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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Transaction Costs</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">24,626 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Transaction Costs</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Transaction_Costs">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69872556" data-work_id="69872556" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69872556/Conceptualising_Transnational_Hotel_Chain_Penetration_in_Bulgaria">Conceptualising Transnational Hotel Chain Penetration in Bulgaria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book chapter addresses the decision-making processes that international hotel corporations engage in during their expansion procedures, and focusses on the entry and presence of these corporations in Bulgaria. Our findings show that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69872556" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book chapter addresses the decision-making processes that international hotel corporations engage in during their expansion procedures, and focusses on the entry and presence of these corporations in Bulgaria. Our findings show that country- and firm-specific factors play little role in the presence of these organisations in the country. On the contrary, it appears that potential tokenism exists in the selection of Bulgaria as a host destination, with major hotel corporations each being represented by only one or two affiliated properties in the country. This raises the question as to whether these corporations enter Bulgaria in search of expansion opportunities and to offer a greater choice of destinations for their customers, or because they are pursuing their own globalization agenda for achieving wide geographic presence regardless of the destinations entered. This chapter also shows that the chains and their partners have a strong preference for non-equity entry modes (fra...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69872556" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2170632" href="https://vumk.academia.edu/MayaIvanova">Maya Ivanova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2170632" type="text/json">{"id":2170632,"first_name":"Maya","last_name":"Ivanova","domain_name":"vumk","page_name":"MayaIvanova","display_name":"Maya Ivanova","profile_url":"https://vumk.academia.edu/MayaIvanova?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2170632/5724729/16444141/s65_maya.ivanova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69872556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69872556"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69872556, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69872556", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69872556]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69872556").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69872556").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69872556"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management">Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38" type="text/json">{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69872556]'), work: {"id":69872556,"title":"Conceptualising Transnational Hotel Chain Penetration in Bulgaria","created_at":"2022-01-29T00:38:21.453-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69872556/Conceptualising_Transnational_Hotel_Chain_Penetration_in_Bulgaria?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_69872556","summary":"This book chapter addresses the decision-making processes that international hotel corporations engage in during their expansion procedures, and focusses on the entry and presence of these corporations in Bulgaria. Our findings show that country- and firm-specific factors play little role in the presence of these organisations in the country. On the contrary, it appears that potential tokenism exists in the selection of Bulgaria as a host destination, with major hotel corporations each being represented by only one or two affiliated properties in the country. This raises the question as to whether these corporations enter Bulgaria in search of expansion opportunities and to offer a greater choice of destinations for their customers, or because they are pursuing their own globalization agenda for achieving wide geographic presence regardless of the destinations entered. This chapter also shows that the chains and their partners have a strong preference for non-equity entry modes (fra...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2170632,"first_name":"Maya","last_name":"Ivanova","domain_name":"vumk","page_name":"MayaIvanova","display_name":"Maya Ivanova","profile_url":"https://vumk.academia.edu/MayaIvanova?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2170632/5724729/16444141/s65_maya.ivanova.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=3833"},{"id":942,"name":"Tourism Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Marketing?f_ri=3833"},{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":7896,"name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bulgaria?f_ri=3833"},{"id":15604,"name":"Hotel Operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Operations?f_ri=3833"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism?f_ri=3833"},{"id":81104,"name":"Tourism and Hotel Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_and_Hotel_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":91380,"name":"Hotel Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":126213,"name":"Hotels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotels?f_ri=3833"},{"id":153054,"name":"Hotel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel?f_ri=3833"},{"id":335117,"name":"International Hotel Chains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Hotel_Chains?f_ri=3833"},{"id":338114,"name":"Hotel Chains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Chains?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11417102" data-work_id="11417102" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11417102/Kidney_black_markets_and_legal_transplants_Are_they_opposite_sides_of_the_same_coin">Kidney black markets and legal transplants: Are they opposite sides of the same coin?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study investigates why the illegal traffic of kidneys exists and remains resilient in the Philippines. It also evaluates the efficacy of the legal and regulatory framework for kidney (and organ) transplantation, and the corresponding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11417102" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study investigates why the illegal traffic of kidneys exists and remains resilient in the Philippines. It also evaluates the efficacy of the legal and regulatory framework for kidney (and organ) transplantation, and the corresponding implications for health policy. The experiences of comparable countries are noted.Three surveys were employed in this study: 1) a review of related literature on kidney black markets; 2) questionnaire-based interviews of a multi-stage probability sample of 131 kidney vendors from the two largest supplier regions in the Philippines; and 3) a comparative content analysis of pertinent legal and regulatory measures to address the underground kidney trade.Survey results, based on a 4.0 percent statistical margin of error, indicate that kidney vendors are typically males (98.4 percent) who belong to the lower income classes/groups D and E (88.5 percent). The vast majority of vendors (89.2 percent) were unrelated to kidney recipients, many of whom were of foreign descent (60.3 percent). The study finds that certain key elements underpin the kidney black market in the Philippines: an open, brokered and compensation-based contractual system between unrelated donors and sellers. These elements are sustained and reinforced by a robust supply-and-demand interface anchored on brokerage pricing, government incapacity, policy contradictions and public tolerance or indifference.The study suggests that the relative ambiguity of, and continuity between, the legal and underground kidney transplant systems be carefully addressed prior to enacting more specific reforms. The study also calls attention to the unintended consequences of various reform efforts, which are often neglected in formulating health policy and evaluating its costs and benefits.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11417102" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9ed3c93322e3c82ad45d4bdaea8b8ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46721075,"asset_id":11417102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46721075/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27778167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RogerMendoza2">Roger Mendoza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27778167" type="text/json">{"id":27778167,"first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Mendoza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RogerMendoza2","display_name":"Roger Mendoza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RogerMendoza2?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11417102 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11417102"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11417102, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11417102", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11417102]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11417102").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11417102").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11417102"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="622" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology">Nephrology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="622" type="text/json">{"id":622,"name":"Nephrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8785" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines">Philippines</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8785" type="text/json">{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11417102]'), work: {"id":11417102,"title":"Kidney black markets and legal transplants: Are they opposite sides of the same coin?","created_at":"2015-03-13T20:05:40.385-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11417102/Kidney_black_markets_and_legal_transplants_Are_they_opposite_sides_of_the_same_coin?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_11417102","summary":"This study investigates why the illegal traffic of kidneys exists and remains resilient in the Philippines. It also evaluates the efficacy of the legal and regulatory framework for kidney (and organ) transplantation, and the corresponding implications for health policy. The experiences of comparable countries are noted.Three surveys were employed in this study: 1) a review of related literature on kidney black markets; 2) questionnaire-based interviews of a multi-stage probability sample of 131 kidney vendors from the two largest supplier regions in the Philippines; and 3) a comparative content analysis of pertinent legal and regulatory measures to address the underground kidney trade.Survey results, based on a 4.0 percent statistical margin of error, indicate that kidney vendors are typically males (98.4 percent) who belong to the lower income classes/groups D and E (88.5 percent). The vast majority of vendors (89.2 percent) were unrelated to kidney recipients, many of whom were of foreign descent (60.3 percent). The study finds that certain key elements underpin the kidney black market in the Philippines: an open, brokered and compensation-based contractual system between unrelated donors and sellers. These elements are sustained and reinforced by a robust supply-and-demand interface anchored on brokerage pricing, government incapacity, policy contradictions and public tolerance or indifference.The study suggests that the relative ambiguity of, and continuity between, the legal and underground kidney transplant systems be carefully addressed prior to enacting more specific reforms. The study also calls attention to the unintended consequences of various reform efforts, which are often neglected in formulating health policy and evaluating its costs and benefits.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46721075,"asset_id":11417102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27778167,"first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Mendoza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RogerMendoza2","display_name":"Roger Mendoza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RogerMendoza2?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":622,"name":"Nephrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":9003,"name":"Kidney transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation?f_ri=3833"},{"id":11035,"name":"Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulation?f_ri=3833"},{"id":17969,"name":"Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy?f_ri=3833"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3833"},{"id":108409,"name":"Organ Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organ_Transplantation?f_ri=3833"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=3833"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3833"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public 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This determines that t he logistic costs&#x27; management can agregate relevant value to commercialized goods, due to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79738774" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In a globalized world, the physical distance betw een goods and services&#x27; producers and costumers is irrelevant. This determines that t he logistic costs&#x27; management can agregate relevant value to commercialized goods, due to the identification and determination of the effectiveness of resources used within the company and, externally, tries to do the value chain analysis. According to this perspective, the definition of costs&#x27; variables goes beyond the company&#x27;s limits. This paper, based on the mode ls of Uelze (1974), Goldratt (1986), Dias (1993), Kotler & Armstrong (1998) and Novaes (2001), proposes a model of logistic costs verification that serves the supplies costs and the distribution costs at the same time, with impacts on the decision-making process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79738774" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9fb5dc888db06984cba673baf18fb301" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86351973,"asset_id":79738774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86351973/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="218453186" href="https://furg.academia.edu/VanderleiBorba">Vanderlei Borba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="218453186" type="text/json">{"id":218453186,"first_name":"Vanderlei","last_name":"Borba","domain_name":"furg","page_name":"VanderleiBorba","display_name":"Vanderlei Borba","profile_url":"https://furg.academia.edu/VanderleiBorba?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/218453186/76633203/135331001/s65_vanderlei.borba.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79738774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79738774"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79738774, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79738774", }); 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producers and costumers is irrelevant. This determines that t he logistic costs\u0026#x27; management can agregate relevant value to commercialized goods, due to the identification and determination of the effectiveness of resources used within the company and, externally, tries to do the value chain analysis. According to this perspective, the definition of costs\u0026#x27; variables goes beyond the company\u0026#x27;s limits. This paper, based on the mode ls of Uelze (1974), Goldratt (1986), Dias (1993), Kotler \u0026 Armstrong (1998) and Novaes (2001), proposes a model of logistic costs verification that serves the supplies costs and the distribution costs at the same time, with impacts on the decision-making process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86351973,"asset_id":79738774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":218453186,"first_name":"Vanderlei","last_name":"Borba","domain_name":"furg","page_name":"VanderleiBorba","display_name":"Vanderlei Borba","profile_url":"https://furg.academia.edu/VanderleiBorba?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/218453186/76633203/135331001/s65_vanderlei.borba.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":43311,"name":"Value Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Chain?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":49470,"name":"Resource use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resource_use?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":74775,"name":"Cost Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Model?f_ri=3833"},{"id":288876,"name":"Decision making process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_making_process?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45653945" data-work_id="45653945" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45653945/Labor_Without_Employment_Toward_a_New_Legal_Framework_for_the_Gig_Economy">Labor Without Employment: Toward a New Legal Framework for the Gig Economy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We need better concepts to talk about gig economy workers and other precarious workers who are subject to the arbitrary domination of powerful companies, but who do not fit neatly into twentieth century understandings of employment. We... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45653945" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We need better concepts to talk about gig economy workers and other precarious workers who are subject to the arbitrary domination of powerful companies, but who do not fit neatly into twentieth century understandings of employment. We suggest a new approach for characterizing this kind of work, which we call “labor without employment.” To update labor law for the twenty-first century, we need to decouple the rights and protections that it generates from the category of “employee.” ” Some forms of labor, even when not “employed” under a <br /> traditional definition, are still deserving of protections against exploitation and discrimination and still require safe work conditions and the ability to bargain collectively over these terms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45653945" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a364d30e19eb469c300b4c7537b1c2b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66153293,"asset_id":45653945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66153293/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="396932" href="https://luc.academia.edu/AbrahamSinger">Abraham Singer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="396932" type="text/json">{"id":396932,"first_name":"Abraham","last_name":"Singer","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"AbrahamSinger","display_name":"Abraham Singer","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/AbrahamSinger?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/396932/1559670/7305676/s65_abraham.singer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45653945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45653945"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45653945, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45653945", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45653945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45653945").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45653945").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45653945"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1280" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment_Law">Employment Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1280" type="text/json">{"id":1280,"name":"Employment Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1452" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility">Corporate Social Responsibility</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1452" type="text/json">{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45653945]'), work: {"id":45653945,"title":"Labor Without Employment: Toward a New Legal Framework for the Gig Economy","created_at":"2021-03-31T15:19:07.071-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45653945/Labor_Without_Employment_Toward_a_New_Legal_Framework_for_the_Gig_Economy?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_45653945","summary":"We need better concepts to talk about gig economy workers and other precarious workers who are subject to the arbitrary domination of powerful companies, but who do not fit neatly into twentieth century understandings of employment. We suggest a new approach for characterizing this kind of work, which we call “labor without employment.” To update labor law for the twenty-first century, we need to decouple the rights and protections that it generates from the category of “employee.” ” Some forms of labor, even when not “employed” under a \n traditional definition, are still deserving of protections against exploitation and discrimination and still require safe work conditions and the ability to bargain collectively over these terms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66153293,"asset_id":45653945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":396932,"first_name":"Abraham","last_name":"Singer","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"AbrahamSinger","display_name":"Abraham Singer","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/AbrahamSinger?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/396932/1559670/7305676/s65_abraham.singer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1280,"name":"Employment Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":8645,"name":"Theory of the Firm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_the_Firm?f_ri=3833"},{"id":23675,"name":"Labor law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_law?f_ri=3833"},{"id":69248,"name":"Precarious Workers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precarious_Workers?f_ri=3833"},{"id":650129,"name":"Sharing Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sharing_Economy?f_ri=3833"},{"id":2034967,"name":"Gig Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gig_Economy?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37623322" data-work_id="37623322" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37623322/Network_Architecture_and_Place_Space_Relationships">Network Architecture and Place-Space Relationships</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper looks at the impact of changing communications on the location of economic activities, with a focus on transaction costs. While some of the specific technological apparatuses need to be updated, the underlying analytical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37623322" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper looks at the impact of changing communications on the location of economic activities, with a focus on transaction costs.  While some of the specific technological apparatuses need to be updated, the underlying analytical framework, and historical evidence is quite sound.  I cannot recall when the paper was written, but I believe it was between 2002 and 2005.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37623322" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ff0c8f6c43464ee979f212b24df8abb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57607219,"asset_id":37623322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57607219/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3466455" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/DLindaGarcia">D. Linda Garcia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3466455" type="text/json">{"id":3466455,"first_name":"D. Linda","last_name":"Garcia","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"DLindaGarcia","display_name":"D. Linda Garcia","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/DLindaGarcia?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3466455/1174765/1473171/s65_d._linda.garcia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37623322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37623322"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37623322, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37623322", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37623322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37623322; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37623322"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37623322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37623322"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37623322; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37623322]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37623322").