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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstrakt_fotoqrafiya" title="Abstrakt fotoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abstrakt fotoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraktn%C3%AD_fotografie" title="Abstraktní fotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abstraktní fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstrakte_Fotografie" title="Abstrakte Fotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abstrakte Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_abstracta" title="Fotografía abstracta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía abstracta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="عکاسی انتزاعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی انتزاعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%83%81_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="추상 사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추상 사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_astratta" title="Fotografia astratta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotografia astratta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84" title="ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstracte_fotografie" title="Abstracte fotografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abstracte fotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="抽象主義写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抽象主義写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie_abstract%C4%83" title="Fotografie abstractă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotografie abstractă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abstract photography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstrakt_fotografi" title="Abstrakt fotografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abstrakt fotografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="抽象摄影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抽象摄影" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Photography genre</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macro_of_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Macro_of_glass.jpg/220px-Macro_of_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Macro_of_glass.jpg/330px-Macro_of_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Macro_of_glass.jpg/440px-Macro_of_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>This macroscopic photograph distinguishes little information about the nature of its object</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured_reflections_2_(3796445408).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg/220px-Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg/330px-Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg/440px-Coloured_reflections_2_%283796445408%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">Reflection</a> and motion combine as a stage for lighting to become abstract</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_(6586364485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg/220px-Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg/330px-Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg/440px-Abstract_created_by_Pergola_and_Jerusalem_Sky_%286586364485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The type of this structure is not depicted</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Abstract photography</b>, sometimes called non-objective, experimental or conceptual photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene to remove its inherent <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a> from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or impression. The image may be produced using traditional photographic equipment like a camera, darkroom or computer, or it may be created without using a camera by directly manipulating film, paper or other photographic media, including digital presentations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_abstract_photography">Defining abstract photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Defining abstract photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been no commonly-used definition of the term "abstract photography". Books and articles on the subject include everything from a completely representational image of an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">abstract</a> subject matter, such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Siskind" title="Aaron Siskind">Aaron Siskind</a>'s photographs of peeling paint, to entirely non-representational imagery created without a camera or film, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Breuer" title="Marco Breuer">Marco Breuer</a>'s fabricated prints and books.<sup id="cite_ref-2nat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is both inclusive of a wide range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. </p><p>Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Langdon_Coburn" title="Alvin Langdon Coburn">Alvin Langdon Coburn</a> in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title "Abstract Photography", for which the entry form would clearly state that "no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013262_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013262-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some distinctly abstract photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photographer and Professor of Psychology <a href="/wiki/John_Suler" title="John Suler">John Suler</a>, in his essay <i>Photographic Psychology: Image and Psyche,</i> said that "An abstract photograph draws away from that which is realistic or literal. It draws away from natural appearances and recognizable subjects in the actual world. Some people even say it departs from true meaning, existence, and reality itself. It stands apart from the concrete whole with its purpose instead depending on conceptual meaning and intrinsic form....Here's the acid test: If you look at a photo and there's a voice inside you that says 'What is it?'….Well, there you go. It's an abstract photograph."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kasten" title="Barbara Kasten">Barbara Kasten</a>, also a photographer and professor, wrote that "Abstract photography challenges our popular view of photography as an objective image of reality by reasserting its constructed nature....Freed from its duty to represent, abstract photography continues to be a catchall genre for the blending of mediums and disciplines. It is an arena to test photography."