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At a MUN conference, each student works as the representative of a country, organization, or person, and must solve a problem with other delegates from around the world.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Model UN Ultimate Guide - Everything you need to know|url=https://munprep.org/model-un-ultimate-guide/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=MUNprep.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204210310/https://munprep.org/model-un-ultimate-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=MUNprep|date=August 1, 2021|title=MUN first glance - The most important fundamentals|url=https://munprep.org/mun-first-glance-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/|website=MUNprep|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820041639/https://munprep.org/mun-first-glance-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/|url-status=dead}}</ref> MUN focuses on [[research]], [[public speaking]], [[Debate|debating]], [[writing]], [[critical thinking]], [[teamwork]], and [[leadership]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/what-is-model-united-nations/|title=What is Model United Nations?|work=Best Delegate|date=4 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.model-un.de/en/was-ist-mun/ |title=What does "Model United Nations" mean? |publisher=model-un.de |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> While MUN is typically used as an [[extracurricular activity]], some schools also offer it as a class. MUN is intended to develop students' deeper understanding into current world issues and world politics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.winthrop.edu/modelun/default.aspx?id=26613 |title=Model UN – Courses – Winthrop University |publisher=Winthrop University |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303002702/https://www.winthrop.edu/modelun/default.aspx?id=26613 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delegates conduct research before conferences: they must formulate position papers, and create policy proposals that they will debate with other delegates in their committee.<ref name=":5" /> At the end of a conference, delegates will vote on written policies (called draft resolutions), with the goal of passing them with a majority vote. The best-performing delegates in each committee, as well as delegations, are occasionally recognized with awards. MUN organizations have conferences that accommodate students, from elementary school, all the way to college or university levels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Model United Nations Conferences Database|url=https://bestdelegate.com/model-un-conferences-database/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Best Delegate Model United Nations|language=en-US}}</ref> Most conferences will often cater to just one of these three levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mymun.com/conferences/list |title=List of MUN Conferences by High School and College level |publisher=mymun.com |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> Delegates usually attend conferences together, as delegations sent by their respective school or university's Model UN clubs, though some delegates attend conferences independently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/independent-model-un-teams/|title=The Sudden Rise of Independent Model UN Teams: Homeschool, Community, and Private Travel Teams|work=Best Delegate|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> ==History== Model United Nations began as a series of student-led Model [[League of Nations]] simulations. The first simulations were called "international assemblies", the first of which was held at [[University of Oxford]] in November 1921, with the potential first ever simulation being on 12 November 1921. Following several simulations in Oxford, Mir Mahmood, the president of the first Oxford International Assembly, traveled to [[Harvard University]] in 1922, to help spread this idea further. He advocated for the League of Nations and inspired the Harvard Liberal Club to create the first American International Assembly, which was held at Harvard University in 1923.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisemee.com/history-of-the-first-mun/|title=The First MUN|date=15 October 2019|publisher=WiseMee |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> The Oxford International Assembly ceased to exist in the following years, but the Harvard International Assembly remained strong, and has since encouraged the development of these simulations worldwide. After [[World War II]], Model [[League of Nations]] transitioned to Model [[United Nations]] after the formation of the League's successor organization, the United Nations, in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-to-participate/getting-started/frequently-asked-questions#how_did|title=Frequently Asked Questions|first=Ross|last=Feldman|work=United Nations Association of the USA}}</ref> Today, some Model United Nations conferences include a wide variety of topics in their committee offerings,<ref name=":5" /> some even simulating the League of Nations. The first recorded instance of a Model United Nations conference was at [[Swarthmore College]] on 5 April 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/04/06/96582746.html|title=Model U.N. Sessions Held at Swarthmore|date=April 6, 1947|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 May 2019|page=54}}</ref> Over 150 students from over 41 colleges were reported as participating. The delegates simulated a [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], and recommended that member states "establish an international control and development of atomic energy", "conclude a treaty on disarmament", that the UN adopts "a uniform system for citizenship of refugees", that the UN amend the charter to adopt a definition of aggression, and that nations "promote the reconstruction of devastated areas through economic assistance through the U.N."