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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions and activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_channels_(nadis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_channels_(nadis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Three channels (<i>nadis</i>)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Three_channels_(nadis)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Three channels (<i>nadis</i>) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Three_channels_(nadis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_channel_(Sushumna)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_channel_(Sushumna)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Central channel (<i>Sushumna</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_channel_(Sushumna)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Side channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Left_channel_(Ida)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_channel_(Ida)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Left channel (<i>Ida</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_channel_(Ida)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_channel_(Pingala)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_channel_(Pingala)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Right channel (<i>Pingala</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_channel_(Pingala)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unblocking_the_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unblocking_the_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unblocking the channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unblocking_the_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other traditions and interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_traditions_and_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other traditions and interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tibetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7)" title="نادي (يوغا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نادي (يوغا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97)" title="নাদী (যোগ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাদী (যোগ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nadi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1di_(j%C3%B3ga)" title="Nádi (jóga) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nádi (jóga)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(Yoga)" title="Nadi (Yoga) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nadi (Yoga)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nadi (yoga)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7)" title="نادی (یوگا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نادی (یوگا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nadi (yoga)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97)" title="नाड़ी (योग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाड़ी (योग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nadi (yoga)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97)" title="ನಾಡಿ (ಯೋಗ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಡಿ (ಯೋಗ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C5%BEiai" title="Nadžiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nadžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1nanadi" title="Pránanadi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pránanadi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(Veda%27s)" title="Nadi (Veda's) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nadi (Veda's)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(joga)" title="Nadi (joga) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadi (joga)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nadi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нади – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нади" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1d%C3%AD" title="Nádí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nádí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Нади (јога) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нади (јога)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(jooga)" title="Nadi (jooga) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nadi (jooga)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nadi (yoga)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE)" title="నాడి (యోగా) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాడి (యోగా)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Наді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%88_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="脈 (印度醫學) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脈 (印度醫學)" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subtle energy channels described in yoga and Tantra</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the village of Nadiş in <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Cehu_Silvaniei" title="Cehu Silvaniei">Cehu Silvaniei</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SahajaSubtleSystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/220px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/330px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SahajaSubtleSystem.svg/440px-SahajaSubtleSystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>A simplified view of the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, showing the three major nadis or channels, the Ida (B), Sushumna (C), and Pingala (D), which run vertically in the body</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nāḍī</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">नाड़ी</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'tube, pipe, nerve, blood vessel, pulse') is a term for the channels through which, in traditional Indian medicine and spiritual theory, the energies such as <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">physical body</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Causal_body" title="Causal body">causal body</a> are said to flow. Within this philosophical framework, the nadis are said to connect at special points of intensity, the <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All nadis are said to originate from one of two centres; the heart and the <i>kanda</i>, the latter being an egg-shaped bulb in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic area</a>, just below the navel.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three principal nadis run from the base of the spine to the head, and are the ida on the left, the sushumna in the centre, and the pingala on the right. Ultimately the goal is to unblock these nadis to bring liberation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nadi is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, mentioned and described in the sources, some as much as 3,000 years old. The number of nadis of the human body is claimed to be up to hundreds-of-thousands and even millions. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i> treatise on <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> states, for example, that out of 350,000 nadis 14 are particularly important, and among them, the three just mentioned are the three most vital.