<sup id="cite_ref-2nat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German photographer and photographic theorist <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_J%C3%A4ger" title="Gottfried Jäger">Gottfried Jäger</a> used the term "concrete photography", playing off the term "<a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">concrete art</a>", to describe a particular kind of abstract photography. He said: </p> <div><ul><li>"Concrete photography does not depict the visible (like realistic or documentary photography);</li><li>it does not represent the non-visible (like staged, depictive photography);</li><li>it does not take recourse to views (like image-analytical, conceptual, demonstrative photography).</li><li>Instead it establishes visibility. It is only visible, the only-visible.</li><li>In this way it abandons its media character and gains object character."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013274_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013274-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p>More recently conceptual artist <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bochner" title="Mel Bochner">Mel Bochner</a> hand wrote a quote from the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> that said "Photography cannot record abstract ideas." on a note card, then photographed it and printed it using six different photographic processes. He turned the words, the concept and the visualization of the concept into art itself, and in doing so created a work that presented yet another type of abstract photography, again without ever defining the term itself.<sup id="cite_ref-2nat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_(America)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Anna_Atkins_-_Carix_%28America%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="4585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a> – <i>Carex (America)</i> – Google Art Project</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest images of what may be called abstract photography appeared within the first decade after the invention of the craft. In 1842 <a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">John William Draper</a> created images with a <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscope</a>, which dispersed light rays into a then previously unrecorded visible pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201352_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201352-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prints he made had no reference to the reality of the visible world that other photographers then recorded, and they demonstrated photography's unprecedented ability to transform what had previously been invisible into a tangible presence. Draper saw his images as science records rather than art, but their artistic quality is appreciated today for their groundbreaking status and their intrinsic individuality. </p><p>Another early photographer, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a> in England, produced a self-published book of <a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">photograms</a> made by placing dried <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> directly on <a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">cyanotype</a> paper. Intended as a scientific study, the stark white on blue images have an ethereal abstract quality due to the negative imaging and lack of natural context for the plants. </p><p>The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> in 1895 and <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> in 1896 caused a great public fascination with things that were previously invisible or unseen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, photographers began to explore how they could capture what could not be seen by normal human vision. </p><p>About this same time Swedish author and artist <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> experimented with subjecting saline solutions on photographic plates to heat and cold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201355_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201355-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images he produced with these experiments were indefinite renderings of what could not otherwise be seen and were thoroughly abstract in their presentation. </p><p>Near the turn of the century Louis Darget in France tried to capture images of mental processes by pressing unexposed plates to the foreheads of sitters and urging them to project images from their minds onto the plates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photographs he produced were blurry and indefinite, yet Darget was convinced that what he called "thought vibrations" were indistinguishable from light rays.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first decade of the 20th century there was a wave of artistic exploration that hastened the transition in painting and sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamboni2002136_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamboni2002136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1903 a series of annual art exhibitions in Paris called the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> introduced the public to then radical vision of artists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kupka" title="František Kupka">František Kupka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>. A decade later the <a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a> in New York created a scandal by showing completely abstract works by <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a>, Duchamp, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public's interest in and sometimes repulsion to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> was duly noted by some of the more creative photographers of the period. By 1910, in New York <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> began to show abstract painters like <a href="/wiki/Marsden_Hartley" title="Marsden Hartley">Marsden Hartley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dove" title="Arthur Dove">Arthur Dove</a> at his <a href="/wiki/291_(art_gallery)" title="291 (art gallery)">291 art gallery</a>, which had previously exhibited only <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">pictorial</a> photography. Photographers like Stieglitz, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Strand" title="Paul Strand">Paul Strand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a> all experimented with depictive subjects photographed in abstract compositions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_Ray,_Lampshade,_391,_n._13,_July_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/170px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/255px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/340px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Man Ray – <i>Lampshade</i>, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The first publicly exhibited images that are now recognized as abstract photographs were a series called <i>Symmetrical Patterns from Natural Forms,</i> shown by Erwin Quedenfeldt in Cologne in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later Alvin Langdon Coburn began experimenting with a series he called <i>Vortographs</i>. During one six-week period in 1917 he took about two dozen photographs with a camera outfitted with a multi-faceted prism. The resulting images were purposely unrelated to the realities he saw and to his previous portraits and cityscapes. He wrote "Why should not the camera throw off the shackles of contemporary representations…? Why, I ask you earnestly, need we go on making commonplace little exposures…?