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Muldoon|first=James P.|date=1995|title=The Model United Nations Revisited|journal=Simulation & Gaming|volume= 26|issue=1|pages=28|doi=10.1177/1046878195261003|s2cid=154218744}}</ref> Another historic Model United Nations was held at [[St. Lawrence University]] from 11 to 13 February 1949.<ref>"Ten Colleges Participate in Model Session of United Nations Held at S. L.U. Campus," ''Watertown Daily Times'', 14 February 1949.</ref> It was initiated by Dr. Harry Reiff, head of the History and Government Department, with the assistance of departmental colleague Otto L. George.<ref>"Ten Schools Form Synthetic UN Group," ''Hill News'', 3 February 1949.</ref> The 1949 [[St. Lawrence University|St. Lawrence University Model UN]] conference included delegates from regional colleges and universities, including [[Adelphi University]], [[Alfred University]], [[Champlain College]], [[Clarkson University]], [[McGill University]], [[Middlebury College]], [[Potsdam College]], [[Saint Michael's College]], and [[The University of Vermont]].<ref>"To Conduct Model Security / Ten Colleges to Follow United Nations Procedure / Sessions Will Take Place on St. Lawrence Campus February 11–13," ''St. Lawrence Plaindealer'' [Canton, N. Y.], 25 January 1949.</ref><ref>"SLU I. R. Sponsors Model UN Meeting," ''Commercial Advertiser'' [Canton, N. Y.], 1 February 1949.</ref><ref>"St. Lawrence IRC Host to 9 Colleges," ''Hill News'' [Canton, N.Y.] 9 February 1949.</ref> The conference continued annually for many years at St. Lawrence,<ref>Pink, Louis H. and Rutherford E. Delmage, ''Candle in the Wilderness: A Centennial History of the St. Lawrence University'', 1856-1956 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957). p. 157.</ref><ref>Edward H. Blankman and Thurlow O. Cannon, ed. by Neal S. Burdick, ''The Scarlet and the Brown: A History of St .Lawrence University 1856-1981'' (Canton, New York: St Lawrence University, 1987), p. 56.</ref> and has recently been revived on the campus.<ref>Duell, Ryan, "Rise Fall Rise Again," ''St. Lawrence University Magazine'', LXIV, 4 (2015), pp. 18-19.</ref> The three oldest conferences in the world that are still active today were established in the early 1950s. They are Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN) at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] (1952)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/berkeley-model-united-nations-bmun-xli-transformation-into-a-true-teaching-conference/|title=Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN XLI): Transformation Into a True Teaching Conference|work=Best Delegate|date=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/berkeley-bmun-60/|title=Berkeley Model United Nations Celebrates 60th Year as the First and Oldest MUN Conference in the World|work=Best Delegate|date=12 March 2012}}</ref> [[Harvard Model United Nations#Harvard Model United Nations|Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN)]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] (1953)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestdelegate.com/10-top-events-in-the-history-of-model-united-nations/|title=10 Top Events in the History of Model United Nations|last=Chan|first=Kevin Felix|date=January 18, 2016|website=Best Delegate|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> and Model United Nations of the Far West (MUNFW), which has held college-level conferences since 1951. The first was held at [[Stanford University]], where [[Ralph Bunche]] was the honored speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19510420-01.2.17&srpos=28&e=------195-en-20--21--txt-txIN-model+united+nations------|title=MUN Delegation Arranged|date=20 April 1951|work=The Stanford Daily|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://munfw.org/past-hosts/|title=Past Hosts|date=14 February 2014|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Model UN |publisher=Department of Political Science, San Jose State University|url=https://www.sjsu.edu/polisci/UndergraduateStudents/modelUN/index.html|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.sjsu.edu}}</ref> == Academic aspects == Participation in Model UN is meant to foster skills in [[negotiation]], [[public speaking|speaking]], and [[communication skills|communication]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialsciences.uottawa.ca/international/opportunities/un-course|title=Model United Nations Course {{!}} Faculty of Social Sciences {{!}} University of Ottawa|website=socialsciences.uottawa.ca|language=en|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Material issues of [[diplomacy]] and [[policy]] are approached through a quasi-academic process. In addition, crisis committees, which deal with [[crisis]] [[scenario]]s which can be contemporary or historical, can develop leadership skills, and the ability to adapt and deal with unexpected situations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=MUNprep|date=August 6, 2021|title=MUN committees - Which style works best for you?