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Open Research Online
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</div> </div><!-- End ou-header v2.0.0.573 --> </div> <div id="ou-site"> <div id="ou-site-header"> <header> <div id="ou-site-ident"> <h2 class="ou-site-ident__title"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home"> Open Research Online <span class="ou-repo-acronym">- ORO</span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="ep_tm_header ep_noprint "> <nav class="ou-sections ou-sections--bar" aria-label="Oro primary"> <ul role="menubar" aria-orientation="horizontal"> <li role="menuitem"><a href="/" class="active ou-selected">Home</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="/cgi/search" class="menulink">Search</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="/view" class="menulink">Browse</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="/cgi/users/home" class="menulink">User Area</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="/help" class="menulink">Help</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="access"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/libraryservices/forms/accessibility-feedback-oro/?permalink_path=https://oro.open.ac.uk/">ORO Site 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ORO</label> <input name="q" id="q" maxlength="256" type="text" class="ou_homepage_text" placeholder="Search ORO" /><button value="Search" name="_action_search" type="submit" class="ou_homepage_search_button"> <img src="/style/images/search.png" alt="Search" /> </button> <input name="order" id="order" value="-date/creators_name/title" type="hidden" /> </form> </div> <div class="ou_homepage_description">Open Research Online (ORO) is the Open Access repository of research outputs from The Open University's research community. The service is publicly accessible and can be browsed and searched freely.</div> <div class="ou_homepage_browse"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">Browse by OU author</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/view/person/index.A.html" aria-label="Ay">A</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.B.html">B</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.C.html">C</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.D.html">D</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.E.html">E</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.F.html">F</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.G.html">G</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.H.html">H</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.I.html">I</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.J.html">J</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.K.html">K</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.L.html">L</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.M.html">M</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.N.html">N</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.O.html">O</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.P.html">P</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.Q.html">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.R.html">R</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.S.html">S</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.T.html">T</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.U.html">U</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.V.html">V</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.W.html">W</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.X.html">X</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.Y.html">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/view/person/index.Z.html">Z</a></li> </ul> <p class="ou_hompage_browse_alternate">Alternatively, browse by <a href="/view/year/">Year</a><a href="/view/thesis">Thesis</a><a href="/view/faculty_dept">Unit</a><a href="/view/research_centre">Research Group</a><a href="/view/dissertation">Student Research</a></p> </div> <div class="homepage_updates_section"> <div class="latest_upload"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">Latest upload</h2> <div class="latest_upload_image"> <img src="https://oro.open.ac.uk/103461/1.haspreviewThumbnailVersion/GPG%20SRH%20Interim%20report_April25_FINAL.pdf" alt="document preview" /> </div> <div class="latest_upload_citation"> <span class="homepage_upload_details homepage_upload_date">Uploaded 4 April 2025</span> <a href="/103461" class="homepage_upload_details latest_item_link">Experiences of pain in sexual & reproductive health procedures: The Gender Pain Gap in Sexual & Reproductive Health: Phase 1 Interim Report</a> <span class="homepage_upload_details homepage_upload_authors">(2025) <a href="/view/person/cp3268.html" class="oro_hp_author_link">Purcell, Carrie</a> and <a href="/view/person/ag4274.html" class="oro_hp_author_link">Greenfield, Mari</a></span> <span class="homepage_upload_details homepage_upload_file"> <ul class="document_list"> <li class="document_download"> <a class="ep_document_link" href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/103461/1/GPG%20SRH%20Interim%20report_April25_FINAL.pdf"> Download <span class="ep_document_citation">Version of Record</span> <span class="ep_document_citation">(PDF / 330kB)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="homepage_download_stats"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">ORO downloads this month</h2> <div class="download_graph"> <svg viewBox="0 0 500 250" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" role="img" aria-labelledby="homepage_dl_stats_title homepage_dl_stats_desc"> <title id="homepage_dl_stats_title">Monthly downloads bar chart</title> <desc id="homepage_dl_stats_desc">Downloads by faculty this month: Fass 9591, FBL 3436, STEM 11719, Wels 6219, IET 2128</desc> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="220" x2="400" y2="220"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="170" x2="400" y2="170"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="120" x2="400" y2="120"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="70" x2="400" y2="70"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="20" x2="400" y2="20"></line> <text x="15" y="225" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">0</text> <text x="0" y="125" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">6k</text> <text x="0" y="25" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">12k</text> <text x="45" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FASS</text> <text x="122" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FBL</text> <text x="185" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">STEM</text> <text x="255" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">WELS</text> <text x="332" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">IET</text> <rect x="40" y="59" width="50" height="159" fill="#e21481"></rect><title>9591 FASS downloads this month</title> <rect x="110" y="161" width="50" height="57" fill="#068293"></rect><title>3436 FBL downloads this month </title> <rect x="180" y="23" width="50" height="195" fill="#0e56a7"></rect><title>11719 STEM downloads this month</title> <rect x="250" y="115" width="50" height="103" fill="#d34616"></rect><title>6219 WELS downloads this month</title> <rect x="320" y="183" width="50" height="35" fill="#301934"></rect><title>2128 IET downloads this month</title> </svg> </div> <div class="homepage_download_stats_below"><a class="homepage_download_stats_link" href="/cgi/stats/report?range=1y&view_range=View">Explore ORO statistics</a></div> <span class="download_update_datestamp">Updated 7 April 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ou-region2" class="oro-homepage-r2"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">Useful Information</h2> <ul class="homepage_links"> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/open-access-publishing/open-research-online"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/information.png" alt="" /> About ORO</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/open-access-publishing"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/help.png" alt="" /> What is Open Access?</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/open-access-publishing/open-university-open-access-policy"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/reference.png" alt="" /> Open Access Policy</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/open-access-publishing/open-research-online-oro-policies"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/reference.png" alt="" /> ORO Policies</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/research-support-team"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/support.png" alt="" /> Contact Library Research Support</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">Links to other OU library sites</h2> <ul class="homepage_links"> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/link_external.png" alt="" /> The OU Library</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/link_external.png" alt="" /> Library Research Support</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://ordo.open.ac.uk"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/link_external.png" alt="" /> Open Research Data Online (ORDO)</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">Links to useful OU research sites</h2> <ul class="homepage_links"> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/research"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/link_external.png" alt="" /> Research at The OU</a></li> <li class="homepage_link"><a class="homepage_link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/research/degrees/"><img class="homepage_link" src="/style/images/link_external.png" alt="" /> Research Degrees</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end ou-content --> </main> </div> <!-- end ou-page --> </div> <!-- end ou-site-body --> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="ORO page footer navigation"> <div id="ou-site-footer"> <a class="ou-to-top" href="#ou-content" style="opacity: 0;"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-up"></i> Back to top</a> </div> </nav> <!-- end ou-site-footer --> <!-- ou-footer v2.0.0.573 --> <div id="ou-org-footer" class="ou-footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="ou site footer"><div class="ou-container"><div class="ou-header"><div class="ou-crest"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.573" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.573 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.573 2x" 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