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37623322").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37623322"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="728" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Geography">Economic Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="728" type="text/json">{"id":728,"name":"Economic Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology">Information Communication Technology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7454" type="text/json">{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37623322]'), work: {"id":37623322,"title":"Network Architecture and Place-Space Relationships","created_at":"2018-10-21T16:13:25.047-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37623322/Network_Architecture_and_Place_Space_Relationships?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_37623322","summary":"This paper looks at the impact of changing communications on the location of economic activities, with a focus on transaction costs. While some of the specific technological apparatuses need to be updated, the underlying analytical framework, and historical evidence is quite sound. I cannot recall when the paper was written, but I believe it was between 2002 and 2005. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57607219,"asset_id":37623322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3466455,"first_name":"D. Linda","last_name":"Garcia","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"DLindaGarcia","display_name":"D. Linda Garcia","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/DLindaGarcia?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3466455/1174765/1473171/s65_d._linda.garcia.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":728,"name":"Economic Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35367159 coauthored" data-work_id="35367159" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35367159/Strukturell_utvikling_i_norsk_hotellvirksomhet_">Strukturell utvikling i norsk hotellvirksomhet:</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">62 A. Nygaard, S. A. Haugland og A. I Rokkan BETA 2/2000 FORSKNINGSNOT AT: Strukturell utvikling i norsk hotellvirksomhet: en preliminaer empirisk analyse av agentkostnader og skalafortrinn ARNE NYGAARD, SVEN A. HAUGLAND OG AKSEL I.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35367159" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">62 A. Nygaard, S. A. Haugland og A. I Rokkan BETA 2/2000 FORSKNINGSNOT AT: Strukturell utvikling i norsk hotellvirksomhet: en preliminaer empirisk analyse av agentkostnader og skalafortrinn ARNE NYGAARD, SVEN A. HAUGLAND OG AKSEL I. ROKKAN Innenfor hotellvirksomhet har vi de siste årene sett tendenser til reorganisering og satsing på kjededrift, varemerker og allianser. I dette forskningsnotatet diskuterer vi drivkreftene bak denne utviklingen. Arne Nygaard, Norges Markedshøyskole, Handelshøyskolen BI, Trondheimsveien 2, Postboks 4636 Sofienberg, 0506 Oslo. <a href="mailto:Ame.Nygaard@bi.no" rel="nofollow">Ame.Nygaard@bi.no</a> Sven A. Haugland, Instituu for strategi og ledelse, Norges Handelshøyskole, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen. <a href="mailto:Sven.Haugland@nhh.no" rel="nofollow">Sven.Haugland@nhh.no</a> Aksel I. Rokkan, Senter for strategi og ledelse, Stiftelsen for samfunns-og naeringslivsforskning, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen. <a href="mailto:AkseI.Rokkan@snf.no" rel="nofollow">AkseI.Rokkan@snf.no</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35367159" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd9a6a78c76c7a76d8b4e4d11e08c9ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55227274,"asset_id":35367159,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55227274/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6692235" href="https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard">Arne Nygaard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6692235" type="text/json">{"id":6692235,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Nygaard","domain_name":"kristiania","page_name":"ArneNygaard","display_name":"Arne Nygaard","profile_url":"https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6692235/2654199/31487324/s65_arne.nygaard.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35367159">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35367159"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nhh.academia.edu/SvenAHaugland">Sven A Haugland</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkselRokkan">Aksel Rokkan</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35367159'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35367159').html(); 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Nygaard, S. A. Haugland og A. I Rokkan BETA 2/2000 FORSKNINGSNOT AT: Strukturell utvikling i norsk hotellvirksomhet: en preliminaer empirisk analyse av agentkostnader og skalafortrinn ARNE NYGAARD, SVEN A. HAUGLAND OG AKSEL I. ROKKAN Innenfor hotellvirksomhet har vi de siste årene sett tendenser til reorganisering og satsing på kjededrift, varemerker og allianser. I dette forskningsnotatet diskuterer vi drivkreftene bak denne utviklingen. Arne Nygaard, Norges Markedshøyskole, Handelshøyskolen BI, Trondheimsveien 2, Postboks 4636 Sofienberg, 0506 Oslo. Ame.Nygaard@bi.no Sven A. Haugland, Instituu for strategi og ledelse, Norges Handelshøyskole, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen. Sven.Haugland@nhh.no Aksel I. Rokkan, Senter for strategi og ledelse, Stiftelsen for samfunns-og naeringslivsforskning, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen. 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5701031/Transaction_and_abatement_costs_of_carbon_sink_projects_in_developing_countries">Transaction and abatement costs of carbon-sink projects in developing countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Projects in the forestry sector, and land-use change and forestry projects more generally, have the potential to help mitigate global warming by acting as sinks for greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2. However, concerns have been... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5701031" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Projects in the forestry sector, and land-use change and forestry projects more generally, have the potential to help mitigate global warming by acting as sinks for greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2. However, concerns have been expressed that participation in carbon-sink projects may be constrained by high costs. This problem may be particularly severe for projects involving smallholders in developing countries. Of particular concern are the transaction costs incurred in developing projects, measuring, certifying and selling the carbon-sequestration services generated by such projects. This paper addresses these issues by reviewing the implications of transaction and abatement costs in carbon-sequestration</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5701031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b2ef34c57326ee13fc29e0014cfbfc9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47095756,"asset_id":5701031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47095756/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8253120" href="https://une-au.academia.edu/GrahamMarshall">Graham Marshall</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8253120" type="text/json">{"id":8253120,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Marshall","domain_name":"une-au","page_name":"GrahamMarshall","display_name":"Graham Marshall","profile_url":"https://une-au.academia.edu/GrahamMarshall?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8253120/13425666/14637559/s65_graham.marshall.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5701031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5701031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5701031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5701031", }); 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However, concerns have been expressed that participation in carbon-sink projects may be constrained by high costs. This problem may be particularly severe for projects involving smallholders in developing countries. Of particular concern are the transaction costs incurred in developing projects, measuring, certifying and selling the carbon-sequestration services generated by such projects. This paper addresses these issues by reviewing the implications of transaction and abatement costs in carbon-sequestration","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47095756,"asset_id":5701031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8253120,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Marshall","domain_name":"une-au","page_name":"GrahamMarshall","display_name":"Graham Marshall","profile_url":"https://une-au.academia.edu/GrahamMarshall?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8253120/13425666/14637559/s65_graham.marshall.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":750,"name":"Institutional Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":7312,"name":"Agricultural Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Economics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":7609,"name":"Environmental Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":8647,"name":"Transaction Cost Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost_Economics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=3833"},{"id":8801,"name":"Natural Resource Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":11643,"name":"Carbon Sequestration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Sequestration?f_ri=3833"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":45405,"name":"Global Warming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Warming?f_ri=3833"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=3833"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1108865,"name":"Agroforestry System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroforestry_System?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1242076,"name":"Carbon Sink","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Sink?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1318481,"name":"Pilot project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pilot_project?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78885358" data-work_id="78885358" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78885358/Law_in_a_Time_of_Corona_Global_Pandemic_Supply_Chain_Disruption_and_Portents_for_Operationally_Linked_but_Legally_Separate_Contracts">Law in a Time of Corona: Global Pandemic, Supply Chain Disruption and Portents for "Operationally‐Linked (but) Legally Separate" Contracts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78885358" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and dynamic propagation of the risks arising from contractual failures provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature and impact of mechanisms for excusing failure to perform contractual obligations under adverse circumstances (Excuse). Such mechanisms include those found in the general law (for example, frustration in common law and analogous doctrines in civil law traditions) and contractual clauses (for example, Force Majeure and hardship clauses). Establishing extant rights and obligations under current contracts may provide only limited illumination on how parties will address these failures. Principles in economics of contract (e.g. incomplete contract and transaction cost theories) and the commercial reality of global supply chains both suggest tha...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78885358" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a719ab035735ca89091e10368f74b705" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85769824,"asset_id":78885358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85769824/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3556826" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/DejiToye">Deji Olatoye</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3556826" type="text/json">{"id":3556826,"first_name":"Deji","last_name":"Olatoye","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"DejiToye","display_name":"Deji Olatoye","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/DejiToye?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3556826/17856181/23400080/s65_deji.toye.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78885358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78885358"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78885358, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78885358", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78885358]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78885358").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78885358").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78885358"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="737" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_And_Economics_Economics_">Law And Economics (Economics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="737" type="text/json">{"id":737,"name":"Law And Economics (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_And_Economics_Economics_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contracts">Law of Contracts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173813" type="text/json">{"id":173813,"name":"Law of Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contracts?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="335498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Management_SCM_">Supply Chain Management (SCM)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="335498" type="text/json">{"id":335498,"name":"Supply Chain Management (SCM)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Management_SCM_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78885358]'), work: {"id":78885358,"title":"Law in a Time of Corona: Global Pandemic, Supply Chain Disruption and Portents for \"Operationally‐Linked (but) Legally Separate\" Contracts","created_at":"2022-05-09T13:10:31.434-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78885358/Law_in_a_Time_of_Corona_Global_Pandemic_Supply_Chain_Disruption_and_Portents_for_Operationally_Linked_but_Legally_Separate_Contracts?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_78885358","summary":"The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and dynamic propagation of the risks arising from contractual failures provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature and impact of mechanisms for excusing failure to perform contractual obligations under adverse circumstances (Excuse). Such mechanisms include those found in the general law (for example, frustration in common law and analogous doctrines in civil law traditions) and contractual clauses (for example, Force Majeure and hardship clauses). Establishing extant rights and obligations under current contracts may provide only limited illumination on how parties will address these failures. Principles in economics of contract (e.g. incomplete contract and transaction cost theories) and the commercial reality of global supply chains both suggest tha...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85769824,"asset_id":78885358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3556826,"first_name":"Deji","last_name":"Olatoye","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"DejiToye","display_name":"Deji Olatoye","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/DejiToye?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3556826/17856181/23400080/s65_deji.toye.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":737,"name":"Law And Economics (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_And_Economics_Economics_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":173813,"name":"Law of Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contracts?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":335498,"name":"Supply Chain Management (SCM)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Management_SCM_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":377856,"name":"Frustration of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frustration_of_Contract?f_ri=3833"},{"id":583554,"name":"Supply Chain Disruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Disruption?f_ri=3833"},{"id":953380,"name":"Basic Theory of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_Theory_of_Contract?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1235099,"name":"Force Majeure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Force_Majeure?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1520419,"name":"Incomplete Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incomplete_Contracts?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3381322,"name":"Imprévision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impr%C3%A9vision?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47894828" data-work_id="47894828" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47894828/Special_Issue_of_Journal_of_Retailing_in_Honor_of_The_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_ry_of_Alfred_Nobel_2009_to_Oliver_E_Williamson">Special Issue of Journal of Retailing in Honor of The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic ry of Alfred Nobel 2009 to Oliver E. Williamson</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Special Issue of Journal of Retailing in Honor of The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 to Oliver E. Williamson (Edited by Professor Arne Nygaard, Professor Robert Dahlstrom)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47894828" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbd2606b1f37247afe8894b957e23696" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66786699,"asset_id":47894828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66786699/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6692235" href="https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard">Arne Nygaard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6692235" type="text/json">{"id":6692235,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Nygaard","domain_name":"kristiania","page_name":"ArneNygaard","display_name":"Arne Nygaard","profile_url":"https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6692235/2654199/31487324/s65_arne.nygaard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47894828 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47894828"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47894828, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47894828", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47894828]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47894828").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47894828").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47894828"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Economics">Institutional Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750" type="text/json">{"id":750,"name":"Institutional Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1074" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Theory">Organizational Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1074" type="text/json">{"id":1074,"name":"Organizational Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Theory?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1335" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Management">Supply Chain Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1335" type="text/json">{"id":1335,"name":"Supply Chain Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2074" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business">International Business</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2074" type="text/json">{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47894828]'), work: {"id":47894828,"title":"Special Issue of Journal of Retailing in Honor of The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic ry of Alfred Nobel 2009 to Oliver E. 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Despite this interest, the economic scope for soil carbon sequestration remains... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25789744" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The potential for soil carbon sequestration to play a significant role in meeting Australia's greenhouse reduction targets has attracted widespread interest. Despite this interest, the economic scope for soil carbon sequestration remains poorly understood and the practical approaches that could be used to capture any opportunities have not been explored. In this paper we present preliminary results on a pilot soil carbon sequestration variable price, reverse tender auction in the mixed (wheat-sheep) farming system of the Lachlan Catchment, NSW. We draw on the results of the pilot to reveal; contract choice, landholders costs of soil carbon sequestration and the extent and impact of transaction costs associated with basic costeffectiveness of the market mechanism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25789744" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4458c7ffc5b78dec599ee9f1893faa6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46151967,"asset_id":25789744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46151967/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49551255" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WarwickBadgery">Warwick Badgery</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49551255" type="text/json">{"id":49551255,"first_name":"Warwick","last_name":"Badgery","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WarwickBadgery","display_name":"Warwick Badgery","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarwickBadgery?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25789744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25789744"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25789744, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25789744", }); 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Despite this interest, the economic scope for soil carbon sequestration remains poorly understood and the practical approaches that could be used to capture any opportunities have not been explored. In this paper we present preliminary results on a pilot soil carbon sequestration variable price, reverse tender auction in the mixed (wheat-sheep) farming system of the Lachlan Catchment, NSW. 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Negative effects of such networks are discussed rather rarely. This paper tackles negative effects by applying economic theory, particularly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24966359" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The sociological literature on social networks emphasizes by and large positive network effects. Negative effects of such networks are discussed rather rarely. This paper tackles negative effects by applying economic theory, particularly neoclassical theory, new ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24966359" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9ef274ef6ad7b90ff1fcc8d9a4de954" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45298044,"asset_id":24966359,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45298044/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48141233" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HenrikEgbert">Henrik Egbert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48141233" type="text/json">{"id":48141233,"first_name":"Henrik","last_name":"Egbert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HenrikEgbert","display_name":"Henrik Egbert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HenrikEgbert?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-24966359">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-24966359"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/sedlarski">Teodor Sedlarski</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-24966359'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-24966359').html(); 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Negative effects of such networks are discussed rather rarely. This paper tackles negative effects by applying economic theory, particularly neoclassical theory, new ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45298044,"asset_id":24966359,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48141233,"first_name":"Henrik","last_name":"Egbert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HenrikEgbert","display_name":"Henrik Egbert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HenrikEgbert?