|url=https://munprep.org/introduction-to-mun-committees-which-works-best-for-you/|access-date=August 7, 2021|website=MUNprep|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820041635/https://munprep.org/introduction-to-mun-committees-which-works-best-for-you/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In preparation for a conference, topics are chosen for each committee. Typically, research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference. Based on these guides, delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent, and submit a position paper.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=The MUN Position Paper - Making your solutions GROOVY|url=https://munprep.org/the-mun-position-paper-how-to-stay-groovy-with-it/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=MUNprep.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204211819/https://munprep.org/the-mun-position-paper-how-to-stay-groovy-with-it/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The purpose of writing a position paper is to familiarize delegates with the substantial topics of debate, encourage [[academic research]] and writing, and to enable substantial preparation for conferences.<ref name=":6" /> == Procedures == [[File:MUN-SH2005KielGermany.jpg|thumb|Delegates negotiating during an unmoderated caucus in [[Kiel]], Germany]] In order to maintain [[Decorum#Social decorum|decorum]], most Model UN committees use parliamentary procedures derived from [[Robert's Rules of Order]].<ref name=":5" /> In addition, the United Nations has spearheaded efforts to introduce new Model UN rules of procedure that are more closely aligned with those used by the actual UN.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/un4mun-workshop-recap-4-big-differences-between-model-un-and-the-real-un/|title=UN4MUN Workshop Recap: 4 Big Differences Between Model UN and the Real UN|work=Best Delegate|date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/opinion/the-un-on-the-model-un.html?smid=pl-share&_r=0|title=Letter: The U.N., on the Model U.N.|author=Maher Nasser|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 August 2013|author-link=Maher Nasser}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/|title=UN General Assembly - Rules of Procedure|work=un.org}}</ref><ref name="MUN Rules">{{cite web |url=http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-to-participate/model-un-preparation/rules-of-procedure |title=Rules of Procedure |publisher=United Nations Foundation |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> Since there is no [[Board of governors|governing body]] for Model UN, each conference differs in their rules of procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisemee.com/introduction-mun-rules-of-procedure/|title=Introduction to Model UN Rules and Procedure (ROP)|date=8 July 2019|publisher=WiseMee |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The following rules of procedure apply to general MUNs but may not apply to every MUN: === Points and motions === Points and Motions outline how topics are prioritized, the way resolutions are voted on, and how they facilitate the general flow of debate.<ref name=":7" /> Points are used to discuss topics that are outside of substantive debate. They are more personal, and don't require a vote. Motions are used to discuss procedural matters, and they help to further the discussion on a committee topic. A delegate may request the committee as a whole to perform a particular action. Most motions will require a vote in order to pass;<ref name=":7" /> the number of votes required to pass these motions works according to a [[Quorum]] – this is the minimum number of delegates required to make decisions in a committee.<ref name=":5" /> The motions used at any given time in a Model UN committee change, according to where the committee is with the flow of debate.<ref name=":7" /> === Flow of debate === Most MUN committees follow a flow of debate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=MUNprep|date=August 7, 2021|title=MUN Points and Motions - How to use them properly|url=https://munprep.org/mun-points-and-motions-how-to-use-them-properly/#flow-of-debate|access-date=August 19, 2021|website=MUNprep|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820041635/https://munprep.org/mun-points-and-motions-how-to-use-them-properly/#flow-of-debate|url-status=dead}}</ref> This starts with a speakers list, followed by formal/informal [[debate]] and then voting procedure. A Dais will maintain a list of speakers and the delegates follow the order written on the 'speaker list'. Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their [[placard]]s or sending a note to the chair. During this time, delegates talk to the entire committee. They make [[speech]]es,<ref name="MUN Speech">{{cite web|title=Write a Great MUN Speech|date=8 August 2019|url=https://www.wisemee.com/mun-speech-writing-guide/|access-date=24 November 2019|publisher=WiseMee}}</ref> answer questions, and debate on resolutions and amendments. If there are no other motions, the committee goes back to the speaker list by default. Formal/Informal debate includes both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. [[Caucus]] is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas. A Moderated Caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair, an Unmoderated caucus is a time where delegates move around the room and have a more informal discussion on the topic.