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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages and disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Synchronization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synchronization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Synchronization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synchronization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Packets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Latency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_and_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue;">CobraNet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CobraNet_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CobraNet_logo.svg/200px-CobraNet_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CobraNet_logo.svg/300px-CobraNet_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CobraNet_logo.svg/400px-CobraNet_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="331" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">CobraNet logo</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Manufacturer Info</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Development date</th><td class="infobox-data">1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Network Compatibility</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;"><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Switchable</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;"><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Routable</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">data rates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">Fast Ethernet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Audio Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Minimum <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a><sup id="cite_ref-AES_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum channels per link</th><td class="infobox-data">64</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a><sup id="cite_ref-AES_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bit depth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 bits</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CobraNet</b> is a combination of software, hardware, and <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocols</a> designed to deliver <a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">uncompressed</a>, multi-channel, <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">low-latency</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> over a standard <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> network. Developed in the 1990s, CobraNet is widely regarded as the first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">audio-over-Ethernet</a> implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CobraNet was designed for and is primarily used in large commercial audio installations such as convention centers, stadiums, airports, theme parks, and concert halls. It has applications where a large number of audio channels must be transmitted over long distances or to multiple locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballou2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballou2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CobraNet is an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Analog_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog audio">analog audio</a>, which suffers from signal degradation over long cable runs due to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltage_drop" title="Voltage drop">voltage drop</a>. Additionally, the use of digital <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> allows audio to be transmitted using less cabling than analog audio.<sup id="cite_ref-FroehlichKent1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FroehlichKent1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CobraNet was developed in 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>-based Peak Audio. Initial demonstrations were of a 10 Mbit/s point-to-point system with limited channel capacity. The first permanent installation of CobraNet in this early form was to provide background music throughout <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom" title="Disney's Animal Kingdom">Disney's Animal Kingdom</a> theme park.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercial use of CobraNet was during the <a href="/wiki/Halftime_show" title="Halftime show">halftime show</a> at <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXI" title="Super Bowl XXXI">Super Bowl XXXI</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CobraNet was first introduced as an interoperable standard in collaboration with manufacturer <a href="/wiki/QSC_Audio_Products" title="QSC Audio Products">QSC Audio Products</a>. QSC was the first to license the technology from Peak Audio and marketed it under the RAVE brand. At this point CobraNet had graduated to <a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">fast Ethernet</a> and used a unique collision avoidance technique<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to carry up to 64 channels per Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a>. </p><p>CobraNet was subsequently enhanced to support and eventually require a <a href="/wiki/Switched_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Switched Ethernet">switched Ethernet</a> network. An <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a> agent was added for remote control and monitoring. Support for higher <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sample rates</a>, increased bit resolutions and lowered latency capabilities were later introduced in an incremental and backward-compatible manner. </p><p>In May 2001, <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> announced that it had acquired the assets of Peak Audio.<sup id="cite_ref-Doering_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doering-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEC10Q_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEC10Q-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leveraging Cirrus DSP technology, a low-cost <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">SoC</a> implementation of CobraNet was developed and marketed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using CobraNet and fast Ethernet, 64 channels of uncompressed digital audio are carried through a single <a href="/wiki/Category_5_cable" title="Category 5 cable">category 5 cable</a>. Using <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">gigabit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> Ethernet variants, the cost of cabling per audio channel is reduced further compared to the fast Ethernet implementation. CobraNet data can coexist with data traffic over existing Ethernet networks so a single network infrastructure can serve audio distribution and other networking needs.<sup id="cite_ref-ethernet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethernet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faq12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Audio routing can be changed at any time with network commands, and does not require rewiring.