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":1211319,"first_name":"Teodor","last_name":"Sedlarski","domain_name":"uni-sofia","page_name":"sedlarski","display_name":"Teodor Sedlarski","profile_url":"https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/sedlarski?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1211319/971071/38669539/s65_teodor.sedlarski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26144823 coauthored" data-work_id="26144823" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26144823/A_TRANSA%C3%87%C3%83O_TRIBUT%C3%81RIA_E_O_MITO_DA_IN_DISPONIBILIDADE_DOS_INTERESSES_FAZEND%C3%81RIOS_THE_TRANSACTION_IN_TAX_CONFLICTS_AND_THE_MYTH_OF_TREASURYS_INTERESTS_INDISPONIBILITY">A TRANSAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA E O MITO DA (IN)DISPONIBILIDADE DOS INTERESSES FAZENDÁRIOS THE TRANSACTION IN TAX CONFLICTS AND THE MYTH OF TREASURY'S INTERESTS INDISPONIBILITY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A lei tem colocado à disposição das partes, desde há muito, meios de resolução de conflitos que admitem a autocomposição, como é o caso da transação. Esta figura tem sido largamente adotada, por muitos anos, como instrumento que permite,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26144823" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A lei tem colocado à disposição das partes, desde há muito, meios de resolução de conflitos que admitem a autocomposição, como é o caso da transação. Esta figura tem sido largamente adotada, por muitos anos, como instrumento que permite, no âmbito do processo civil, terminar as dissensões entre partes. Mais recentemente, o direito público alargou os mecanismos dessa autocomposição admitindo a figura como forma de terminar diferendos entre partes, normalmente o Estado, através dos seus organismos, e os particulares.  <br />Mais difícil tem sido a adoção da figura (assim como da arbitragem) no direito tributário, com alguns fundamentos que manifestamente não colhem, pese embora a sua consagração expressa no Brasil. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar alguns dos mitos mais comuns em matéria de transação no direito tributário. Embora ela esteja consagrada no artigo 171 do CTN brasileiro, a figura vê recair sobre si algumas ideias preconcebidas. Ela discorre sobre a admissibilidade da transação como meio alternativo para a resolução de conflitos nesta matéria, aprofundando o debate em torno das pretensas dificuldades levantadas por alguns para a sua adoção neste campo do direito público.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26144823" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6f66a8d077ded80f4e980bb828bf406" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46477485,"asset_id":26144823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46477485/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50095690" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oRicardoCatarino">João Ricardo Catarino</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50095690" type="text/json">{"id":50095690,"first_name":"João Ricardo","last_name":"Catarino","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoãoRicardoCatarino","display_name":"João Ricardo Catarino","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oRicardoCatarino?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-26144823">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-26144823"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ufsc.academia.edu/GuilhermedeMelloRossini">Guilherme de Mello Rossini</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-26144823'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-26144823').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26144823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26144823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26144823, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26144823", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26144823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26144823; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26144823"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26144823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26144823"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26144823; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26144823]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26144823").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26144823").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26144823"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law">Tax Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1454" type="text/json">{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32429" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Tributario_Tax_Law_">Direito Tributário (Tax Law)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32429" type="text/json">{"id":32429,"name":"Direito Tributário (Tax Law)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Tributario_Tax_Law_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="187748" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxation_Law">Taxation Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="187748" type="text/json">{"id":187748,"name":"Taxation Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxation_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26144823]'), work: {"id":26144823,"title":"A TRANSAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA E O MITO DA (IN)DISPONIBILIDADE DOS INTERESSES FAZENDÁRIOS THE TRANSACTION IN TAX CONFLICTS AND THE MYTH OF TREASURY'S INTERESTS INDISPONIBILITY","created_at":"2016-06-14T07:42:04.703-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26144823/A_TRANSA%C3%87%C3%83O_TRIBUT%C3%81RIA_E_O_MITO_DA_IN_DISPONIBILIDADE_DOS_INTERESSES_FAZEND%C3%81RIOS_THE_TRANSACTION_IN_TAX_CONFLICTS_AND_THE_MYTH_OF_TREASURYS_INTERESTS_INDISPONIBILITY?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_26144823","summary":"A lei tem colocado à disposição das partes, desde há muito, meios de resolução de conflitos que admitem a autocomposição, como é o caso da transação. Esta figura tem sido largamente adotada, por muitos anos, como instrumento que permite, no âmbito do processo civil, terminar as dissensões entre partes. Mais recentemente, o direito público alargou os mecanismos dessa autocomposição admitindo a figura como forma de terminar diferendos entre partes, normalmente o Estado, através dos seus organismos, e os particulares. \nMais difícil tem sido a adoção da figura (assim como da arbitragem) no direito tributário, com alguns fundamentos que manifestamente não colhem, pese embora a sua consagração expressa no Brasil. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar alguns dos mitos mais comuns em matéria de transação no direito tributário. Embora ela esteja consagrada no artigo 171 do CTN brasileiro, a figura vê recair sobre si algumas ideias preconcebidas. Ela discorre sobre a admissibilidade da transação como meio alternativo para a resolução de conflitos nesta matéria, aprofundando o debate em torno das pretensas dificuldades levantadas por alguns para a sua adoção neste campo do direito público.\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46477485,"asset_id":26144823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50095690,"first_name":"João Ricardo","last_name":"Catarino","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoãoRicardoCatarino","display_name":"João Ricardo Catarino","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oRicardoCatarino?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":29543146,"first_name":"Guilherme","last_name":"de Mello Rossini","domain_name":"ufsc","page_name":"GuilhermedeMelloRossini","display_name":"Guilherme de Mello Rossini","profile_url":"https://ufsc.academia.edu/GuilhermedeMelloRossini?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29543146/8473862/9470693/s65_guilherme.de_mello_rossini.jpg_oh_6a85dc78d90cb4a735b9dec5f723b93d_oe_55ae8123___gda___1437140211_c8450e37de2f7ea05374e789ba75c9c2"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":32429,"name":"Direito Tributário (Tax Law)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Tributario_Tax_Law_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":187748,"name":"Taxation Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxation_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":587651,"name":"Direito Tributario","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Tributario?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1187174,"name":"Direito Empresarial e Tributário","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Empresarial_e_Tributario?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15287906 coauthored" data-work_id="15287906" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15287906/DOMESTIC_AND_GLOBAL_SOURCING">DOMESTIC AND GLOBAL SOURCING</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper develops a general equilibrium Ricardian model with transaction costs to investigate the determinants of the firm&#39;s sourcing decision. It derives conditions under which different sourcing choices and corresponding trade... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15287906" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper develops a general equilibrium Ricardian model with transaction costs to investigate the determinants of the firm&#39;s sourcing decision. It derives conditions under which different sourcing choices and corresponding trade patterns occur in general equilibrium. These conditions suggest that, inter alia, the choice between vertical integration and specialisation depends on the relative internal transaction costs associated with vertical integration and external transaction costs associated with international outsourcing; and that the equilibrium sourcing structures and trade patterns are consistent with a refined theory of comparative advantage that incorporates the effects of transaction costs in international trade.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15287906" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aef0333135320e2858a55cd16c8aeead" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43367885,"asset_id":15287906,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43367885/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34378263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DingshengZhang">Dingsheng Zhang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34378263" type="text/json">{"id":34378263,"first_name":"Dingsheng","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DingshengZhang","display_name":"Dingsheng Zhang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DingshengZhang?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15287906">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15287906"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://monash.academia.edu/WenliCheng">Wenli Cheng</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15287906'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15287906').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15287906 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15287906"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15287906, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15287906", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15287906 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15287906; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15287906"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15287906 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15287906"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15287906; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15287906]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15287906").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15287906").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15287906"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="764" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="764" type="text/json">{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15287906]'), work: {"id":15287906,"title":"DOMESTIC AND GLOBAL SOURCING","created_at":"2015-08-30T18:17:23.969-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15287906/DOMESTIC_AND_GLOBAL_SOURCING?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_15287906","summary":"This paper develops a general equilibrium Ricardian model with transaction costs to investigate the determinants of the firm\u0026#39;s sourcing decision. It derives conditions under which different sourcing choices and corresponding trade patterns occur in general equilibrium. These conditions suggest that, inter alia, the choice between vertical integration and specialisation depends on the relative internal transaction costs associated with vertical integration and external transaction costs associated with international outsourcing; and that the equilibrium sourcing structures and trade patterns are consistent with a refined theory of comparative advantage that incorporates the effects of transaction costs in international trade.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43367885,"asset_id":15287906,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34378263,"first_name":"Dingsheng","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DingshengZhang","display_name":"Dingsheng Zhang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DingshengZhang?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34448485,"first_name":"Wenli","last_name":"Cheng","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"WenliCheng","display_name":"Wenli Cheng","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/WenliCheng?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72678545" data-work_id="72678545" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72678545/Governance_Economic_Growth_and_Development_since_the_1960s">Governance, Economic Growth and Development since the 1960s</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Economists agree that governance is one of the critical factors explaining the divergence in performance across developing countries. The differences of view between economists regarding governance are to do first, with the types of state... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72678545" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Economists agree that governance is one of the critical factors explaining the divergence in performance across developing countries. The differences of view between economists regarding governance are to do first, with the types of state capacities that constitute the critical governance capacities necessary for the acceleration of development and secondly, with the importance of governance relative to other factors at early stages of development. On the first issue, there is an important empirical and theoretical controversy between liberal economists who constitute the mainstream consensus on good governance and statist and heterodox institutional economists who agree that governance is critical for economic development but argue that theory and evidence shows that the governance capacities required for successful development are substantially different from those identified by the good governance analysis. The economists in favour of good governance argue that the critical state...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72678545" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac6fed9d9098f5ea65342bc5170e6e6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81511999,"asset_id":72678545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81511999/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8401813" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MushtaqKhan">Mushtaq Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8401813" type="text/json">{"id":8401813,"first_name":"Mushtaq","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MushtaqKhan","display_name":"Mushtaq Khan","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MushtaqKhan?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8401813/163266892/153054233/s65_mushtaq.khan.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72678545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72678545"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72678545, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72678545", }); 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The differences of view between economists regarding governance are to do first, with the types of state capacities that constitute the critical governance capacities necessary for the acceleration of development and secondly, with the importance of governance relative to other factors at early stages of development. On the first issue, there is an important empirical and theoretical controversy between liberal economists who constitute the mainstream consensus on good governance and statist and heterodox institutional economists who agree that governance is critical for economic development but argue that theory and evidence shows that the governance capacities required for successful development are substantially different from those identified by the good governance analysis. The economists in favour of good governance argue that the critical state...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81511999,"asset_id":72678545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8401813,"first_name":"Mushtaq","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MushtaqKhan","display_name":"Mushtaq Khan","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MushtaqKhan?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8401813/163266892/153054233/s65_mushtaq.khan.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":28630,"name":"Urban economics (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_economics_Political_Science_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":55966,"name":"Good Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Good_Governance?f_ri=3833"},{"id":174910,"name":"Working Papers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Papers?f_ri=3833"},{"id":319617,"name":"Market Failure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Failure?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1174899,"name":"Economics and Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=3833"},{"id":2214180,"name":"Market Failures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Failures?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48769917" data-work_id="48769917" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48769917/Chapter_6_Russia_EU_internationalisation_of_higher_education_Cooperation_vs_competition">Chapter 6. Russia-EU internationalisation of higher education: Cooperation vs competition?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Russia, due to its unique location simultaneously in Europe and Asia, has more than three centuries of higher education cooperation with the European states. The role of higher education cooperation has been defined by the changes in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48769917" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Russia, due to its unique location simultaneously in Europe and Asia, has more than three centuries of higher education cooperation with the European states. The role of higher education cooperation has been defined by the changes in general political context, international relations. Approaches to interaction have varied from attempts to transplant European academic culture into national culture to the severe limitations of any contacts with Western higher education institutions.<br />The chapter explores the rationale and evolution of the role of higher education cooperation between Russia and Europe under the pressure of foreign policy and its changing priorities. In particular, the author considers Russia-EU internationalisation as part of the common trend of rising competition between different countries and regions of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).<br />To understand the challenges for Russia-EU higher education cooperation in terms of the common framework provided by EHEA, the author studies different institutional environments where the universities of Russia and the EU member states implement internationalisation activities. The chapter overviews the policy tools to support the internationalisation of higher education in Russia, highlights the opportunities for Russia-EU cooperation and investigates the challenges produced by national traditions, EHEA and national law enforcement, and university governance practices, which have constrained Russia-EU higher education cooperation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48769917" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b708b5f2ab024608a79cd3bb3b7ce2bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67206340,"asset_id":48769917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67206340/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12004108" href="https://uta-fi.academia.edu/SvetlanaShenderova">Svetlana Shenderova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12004108" type="text/json">{"id":12004108,"first_name":"Svetlana","last_name":"Shenderova","domain_name":"uta-fi","page_name":"SvetlanaShenderova","display_name":"Svetlana Shenderova","profile_url":"https://uta-fi.academia.edu/SvetlanaShenderova?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12004108/3450504/25802790/s65_svetlana.shenderova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48769917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48769917"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48769917, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48769917", }); 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Russia-EU internationalisation of higher education: Cooperation vs competition?","created_at":"2021-05-05T15:51:25.823-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48769917/Chapter_6_Russia_EU_internationalisation_of_higher_education_Cooperation_vs_competition?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_48769917","summary":"Russia, due to its unique location simultaneously in Europe and Asia, has more than three centuries of higher education cooperation with the European states. The role of higher education cooperation has been defined by the changes in general political context, international relations. Approaches to interaction have varied from attempts to transplant European academic culture into national culture to the severe limitations of any contacts with Western higher education institutions.\nThe chapter explores the rationale and evolution of the role of higher education cooperation between Russia and Europe under the pressure of foreign policy and its changing priorities. In particular, the author considers Russia-EU internationalisation as part of the common trend of rising competition between different countries and regions of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).\nTo understand the challenges for Russia-EU higher education cooperation in terms of the common framework provided by EHEA, the author studies different institutional environments where the universities of Russia and the EU member states implement internationalisation activities. 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The principle of good faith in Private Law. Sao Paulo: Almedina, 2020, 526 pages.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42738176" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6ec91cbedd5535be5c171573304f7788" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62956314,"asset_id":42738176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62956314/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="99680115" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/EduardoTomaseviciusFilho">Eduardo Tomasevicius Filho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="99680115" type="text/json">{"id":99680115,"first_name":"Eduardo","last_name":"Tomasevicius Filho","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"EduardoTomaseviciusFilho","display_name":"Eduardo Tomasevicius Filho","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/EduardoTomaseviciusFilho?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99680115/21889409/21198218/s65_eduardo.tomasevicius_filho.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42738176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42738176"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42738176, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42738176", }); 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The principle of good faith in Private Law. Sao Paulo: Almedina, 2020, 526 pages.