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201356_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201356-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s there was a significant increase in the number of photographers who explored abstract imagery. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> became a center of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> photography, with <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Drtikol" title="František Drtikol">František Drtikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Jaroslav Rössler">Jaroslav Rössler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Sudek" title="Josef Sudek">Josef Sudek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_Funke" title="Jaromír Funke">Jaromír Funke</a> all creating photographs influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>. Rössler's images in particular went beyond representational abstraction to pure abstractions of light and shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirgus2002102_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirgus2002102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany and later in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy" title="László Moholy-Nagy">László Moholy-Nagy</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> school of modernism, experimented with the abstract qualities of the photogram. He said that "the most astonishing possibilities remain to be discovered in the raw material of photograph" and that photographers "must learn to seek, not the 'picture,' not the esthetic of tradition, but the ideal instrument of expression, the self-sufficient vehicle for education."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some photographers during this time also pushed the boundaries of conventional imagery by incorporating the visions of <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a> into their work. <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tabard" title="Maurice Tabard">Maurice Tabard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="André Kertész">André Kertész</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Moffat" title="Curtis Moffat">Curtis Moffat</a> and Filippo Masoero were some of the best known artists who produced startling imagery that questioned both reality and perspective. </p><p>Both during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> photographers such as <a href="/wiki/Minor_White" title="Minor White">Minor White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Siskind" title="Aaron Siskind">Aaron Siskind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holmes_Smith" title="Henry Holmes Smith">Henry Holmes Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Jacobi" title="Lotte Jacobi">Lotte Jacobi</a> explored compositions of found objects in ways that demonstrated even our natural world has elements of abstraction embedded in it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_(1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/220px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/330px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/440px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Josef H. Neumann: Chemogram <i>Gustav I</i> 1976</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sommer" title="Frederick Sommer">Frederick Sommer</a> broke new ground in 1950 by photographing purposely rearranged found objects, resulting in ambiguous images that could be widely interpreted. He chose to title one particular enigmatic image <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Wood" title="The Sacred Wood">The Sacred Wood</a></i>, after <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s essay on criticism and meaning. </p><p>The 1960s were marked uninhibited explorations in to the limits of photographic media at the time, starting with photographers who assembled or re-assembled their own and/or found images, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_K._Metzker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray K. Metzker">Ray K. Metzker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinecken" title="Robert Heinecken">Robert Heinecken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chappell" title="Walter Chappell">Walter Chappell</a>. </p><p>In the mid-1970s <a href="/wiki/Josef_H._Neumann" title="Josef H. Neumann">Josef H. Neumann</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Chemogram" title="Chemogram">chemograms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are products of both <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">photographic processing</a> and painting on <a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a>. Before the spread of computers and the use of image processing software the process of creating <a href="/wiki/Chemogram" title="Chemogram">chemograms</a> can be considered an early form of analog post-production, in which the original image is altered after the enlarging process. Unlike works of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> each <a href="/wiki/Chemogram" title="Chemogram">chemogram</a> is a unique piece.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_III,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg/170px-Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg/255px-Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg/340px-Scene_III%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Barbara Kasten – <i>Scene III</i>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freischwimmer_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Freischwimmer_26.jpg/220px-Freischwimmer_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Freischwimmer_26.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Wolfgang Tillmans – <i>Freischwimmer 26</i>, 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the late 1970s photographers stretched the limits of both scale and surface in what was then traditional photographic media that had to be developed in a darkroom. Inspired by the work of Moholy-Nagy, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rankaitis" title="Susan Rankaitis">Susan Rankaitis</a> first began embedding found images from scientific textbooks into large-scale photograms, creating has been called "a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> that has to be explored almost like an archeological excavation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013196_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013196-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later she produced enormous interactive gallery constructions that expanded the physical and conceptual notions of what a photograph might be.