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Audio is transmitted in <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> form, and provides reduced susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosstalk (electronics)">crosstalk</a>, coloration, and <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a> owing to cable <a href="/wiki/Cable_theory" title="Cable theory">impedance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-distribution_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distribution-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-renkus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renkus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of Ethernet by CobraNet offers many <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">link aggregation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">network management</a>. For critical applications, CobraNet devices can be wired with redundant connections to the network. In this configuration, if one CobraNet device, cable, or Ethernet switch fails, the other takes over almost immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-yamahaintro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamahaintro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yamahasystemdesign_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamahasystemdesign-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delays over the CobraNet transmission medium itself are at least <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milliseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliseconds">milliseconds</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per network traversal. For some applications, these delays can be unacceptable – especially when combined with further delays resulting from <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">propagation time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> and the conversions between <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">digital</a>. </p><p>Licensing the technology or purchasing the required CobraNet interfaces, which encode and decode the CobraNet signal, can be expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg/350px-Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg/525px-Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg/700px-Cobranet_blockdiagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Simple block diagram of an audio system employing CobraNet technology. Red lines indicate <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signals</a>, while green lines indicate standard <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> signals.</figcaption></figure> <p>CobraNet is transmitted using standard Ethernet packets. Instead of using <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> packets, CobraNet transfers data using <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> packets, which travel quickly through <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">hubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a>, and are not as susceptible to the latency and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a> problems commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> protocols using a higher <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a>. However, since CobraNet does not use <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP protocol</a>, its packets cannot travel through <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, and therefore it is limited to use on a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a>; CobraNet cannot be used over the Internet. The network over which CobraNet is transmitted must be able to operate at a minimum of <span class="nowrap">100 Mbit/s</span>. All CobraNet packets are identified with a unique <a href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">Ethernet protocol identifier</a> (0x8819) assigned to Cirrus Logic.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CobraNet is not designed to work over wireless networks. Bandwidth and reliability issues associated with typical <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> wireless networks tend to cause frequent dropouts and errors.<sup id="cite_ref-faq13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wireless communication of CobraNet data can be accomplished reliably using lasers.<sup id="cite_ref-laser_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channels_and_bundles">Channels and bundles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Channels and bundles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CobraNet data is organized into channels and bundles. A typical CobraNet signal can contain up to 4 bundles of audio traveling in each direction, for a total of 8 bundles per device. Each bundle houses up to 8 channels of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">48 kHz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">20-bit</a> audio, for a total capacity of 64 channels. CobraNet is somewhat scalable, in that channel capacity increases when 16-bit audio is used, and channel capacity decreases when 24-bit audio is used. The number of channels allowed per bundle is limited by the 1,500-byte Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" title="Maximum transmission unit">MTU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three types of bundles: multicast, unicast, and private:<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Multicast bundles</b> are sent from one CobraNet device to all other CobraNet devices in the network using <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address#Ethernet" title="Multicast address">Ethernet multicast addressing</a>. Each CobraNet device individually determines if it will use the bundle or discard it. Therefore, multicast bundles are more bandwidth-intensive than other bundle types. Bundle numbers 1–255 are reserved for multicast bundles.</li> <li><b>Unicast bundles</b> are sent from one CobraNet device to any other device or devices configured to receive the bundle number. Unicast bundles are much more efficient because network switches route them only to devices which actually want to receive them. Despite their name, unicast bundles may still be sent to multiple devices, either by transmitting multiple copies of the audio data or using multicast addressing. Bundle numbers 256–65279 are reserved for unicast bundles.</li> <li><b>Private bundles</b> may be sent with unicast or multicast addressing. Bundle numbers 65280–65535 are reserved for private bundles. Private bundle numbers are paired with the <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> of the device that transmits them. To receive a private bundle, both the bundle number and the MAC address of the transmitter must be specified. Because 256 private bundles available to each transmitter, there is no limit on the total number private bundles on a network.</li></ul> <p>As long as multicast bundles are used sparingly, it is virtually impossible to exceed the bandwidth of a 100 Mbit network with CobraNet data. However, there are limitations to the maximum number of bundles that can be sent on a network, since the <a href="/wiki/Cobranet#Synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobranet">conductor</a> must include data in its beat packets for every bundle on the network, and the beat packet is limited to 1,500 bytes. If each device is transmitting one bundle, there may be up to 184 transmitters active simultaneously (for a total of 184 bundles). If each device is transmitting four bundles, then only 105 transmitters can be active, although they would be producing a total of 421 active bundles. The use of private bundles does not require any additional data in the beat packet, so these network limitations can be sidestepped by using private bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-faq28_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq28-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronization">Synchronization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synchronization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CobraNet network is synchronized to a single CobraNet device known as the <i>conductor</i>. A <i>conductor priority</i> can be configured to influence the selection of the conductor. Among devices with the same conductor priority, the first to establish itself on the network becomes is elected conductor. All other devices are known as <i>performers</i>. In the event that the conductor fails, another CobraNet device will be chosen to become the conductor within milliseconds. CobraNet cannot function without a conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-faq24_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packets">Packets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Packets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four main types of packet are used in the transmission and synchronization of CobraNet:<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Beat packets</b> – the conductor outputs a beat packet to all other CobraNet devices on the network at a rate of 750 packets per second. All other CobraNet devices on the network synchronize their audio clock and their data transmissions to the beat packet. The beat packet contains network operating parameters, clock data and transmission permissions for multicast and unicast bundles.