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62956314,"asset_id":42738176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":99680115,"first_name":"Eduardo","last_name":"Tomasevicius Filho","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"EduardoTomaseviciusFilho","display_name":"Eduardo Tomasevicius Filho","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/EduardoTomaseviciusFilho?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99680115/21889409/21198218/s65_eduardo.tomasevicius_filho.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":74429,"name":"Precontractual Liability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precontractual_Liability?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":136043,"name":"Good faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Good_faith?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":160127,"name":"Asymmetric Information","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetric_Information?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":479455,"name":"Principle of Good Faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principle_of_Good_Faith?f_ri=3833"},{"id":517877,"name":"Due Dilligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Due_Dilligence?f_ri=3833"},{"id":594391,"name":"Treu Und Glauben","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treu_Und_Glauben?f_ri=3833"},{"id":897649,"name":"Hardships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hardships?f_ri=3833"},{"id":908942,"name":"Utmost Good Faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utmost_Good_Faith?f_ri=3833"},{"id":966552,"name":"Buona Fede","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buona_Fede?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1145079,"name":"Boa Fé Objetiva Rescisão contratos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boa_Fe_Objetiva_Rescisao_contratos?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1163397,"name":"Good Faith In Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Good_Faith_In_Contracts?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1354554,"name":"Responsabilidad Precontractual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsabilidad_Precontractual?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1529546,"name":"Boa-Fé Objetiva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boa-Fe_Objetiva?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1681868,"name":"Buena Fe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buena_Fe?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1936882,"name":"Responsabilidade Pré-Contratual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsabilidade_Pr%C3%A9-Contratual?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3621161,"name":"dever de renegociação","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/dever_de_renegocia%C3%A7%C3%A3o?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77645041" data-work_id="77645041" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77645041/E_commerce_Challenges_Solutions_and_Effectiveness_Perspective_Bangladesh">E-commerce Challenges, Solutions and Effectiveness Perspective Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77645041" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to developing countries like Bangladesh (BD). This paper describes the present challenges of E-commerce and it's solution in BD. It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business. By surveying fruitful questionnaire from consumer site, Ecommerce services provider related parties, banking sector give a perfect assessment of BD's present E-commerce infrastructure and its future organizational structure. Market middlemen, and industry and firm value chain are the most involvement in traditional businesses. Online marketplace eliminates that involvement by creating an alternative channel from producer or manufacturer to consumers or audiences via Web [10]. As a developing country BD is not well known about IT sector. As a result this paper also shows how to reach digital Bangladesh. The comparative analysis of different Ecommerce sites represents an analytical initiative. This research compares the local E-commerce sites with worldwide brand E-commerce sites to make an effective solution of BD's E-commerce.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77645041" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78eb256696f4e89aa7c850d2309a0cc0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84958933,"asset_id":77645041,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84958933/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="128597638" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MahmudulHasan691">Mahmudul Hasan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="128597638" type="text/json">{"id":128597638,"first_name":"Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MahmudulHasan691","display_name":"Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MahmudulHasan691?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77645041 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77645041"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77645041, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77645041", }); 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This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to developing countries like Bangladesh (BD). This paper describes the present challenges of E-commerce and it's solution in BD. It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business. By surveying fruitful questionnaire from consumer site, Ecommerce services provider related parties, banking sector give a perfect assessment of BD's present E-commerce infrastructure and its future organizational structure. Market middlemen, and industry and firm value chain are the most involvement in traditional businesses. Online marketplace eliminates that involvement by creating an alternative channel from producer or manufacturer to consumers or audiences via Web [10]. As a developing country BD is not well known about IT sector. As a result this paper also shows how to reach digital Bangladesh. The comparative analysis of different Ecommerce sites represents an analytical initiative. This research compares the local E-commerce sites with worldwide brand E-commerce sites to make an effective solution of BD's E-commerce.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84958933,"asset_id":77645041,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":128597638,"first_name":"Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MahmudulHasan691","display_name":"Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MahmudulHasan691?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":13900,"name":"E Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":24699,"name":"Supply Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":308710,"name":"Computer Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Applications?f_ri=3833"},{"id":325933,"name":"M Commerce","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M_Commerce?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1235303,"name":"E Commerce","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Commerce-2?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73867880" data-work_id="73867880" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73867880/Economic_perspectives_on_public_relations">Economic perspectives on public relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores the relationship between economic theory and public relations, in order to explain how public relations management contributes to companies’ overall economic gains. It uses a “blend” of economic theories to explain the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73867880" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores the relationship between economic theory and public relations, in order to explain how public relations management contributes to companies’ overall economic gains. It uses a “blend” of economic theories to explain the role and contribution of public relations from the economic point of view. The paper sees a link between the strategic management of public relations as</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73867880" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf028331d48d73ff4fc4d2ed76a4946e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83827517,"asset_id":73867880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83827517/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="228268" href="https://uni-lj.academia.edu/klementpodnar">klement podnar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="228268" type="text/json">{"id":228268,"first_name":"klement","last_name":"podnar","domain_name":"uni-lj","page_name":"klementpodnar","display_name":"klement podnar","profile_url":"https://uni-lj.academia.edu/klementpodnar?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73867880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73867880"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73867880, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73867880", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73867880]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73867880").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73867880").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73867880"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4986" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations">Public Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4986" type="text/json">{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5009" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management">Strategic Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5009" type="text/json">{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73867880]'), work: {"id":73867880,"title":"Economic perspectives on public relations","created_at":"2022-03-16T01:16:25.570-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73867880/Economic_perspectives_on_public_relations?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_73867880","summary":"This paper explores the relationship between economic theory and public relations, in order to explain how public relations management contributes to companies’ overall economic gains. It uses a “blend” of economic theories to explain the role and contribution of public relations from the economic point of view. The paper sees a link between the strategic management of public relations as","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83827517,"asset_id":73867880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":228268,"first_name":"klement","last_name":"podnar","domain_name":"uni-lj","page_name":"klementpodnar","display_name":"klement podnar","profile_url":"https://uni-lj.academia.edu/klementpodnar?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=3833"},{"id":72333,"name":"Neoclassical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoclassical_Theory?f_ri=3833"},{"id":177125,"name":"Language Culture and Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Culture_and_Communication?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"},{"id":892890,"name":"Point of View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Point_of_View?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5030413 coauthored" data-work_id="5030413" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5030413/Governance_structures_in_the_hotel_industry">Governance structures in the hotel industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study investigates alternative governance forms in the hotel industry. Agency theory maintains that the need for control over service quality, financial risk, and the market environment affect the choice of governance form. Prior... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5030413" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study investigates alternative governance forms in the hotel industry. Agency theory maintains that the need for control over service quality, financial risk, and the market environment affect the choice of governance form. Prior agency research emphasizes alternative governance structures that principals employ, given local market conditions, agent incentives, and risk preferences. The study augments the established principal–agent perspective with a discussion of entrepreneurial motivations to join hotel alliances. The study analyzes the choice between independent ownership and affiliation with a voluntary chain as well as the choice between integration and franchising. Data analyses from 650 hotels indicate that the hotel size, amenities, population, and distance to headquarters influence governance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5030413" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c616cafed4db326b4f621fce0628b648" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32362225,"asset_id":5030413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32362225/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6692235" href="https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard">Arne Nygaard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6692235" type="text/json">{"id":6692235,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Nygaard","domain_name":"kristiania","page_name":"ArneNygaard","display_name":"Arne Nygaard","profile_url":"https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6692235/2654199/31487324/s65_arne.nygaard.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5030413">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5030413"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nhh.academia.edu/SvenAHaugland">Sven A Haugland</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkselRokkan">Aksel Rokkan</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5030413'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5030413').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5030413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5030413"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5030413, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5030413", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5030413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5030413; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5030413"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5030413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5030413"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5030413; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5030413]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5030413").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5030413").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5030413"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14786" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agency_Structure">Agency Structure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14786" type="text/json">{"id":14786,"name":"Agency Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agency_Structure?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69644" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franchising">Franchising</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="69644" type="text/json">{"id":69644,"name":"Franchising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franchising?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91380" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Management">Hotel Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91380" type="text/json">{"id":91380,"name":"Hotel Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5030413]'), work: {"id":5030413,"title":"Governance structures in the hotel industry","created_at":"2013-11-08T00:14:40.427-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5030413/Governance_structures_in_the_hotel_industry?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_5030413","summary":"This study investigates alternative governance forms in the hotel industry. Agency theory maintains that the need for control over service quality, financial risk, and the market environment affect the choice of governance form. Prior agency research emphasizes alternative governance structures that principals employ, given local market conditions, agent incentives, and risk preferences. The study augments the established principal–agent perspective with a discussion of entrepreneurial motivations to join hotel alliances. The study analyzes the choice between independent ownership and affiliation with a voluntary chain as well as the choice between integration and franchising. Data analyses from 650 hotels indicate that the hotel size, amenities, population, and distance to headquarters influence governance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32362225,"asset_id":5030413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6692235,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Nygaard","domain_name":"kristiania","page_name":"ArneNygaard","display_name":"Arne Nygaard","profile_url":"https://kristiania.academia.edu/ArneNygaard?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6692235/2654199/31487324/s65_arne.nygaard.jpg"},{"id":33342207,"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Haugland","domain_name":"nhh","page_name":"SvenAHaugland","display_name":"Sven A Haugland","profile_url":"https://nhh.academia.edu/SvenAHaugland?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33342207/9918963/11059043/s65_sven_a..haugland.jpg"},{"id":33593190,"first_name":"Aksel","last_name":"Rokkan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AkselRokkan","display_name":"Aksel Rokkan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AkselRokkan?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":14786,"name":"Agency Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agency_Structure?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":69644,"name":"Franchising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franchising?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":91380,"name":"Hotel Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hotel_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37330320" data-work_id="37330320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37330320/THEORIES_EXPLAINING_INTER_ORGANIZATIONAL_COLLABORATION">THEORIES EXPLAINING INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Inter-organizational collaboration has becomes a strategic need to respond rapid technological development and increasingly competitive business environment. In this circumstance organizations are no longer possible to compete without... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37330320" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Inter-organizational collaboration has becomes a strategic need to respond rapid technological development and increasingly competitive business environment. In this circumstance organizations are no longer possible to compete without collaboration due to the limitation resource they have. From the internal perspective, organization involvement within inter-organizational collaboration is motivated by the need for access to resources, core competencies, innovative skills, and specific knowledge. While from the external perspective, it can be explain as organization respond from external pressure to gain legitimation. This paper discusses the theories that have been used in explaining the phenomenon of inter-organizational collaboration, both based on internal and external perspectives. The discussion begins with the concept of inter-organizational collaboration, several theories used to explain inter-organizational collaboration from an internal and external perspective. Finally, the paper discuss many empirical studies related to inter-organizational collaboration and development trends for future research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37330320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a71c985bee4dff13f9f7842d726c017a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57288457,"asset_id":37330320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57288457/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2852560" href="https://maranatha.academia.edu/LinaAnatan">Lina Anatan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2852560" type="text/json">{"id":2852560,"first_name":"Lina","last_name":"Anatan","domain_name":"maranatha","page_name":"LinaAnatan","display_name":"Lina Anatan","profile_url":"https://maranatha.academia.edu/LinaAnatan?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2852560/938101/46425157/s65_lina.anatan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37330320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37330320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37330320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37330320", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37330320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37330320").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37330320").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37330320"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3013" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interorganizational_Relationships">Interorganizational Relationships</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3013" type="text/json">{"id":3013,"name":"Interorganizational Relationships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interorganizational_Relationships?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4501" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interorganizational_Networks">Interorganizational Networks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4501" type="text/json">{"id":4501,"name":"Interorganizational Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interorganizational_Networks?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5009" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management">Strategic Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5009" type="text/json">{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37330320]'), work: {"id":37330320,"title":"THEORIES EXPLAINING INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION","created_at":"2018-09-02T08:28:17.255-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37330320/THEORIES_EXPLAINING_INTER_ORGANIZATIONAL_COLLABORATION?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_37330320","summary":"Inter-organizational collaboration has becomes a strategic need to respond rapid technological development and increasingly competitive business environment. In this circumstance organizations are no longer possible to compete without collaboration due to the limitation resource they have. From the internal perspective, organization involvement within inter-organizational collaboration is motivated by the need for access to resources, core competencies, innovative skills, and specific knowledge. While from the external perspective, it can be explain as organization respond from external pressure to gain legitimation. This paper discusses the theories that have been used in explaining the phenomenon of inter-organizational collaboration, both based on internal and external perspectives. The discussion begins with the concept of inter-organizational collaboration, several theories used to explain inter-organizational collaboration from an internal and external perspective. Finally, the paper discuss many empirical studies related to inter-organizational collaboration and development trends for future research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57288457,"asset_id":37330320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2852560,"first_name":"Lina","last_name":"Anatan","domain_name":"maranatha","page_name":"LinaAnatan","display_name":"Lina Anatan","profile_url":"https://maranatha.academia.edu/LinaAnatan?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2852560/938101/46425157/s65_lina.anatan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3013,"name":"Interorganizational Relationships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interorganizational_Relationships?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":4501,"name":"Interorganizational 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Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31376154]'), work: {"id":31376154,"title":"Financial Sector Development and the Millennium Development Goals","created_at":"2017-02-11T12:10:28.763-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31376154/Financial_Sector_Development_and_the_Millennium_Development_Goals?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_31376154","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51752887,"asset_id":31376154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59961251,"first_name":"Stijn","last_name":"Claessens","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClaessensStijn","display_name":"Stijn Claessens","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClaessensStijn?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24870887/Multidimensional_Portfolio_Optimization_with_Proportional_Transaction_Costs">Multidimensional Portfolio Optimization with Proportional Transaction Costs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We provide a computational study of the problem of optimally allocating wealth among multiple stocks and a bank account, to maximize the infinite horizon discounted utility of consumption. We consider the situation where the transfer of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24870887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We provide a computational study of the problem of optimally allocating wealth among multiple stocks and a bank account, to maximize the infinite horizon discounted utility of consumption. We consider the situation where the transfer of wealth from one asset to another involves transaction costs that are proportional to the amount of wealth transferred. Our model allows for correlation between the price processes, which in turn gives rise to interesting hedging strategies. This results in a stochastic control problem with both drift-rate and singular controls, which can be recast as a free boundary problem in partial differential equations. Adapting the finite element method and using an iterative procedure that converts the free boundary problem into a sequence of fixed boundary problems, we provide an efficient numerical method for solving this problem. We present computational results that describe the impact of volatility, risk aversion of the investor, level of transaction costs, and correlation among the risky assets on the structure of the optimal policy. Finally we suggest and quantify some heuristic approximations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24870887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9cd1e0e6ac4967aa576b6737f2f61372" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45193255,"asset_id":24870887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45193255/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4757401" href="https://jnu.academia.edu/sunilkumar">sunil kumar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4757401" type="text/json">{"id":4757401,"first_name":"sunil","last_name":"kumar","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"sunilkumar","display_name":"sunil kumar","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/sunilkumar?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4757401/16225664/16647806/s65_sunil.kumar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24870887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24870887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24870887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24870887", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24870887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24870887").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24870887").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24870887"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="305" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics">Applied Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="305" type="text/json">{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12147" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_element_method">Finite element method</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12147" type="text/json">{"id":12147,"name":"Finite element method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_element_method?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance">Mathematical Finance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24659" type="text/json">{"id":24659,"name":"Mathematical Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24870887]'), work: {"id":24870887,"title":"Multidimensional Portfolio Optimization with Proportional Transaction Costs","created_at":"2016-04-29T02:17:18.921-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24870887/Multidimensional_Portfolio_Optimization_with_Proportional_Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_24870887","summary":"We provide a computational study of the problem of optimally allocating wealth among multiple stocks and a bank account, to maximize the infinite horizon discounted utility of consumption. We consider the situation where the transfer of wealth from one asset to another involves transaction costs that are proportional to the amount of wealth transferred. Our model allows for correlation between the price processes, which in turn gives rise to interesting hedging strategies. This results in a stochastic control problem with both drift-rate and singular controls, which can be recast as a free boundary problem in partial differential equations. Adapting the finite element method and using an iterative procedure that converts the free boundary problem into a sequence of fixed boundary problems, we provide an efficient numerical method for solving this problem. We present computational results that describe the impact of volatility, risk aversion of the investor, level of transaction costs, and correlation among the risky assets on the structure of the optimal policy. Finally we suggest and quantify some heuristic approximations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45193255,"asset_id":24870887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4757401,"first_name":"sunil","last_name":"kumar","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"sunilkumar","display_name":"sunil kumar","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/sunilkumar?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4757401/16225664/16647806/s65_sunil.kumar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":12147,"name":"Finite element method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_element_method?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":24659,"name":"Mathematical Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":32149,"name":"Numerical Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Method?f_ri=3833"},{"id":56735,"name":"Portfolio Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portfolio_Optimization?f_ri=3833"},{"id":69827,"name":"Risk Aversion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Aversion?f_ri=3833"},{"id":76385,"name":"Stochastic Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Control?f_ri=3833"},{"id":108225,"name":"Free boundary Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_boundary_Problem?f_ri=3833"},{"id":194130,"name":"PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PARTIAL_DIFFERENTIAL_EQUATION?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43275343" data-work_id="43275343" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43275343/Transaction_Costs_Much_Smaller_than_We_ought">Transaction Costs: Much Smaller than We ought</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We analyze the economics of transaction costs in dynamic hedging of contingent claims, making the case for a representative dynamic hedging agent. We argue that the most efficient dynamic hedger incurs no transaction costs when owning... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43275343" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We analyze the economics of transaction costs in dynamic hedging of contingent claims, making the case for a representative dynamic hedging agent. We argue that the most efficient dynamic hedger incurs no transaction costs when owning options. Furthermore, as options are rarely replicated until maturity, the expected transaction costs of the short options depend mostly on the dynamics of the order flow in the option markets-not on the direct costs of transacting. The conclusion is that transaction costs are a fraction of what has been assumed to be in the literature. For the fficient operators (and those operators only), markets are more dynamically complete than anticipated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43275343" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b3387ca2eb4366718cb7bcf694ab2e25" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63549531,"asset_id":43275343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63549531/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50656481" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NassimNicholasTaleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50656481" type="text/json">{"id":50656481,"first_name":"Nassim Nicholas","last_name":"Taleb","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NassimNicholasTaleb","display_name":"Nassim Nicholas Taleb","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NassimNicholasTaleb?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43275343 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43275343"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43275343, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43275343", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43275343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43275343").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43275343").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43275343"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance">Mathematical Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24659" type="text/json">{"id":24659,"name":"Mathematical Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45591" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Derivatives">Financial Derivatives</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45591" type="text/json">{"id":45591,"name":"Financial Derivatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Derivatives?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48739" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Finance">Quantitative Finance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48739" type="text/json">{"id":48739,"name":"Quantitative Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43275343]'), work: {"id":43275343,"title":"Transaction Costs: Much Smaller than We ought","created_at":"2020-06-06T16:47:48.796-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43275343/Transaction_Costs_Much_Smaller_than_We_ought?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_43275343","summary":"We analyze the economics of transaction costs in dynamic hedging of contingent claims, making the case for a representative dynamic hedging agent. We argue that the most efficient dynamic hedger incurs no transaction costs when owning options. Furthermore, as options are rarely replicated until maturity, the expected transaction costs of the short options depend mostly on the dynamics of the order flow in the option markets-not on the direct costs of transacting. The conclusion is that transaction costs are a fraction of what has been assumed to be in the literature. For the fficient operators (and those operators only), markets are more dynamically complete than anticipated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63549531,"asset_id":43275343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50656481,"first_name":"Nassim Nicholas","last_name":"Taleb","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NassimNicholasTaleb","display_name":"Nassim Nicholas Taleb","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NassimNicholasTaleb?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":24659,"name":"Mathematical Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":45591,"name":"Financial Derivatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Derivatives?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":48739,"name":"Quantitative Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49103506" data-work_id="49103506" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49103506/Blockchain_Technology_Digitalization_and_the_Internationalization_of_Multinationals">Blockchain Technology: Digitalization and the Internationalization of Multinationals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Blockchain has a growing reputation as a disruptive and revolutionary technology. Although still at infancy, its potential applications in international business are self-evident, particularly smart contracts and the likely impact they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49103506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Blockchain has a growing reputation as a disruptive and revolutionary technology. Although still at infancy, its potential applications in international business are self-evident, particularly smart contracts and the likely impact they may have on transactions costs. This paper explores how smart contracts might attenuate or eliminate various transaction costs, and the attendant effect on the internationalization of firms. Using transaction cost theory of the multinational firm, different transaction costs are identified, and the effect of smart contracts on these sources of transaction costs such as bounded rationality and opportunism are determined. Subsequently, we hypothesize the outcomes of these interactions on the internationalization of firms. While the tendency might be to assume that lower transaction costs might result in an abandonment of hierarchical governance for markets, however, because the firm must choose between the lower of transaction costs from markets and the internal costs of hierarchy, lower transaction costs from smart contracts might not necessarily result in a disinclination for foreign direct investment. The paper suggests streams for future research to empirically assess the effects of smart contracts on the Internationalization of firms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49103506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="635068397adbb546f8bbb17d3929ae63" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67498361,"asset_id":49103506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67498361/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100818671" href="https://usask.academia.edu/woyinAdedigba">woyin Adedigba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100818671" type="text/json">{"id":100818671,"first_name":"woyin","last_name":"Adedigba","domain_name":"usask","page_name":"woyinAdedigba","display_name":"woyin Adedigba","profile_url":"https://usask.academia.edu/woyinAdedigba?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100818671/29523199/35493684/s65_woyin.adedigba.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49103506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49103506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49103506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49103506", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49103506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49103506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49103506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49103506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16307" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_rights_and_transaction_costs">Property rights and transaction costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16307" type="text/json">{"id":16307,"name":"Property rights and transaction costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_rights_and_transaction_costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189809" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internationalization_theories">Internationalization theories</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189809" type="text/json">{"id":189809,"name":"Internationalization theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internationalization_theories?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="868794" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost">Transaction Cost</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="868794" type="text/json">{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49103506]'), work: {"id":49103506,"title":"Blockchain Technology: Digitalization and the Internationalization of Multinationals","created_at":"2021-06-02T20:25:46.884-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49103506/Blockchain_Technology_Digitalization_and_the_Internationalization_of_Multinationals?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_49103506","summary":"Blockchain has a growing reputation as a disruptive and revolutionary technology. Although still at infancy, its potential applications in international business are self-evident, particularly smart contracts and the likely impact they may have on transactions costs. This paper explores how smart contracts might attenuate or eliminate various transaction costs, and the attendant effect on the internationalization of firms. Using transaction cost theory of the multinational firm, different transaction costs are identified, and the effect of smart contracts on these sources of transaction costs such as bounded rationality and opportunism are determined. Subsequently, we hypothesize the outcomes of these interactions on the internationalization of firms. While the tendency might be to assume that lower transaction costs might result in an abandonment of hierarchical governance for markets, however, because the firm must choose between the lower of transaction costs from markets and the internal costs of hierarchy, lower transaction costs from smart contracts might not necessarily result in a disinclination for foreign direct investment. The paper suggests streams for future research to empirically assess the effects of smart contracts on the Internationalization of firms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67498361,"asset_id":49103506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":100818671,"first_name":"woyin","last_name":"Adedigba","domain_name":"usask","page_name":"woyinAdedigba","display_name":"woyin Adedigba","profile_url":"https://usask.academia.edu/woyinAdedigba?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100818671/29523199/35493684/s65_woyin.adedigba.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":16307,"name":"Property rights and transaction costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_rights_and_transaction_costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":189809,"name":"Internationalization theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internationalization_theories?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3590885,"name":"Block-Chain Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Block-Chain_Technology?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74643443" data-work_id="74643443" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74643443/Hedging_in_discrete_time_under_transaction_costs_and_continuous_time_limit">Hedging in discrete time under transaction costs and continuous-time limit</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We consider a discrete-time financial market model with L 1 risky asset price process subject to proportional transaction costs. In this general setting, using a dual martingale representation we provide sufficient conditions for the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74643443" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We consider a discrete-time financial market model with L 1 risky asset price process subject to proportional transaction costs. In this general setting, using a dual martingale representation we provide sufficient conditions for the super-replication cost to coincide with the replication cost. Next, we study the convergence problem in a stationary binomial model as the time step tends to zero, keeping the proportional transaction costs fixed. We derive lower and upper bounds for the limit of the super-replication cost. In the case of European call options and for a unit initial holding in the risky asset, the upper and lower bounds are equal. This result also holds for the replication cost of European call options. This is evidence (but not a proof) against the common opinion that the replication cost is infinite in a continuous-time model.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74643443" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48333678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Huy%C3%AAnPHAM1">Huyên PHAM</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48333678" type="text/json">{"id":48333678,"first_name":"Huyên","last_name":"PHAM","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HuyênPHAM1","display_name":"Huyên PHAM","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Huy%C3%AAnPHAM1?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48333678/13903591/14970485/s65_huy_n.pham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74643443 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74643443"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74643443, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74643443", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74643443]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74643443").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74643443").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74643443"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance">Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47" type="text/json">{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300" type="text/json">{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="305" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics">Applied Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="305" type="text/json">{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process">Stochastic Process</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="347" type="text/json">{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74643443]'), work: {"id":74643443,"title":"Hedging in discrete time under transaction costs and continuous-time limit","created_at":"2022-03-26T13:44:51.236-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74643443/Hedging_in_discrete_time_under_transaction_costs_and_continuous_time_limit?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_74643443","summary":"We consider a discrete-time financial market model with L 1 risky asset price process subject to proportional transaction costs. In this general setting, using a dual martingale representation we provide sufficient conditions for the super-replication cost to coincide with the replication cost. Next, we study the convergence problem in a stationary binomial model as the time step tends to zero, keeping the proportional transaction costs fixed. We derive lower and upper bounds for the limit of the super-replication cost. In the case of European call options and for a unit initial holding in the risky asset, the upper and lower bounds are equal. This result also holds for the replication cost of European call options. This is evidence (but not a proof) against the common opinion that the replication cost is infinite in a continuous-time model.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48333678,"first_name":"Huyên","last_name":"PHAM","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HuyênPHAM1","display_name":"Huyên PHAM","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Huy%C3%AAnPHAM1?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48333678/13903591/14970485/s65_huy_n.pham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":892,"name":"Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":6991,"name":"Martingale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martingale?f_ri=3833"},{"id":10818,"name":"Martingales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martingales?f_ri=3833"},{"id":15124,"name":"Convergence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Convergence?f_ri=3833"},{"id":41815,"name":"Applied Probability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Probability?f_ri=3833"},{"id":270673,"name":"Financial Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Market?f_ri=3833"},{"id":372874,"name":"Transaction Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Processing?f_ri=3833"},{"id":374622,"name":"Replication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Replication?f_ri=3833"},{"id":575846,"name":"Upper Bound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_Bound?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"},{"id":991094,"name":"Continuous Time Signals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continuous_Time_Signals?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1844831,"name":"Binomial Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Binomial_Model?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3115632,"name":"Continuous time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continuous_time?