<ref name=":7" /> In a moderated or unmoderated caucus, the committee goes into a recess and the rules of procedure are suspended. Anyone may speak if recognized by the chair. A vote on a motion is necessary to go into a moderated caucus. There is a comparatively shorter time limit per speech. In an unmoderated caucus, the delegates informally meet with other delegates and the staff for discussions.<ref name="MUN Rules" /><ref name="MUN Manifesto">{{cite web |last=Shen |first=Sunny |author2=Ryan Bae |author3=Amanda Chen |author4=Geneva Nam |author5=Sarah Wang |author6=Marco Wong |author7=Lance Zhou |title=The MUN Manifesto |publisher=Connect Global Youth Association |year=2012 |url=http://project-connect.ca/resources/MUNManifesto.pdf |access-date=25 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232957/http://project-connect.ca/resources/MUNManifesto.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Resolutions === A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee. Once passed it can be seen as a list of actions that your committee recommends.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=MUN Resolutions - Everything you need to know|url=https://munprep.org/writing-a-mun-resolution-everything-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=MUNprep.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204210307/https://munprep.org/writing-a-mun-resolution-everything-you-need-to-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Resolution" /> [[Resolution (law)|Resolution]]s are the written compilation of the ideas discussed during debate.<ref name="Resolution">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisemee.com/how-to-write-a-resolution/|title=Resolutions |date=13 August 2019 |publisher=WiseMee |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref> They are considered the final results of [[conversation]]s, [[writing]]s, and [[negotiation]]s. Resolutions must go through a [[Draft document|draft]], approval by the dais, and consequent debate and modification.<ref name="Format Resolution">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisemee.com/format-mun-resolution/|title=Format a MUN Resolution |date=21 July 2019 |publisher=WiseMee |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref> MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses. Preambulatory clauses help to outline the general problems that a resolution will fix, whereas operative clauses suggest possible solutions and help to display solutions in an organized and easily understandable way.<ref name=":8" /> == Conference management == MUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat. A secretariat is headed by a [[Secretary-General]]. Other members of the secretariat include the [[Director general|Director-General]], Under-Secretaries-General and President of General Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Positions in the Secretariat|url=https://www.un.org/en/model-united-nations/leadership-positions-secretariat|access-date=2020-06-11|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> === Committee dais === Each committee usually has a [[dais]] that is composed of a [[Chairperson|chair]] (also known as [[Discussion moderator|moderator]] or director), one or more vice-chairs and a team of note-passers (also known as pages, runners, security, admins, or similar).<ref name=":3" /> In crisis committees,<ref name=":4" /> there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director, assistant director, and crisis staffers. These members are responsible for facilitating the back-room portion of a committee. == Languages == [[File:Buenos Aires MINU UN Model - 2007-11-06 - 4.jpg|thumb|Placard for the [[United Kingdom]] in Spanish at the International Model United Nations of Buenos Aires (MINUBA) in [[Argentina]]]] Traditionally, [[English language|English]] has been the official and working language of most conferences. However, as Model UN has become more popular around the world, and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented [[Minority language|minorities]] (such as the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking community), committees using languages other than English, or which are [[multilingualism|bilingual]], have become common.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/model-un-conferences/model-un-city-conferences/minnesota|title=Global Classrooms: Minnesota Model UN Conference|first=Ross|last=Feldman|work=United Nations Association of the USA}}</ref> However, this is still not a mainstream phenomenon, especially in the United States, where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in [[Puerto Rico]] or the [[Southwestern United States|South West]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://bestdelegate.com/model-united-nations-san-antonio-munsa-finds-success-through-community/ |title=Model United Nations San Antonio (MUNSA) Finds Success Through Community|work=Best Delegate |date=January 21, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> == Attire == Nearly all Model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear [[Informal attire|Western business attire]]. Dressing professionally is an important way to show respect for the nation, organization, or individual one is representing, as well as for the rest of one's committee. Whilst formal western business attire is standard, there are still many MUNs