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three principal nadis are <i>ida</i>, <i>pingala</i>, and <i>sushumna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ida</i> (इडा, iḍā "comfort") lies to the left of the spine, whereas <i>pingala</i> (पिङ्गल, piṅgala "orange", "tawny", "golden", "solar") is to the right side of the spine, mirroring the ida. <i>Sushumna</i> (Suṣumṇa "very gracious", "kind"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) runs along the spinal cord in the center, through the seven <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">chakras</a>. When the channels are unblocked by the action of yoga, the energy of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a> uncoils and rises up the <i>sushumna</i> from the base of the spine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the sushumna came to be envisioned as a vertical channel extending upwards from the heart, navel region, or base of the torso, there is an old precedent for the idea that it extends, like the śaktitantu, to the feet: the Mataṅgapārameśvara, a comparatively early Siddhāntatantra, envisions the sushumna running from the tips of the big toes to the crown of the head via the navel and heart. This archaic model of a central channel extending to the feet, linking together the principal series of nine lotuses [i.e., Kapālīśabhairava, the four Devīs and the four Dūtīs] spanning the body’s axis from crest (śikhā) to feet (pāda), may underlie the Brahmayāmala’s conception of the śaktitantu. </p><p>The nadis play a role in yoga, as many yogic practices, including <a href="/wiki/Satkarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Satkarma">shatkarmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, are intended to open and unblock the nadis. The ultimate aim of some yogic practices are to direct prana into the sushumna nadi specifically, enabling <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a> to rise, and thus bring about <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, or liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_references">Early references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indic_Manuscript_347,_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg/220px-Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg/330px-Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg/440px-Indic_Manuscript_347%2C_side_a_Wellcome_L0024647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha Upanishad</a></i> (13–16 cc. CE) further describes it as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The nāḍis penetrate the body from the soles of the feet to the crown of the head. In them is <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Prāṇa">prāṇa</a></i>, the breath of life and in that life abides <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></i>, which is the abode of <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></i>, creatrix of the animate and inanimate worlds." (VU 54/5)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></figcaption></figure> <p>Several of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> use the concept of nadis (channels). The nadi system is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a></i> (8~6 cc. BCE), verse 8.6.6.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in verses 3.6–3.7 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prasna_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasna Upanishad">Prasna Upanishad</a></i> (second half of the 1 millennium BCE). As stated in the last, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>3.6</i> "In the heart verily is <i><a href="/wiki/Jivatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatma">Jivātma</a></i>. Here a hundred and one <i>nāḍis</i> arise. For each of these nāḍis there are one hundred <i>nāḍikās</i>. For each of these there are thousands more. In these <i><a href="/wiki/Vyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyana">Vyâna</a></i> moves."<br /><i>3.7</i> "Through one of these, the <i>Udâna</i> leads us upward by virtue of good deeds to the good worlds, by sin to the sinful worlds, by both to the worlds of men indeed." (PU Q3)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The medieval <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sat-Cakra-Nirupana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sat-Cakra-Nirupana (page does not exist)">Sat-Cakra-Nirupana</a></i> (1520s), one of the later and more fully developed classical texts on nadis and chakras, refers to these three main nadis by the names Sasi, Mihira, and Susumna.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the space outside the Meru, the right apart from the body placed on the left and the right, are the two nadis, Sasi and Mihira. The Nadi Susumna, whose substance is the threefold Gunas, is in the middle. She is the form of Moon, Sun, and Fire even water also; Her body, a string of blooming Dhatura flowers, extends from the middle of the Kanda to the Head, and the Vajra inside Her extends, shining, from the Medhra to the Head.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_and_activities">Functions and activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine_(Vedanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)">Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> theory, nadis carry <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>, life force energy. In the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine_(Vedanta)#Sthula_sarira" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)">physical body</a>, the nadis are channels carrying air, water, nutrients, blood and other bodily fluids around and are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioles">bronchioles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymph_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph system">lymph canals</a> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subtle and the causal body, the nadis are channels for so-called cosmic, vital, seminal, mental, intellectual, etc. energies (collectively described as <i>prana</i>) and are important for sensations, consciousness and the spiritual <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">aura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yoga texts disagree on the number of nadis in the human body. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Goraksha_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Goraksha Samhita">Goraksha Samhita</a></i> quote 72,000 nadis, each branching off into another 72,000 nadis, whereas the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i> states 350,000 nadis arise from the navel center,<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a></i> (6.16) says that 101 channels radiate from the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ida and Pingala nadis are sometimes in modern readings interpreted as the two hemispheres of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. Pingala is the extroverted (Active), <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> nadi, and corresponds to the right side of the body and the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. Ida is the introverted, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> nadi, and corresponds to the left side of the body and the right side of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_channels_(nadis)"><span id="Three_channels_.28nadis.29"></span>Three channels (<i>nadis</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Three channels (nadis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Central channel" redirects here. For the TV channel, see <a href="/wiki/Central_(TV_channel)" title="Central (TV channel)">Central (TV channel)</a>.