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3115633,"name":"Discrete time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrete_time?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_639037" data-work_id="639037" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/639037/Institutional_ecological_economics">Institutional ecological economics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/639037" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0775891fb8ea25a9b55e86de8b88958f" rel="nofollow" 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$(".js-view-count-work_639037").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="639037"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4011" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Economics">Ecological Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4011" type="text/json">{"id":4011,"name":"Ecological Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5604" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Action">Collective Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5604" type="text/json">{"id":5604,"name":"Collective Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Action?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_institutional_economics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15421489" data-work_id="15421489" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15421489/Adoption_of_mobile_technology_in_business_a_fit_viability_model">Adoption of mobile technology in business: a fit-viability model</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose -This paper aims to study the adoption of mobile technology in business and its determinants. A diagnostic tool for proper adoption of mobile technology is developed. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded on the fit-viability... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15421489" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose -This paper aims to study the adoption of mobile technology in business and its determinants. A diagnostic tool for proper adoption of mobile technology is developed. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded on the fit-viability framework, the paper uses a multi-case study via the fit and viability dimensions to examine the success or failure of mobile technology applications in business. Findings -By drawing upon multiple streams of theory building, the paper is able to develop a set of measurement instruments to assess the fit and viability in adopting mobile technology. The findings demonstrate that the fit-viability model (FVM) provides useful guidelines for enterprises in their decisions on whether to adopt a mobile technology. Research limitations/implications -First, the theoretical generalizability of the FVM needs to be more carefully observed in future studies. Second, the findings are exploratory and more extensive studies may be necessary. Practical implications -Chief information officers and managers can use the developed instrument to measure the fitness and viability of implementing mobile technology in organizations. This should be able to increase the possibility of success. Originality/value -This is one of the first papers to combine the fit and viability aspects and to empirically demonstrate the value of this two-dimensional model.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15421489" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b6cc1d89d62704e8548dc0af0fe19f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43214343,"asset_id":15421489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43214343/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34565706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TingpengLiang">Ting-peng Liang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34565706" type="text/json">{"id":34565706,"first_name":"Ting-peng","last_name":"Liang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TingpengLiang","display_name":"Ting-peng Liang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TingpengLiang?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15421489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15421489"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15421489, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15421489", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15421489]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15421489").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15421489").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15421489"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Technology">Mobile Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4198" type="text/json">{"id":4198,"name":"Mobile Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Technology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64561" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Software">Computer Software</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64561" type="text/json">{"id":64561,"name":"Computer Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Software?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15421489]'), work: {"id":15421489,"title":"Adoption of mobile technology in business: a fit-viability model","created_at":"2015-09-05T08:30:11.985-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15421489/Adoption_of_mobile_technology_in_business_a_fit_viability_model?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_15421489","summary":"Purpose -This paper aims to study the adoption of mobile technology in business and its determinants. A diagnostic tool for proper adoption of mobile technology is developed. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded on the fit-viability framework, the paper uses a multi-case study via the fit and viability dimensions to examine the success or failure of mobile technology applications in business. Findings -By drawing upon multiple streams of theory building, the paper is able to develop a set of measurement instruments to assess the fit and viability in adopting mobile technology. The findings demonstrate that the fit-viability model (FVM) provides useful guidelines for enterprises in their decisions on whether to adopt a mobile technology. Research limitations/implications -First, the theoretical generalizability of the FVM needs to be more carefully observed in future studies. Second, the findings are exploratory and more extensive studies may be necessary. Practical implications -Chief information officers and managers can use the developed instrument to measure the fitness and viability of implementing mobile technology in organizations. This should be able to increase the possibility of success. Originality/value -This is one of the first papers to combine the fit and viability aspects and to empirically demonstrate the value of this two-dimensional model.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43214343,"asset_id":15421489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34565706,"first_name":"Ting-peng","last_name":"Liang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TingpengLiang","display_name":"Ting-peng Liang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TingpengLiang?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":4198,"name":"Mobile Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Technology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":64561,"name":"Computer 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3089495" data-work_id="3089495" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3089495/Institutions_institutional_change_and_economic_performance">Institutions, institutional change and economic performance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3089495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3089495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7a5c34c1f8d38a3fb5bf4403a8dcfec" rel="nofollow" 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economics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bounded rationality, opportunism, the primacy of markets and the action of economizing are building blocks of Oliver Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). As in all intellectual exchanges, Williamson has used a range of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2558259" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bounded rationality, opportunism, the primacy of markets and the action of economizing are building blocks of Oliver Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). As in all intellectual exchanges, Williamson has used a range of argumentative devices to set up and negotiate his basic notions and assumptions with economists. Rhetorical analysis is applied here to study his argumentation in a certain institutional context within economics. Negotiations with the mainstream, with the competence view of the firm and within the New Institutional Economics, for instance, have had an impact on the construction of TCE and are given attention here. Difficult decisions have been made in order to forge ahead with TCE, including whether to uphold some notions (e.g. opportunism) at the cost of leaving others behind (e.g. economics of atmosphere). Rhetorical transactions like this have shaped TCE and its recognition in economics and related areas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2558259" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a070c37786e5d85dea8a3f0134f0806" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30571057,"asset_id":2558259,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30571057/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1254092" href="https://ufpr.academia.edu/HuascarPessali">Huascar Pessali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1254092" type="text/json">{"id":1254092,"first_name":"Huascar","last_name":"Pessali","domain_name":"ufpr","page_name":"HuascarPessali","display_name":"Huascar Pessali","profile_url":"https://ufpr.academia.edu/HuascarPessali?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2558259 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2558259"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2558259, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2558259", }); 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/694757/Institutions_institutional_change_and_economic_performance">Institutions, institutional change and economic performance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_694757" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34954080/Introduction_The_Economic_Theory_of_Costs_in_Perspective">Introduction: The Economic Theory of Costs in Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The theory of costs is a cornerstone of economic thinking, and figures crucially in the study of human action and society. From the first day of a principles-level course to the most advanced academic literature, costs play a vital role... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34954080" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The theory of costs is a cornerstone of economic thinking, and figures crucially in the study of human action and society. From the first day of a principles-level course to the most advanced academic literature, costs play a vital role in virtually all behaviors and economic outcomes. How we make choices, why we trade, and how we build institutions and social orders are all problems that can be explained in light of the costs we face.<br /><br />This volume explores, develops, and critiques the rich literature on costs, examining some of the many ways cost remains relevant in economic theory and practice. 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These chapters are not only useful for students learning these concepts for the first time: they are also valuable for researchers seeking to understand the unique Austrian perspective and those who want to apply it to new problems.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34954080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85c468a4ba5a38d508dadf7efb3dc62e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54816131,"asset_id":34954080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54816131/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7208623" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/MatthewMcCaffrey">Matthew McCaffrey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7208623" type="text/json">{"id":7208623,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"McCaffrey","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"MatthewMcCaffrey","display_name":"Matthew McCaffrey","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/MatthewMcCaffrey?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7208623/2690947/7125544/s65_matthew.mccaffrey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34954080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34954080"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34954080, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34954080", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34954080]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34954080").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34954080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34954080"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1656" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Entrepreneurship">Social Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1656" type="text/json">{"id":1656,"name":"Social Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1713" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Economics">Austrian Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1713" type="text/json">{"id":1713,"name":"Austrian Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1735" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought">History of Economic Thought</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1735" type="text/json">{"id":1735,"name":"History of Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34954080]'), work: {"id":34954080,"title":"Introduction: The Economic Theory of Costs in Perspective","created_at":"2017-10-25T04:51:57.208-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34954080/Introduction_The_Economic_Theory_of_Costs_in_Perspective?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_34954080","summary":"The theory of costs is a cornerstone of economic thinking, and figures crucially in the study of human action and society. From the first day of a principles-level course to the most advanced academic literature, costs play a vital role in virtually all behaviors and economic outcomes. How we make choices, why we trade, and how we build institutions and social orders are all problems that can be explained in light of the costs we face.\n\nThis volume explores, develops, and critiques the rich literature on costs, examining some of the many ways cost remains relevant in economic theory and practice. The book especially studies costs from the perspective of the Austrian or “causal-realist” approach to economics. The chapters integrate the history of economic thought with contemporary research, finding valuable crossroads\nbetween numerous traditions in economics. They examine the role of costs in theories of choice and opportunity costs; demand and income effects; production and distribution; risk and interest rates; uncertainty and production; monopsony; Post-Keynesianism; transaction costs; socialism and management; and social entrepreneurship.\n\nTogether, these papers represent an update and restatement of a central element in the economic way of thinking. Each chapter reveals how the Austrian, causal-realist approach to costs can be used to solve an important problem or debate in economics. These chapters are not only useful for students learning these concepts for the first time: they are also valuable for researchers seeking to understand the unique Austrian perspective and those who want to apply it to new problems.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54816131,"asset_id":34954080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7208623,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"McCaffrey","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"MatthewMcCaffrey","display_name":"Matthew McCaffrey","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/MatthewMcCaffrey?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7208623/2690947/7125544/s65_matthew.mccaffrey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1656,"name":"Social Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1713,"name":"Austrian Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1735,"name":"History of Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":14243,"name":"History of Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economics?f_ri=3833"},{"id":16097,"name":"Decision Making Under Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making_Under_Uncertainty?f_ri=3833"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=3833"},{"id":40815,"name":"Cost Estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Estimation?f_ri=3833"},{"id":61603,"name":"Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uncertainty?f_ri=3833"},{"id":89800,"name":"Causal Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causal_Realism?f_ri=3833"},{"id":158837,"name":"Ludwig von Mises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ludwig_von_Mises?f_ri=3833"},{"id":168157,"name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_Menger?f_ri=3833"},{"id":250548,"name":"Murray Rothbard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murray_Rothbard?f_ri=3833"},{"id":356025,"name":"Opportunity Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opportunity_Cost?f_ri=3833"},{"id":484294,"name":"Monopsony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monopsony?f_ri=3833"},{"id":657466,"name":"Teaching of Economics (Education and Social Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_of_Economics_Education_and_Social_Science_?f_ri=3833"},{"id":821684,"name":"Monopoly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monopoly?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1522839,"name":"Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugen_von_Bohm-Bawerk?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2238296" data-work_id="2238296" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2238296/The_hidden_dimensions_of_human_wildlife_conflict_Health_impacts_opportunity_and_transaction_costs">The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The impact of conservation policies on human wellbeing is critical to the integration of poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation. In many low-income countries, human–wildlife conflict adversely affects wellbeing of communities... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2238296" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The impact of conservation policies on human wellbeing is critical to the integration of poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation. In many low-income countries, human–wildlife conflict adversely affects wellbeing of communities that closely interface with wildlife. Approaches to framing and mitigating conflict emphasize its visible costs. Hidden impacts, i.e. costs that are uncompensated, temporally delayed, or psychosocial in nature, remain poorly addressed. This paper examines the hidden impacts of human–wildlife conflict in low-income countries. It presents an account of the known and potential hidden impacts, investigating their effects on rural communities. Hidden impacts of human–wildlife conflict include diminished psychosocial wellbeing, disruption of livelihoods and food insecurity. Considerable opportunity costs are incurred through crop and livestock guarding. When seeking compensation for damage, bureaucratic inadequacies result in added transaction costs. Even though communities may be tolerant of wildlife, the hidden impacts of conflict jeopardize various components of global wellbeing. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in knowledge and outlining areas for future research that better address hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2238296" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42be975a97a6322ca747b2584257e2f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30366946,"asset_id":2238296,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30366946/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35365" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MaanBarua">Maan Barua</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35365" type="text/json">{"id":35365,"first_name":"Maan","last_name":"Barua","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"MaanBarua","display_name":"Maan Barua","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/MaanBarua?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35365/11647/10953/s65_maan.barua.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2238296 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2238296"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2238296, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2238296", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2238296]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2238296").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2238296").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2238296"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="278" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Geography">Environmental Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="278" type="text/json">{"id":278,"name":"Environmental Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1064" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Geography">Animal Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1064" type="text/json">{"id":1064,"name":"Animal Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2467" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology">Conservation Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2467" type="text/json">{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2238296]'), work: {"id":2238296,"title":"The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs","created_at":"2012-12-04T08:48:10.004-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2238296/The_hidden_dimensions_of_human_wildlife_conflict_Health_impacts_opportunity_and_transaction_costs?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_2238296","summary":"The impact of conservation policies on human wellbeing is critical to the integration of poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation. In many low-income countries, human–wildlife conflict adversely affects wellbeing of communities that closely interface with wildlife. Approaches to framing and mitigating conflict emphasize its visible costs. Hidden impacts, i.e. costs that are uncompensated, temporally delayed, or psychosocial in nature, remain poorly addressed. This paper examines the hidden impacts of human–wildlife conflict in low-income countries. It presents an account of the known and potential hidden impacts, investigating their effects on rural communities. Hidden impacts of human–wildlife conflict include diminished psychosocial wellbeing, disruption of livelihoods and food insecurity. Considerable opportunity costs are incurred through crop and livestock guarding. When seeking compensation for damage, bureaucratic inadequacies result in added transaction costs. Even though communities may be tolerant of wildlife, the hidden impacts of conflict jeopardize various components of global wellbeing. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in knowledge and outlining areas for future research that better address hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30366946,"asset_id":2238296,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35365,"first_name":"Maan","last_name":"Barua","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"MaanBarua","display_name":"Maan Barua","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/MaanBarua?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35365/11647/10953/s65_maan.barua.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":278,"name":"Environmental Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":1064,"name":"Animal Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Geography?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3833"},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833"},{"id":7651,"name":"Wildlife Ecology And Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Ecology_And_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=3833"},{"id":19406,"name":"Human-wildlife conflicts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-wildlife_conflicts?