where it is common for delegates to wear the traditional clothes of the nation they represent, this is to ensure a diverse and unique representation of culture and a fun environment. Ultimately dress code is fully dependent on what the specific conference has listed out in its rules and regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-to-participate/model-un-preparation/dressing-for-success|title=Dressing for Success|first=Ross|last=Feldman|work=United Nations Association of the USA}}</ref> == Committees == Model United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations, the [[European Union]], government [[Cabinet (government)|cabinets]], regional bodies such as [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]], as well as corporate [[Board of directors|boards]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] or so-called [[Press corps|Press Corps]]. Idiosyncrasies and fictional committees also exist. Some examples for fantasy and fictional committees include [[Ministry of Magic]] and [[The Lord of the Rings|Lord of the Rings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Model UN Ultimate Guide – Everything you need to know |url=https://www.munprep.org/blog-home-page/model-un-ultimate-guide |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=MUNprep |language=en-CA}}</ref> An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual [[United Nations]] which deals with a [[crisis]] is known as a 'Crisis Committee.'<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Crisis NYT">{{cite news |last=Parrin |first=Anjli |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/education/edlife/a-new-student-run-breed-crisis-oriented-and-fiercely-competitive.html?_r=0 |title=The Dog-Eat-Dog World of Model U.N. |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> In this committee, a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Montero |first=Nicole |url=http://fiusm.com/2013/11/22/model-united-nations-team-hopes-to-rank-first-among-the-country/ |title=Model United Nations Team Hopes to Rank First Among the Country |publisher=FIU Student Media |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> The Crisis Committee traditionally focuses on a single historical event, but recently current and future events have been used as well. The event may be [[fiction]]al or [[non-fiction]]al.<ref name="Crisis NYT" /><ref name="Introduction to MUN Crisis">{{cite web|title=Introduction to MUN Crisis|date=8 August 2019|url=https://www.wisemee.com/introduction-mun-crisis-committees/|access-date=31 October 2019|publisher=WiseMee}}</ref> === Crisis committees === Crisis is a specialized form of Model UN where participants can emulate a variety of entities, from a board of directors to historical figures. Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts, and revolve around a quickly-developing series of events known as a "crisis."<ref name=":4" /> Delegates are assigned positions, and must create directives consisting purely of operative actions this means that rather than solving problems with Resolutions, delegates pass Directives.<ref name=":4" /> While delegates are working to solve the crisis at hand through directives, they are also often tasked with individual objectives that can be achieved with the submission of crisis notes.<ref name=":4" /> Delegates may sometimes find out what other committee members have been doing through crisis updates.<ref name=":4" /> Unlike regular committees, crisis committees have two distinct forums: the in-room and the out-room (also known as the front-room and the back-room, respectively). The in-room consists of delegate activity in the committee, including the usual speaking, while out-room refers to directives sent to staffers (also known as directors), communication with other crisis committees. Directives can either be written by an individual, several individuals working together, or the whole committee.<ref name="Crisis committees">{{Cite web|author=Claire Wyszynski|date=31 March 2020|title=Everything You Need to Know About Crisis Committees|url=https://bestdelegate.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crisis-committees/|publisher=Best Delegate}}</ref> Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees. Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees. One relatively common variant is the "midnight crisis" where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation.<ref name="Coaching winners">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWyuAAAAQBAJ&q=crisis&pg=PA23|title=Coaching Winning Model United Nations Teams: A Teacher's Guide|date=2003|publisher=Potomac books|isbn=9781612346045|author1=E. F. Mickolus |author2=J. Brannan}}</ref><ref name="Crisis committees" /> There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other, where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees.<ref name="Coaching winners" /><ref name="Crisis committees" /> == Organization == Model United Nations conferences are usually organized by [[high school club]]s or [[college]] clubs.<ref name="What MUN">{{cite web |last=Yossinger |first=Nili Sarit |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2012/07/2012073142614.html#axzz2lSH4DnI0 |title=What is Model UN? (And Why Should You Care?) |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=23 August 2012 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> == Model UN by region and country == {{Main|List of model United Nations conferences}} Although Model United Nations originated in the United States, MUN clubs and conferences are not isolated to that country. Rather, like the actual UN, model UN is found in countries around the globe.