</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sushumna_nadi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_channel_(Sushumna)"><span id="Central_channel_.28Sushumna.29"></span>Central channel (<i>Sushumna</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central channel (Sushumna)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sushumna</i> is the central and most important channel. It connects the <a href="/wiki/Muladhara" title="Muladhara">base chakra</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">crown chakra</a>. It is important in <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017122,_173,_178,_187,_190,_194,_197,_202_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017122,_173,_178,_187,_190,_194,_197,_202-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It corresponds to the river Saraswati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_channels">Side channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Side channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left_channel_(Ida)"><span id="Left_channel_.28Ida.29"></span>Left channel (<i>Ida</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Left channel (Ida)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ida is associated with lunar energy. The word <i>ida</i> means "comfort" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Idā has a moonlike nature and feminine energy with a cooling effect.<sup id="cite_ref-ISHA-NADI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISHA-NADI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It courses from the left testicle to the left nostril and corresponds to the Ganges river. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/280px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/420px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/560px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>The practices of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> work together to force <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> into the central <a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">Sushumna</a> channel, allowing <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy">kundalini</a> to rise, leading to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, liberation. The <a href="/wiki/Satkarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Satkarma">shatkarmas</a> purify the nadis, while the <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> trap prana, and other practices (not shown) force the prana out of the Ida and Pingala channels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_channel_(Pingala)"><span id="Right_channel_.28Pingala.29"></span>Right channel (<i>Pingala</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Right channel (Pingala)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pingala is associated with solar energy. The word <i>pingala</i> means "orange" or "tawny" in Sanskrit. Pingala has a sunlike nature and masculine energy.<sup id="cite_ref-ISHA-NADI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISHA-NADI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its temperature is heating and courses from the right testicle to the right nostril. It corresponds to the river <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unblocking_the_channels">Unblocking the channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unblocking the channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg/220px-Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg/330px-Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg/440px-Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="3809" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript painting of a yogin in meditation, showing the chakras and the three main channels (nadis) of the subtle body. A small serpent, symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a>, climbs up the central sushumna channel; she will pierce each chakra as she climbs. When she reaches the head she will unite with Shiva; the yogin will then be liberated in his body.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></div> <p>The purpose of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> is <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, liberation and hence immortality in the state of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, union, which is the meaning of "yoga" as described in the <a href="/wiki/Patanjalayayogasastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Patanjalayayogasastra">Patanjalayayogasastra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton20174–6,_323_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton20174–6,_323-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is obstructed by blockages in the nadis, which allow the vital air, <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>, to languish in the Ida and Pingala channels. The unblocking of the channels is therefore a vital function of yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various practices of yoga, including the preliminary purifications or <a href="/wiki/Satkarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Satkarma">satkarmas</a>, the yogic seals or <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, visualisation, breath restraint or <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, and the repetition of mantras work together to force the prana to move from the Ida and Pingala into the central Sushumna channel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mudras in particular close off various openings, thus trapping prana and directing it towards the Sushumna. This allows <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy">kundalini</a> to rise up the Sushumna channel, leading to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017228–233_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017228–233-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_traditions_and_interpretations">Other traditions and interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other traditions and interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other cultures work with concepts similar to nadis and prana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systems based on <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a> work with an energy concept called <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i>, analogous to <i>prana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankey_Nagendra_Nagilla_2013_p=61_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankey_Nagendra_Nagilla_2013_p=61-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qi travels through <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">meridians</a> analogous to the nadis. The <a href="/wiki/Microcosmic_orbit" title="Microcosmic orbit">microcosmic orbit</a> practice has many similarities to certain Indian nadi shuddha (channel clearing) exercises and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan">Tibetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tibetan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetan medicine borrows many concepts from Yoga through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a>. One of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> is a cleansing of the central channel called <a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a>, enabling the transfer of consciousness to a <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">pure land</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_suture" title="Sagittal suture">sagittal suture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vajrayana practice of <a href="/wiki/Trul_Khor" class="mw-redirect" title="Trul Khor">Trul Khor</a> is another practice used to direct and control the flow of energy within the body's energetic meridians through breath control and physical postures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellcome_on_Trul_Khor_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellcome_on_Trul_Khor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European">European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the three main nadis are related to the <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a> of Hermes: "the two snakes of which symbolize the kundalini or serpent-fire which is presently to be set in motion along those channels, while the wings typify the power of conscious flight through higher planes which the development of that fire confers".