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31471438" data-work_id="31471438" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31471438/Mercados_de_capitales_emergentes_y_globalizacion_la_experiencia_de_America_Latina">Mercados de capitales emergentes y globalizacion : la experiencia de America Latina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31471438" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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{"id":31471438,"title":"Mercados de capitales emergentes y globalizacion : la experiencia de America Latina","created_at":"2017-02-16T12:30:00.226-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31471438/Mercados_de_capitales_emergentes_y_globalizacion_la_experiencia_de_America_Latina?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_31471438","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51825885,"asset_id":31471438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60105257,"first_name":"Augusto de la","last_name":"Torre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AugustodelaTorre","display_name":"Augusto de la Torre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AugustodelaTorre?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development 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(GDP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP_?f_ri=3833"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=3833"},{"id":953681,"name":"Credit Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_Market?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1187278,"name":"Economies of Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economies_of_Scale?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1240789,"name":"Capital Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Market?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1285686,"name":"Balance Sheets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheets?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1501300,"name":"Financial Intermediaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Intermediaries?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1551025,"name":"Domestic market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_market?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1646014,"name":"Market Capitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Capitalization?f_ri=3833"},{"id":2129688,"name":"Fixed Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fixed_Costs?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18848180" data-work_id="18848180" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18848180/Human_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation_from_Nigeria_into_Western_Europe_The_role_of_voodoo_rituals_in_the_functioning_of_a_criminal_network">Human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The role of voodoo rituals in the functioning of a criminal network</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study is a content analysis of wiretapped conversations and police interviews concerning the criminal case of ‘Operation Koolvis’: an investigation into a Nigerian human trafficking ring for sexual exploitation in Western Europe. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18848180" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study is a content analysis of wiretapped conversations and police interviews concerning the<br />criminal case of ‘Operation Koolvis’: an investigation into a Nigerian human trafficking ring for sexual<br />exploitation in Western Europe. The criminal network traffics women from Nigeria, via the Netherlands<br />as a transit country, to become street prostitutes in Italy. The aim is to explore the role of ‘voodoo’<br />in the functioning of the organization, applying transaction cost economics and rational choice theory.<br />Four main categories of voodoo use were found. Firstly, voodoo is a coercive mechanism. Secondly,<br />it is used cynically in cooperation between traffickers. Thirdly, there is non-cynical mention of voodoo<br />as a belief system. A fourth category concerns voodoo priests as independent enforcers of contracts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18848180" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6e4ddd9d276b4ec5743234f9931e43ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43305067,"asset_id":18848180,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43305067/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34829064" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/CharlotteBaarda">Charlotte S Baarda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34829064" type="text/json">{"id":34829064,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Baarda","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"CharlotteBaarda","display_name":"Charlotte S Baarda","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/CharlotteBaarda?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34829064/10152820/11329379/s65_charlotte.baarda.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18848180 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18848180"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18848180, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18848180", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18848180]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18848180").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18848180").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18848180"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Migration">Irregular Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5349" type="text/json">{"id":5349,"name":"Irregular Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Migration?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6369" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking">Human Trafficking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6369" type="text/json">{"id":6369,"name":"Human Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8008" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organized_Crime">Organized Crime</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8008" type="text/json">{"id":8008,"name":"Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organized_Crime?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18848180]'), work: {"id":18848180,"title":"Human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The role of voodoo rituals in the functioning of a criminal network","created_at":"2015-11-23T02:16:02.697-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18848180/Human_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation_from_Nigeria_into_Western_Europe_The_role_of_voodoo_rituals_in_the_functioning_of_a_criminal_network?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_18848180","summary":"This study is a content analysis of wiretapped conversations and police interviews concerning the\ncriminal case of ‘Operation Koolvis’: an investigation into a Nigerian human trafficking ring for sexual\nexploitation in Western Europe. The criminal network traffics women from Nigeria, via the Netherlands\nas a transit country, to become street prostitutes in Italy. The aim is to explore the role of ‘voodoo’\nin the functioning of the organization, applying transaction cost economics and rational choice theory.\nFour main categories of voodoo use were found. Firstly, voodoo is a coercive mechanism. Secondly,\nit is used cynically in cooperation between traffickers. Thirdly, there is non-cynical mention of voodoo\nas a belief system. A fourth category concerns voodoo priests as independent enforcers of contracts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43305067,"asset_id":18848180,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34829064,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Baarda","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"CharlotteBaarda","display_name":"Charlotte S Baarda","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/CharlotteBaarda?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34829064/10152820/11329379/s65_charlotte.baarda.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":5349,"name":"Irregular Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Migration?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":6369,"name":"Human Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":8008,"name":"Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organized_Crime?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":8208,"name":"Rational Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice?f_ri=3833"},{"id":16472,"name":"Transnational migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_migration?f_ri=3833"},{"id":62215,"name":"Belief Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Belief_Systems?f_ri=3833"},{"id":178240,"name":"Human Smuggling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Smuggling?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79661986" data-work_id="79661986" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79661986/Feature_selection_and_deep_neural_networks_for_stock_price_direction_forecasting_using_technical_analysis_indicators">Feature selection and deep neural networks for stock price direction forecasting using technical analysis indicators</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract This paper analyzes the factor zoo, which has theoretical and empirical implications for finance, from a machine learning perspective. More specifically, we discuss feature selection in the context of deep neural network models... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79661986" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract This paper analyzes the factor zoo, which has theoretical and empirical implications for finance, from a machine learning perspective. More specifically, we discuss feature selection in the context of deep neural network models to predict the stock price direction. We investigated a set of 124 technical analysis indicators used as explanatory variables in the recent literature and specialized trading websites. We applied three feature selection methods to shrink the feature set aiming to eliminate redundant information from similar indicators. Using daily data from stocks of seven global market indexes between 2008 and 2019, we tested neural networks with different settings of hidden layers and dropout rates. We compared various classification metrics, taking into account profitability and transaction costs levels to analyze economic gains. The results show that the variables were not uniformly chosen by the feature selection algorithms and that the out-of-sample accuracy rate of the prediction converged to two values — besides the 50% accuracy value that would suggest market efficiency, a “strange attractor” of 65% accuracy also was achieved consistently. We also found that the profitability of the strategies did not manage to significantly outperform the Buy-and-Hold strategy, even showing fairly large negative values for some hyperparameter combinations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79661986" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa81847a809a37c3ff8a6f1436509aad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86560632,"asset_id":79661986,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86560632/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73438530" href="https://unb.academia.edu/YaohaoPeng">Yaohao Peng</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73438530" type="text/json">{"id":73438530,"first_name":"Yaohao","last_name":"Peng","domain_name":"unb","page_name":"YaohaoPeng","display_name":"Yaohao Peng","profile_url":"https://unb.academia.edu/YaohaoPeng?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73438530/18711934/37856883/s65_yaohao.peng.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79661986 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79661986"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79661986, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79661986", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79661986]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79661986").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79661986").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79661986"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="465" type="text/json">{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2008" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning">Machine Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2008" type="text/json">{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79661986]'), work: {"id":79661986,"title":"Feature selection and deep neural networks for stock price direction forecasting using technical analysis indicators","created_at":"2022-05-22T09:30:16.107-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79661986/Feature_selection_and_deep_neural_networks_for_stock_price_direction_forecasting_using_technical_analysis_indicators?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_79661986","summary":"Abstract This paper analyzes the factor zoo, which has theoretical and empirical implications for finance, from a machine learning perspective. More specifically, we discuss feature selection in the context of deep neural network models to predict the stock price direction. We investigated a set of 124 technical analysis indicators used as explanatory variables in the recent literature and specialized trading websites. We applied three feature selection methods to shrink the feature set aiming to eliminate redundant information from similar indicators. Using daily data from stocks of seven global market indexes between 2008 and 2019, we tested neural networks with different settings of hidden layers and dropout rates. We compared various classification metrics, taking into account profitability and transaction costs levels to analyze economic gains. The results show that the variables were not uniformly chosen by the feature selection algorithms and that the out-of-sample accuracy rate of the prediction converged to two values — besides the 50% accuracy value that would suggest market efficiency, a “strange attractor” of 65% accuracy also was achieved consistently. We also found that the profitability of the strategies did not manage to significantly outperform the Buy-and-Hold strategy, even showing fairly large negative values for some hyperparameter combinations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86560632,"asset_id":79661986,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73438530,"first_name":"Yaohao","last_name":"Peng","domain_name":"unb","page_name":"YaohaoPeng","display_name":"Yaohao Peng","profile_url":"https://unb.academia.edu/YaohaoPeng?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73438530/18711934/37856883/s65_yaohao.peng.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":5059,"name":"Regularization (Analysis)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regularization_Analysis_?f_ri=3833"},{"id":46185,"name":"Algorithmic Trading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithmic_Trading?f_ri=3833"},{"id":54123,"name":"Artificial Neural Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Neural_Networks?f_ri=3833"},{"id":67762,"name":"Efficient Market Hypothesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficient_Market_Hypothesis?f_ri=3833"},{"id":81182,"name":"Deep Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deep_Learning?f_ri=3833"},{"id":161976,"name":"Stock Market Technical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stock_Market_Technical_Analysis?f_ri=3833"},{"id":366369,"name":"Time Series Forecasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series_Forecasting?f_ri=3833"},{"id":530870,"name":"Stock Exchanges","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stock_Exchanges?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1003619,"name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series_Analysis_and_Forecasting?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1211304,"name":"Artificial Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Neural_Network?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19910555" data-work_id="19910555" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19910555/A_tranzakci%C3%B3s_k%C3%B6lts%C3%A9gek_tana_a_v%C3%A1llalatelm%C3%A9letben">A tranzakciós költségek tana a vállalatelméletben</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A tanulmány a ma meghatározó vállalatelméletnek, a tranzakciós költségek elméletének az előzményeit, leg fontosabb nézeteit, és a szakirodalomban fellelhető kritikáit mutatja be. Kitér azokra az új elméleti irányza tokra is, amelyek a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19910555" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A tanulmány a ma meghatározó vállalatelméletnek, a tranzakciós költségek elméletének az előzményeit, leg fontosabb nézeteit, és a szakirodalomban fellelhető kritikáit mutatja be. Kitér azokra az új elméleti irányza tokra is, amelyek a tranzakciós költségek elméletének felhasználásával és/vagy kritikájával új utakat jelentenek a vállalatelméletben. A szerző szerint ezeket az új, egymással kapcsolatba nemigen került elméleteket a több dimenziós vállalatelmélet értékeli fel.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19910555" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8dd38450d9ad33e7f7fb0f9734690a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40911537,"asset_id":19910555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40911537/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40685377" href="https://bme.academia.edu/JuditKapas">Judit Kapas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40685377" type="text/json">{"id":40685377,"first_name":"Judit","last_name":"Kapas","domain_name":"bme","page_name":"JuditKapas","display_name":"Judit Kapas","profile_url":"https://bme.academia.edu/JuditKapas?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40685377/15565361/39457731/s65_judit.kapas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19910555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19910555"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19910555, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19910555", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19910555]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19910555").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19910555").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19910555"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8645" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_the_Firm">Theory of the Firm</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8645" type="text/json">{"id":8645,"name":"Theory of the Firm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_the_Firm?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19910555]'), work: {"id":19910555,"title":"A tranzakciós költségek tana a vállalatelméletben","created_at":"2015-12-30T08:40:30.809-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19910555/A_tranzakci%C3%B3s_k%C3%B6lts%C3%A9gek_tana_a_v%C3%A1llalatelm%C3%A9letben?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_19910555","summary":"A tanulmány a ma meghatározó vállalatelméletnek, a tranzakciós költségek elméletének az előzményeit, leg fontosabb nézeteit, és a szakirodalomban fellelhető kritikáit mutatja be. Kitér azokra az új elméleti irányza tokra is, amelyek a tranzakciós költségek elméletének felhasználásával és/vagy kritikájával új utakat jelentenek a vállalatelméletben. A szerző szerint ezeket az új, egymással kapcsolatba nemigen került elméleteket a több dimenziós vállalatelmélet értékeli fel.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40911537,"asset_id":19910555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40685377,"first_name":"Judit","last_name":"Kapas","domain_name":"bme","page_name":"JuditKapas","display_name":"Judit Kapas","profile_url":"https://bme.academia.edu/JuditKapas?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40685377/15565361/39457731/s65_judit.kapas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":8645,"name":"Theory of the Firm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_the_Firm?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48932681" data-work_id="48932681" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48932681/Entrepreneurship_transaction_costs_and_resource_attributes">Entrepreneurship, transaction costs, and resource attributes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper responds to Kim and Mahoney's "How Property Rights Economics Furthers the Resource-Based View: Resources, Transaction Costs and Entrepreneurial Discovery" (a comment on Foss and Foss, 2005). While we agree with many of their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48932681" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper responds to Kim and Mahoney's "How Property Rights Economics Furthers the Resource-Based View: Resources, Transaction Costs and Entrepreneurial Discovery" (a comment on Foss and Foss, 2005). While we agree with many of their arguments, we argue that they fail to recognize how exactly transaction costs and property rights shape the process of entrepreneurial discovery. We provide a sketch of the mechanisms that link entrepreneurship, property rights, and transaction costs in a resource-based setting, contributing further to the attempt to take the RBV in a more dynamic direction.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48932681" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="08e472a0b7c45a99afaac6a7437b6cb9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67334260,"asset_id":48932681,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67334260/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42125512" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NicolaiFoss">Nicolai Foss</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42125512" type="text/json">{"id":42125512,"first_name":"Nicolai","last_name":"Foss","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NicolaiFoss","display_name":"Nicolai Foss","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NicolaiFoss?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42125512/19408102/19323761/s65_nicolai.foss.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48932681 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48932681"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48932681, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48932681", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48932681]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48932681").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48932681").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48932681"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2961" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights">Property Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2961" type="text/json">{"id":2961,"name":"Property Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73149" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management">Business and Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="73149" type="text/json">{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48932681]'), work: {"id":48932681,"title":"Entrepreneurship, transaction costs, and resource attributes","created_at":"2021-05-15T22:21:43.037-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48932681/Entrepreneurship_transaction_costs_and_resource_attributes?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_48932681","summary":"This paper responds to Kim and Mahoney's \"How Property Rights Economics Furthers the Resource-Based View: Resources, Transaction Costs and Entrepreneurial Discovery\" (a comment on Foss and Foss, 2005). While we agree with many of their arguments, we argue that they fail to recognize how exactly transaction costs and property rights shape the process of entrepreneurial discovery. We provide a sketch of the mechanisms that link entrepreneurship, property rights, and transaction costs in a resource-based setting, contributing further to the attempt to take the RBV in a more dynamic direction.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67334260,"asset_id":48932681,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42125512,"first_name":"Nicolai","last_name":"Foss","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NicolaiFoss","display_name":"Nicolai Foss","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NicolaiFoss?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42125512/19408102/19323761/s65_nicolai.foss.