<ref name="bestdelegate.com">{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/model-un-conferences-database/|title=Model United Nations Conference Database: 2014-2015|work=bestdelegate.com}}</ref> Because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/a-tale-of-two-coasts-5-key-differences-between-west-coast-versus-east-coast-model-un/|title=A Tale of Two Coasts: 5 Key ko Differences Between West Coast versus East Coast Model UN|work=Best Delegate|date=7 March 2012}}</ref> === Asia-Pacific === '''Singapore''' A middle-school level conference was hosted by [[United World College of South East Asia|UWCSEA East]] and is commonly known as MSMUN@UWC East.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} This conference was the largest middle-school level conference in the Asia-Pacific region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} ==== Afghanistan ==== The Kabul Model United Nations was established in [[Kabul]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nabila Ashrafi |date=9 March 2017 |title=Hamid Karzai Attacks UN and USA |url=http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/hamid-karzai-attacks-un-and-usa |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=ToloNews}}</ref><ref name="MUN Kabul">{{cite web |title=Kabul Model United Nations |url=http://munfinder.com/mun/kabul-model-united-nations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915115020/http://munfinder.com/mun/kabul-model-united-nations/ |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=MUN Finder |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The objectives are to bring young female and male individuals together to discuss [[list of global issues|global issues]] and promote diplomacy, human rights, peace building, and social welfare.<ref name="MUN Kabul" /> Participants include university students up to the age of 30. They come from four or five Afghanistan provinces to develop critical thinking and public speaking skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Model United Nations Conference in Kabul -- Deadline Extended |url=https://researchfunding.duke.edu/model-united-nations-conference-kabul-deadline-extended |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313041702/https://researchfunding.duke.edu/model-united-nations-conference-kabul-deadline-extended |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=Duke University - Research Funding}}</ref> Pamir International Model United Nations (PIMUN) was established in October 2016.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} ==== Australia ==== Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels. At the high school level, the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of [[United Nations Youth Australia|UN Youth Australia]] through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evatt Competition |url=https://unyouth.org.au/event/the-evatt-competition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224080508/https://unyouth.org.au/event/the-evatt-competition/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=22 January 2016 |work=UN Youth Australia}}</ref> or by the many branches of Rotary Australia.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2014 |title=Model United Nations Assembly (MUNA): Rotary E-Club of Greater Sydney |url=http://www.rotarynews.info/3/Club/76641/7833/ |access-date=22 January 2016 |publisher=Rotarynews.info |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427012718/http://www.rotarynews.info/3/club/76641/7833 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Bangladesh ==== Model United Nations is practiced in [[Bangladesh]] since 2002, when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism – [[BANMUN|Bangladesh Model United Nations]] first took place.<ref>{{citation |title=First Model United Nations: UNYSAB |date=October 2013 |df=dmy-all |url=http://unysab.org/?page_id=584 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825233629/http://unysab.org/?page_id=584 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |url-status=dead |publisher=‘‘UNYSAB’’}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Leaping over boundaries |date=11 August 2015 |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/arts-culture/2015/aug/11/leaping-over-boundaries |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Since then, plenty of Model United Nations conferences have been held in the country. But the concept of MUN became a popular one in [[Bangladesh]] from 2013.<ref>{{citation |title=Creating the future |date=16 November 2013 |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/education/2013/nov/16/creating-future |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university based MUN club of the country [[Dhaka University]] Model United Nations Association in 2011.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Dhaka University National Model United Nations (DUNMUN) started from 2012.<ref>{{citation |title=DUNMUN 2014 begins at Dhaka University |date=22 December 2014 |df=dmy-all |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/education/2014/dec/22/dunmun-2014-begins-dhaka-university |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225203/http://www.dhakatribune.com/education/2014/dec/22/dunmun-2014-begins-dhaka-university |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Dhaka University National Model United Nations: Empowering Youths |date=25 January 2015 |url=http://bestdelegate.com/dhaka-university-national-model-united-nations-empowering-youths |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=BestDelegate.