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitium" title="Interstitium">Interstitium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LOP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOP_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFB._K._S._Iyengar2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> (2010). <i>Light on Pranayama</i>. the Crossroad Publishing Company. pp. Chapter 5: Nadis and Chakras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Pranayama&rft.pages=Chapter+5%3A+Nadis+and+Chakras&rft.pub=the+Crossroad+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.au=B.+K.+S.+Iyengar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017172–173_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=Sushumna&trans=Translate&direction=AU">spokensanskrit.de</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6,_especially_pages_228–229_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. Chapter 6, especially pages 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hinduonline.co/Scriptures/Upanishads/VarahaUpanishad.html">Varaha Upanishad</a>, c. 1200–1600 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varahopanisad V, 54/5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For reference to Chandogya Upanishad 8.6.6 and interpretation as an early form of the occult physiology see: McEvilley, Thomas. "The Spinal Serpent", in: Harper and Brown, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nāḍikās</i> are small nadis.<br /><i>Udâna</i> are often translated as "out-breathing" in this context. Perhaps a metaphor for death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasna Upanishad, Question 3 § 6, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/7chakras.pdf">Sat-Cakra-Nirupana</a>, Purnananda Swami</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sat-Cakra-Narupana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QaN8Ix66P-EC&pg=320"><i>The Muladhara Cakra</i></a>, transl. Sir John Woodroffe in <i>The Serpent Power: Being the Ṣaṭ-cakra-nirūpana and Pādukā-pañcaka</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogadharma.co.uk/teacher-training/nadis/">"Nadis"</a>. <i>Yoga Dharma</i>. 5 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Dharma&rft.atitle=Nadis&rft.date=2019-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogadharma.co.uk%2Fteacher-training%2Fnadis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017122,_173,_178,_187,_190,_194,_197,_202-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017122,_173,_178,_187,_190,_194,_197,_202_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 122, 173, 178, 187, 190, 194, 197, 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Samuel, Geoffrey</a> (2010). <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 255, 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pages=255%2C+271&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISHA-NADI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISHA-NADI_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISHA-NADI_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishafoundation.org/blog/yoga-meditation/demystifying-yoga/the-three-fundamental-nadis/">Three fundamental nadis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton20174–6,_323-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton20174–6,_323_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 4–6, 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017178–181_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 178–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017228–233-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017228–233_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 228–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Avalon, <i>The Serpentine Power</i> (collection of yoga-tantric texts)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hankey_Nagendra_Nagilla_2013_p=61-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hankey_Nagendra_Nagilla_2013_p=61_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankeyNagendraNagilla2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hankey, Alex; Nagendra, HR; Nagilla, Niharika (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573545">"Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Yoga</i>. <b>6</b> (1). Medknow: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.105948">10.4103/0973-6131.105948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-6131">0973-6131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573545">3573545</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23439630">23439630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Yoga&rft.atitle=Effects+of+yoga+practice+on+acumeridian+energies%3A+Variance+reduction+implies+benefits+for+regulation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3573545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0973-6131&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23439630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-6131.105948&rft.aulast=Hankey&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Nagendra%2C+HR&rft.au=Nagilla%2C+Niharika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3573545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgios2019" class="citation journal cs1">Georgios, Halkias (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_52_03.pdf">"Ascending to Heaven after Death: Karma Chags med's Commentary on Mind Transference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i> (52): <span class="nowrap">70–</span>89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=Ascending+to+Heaven+after+Death%3A+Karma+Chags+med%27s+Commentary+on+Mind+Transference&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2019-10&rft.aulast=Georgios&rft.aufirst=Halkias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fret%2Fpdf%2Fret_52_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellcome_on_Trul_Khor-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_on_Trul_Khor_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoul2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chaoul, M. Alejandro (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229110031/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/WTD006097.pdf">"Yogic practices in the Bon tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wellcome History</i> (24): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/WTD006097.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wellcome+History&rft.atitle=Yogic+practices+in+the+Bon+tradition&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Chaoul&rft.aufirst=M.+Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellcome.ac.uk%2Fassets%2FWTD006097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. W. Leadbeater, <i>Chakras</i>, Adyar, 1929</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadi_(yoga)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga researcher)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANadi+%28yoga%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sandra, Anderson (2018). "The Nadis: Tantric Anatomy of the Subtle Body". <i>Himalayan Institute</i>. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</li> <li>"The Three Main Nadis: Ida, Pingala and Sushumna". <i>Hridaya Yoga France</i>. Retrieved 2021-04-03.</li> <li>"The Ida and Pingala". <i>Yin Yoga</i>. Retrieved 2021-04-03.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ida">Ida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sushumna">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pingala">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_thought" title="Stopping thought">Stopping thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda 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