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":2961,"name":"Property Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":174581,"name":"Strategic Change Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Change_Management?f_ri=3833"},{"id":868794,"name":"Transaction Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11064048" data-work_id="11064048" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11064048/E_commerce_Challenges_Solutions_and_Effectiveness_Perspective_Bangladesh">E-commerce Challenges, Solutions and Effectiveness Perspective Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11064048" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to developing countries like Bangladesh (BD). This paper describes the present challenges of E-commerce and it's solution in BD. It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11064048" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="417bb0873d5deee9020248c6824a5f05" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46928650,"asset_id":11064048,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46928650/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26751774" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nurhudamohammad">mohammad nur huda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26751774" type="text/json">{"id":26751774,"first_name":"mohammad","last_name":"nur huda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"nurhudamohammad","display_name":"mohammad nur huda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/nurhudamohammad?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11064048 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11064048"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11064048, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11064048", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11064048]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11064048").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11064048").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11064048"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Business">E Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13900" type="text/json">{"id":13900,"name":"E Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24699" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain">Supply Chain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24699" type="text/json">{"id":24699,"name":"Supply Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11064048]'), work: {"id":11064048,"title":"E-commerce Challenges, Solutions and Effectiveness Perspective Bangladesh","created_at":"2015-02-24T18:48:23.183-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11064048/E_commerce_Challenges_Solutions_and_Effectiveness_Perspective_Bangladesh?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_11064048","summary":"Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to developing countries like Bangladesh (BD). This paper describes the present challenges of E-commerce and it's solution in BD. It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46928650,"asset_id":11064048,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26751774,"first_name":"mohammad","last_name":"nur huda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"nurhudamohammad","display_name":"mohammad nur huda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/nurhudamohammad?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":13900,"name":"E Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Business?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":24699,"name":"Supply Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":308710,"name":"Computer Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Applications?f_ri=3833"},{"id":325933,"name":"M Commerce","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M_Commerce?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1235303,"name":"E Commerce","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E_Commerce-2?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32131746" data-work_id="32131746" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32131746/Impact_of_multiple_taxation_on_competitiveness_in_Nigeria">Impact of multiple-taxation on competitiveness in Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32131746" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34ca4e75e7ebe2c25e7859c4e6e38c0c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52374980,"asset_id":32131746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52374980/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15377349" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NPitigala">Nihal Pitigala</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15377349" type="text/json">{"id":15377349,"first_name":"Nihal","last_name":"Pitigala","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NPitigala","display_name":"Nihal 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Das and Teng (2000) proposed four essential components of a resource-based theory of strategic alliances: rationale, formation, structural preferences, and performance. They note that transaction cost economics and the resource-based view... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41931861" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Das and Teng (2000) proposed four essential components of a resource-based theory of strategic alliances: rationale, formation, structural preferences, and performance. They note that transaction cost economics and the resource-based view (RBV) share a concern about the characteristics of a firm's internal elements. Resource characteristics, such as imperfect mobility, imitability, and substitutability, promise value-creation, facilitate alliance formation. New typology is based on the two dimensions of resource similarity and utilization, yielding four types of alignment: supplementary, surplus, complementary, and wasteful. Authors discuss effects of collective strengths and inter-firm conflicts in alliances which contribute to alliance performance, and developed number of propositions to facilitate theoretical empirical testing. The RBV emerged as a new theory of the firm. Alternative approach to understanding industrial organizations is defines as "tangible and intangible assets which are tied semi-permanently to the firm." Das and Teng (2000) purpose more encompassing resource-based theory of strategic alliances, by identify the resource characteristics of individual firms that are the antecedents of alliance formation and discuss structural preferences for alliances. Typology of inter-partner resource alignments develop and explore four components of a resource-based theory: rationale, formation, structure, and performance (Figure 1). Figure 1. Schematic of Exposition Resource-Based Rationale of Alliances Das and Teng (2000) compare transaction cost rationale with resource-based rationale regards question of ownership decision among internalization, market exchanges, and alliances.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41931861" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7eb9f1f33bbb245facc3e59ec30ac0ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62056101,"asset_id":41931861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62056101/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2954907" href="https://lum.academia.edu/DarkoMilosevic">Darko Milosevic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2954907" type="text/json">{"id":2954907,"first_name":"Darko","last_name":"Milosevic","domain_name":"lum","page_name":"DarkoMilosevic","display_name":"Darko Milosevic","profile_url":"https://lum.academia.edu/DarkoMilosevic?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2954907/975987/38618852/s65_darko.milosevic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41931861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41931861"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41931861, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41931861", }); 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They note that transaction cost economics and the resource-based view (RBV) share a concern about the characteristics of a firm's internal elements. Resource characteristics, such as imperfect mobility, imitability, and substitutability, promise value-creation, facilitate alliance formation. New typology is based on the two dimensions of resource similarity and utilization, yielding four types of alignment: supplementary, surplus, complementary, and wasteful. Authors discuss effects of collective strengths and inter-firm conflicts in alliances which contribute to alliance performance, and developed number of propositions to facilitate theoretical empirical testing. The RBV emerged as a new theory of the firm. Alternative approach to understanding industrial organizations is defines as \"tangible and intangible assets which are tied semi-permanently to the firm.\" Das and Teng (2000) purpose more encompassing resource-based theory of strategic alliances, by identify the resource characteristics of individual firms that are the antecedents of alliance formation and discuss structural preferences for alliances. Typology of inter-partner resource alignments develop and explore four components of a resource-based theory: rationale, formation, structure, and performance (Figure 1). Figure 1. Schematic of Exposition Resource-Based Rationale of Alliances Das and Teng (2000) compare transaction cost rationale with resource-based rationale regards question of ownership decision among internalization, market exchanges, and alliances.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62056101,"asset_id":41931861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2954907,"first_name":"Darko","last_name":"Milosevic","domain_name":"lum","page_name":"DarkoMilosevic","display_name":"Darko Milosevic","profile_url":"https://lum.academia.edu/DarkoMilosevic?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2954907/975987/38618852/s65_darko.milosevic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3821,"name":"Dynamic Capabilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Capabilities?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":5723,"name":"Strategic Alliances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Alliances?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":98888,"name":"Value Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Creation?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":102050,"name":"Resource Based View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resource_Based_View?f_ri=3833"},{"id":360093,"name":"Utilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utilization?f_ri=3833"},{"id":389109,"name":"SMEs performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SMEs_performance?f_ri=3833"},{"id":594515,"name":"Value added","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_added?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_310204" data-work_id="310204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/310204/The_Automated_Payment_Transaction_Tax">The Automated Payment Transaction Tax</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/310204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a442f0b1548b98043c54a21b5aeecb4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41862312,"asset_id":310204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41862312/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21390" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/EdgarFeige">Edgar L Feige</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21390" type="text/json">{"id":21390,"first_name":"Edgar","last_name":"Feige","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"EdgarFeige","display_name":"Edgar L Feige","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/EdgarFeige?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21390/7158/6860/s65_edgar.feige.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_310204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="310204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 310204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_310204", }); 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Frequently only being perceived as the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, various innovative applications have highlighted its potential... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37160753" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Blockchain has evoked the interest of practitioners and academics alike. Frequently only being perceived as the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, various innovative applications have highlighted its potential to disrupt, revolutionize, and restructure many industries, including the whole supply chain (SC) and logistics sector. Although major industry players are already investing huge amounts of money to build, test, and deploy disruptive solutions that bear the potential to substantially transform existing supply chains, there remains a dearth of literature in leading academic journals which closely investigates the Blockchain and uses theory to analyze, explain, and predict current as well as future developments. This conceptual paper strives to close this research gap and presents a framework that is built on four established economic theories (principal agent theory, transaction cost analysis, resource-based view, network theory) that can be used to derive relevant theory-based research questions. Additionally, the functionality of the Blockchain is briefly explained and some use cases are presented. This paper is intended to initiate and stimulate academic discussion on the potential impact of the Blockchain and introduces a framework for middle-range theorizing together with several potential research questions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37160753" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="198efa9b406ab4b0c9aa533ce82b721d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57111656,"asset_id":37160753,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57111656/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="780925" href="https://modul.academia.edu/HorstTreiblmaier">Horst Treiblmaier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="780925" type="text/json">{"id":780925,"first_name":"Horst","last_name":"Treiblmaier","domain_name":"modul","page_name":"HorstTreiblmaier","display_name":"Horst Treiblmaier","profile_url":"https://modul.academia.edu/HorstTreiblmaier?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/780925/264237/36461730/s65_horst.treiblmaier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37160753 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37160753"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37160753, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37160753", }); 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Frequently only being perceived as the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, various innovative applications have highlighted its potential to disrupt, revolutionize, and restructure many industries, including the whole supply chain (SC) and logistics sector. Although major industry players are already investing huge amounts of money to build, test, and deploy disruptive solutions that bear the potential to substantially transform existing supply chains, there remains a dearth of literature in leading academic journals which closely investigates the Blockchain and uses theory to analyze, explain, and predict current as well as future developments. This conceptual paper strives to close this research gap and presents a framework that is built on four established economic theories (principal agent theory, transaction cost analysis, resource-based view, network theory) that can be used to derive relevant theory-based research questions. Additionally, the functionality of the Blockchain is briefly explained and some use cases are presented. This paper is intended to initiate and stimulate academic discussion on the potential impact of the Blockchain and introduces a framework for middle-range theorizing together with several potential research questions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57111656,"asset_id":37160753,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":780925,"first_name":"Horst","last_name":"Treiblmaier","domain_name":"modul","page_name":"HorstTreiblmaier","display_name":"Horst Treiblmaier","profile_url":"https://modul.academia.edu/HorstTreiblmaier?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/780925/264237/36461730/s65_horst.treiblmaier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":8647,"name":"Transaction Cost Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Cost_Economics?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":102050,"name":"Resource Based View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resource_Based_View?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":134820,"name":"Network Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Theory?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":176113,"name":"Principal Agent Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Agent_Theory?f_ri=3833"},{"id":322546,"name":"Middle-Range Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle-Range_Theory?f_ri=3833"},{"id":1450126,"name":"Blockchains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchains?f_ri=3833"},{"id":2199949,"name":"Blockchain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchain?f_ri=3833"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35562498" data-work_id="35562498" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35562498/Taxation_and_Innovation_The_Sharing_Economy_as_a_Case_Study">Taxation and Innovation: The Sharing Economy as a Case Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter considers the relationship between the U.S. federal income tax system and innovation, using the sharing economy as a focal point for analysis. It makes two main points. First, the tax system is currently a questionable tool... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35562498" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter considers the relationship between the U.S. federal income tax system and innovation, using the sharing economy as a focal point for analysis. It makes two main points. First, the tax system is currently a questionable tool for encouraging innovation. Regulators are understandably concerned that taxpayers will use tax incentive provisions in unanticipated ways, and thus are inclined to tightly limit such provisions’ scope. This reduces incentive provisions’ net benefit to taxpayers, and can even cause such provisions to miss their marks entirely. Moreover, small and new companies are key drivers of innovation, and evidence suggests that they are relatively unresponsive to tax incentives. <br /><br />Second, innovation can help improve the tax system. To fix a problem, one must first identify it; innovation provides opportunities to see where tax law is achieving its goals and where it is falling short. The sharing economy experience suggests some strengths, such as the tax system’s definition of income, as well as weaknesses, such as the dividing line between independent contractors and employees.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35562498" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="004296e4ba7246cfabeab418f0f6ecae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55428317,"asset_id":35562498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55428317/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33859541" href="https://usc.academia.edu/JordanBarry">Jordan Barry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33859541" type="text/json">{"id":33859541,"first_name":"Jordan","last_name":"Barry","domain_name":"usc","page_name":"JordanBarry","display_name":"Jordan Barry","profile_url":"https://usc.academia.edu/JordanBarry?f_ri=3833","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33859541/9962417/11109537/s65_jordan.barry.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35562498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35562498"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35562498, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35562498", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35562498]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35562498").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35562498").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35562498"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">48</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="737" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_And_Economics_Economics_">Law And Economics (Economics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="737" type="text/json">{"id":737,"name":"Law And Economics (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_And_Economics_Economics_?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law">Tax Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1454" type="text/json">{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2828" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transactional_Analysis">Transactional Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2828" type="text/json">{"id":2828,"name":"Transactional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transactional_Analysis?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs">Transaction Costs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3833" type="text/json">{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35562498]'), work: {"id":35562498,"title":"Taxation and Innovation: The Sharing Economy as a Case Study","created_at":"2018-01-02T15:54:01.378-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35562498/Taxation_and_Innovation_The_Sharing_Economy_as_a_Case_Study?f_ri=3833","dom_id":"work_35562498","summary":"This chapter considers the relationship between the U.S. federal income tax system and innovation, using the sharing economy as a focal point for analysis. It makes two main points. First, the tax system is currently a questionable tool for encouraging innovation. Regulators are understandably concerned that taxpayers will use tax incentive provisions in unanticipated ways, and thus are inclined to tightly limit such provisions’ scope. This reduces incentive provisions’ net benefit to taxpayers, and can even cause such provisions to miss their marks entirely. Moreover, small and new companies are key drivers of innovation, and evidence suggests that they are relatively unresponsive to tax incentives. \n\nSecond, innovation can help improve the tax system. To fix a problem, one must first identify it; innovation provides opportunities to see where tax law is achieving its goals and where it is falling short. 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This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14560060" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Due to increasing the Information Technology around the world have a strong role in business sector that have already turned into online business many year past. This online business refers to the E-commerce which is recently moved in to developing countries like Bangladesh (BD). This paper describes the present challenges of E-commerce and it's solution in BD. It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14560060" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e63b6ce61ff8faa582160fd34874b542" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44065671,"asset_id":14560060,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44065671/download_file?st=MTczOTc5NTI1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33524249" href="https://uiu-bd.academia.edu/MohammadNurulHuda">Mohammad Nurul Huda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33524249" type="text/json">{"id":33524249,"first_name":"Mohammad Nurul","last_name":"Huda","domain_name":"uiu-bd","page_name":"MohammadNurulHuda","display_name":"Mohammad Nurul Huda","profile_url":"https://uiu-bd.academia.edu/MohammadNurulHuda?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14560060 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14560060"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14560060, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14560060", }); 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It also discusses the effectiveness of E-commerce in financial sector of BD .Proper Ecommerce sites like Brand Ecommerce play a vital role in employment generation as well as increasing the internet utilization .This research mainly describes the present status of BD's E-commerce sites as well as study of traditional commerce for developing online business.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44065671,"asset_id":14560060,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33524249,"first_name":"Mohammad Nurul","last_name":"Huda","domain_name":"uiu-bd","page_name":"MohammadNurulHuda","display_name":"Mohammad Nurul Huda","profile_url":"https://uiu-bd.academia.edu/MohammadNurulHuda?f_ri=3833","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=3833","nofollow":true},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction 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