</li> <li><b>Audio packets</b> – also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Isochronous_data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Isochronous data transmission">isochronous</a> data packets</i>, these packets are sent out by all CobraNet devices after they receive a beat packet. At standard latency settings, one audio packet is sent for each beat packet received, and each audio packet includes 64 <a href="/wiki/Audio_samples" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio samples">samples</a> of audio data per channel. At lower latency settings, audio packets may be sent twice or four times for each beat packet received. Bundles do not share packets; separate packets are sent in sequence for each bundle transmitted from the same device.</li> <li><b>Reservation packets</b> – these packets are transmitted as needed or typically once per second at minimum. Their function is to control bandwidth allocation, initiate connections between CobraNet devices, and monitor the status of CobraNet devices.</li> <li><b>Serial bridge packets</b> – <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial data</a> may be sent between CobraNet devices on the same network. Many standard asynchronous serial formats are supported, including <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latency">Latency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The buffering and transmission of audio data in Ethernet packets typically incurs a delay of 256 samples or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> milliseconds. Additional delays are introduced through <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog-to-digital conversion">analog-to-digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital-to-analog conversion">digital-to-analog conversion</a>. Latency can be reduced by sending smaller packets more often. In most cases, the programmer can choose the desired CobraNet latency for a particular CobraNet device (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> milliseconds).<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, reducing audio latency has consequences: </p> <ul><li>Reducing latency requires more processing by the CobraNet interface and may reduce channel capacity.</li> <li>Reducing latency places additional demands on network performance, and may not be possible in some network configurations if the <a href="/wiki/Packet_transfer_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet transfer delay">forwarding delay</a> is too high.</li> <li>Since reducing latency means sending smaller packets more often, higher resolution (i.e. 96 kHz, 24-bit) audio channels can be sent per bundle without exceeding the 1,500-byte payload limit for Ethernet packets.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Latency </th> <th colspan="6">Channels per bundle </th></tr> <tr> <td>16-bit, 48 kHz </td> <td>20-bit, 48 kHz </td> <td>24-bit, 48 kHz </td> <td>16-bit, 96 kHz </td> <td>20-bit, 96 kHz </td> <td>24-bit, 96 kHz </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It may seem from the <i>Latency vs. Channels per bundle</i> table that more information can be sent at a lower latency. However, that is not the case. More channels can be sent per bundle, but fewer bundles can be processed simultaneously by one device. So, while eight 24-bit, 96 kHz channels can be sent in one bundle at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms latency, due to processing constraints, the CobraNet device may only be able to send and receive one bundle instead of the usual four. The bundle capacity of CobraNet devices are unique to the particular device and are not always the same. The <i>Channels per bundle vs. test case latencies</i> table illustrates the bundle capacity for a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biamp_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biamp Systems (page does not exist)">Biamp</a> AudiaFLEX-CM DSP device. The Rx and Tx columns indicate the absolute maximum number of channels that can be received or transmitted. The Rx/Tx column represents the maximum number of channels that can be received and transmitted simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Channels per bundle </th> <th colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms latency </th> <th colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms latency </th> <th colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms latency </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Rx </td> <td>Tx </td> <td>Rx/Tx </td> <td>Rx </td> <td>Tx </td> <td>Rx/Tx </td> <td>Rx </td> <td>Tx </td> <td>Rx/Tx </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>8 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>16/16 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>7 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>29/29 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>14/15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>29/29 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>12/13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>25/27 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>12/13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>24/24 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>12/12 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32/32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>20/21 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>9/11 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>28/29 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>16/16 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>6/7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16/16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>9/10 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4/4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_and_software">Hardware and software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hardware and software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CobraNet_network_cards">CobraNet network cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CobraNet network cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CobraNet interfaces come in several varieties, some of which can support more channels than others. Additionally, CobraNet interfaces have two Ethernet ports labelled "primary" and "secondary". Only the primary Ethernet port needs to be connected, but if both ports are connected the latter acts as a <a href="/wiki/Fail-safe" title="Fail-safe">fail-safe</a>. Careful network design and topology which takes advantage of this feature can provide extremely high reliability in critical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-yamahaintro_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamahaintro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yamahasystemdesign_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamahasystemdesign-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical CobraNet interfaces provided by Cirrus Logic are the CM-1 and the CM-2:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>CM-1</b> – the standard CobraNet card, provides 32 in and 32 out audio channels.