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her work was said to "mimic the fragmentation of the contemporary mind."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s a new wave of photographers were exploring the possibilities of using computers to create new ways of creating photographs. Photographers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruff" title="Thomas Ruff">Thomas Ruff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kasten" title="Barbara Kasten">Barbara Kasten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Friedman_(artist)" title="Tom Friedman (artist)">Tom Friedman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carel_Balth" title="Carel Balth">Carel Balth</a> were creating works that combined photography, sculpture, printmaking and computer-generated images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013144_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once computers and photography software became widely available, the boundaries of abstract photography were expanded beyond the limits of film and chemistry into almost limitless dimensions. Any boundaries that remained between pure artists and pure photographers were eliminated by individuals who worked exclusively in photography but produced only computer-generated images. Among the most well-known of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Umbrico" title="Penelope Umbrico">Penelope Umbrico</a>, Ard Bodewes, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Carey" title="Ellen Carey">Ellen Carey</a>, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruff" title="Thomas Ruff">Thomas Ruff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Prokos" title="Andrew Prokos">Andrew Prokos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans" title="Wolfgang Tillmans">Wolfgang Tillmans</a>, Kim Keever, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Lloyd" title="Harvey Lloyd">Harvey Lloyd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Broomberg_and_Oliver_Chanarin" title="Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin">Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013198-199_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013198-199-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2nat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2nat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2nat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2nat_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasten">Kasten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013262-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013262_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMike_Weaver1986" class="citation book cs1">Mike Weaver (1986). <i>Alvin Langdon Coburn, Symbolist Photographer</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Aperture_Foundation" title="Aperture Foundation">Aperture Foundation</a>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvin+Langdon+Coburn%2C+Symbolist+Photographer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Aperture+Foundation&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Mike+Weaver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuler" class="citation web cs1">Suler, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606050444/http://truecenterpublishing.com/photopsy/abstracts.htm">"Abstract Photographs"</a>. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+Photographs&rft.aulast=Suler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftruecenterpublishing.com%2Fphotopsy%2Fabstracts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013274-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013274_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201352-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201352_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2007" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Alexandra (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Thoughts are Things": Magical Objects, Objective Magic and Sax Rohmer's <i>The Dream –Detective</i> (1920)". In Elmar Schenkel; Stefan Welz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_wcLQ-hKOYC&pg=PA135"><i>Magical Objects: Things and Beyond</i></a>. Galda & Wilch. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931397-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931397-56-2"><bdi>978-3-931397-56-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Thoughts+are+Things%22%3A+Magical+Objects%2C+Objective+Magic+and+Sax+Rohmer%27s+The+Dream+%E2%80%93Detective+%281920%29&rft.btitle=Magical+Objects%3A+Things+and+Beyond&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Galda+%26+Wilch&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-931397-56-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_wcLQ-hKOYC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201355-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201355_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085938/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/remain_in_light/">"Remain in Light"</a>. frieze. 1998-05-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/remain_in_light/">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remain+in+Light&rft.pub=frieze&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frieze.com%2Fissue%2Farticle%2Fremain_in_light%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2013" class="citation book cs1">Enns, Anthony (2013). Anthony Enns; Shelley Trower (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_wcLQ-hKOYC&pg=PA135"><i>Vibratory Modernism</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02724-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02724-5"><bdi>978-1-137-02724-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vibratory+Modernism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02724-5&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_wcLQ-hKOYC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamboni2002136-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamboni2002136_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamboni2002">Gamboni 2002</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804164415/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Museum/Armory/intro.html">"As Avant-Garde as the Rest of Them: An Introduction to the 1913 Armory Show"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Avant-Garde+as+the+Rest+of+Them%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+1913+Armory+Show&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~museum%2Farmory%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artspan.com/abstract-photography#.VQ7xJuHjKHc">"Artspan Portal: Abstract Photography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artspan+Portal%3A+Abstract+Photography.