost (sliku) otklanja na nitni križ. U redu se nalazi 256 fotodioda na približno 6,5 mm dužine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronika">Elektronika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Elektronika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektronika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fotodiode pretvaraju sliku kodirane (digitalne) podjele u analogni videosignal. Signal odlazi na analogno-digitalni pretvarač, a zatim podaci odlaze u <a href="/wiki/Procesor" class="mw-disambig" title="Procesor">procesor</a> na obradu. Poslije obrade mjernih signala u procesoru, na ekranu se prikazuje duljina do letve i očitanje letve. Putem tipkovnice unose se različiti numerički podaci i upravlja radom nivelira. </p><p>Mjerni podaci se registriraju u modulu za registraciju podataka. Nivelir ima niz programa koji omogućavaju kontrolu i obradu dobivenih podataka – očitanje letve, duljina, broj točke, stajalište, visinske razlike i dr. Podaci se prenose na <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalo" title="Računalo">računalo</a> za daljnju obradu. Uz digitalni nivelir postoji specijalna letva, koja kao podjelu ima <a href="/wiki/Binarni_brojevni_sustav" title="Binarni brojevni sustav">binarni kod</a> – kodirana letva. S druge strane letve obično se nalazi klasična podjela u jedinicama za duljinu. Ta podjela služi pri vizualnom opažanju. Kodirane letve su duljine 1,35 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">m</a>, 2,70 m, ili 4,05 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poveznice">Poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teodolit" title="Teodolit">Teodolit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotacijski_laserski_nivelir" title="Rotacijski laserski nivelir">Rotacijski laserski nivelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalna_stanica" title="Totalna stanica">Totalna stanica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.geof.unizg.hr/~zlasic/Geodetski%20instrumenti_predavanja.pdf">[1]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922132544/http://www2.geof.unizg.hr/~zlasic/Geodetski%20instrumenti_predavanja.pdf">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 22. rujna 2014. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Geodetski instrumenti" Prof. dr. sc. Zlatko Lasić, Geodetski fakultet Zagreb, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.geof.unizg.hr/~zlasic/vjezbe.pdf">[2]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228113136/http://www2.geof.unizg.hr/~zlasic/vjezbe.pdf">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 28. prosinca 2013. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Geodetski instrumenti - vježbe" Prof. dr. sc. Zlatko Lasić, Geodetski fakultet Zagreb, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&oldid=6904695">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivelir&oldid=6904695</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Geodetski_instrumenti_i_oprema" title="Kategorija:Geodetski instrumenti i oprema">Geodetski instrumenti i oprema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Opti%C4%8Dki_ure%C4%91aji" title="Kategorija:Optički uređaji">Optički uređaji</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 4. travnja 2024. u 19:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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