</li> <li><b>CM-2</b> – compact, low-power, lower cost design provides 8 or 16 audio channels.</li></ul> <p>Both cards are designed to be added to audio products by the manufacturer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cirrus Logic provides a software application known as CobraCAD, which assists in the design of the network on which the CobraNet system will run. It helps to identify if there are too many routers between two CobraNet devices, if a certain latency is possible given the network configuration and other tasks. However, Cirrus Logic does not provide software to manipulate their hardware. In fact, in the simplest of cases, no software is required by the end user. For instance, a simple <a href="/wiki/Breakout_box" title="Breakout box">breakout box</a> which converts a CobraNet signal to eight analog audio signals would require little or no configuration by the end user apart from possibly selecting the bundle number.<sup id="cite_ref-whirlwind-ci8m_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlwind-ci8m-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If configuration is required (for example, in a DSP box with integrated CobraNet I/O), then the manufacturer of the device typically supplies proprietary software for that purpose. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devices">Devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One type of device that integrates CobraNet is the audio <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a>. As self-powered speakers became more common, Cobranet was frequently used to distribute the audio signal from the DSP.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These devices typically receive audio from CobraNet (and often from other digital or analog sources simultaneously), and process the audio using digital filters and effects (for example, volume control, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">EQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_level_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio level compression">compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_crossover" title="Audio crossover">crossovers</a>, etc.) and then output the audio via CobraNet (or other digital or analog outputs).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some DSPs even have an integral <a href="/wiki/Telephone_hybrid" title="Telephone hybrid">telephone hybrid</a>, and can incorporate CobraNet and other sources into a <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing">teleconferencing</a> application.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a> with integrated CobraNet help keep the signal chain digital for a longer span. Amplifiers with CobraNet inputs may also have limited DSP and network monitoring capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeakers</a> with integrated CobraNet help keep the signal chain digital for an even longer span. In a typical <a href="/wiki/Passive_speakers_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive speakers (audio)">unpowered speaker</a> application, the amplifier would be housed far away from the speaker, and a long speaker cable (analog) would be run between the speaker and the amplifier. The speaker cable would be subject to interference and signal loss from electrical resistance. However, a <a href="/wiki/Powered_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered speaker">powered speaker</a>, powered by an electrical cable and fitted with integrated CobraNet inputs, eliminates the speaker cable and replaces it with a network cable.<sup id="cite_ref-distribution_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distribution-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-renkus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renkus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a speaker will only use one audio channel out of the bundle, many speakers with CobraNet will also have a number of analog outputs for the rest of the channels in the bundle, which is useful in speaker cluster applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2015)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many digital <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a> are available with optional CobraNet interfaces for increased channel capacity and reduced cabling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers who wish to integrate CobraNet connectivity into their devices either license the technology or purchase CobraNet interface modules or chips from Cirrus Logic.<sup id="cite_ref-licensee_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-licensee-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailey2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many audio equipment manufacturers have included CobraNet in their products. Below is a partial list:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAAPA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAAPA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Biamp Systems<sup id="cite_ref-Doering_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doering-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corporation" title="Bose Corporation">Bose Corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dbx,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Dbx, Inc.">dbx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Audio" title="Crest Audio">Crest Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_International" title="Crown International">Crown International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%26R" title="D&R">D&R Electronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Acoustic_Works" title="Eastern Acoustic Works">EAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-Voice" title="Electro-Voice">Electro-Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBL_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="JBL (company)">JBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab.gruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab.gruppen">Lab.gruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackie_(company)" title="Mackie (company)">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_Consoles" title="Midas Consoles">Midas Consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_Electronics" title="Peavey Electronics">Peavey</a> MediaMatrix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QSC_Audio_Products" title="QSC Audio Products">QSC Audio Products</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rane <sup id="cite_ref-IAAPA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAAPA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renkus-Heinz" title="Renkus-Heinz">Renkus-Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundcraft" title="Soundcraft">Soundcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symetrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symetrix (page does not exist)">Symetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha Corporation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Contribution_over_IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio Contribution over IP">Audio Contribution over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherSound" title="EtherSound">EtherSound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_(networking)" title="Dante (networking)">Dante</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CobraNet supports three latency modes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ms. See <a href="#Latency">§ Latency</a> for details.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AES-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AES_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AES_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/technical/documents/AESTD1003V1.pdf">"Best Practices in Network Audio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Audio Engineering Society. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Since then, many other manufacturers worldwide have begun to offer CobraNet compliant equipment (for a full list of CobraNet manufacturers, visit www.peakaudio.com/CobraNet/index.htm).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Funworld&rft.atitle=Audio+Systems%E2%80%94it%27s+Not+Just+Speakers+and+Wires+Anymore&rft.volume=18&rft.date=2002-05&rft.au=Jody+Van+Meter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBlEsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118112739/http://worldwide.bose.com/pro/en/web/pm_8500_8500n/page.html?term=expansion_card&view=component">"PowerMatch CobraNet card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bose_Corporation" title="Bose Corporation">Bose Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwide.bose.com/pro/en/web/pm_8500_8500n/page.html?term=expansion_card&view=component">the original</a> on 2013-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PowerMatch+CobraNet+card&rft.pub=Bose+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.bose.com%2Fpro%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fpm_8500_8500n%2Fpage.html%3Fterm%3Dexpansion_card%26view%3Dcomponent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolby.com/uploadedFiles/Assets/US/Doc/Professional/Dolby_Lake_Processor_System_Manual.pdf">"Dolby® Lake® Processor System Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dolby Laboratories, Inc. p. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dolby%C2%AE+Lake%C2%AE+Processor+System+Manual&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Dolby+Laboratories%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolby.com%2FuploadedFiles%2FAssets%2FUS%2FDoc%2FProfessional%2FDolby_Lake_Processor_System_Manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/news/digital-cinema/e3ie0c04bd1a97fdf52b8de0c600c47c2db"><i>QSC debuts the DXP digital expansion processor at CinemaCon</i></a>, 2012-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QSC+debuts+the+DXP+digital+expansion+processor+at+CinemaCon&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmjournal.com%2Ffilmjournal%2Fcontent_display%2Fnews-and-features%2Fnews%2Fdigital-cinema%2Fe3ie0c04bd1a97fdf52b8de0c600c47c2db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fohonline.com/newgear/6556-q-sys-ccn32-cobranet-audio-io-card-now-available.html"><i>Q-Sys CCN32 CobraNet Audio I/O Card Now Available</i></a>, March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q-Sys+CCN32+CobraNet+Audio+I%2FO+Card+Now+Available&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fohonline.com%2Fnewgear%2F6556-q-sys-ccn32-cobranet-audio-io-card-now-available.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208181216/http://www.inavateonthenet.net/article/44918/QSC-bolsters-Q-Sys-with-controller-and-I-O-card.aspx"><i>QSC BOLSTERS Q-SYS WITH CONTROLLER AND I/O CARD</i></a>, InAVate, 2011-09-14, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inavateonthenet.net/article/44918/QSC-bolsters-Q-Sys-with-controller-and-I-O-card.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QSC+BOLSTERS+Q-SYS+WITH+CONTROLLER+AND+I%2FO+CARD&rft.pub=InAVate&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inavateonthenet.net%2Farticle%2F44918%2FQSC-bolsters-Q-Sys-with-controller-and-I-O-card.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobraNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobranet.info">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921081936/http://www.atterotech.com/what-is-cobranet/cobranet-faq/">CobraNet overview, usage and Frequently Asked Questions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template talk:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Digital audio and video protocols</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols for remotely configuring and controlling AV equipment">Control</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">CEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><i>Obsolete:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLAN" title="MLAN">mLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIPI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIPI">ZIPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols capable of being routed across standard TCP/IP networks.">IP</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONVIF" title="ONVIF">ONVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">Open Sound Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES70" class="mw-redirect" title="AES70">AES70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTP-MIDI" title="RTP-MIDI">RTP-MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_Networking" title="Deterministic Networking">DetNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Net" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Net">A-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES50" title="AES50">AES50</a> (SuperMAC)</li> <li>AudioRail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MaGIC">MaGIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Ethernet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES51" title="AES51">AES51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">AVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avnu#Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avnu">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CobraNet</a></li> <li>dSNAKE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherSound" title="EtherSound">EtherSound</a></li> <li>REAC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundGrid" title="SoundGrid">SoundGrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_IP" title="Audio over IP"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols capable of being routed across standard TCP/IP networks.">IP</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES67" title="AES67">AES67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_(networking)" title="Dante (networking)">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" title="JACK Audio Connection Kit">NetJack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livewire_(networking)" title="Livewire (networking)">Livewire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-LAN" title="Q-LAN">Q-LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_(networking)" title="Ravenna (networking)">Ravenna</a></li> <li>WheatNet-IP</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">SDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Ethernet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">AVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-Sensitive_Networking" title="Time-Sensitive Networking">TSN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_video_over_IP" title="Professional video over IP">IP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_bit_rate_media_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="High bit rate media transport">HBRMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2110" title="SMPTE 2110">SMPTE 2110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Reliable_Transport" title="Secure Reliable Transport">SRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Messaging_Protocol" title="Real-Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Visual charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_network_protocols" title="Comparison of audio network protocols">Comparison of audio network protocols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">AES47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&oldid=1258745965">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CobraNet&oldid=1258745965</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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