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artspan.com%2Fabstract-photography%23.VQ7xJuHjKHc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer201356-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer201356_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirgus2002102-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirgus2002102_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirgus2002">Birgus 2002</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Kostelanetz1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz" title="Richard Kostelanetz">Richard Kostelanetz</a>, ed. 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Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: <i>Photo-Presse</i>, no. 22, 1976, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriele Richter: "Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme". in: <i>Color Foto</i>, no. 12, 1976, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Mante" title="Harald Mante">Harald Mante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_H._Neumann" title="Josef H. Neumann">Josef H. Neumann</a>: <i>Filme kreativ nutzen</i>. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rONcyIgsI"><span class="plainlinks">"Die Hochglanzwelt des Josef H. Neumann"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <i>Thema 3</i> (Stadtjournal) <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013196-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013196_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuchnic2000" class="citation web cs1">Muchnic, Suzanne (2000-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-28-ca-34855-story.html">"Picture a World with No Limits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Picture+a+World+with+No+Limits&rft.date=2000-05-28&rft.aulast=Muchnic&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-may-28-ca-34855-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeer1989" class="citation web cs1">Geer, Suvan (1989-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-03-31-ca-593-story.html">"Santa Monica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Santa+Monica&rft.date=1989-03-21&rft.aulast=Geer&rft.aufirst=Suvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-03-31-ca-593-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013144-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013144_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERexer2013198-199-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERexer2013198-199_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRexer2013">Rexer 2013</a>, p. 198-199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/abstract-photographers">"These Abstract Photographers Redefine Perception of the Real"</a>. <i>Widewalls</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=These+Abstract+Photographers+Redefine+Perception+of+the+Real&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fmagazine%2Fabstract-photographers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/andrew-prokos-interview">"Breaking the Confines of the Medium"</a>. <i>Widewalls</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Confines+of+the+Medium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fmagazine%2Fandrew-prokos-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgus2002" class="citation book cs1">Birgus, Vladimír (2002). <i>Czech Photographic Avant-Garde 1918–1948</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-02516-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-02516-7"><bdi>0-262-02516-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czech+Photographic+Avant-Garde+1918%E2%80%931948&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-262-02516-7&rft.aulast=Birgus&rft.aufirst=Vladim%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboni2002" class="citation book cs1">Gamboni, Dario (2002). <i>Potential Images: Ambiguity and Indeterminism in Modern Art</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-149-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-149-0"><bdi>1-86189-149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potential+Images%3A+Ambiguity+and+Indeterminism+in+Modern+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86189-149-0&rft.aulast=Gamboni&rft.aufirst=Dario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasten" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kasten" title="Barbara Kasten">Kasten, Barbara</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093242/http://barbarakasten.net/second-nature-abstract-photography-then-and-now/">"Second Nature: Abstract Photography Then and Now"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barbarakasten.net/second-nature-abstract-photography-then-and-now/">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Nature%3A+Abstract+Photography+Then+and+Now&rft.aulast=Kasten&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarbarakasten.net%2Fsecond-nature-abstract-photography-then-and-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos_Molina2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramos Molina, Antonio Luis (2018). <i>La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística</i> (doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Granada" title="University of Granada">University of Granada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+magia+de+la+qu%C3%ADmica+fotogr%C3%A1fica%3A+El+quimigrama.+Conceptos%2C+t%C3%A9cnicas+y+procedimientos+del+quimigrama+en+la+expresi%C3%B3n+art%C3%ADstica&rft.inst=University+of+Granada&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ramos+Molina&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexer2013" class="citation book cs1">Rexer, Lyle (2013). <i>The Edge of Vision: The Rise of Abstraction in Photography</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Aperture_Foundation" title="Aperture Foundation">Aperture Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597112420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597112420"><bdi>978-1597112420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Vision%3A+The+Rise+of+Abstraction+in+Photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Aperture+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1597112420&rft.aulast=Rexer&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstract+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abstract_photography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abstract photography">Abstract photography</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abstract_art" 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