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=DUNMUN begins at DU |date=18 September 2013 |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2356844&date=2013-09-18 |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121636/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2356844&date=2013-09-18 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=dead |publisher=The News Today}}</ref> ==== Mainland China ==== Model United Nations first came to mainland China in 1995, when the [[China Foreign Affairs University]] held the country's first collegiate model United Nations conferences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=贾 |first1=伽. |year=1995 |title=记外交学院首届模拟联合国活动 - China Academic Journals Full-text Database |url=http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=WJXY503.015&DBName=cjfqtotal&dbcode=cjfq |journal=外交学院学报 |issue=3 |page=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=Intro to CFAU-MUNA - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2013-04/25/c_132339467.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509164033/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2013-04/25/c_132339467.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=22 January 2016 |website=News.xinhuanet.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=外交学院举办"2012北京模拟联合国大会" |url=http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2012-04/21/nw.D110000zgqnb_20120421_4-04.htm |access-date=22 January 2016 |website=Zqb.cyol.com}}</ref> Arriving in mainland Chinese high schools in 2005, Model UN expanded rapidly. [[Peking University|Peking University (PKU)]] students, after attending [[Harvard College|Harvard]]'s [[Harvard Model United Nations|HMUN]], organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in mainland China.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2013 |title=模拟联合国 (MUN) 简介 |url=http://www.unachina.org/upload/Attach/default/272497.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115050959/http://www.unachina.org/upload/Attach/default/272497.doc |archive-date=15 January 2015 |publisher=U.N. Association of China |df=dmy-all}}</ref> PKU's conference was initially backed by [[United Nations Association of the United States of America|UNA-USA]], however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the [[Great Recession]]. Between 2005 and 2010, national Model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rivaling Fudan University in Shanghai drew the best high school students from around the country, who competed for limited spaces. Over time, lesser-known national conferences, as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students, began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]].<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite web |last=Qian |first=Wendy |date=25 April 2013 |title=Romance! Money! Intrigue! It's Model UN ... in China |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/04/romance-money-intrigue-its-model-un-in-china/275308/2/ |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Most Model United Nations conferences in mainland China are organized through private or academic enterprises, however some government-affiliated MUNs have also flourished, and recently, unofficial student-run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene.<ref name="theatlantic.com" /> MITMUNC China was jointly organized online by [[ASDAN]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Model United Nations Conference |url=https://mitmunc.org/china.html |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=mitmunc.org}}</ref> ==== Taiwan ==== Taiwan first held Model United Nations in 1945. The location is at [[National Tsing Hua University]].<ref>https://www.facebook.com/NTHUModelUN {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> ==== India ==== Model UN in India has gained considerable popularity, with numerous competitions being held in various [[Secondary school|high schools]] and [[University|universities]] in cities such as [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chennai]]. Delegates from across India attend the [[The Doon School Model United Nations|Doon School Model United Nations]].<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=Model United Nations Conference Begins at The Doon School |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/model-united-nations-conference-begins-at-the-doon-school/articleshow/70707056.cms |access-date=17 August 2019 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> The [[Harvard International Relations Council#HMUN India|Harvard MUN India]] hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-27 |title=Gen Z impact recognized at the closing of Harvard MUN India |url=https://news.careers360.com/news/gen-z-impact-recognized-at-closing-of-harvard-mun-india-1 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Careers360 |place=New Delhi |language=en-US |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217061148/https://news.careers360.com/news/gen-z-impact-recognized-at-closing-of-harvard-mun-india-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== New Zealand ==== A high number of New Zealand high schools operate their own MUN events, with [[UN Youth New Zealand]] functioning as a managing organisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.unyouth.org.nz/about/leadership#col-md-11%20col-md-offset-1%20page-content |access-date=7 July 2015 |website=UN Youth New Zealand |ref=unyouthnzleadership}}</ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web |author=Shawn McAvinue |date=28 July 2019 |title=Dunedin young people 'under-represented' |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-young-people-%E2%80%98under-represented%E2%80%99 |access-date=14 August 2019 |publisher=Otago}}</ref> UN Youth NZ also organises regional and national events, along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration, the Pacific Project, and New Zealand's THIMUN delegation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hague International Model United Nations |url=http://www.unyouth.org.nz/events/thimun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121800/http://www.unyouth.org.nz/events/thimun |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |website=UN Youth New Zealand |ref=nzthimun |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==== Pakistan ==== The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then, the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown, attracting participants from schools,<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Karachi school wins big at Harvard MUN |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1360272/kgs-wins-big-harvard-mun |access-date=2023-02-01 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> colleges, and universities across the country. Some notable MUNs in Pakistan include the Lahore Model United Nations, Youth International Conclave Model United Nations,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Youth International Conclave organized one of the Asia's largest hybrid leadership & entrepreneurship summit to empower the youth globally |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/youth-international-conclave-organized-one-of-the-asias-largest-hybrid-leadership-entrepreneurship-summit-to-empower-the-youth-globally |work=Techjuice |ref=YICMUN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128031332if_/https://www.techjuice.pk/youth-international-conclave-organized-one-of-the-asias-largest-hybrid-leadership-entrepreneurship-summit-to-empower-the-youth-globally/ |archive-date=2021-11-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Karachi]] Model United Nations. The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009. Most notably, they won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN [[China]] for two years in a row, and for a record third time.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-12 |title=Aitchison College bags eight awards at Harvard MUN |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1083658/co-curricular-aitcheson-college-bags-nine-awards-at-harvard-mun |access-date=2022-12-26 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Another major conference in Pakistan is the "[[Lahore University of Management Sciences]] Model United Nations" in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] which hosts more than 400 delegates. <ref>{{cite web |date=2010-12-22 |title=LUMUN : 'Our world, our future' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/92903/lumun-%E2%80%98our-world-our-future%E2%80%99 |work=The Express Tribune |ref=LIMUN}}</ref> ====Vietnam==== There has been an increasing number of conferences, including invitational ones such as UNISMUN, SAMSUN, and many other non-invitational ones. These conferences are often organized by schools or student-led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity. One of the most inclusive Model United Nations conferences in the country is Vietnam National Model United Nations (VNMUN), open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tổng Hợp Tất Tần Tật Các Hội Thảo MUN Chất Lượng Tại Việt Nam Hè 2016 |url=https://ybox.vn/gia-vi/tong-hop-tat-tan-tat-cac-hoi-thao-mun-chat-luong-tai-viet-nam-he-2016-286240 |website=ybox.vn}}</ref> ====United Arab Emirates==== The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2009 |title=Students Address Global Issues in Model UN Debate |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/students-address-global-issues-8232-in-model-un-debate |access-date=27 April 2009 |agency=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2011 |title=Model UN meet in Dubai school |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/education/model-un-meet-in-dubai-school |access-date=26 October 2011 |publisher=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> Many schools also have their own MUN conferences, including NMSMUN, DIAMUN and GFSMUN at [[GEMS Founders School Dubai]] in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |title=Students Address Global Issues in Model UN Debate |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/students-address-global-issuesin-model-un-debate |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> ====Bahrain==== The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2012 |title=Bahrain Model UN to tackle key issues |url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/EDU_223761.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |agency=TradeArabia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2016 |title=IPI Opens Bahrain Universities Model UN 2016 |url=https://www.ipinst.org/2016/12/ipi-opens-bahrain-universities-model-un-2016 |access-date=15 August 2019 |publisher=[[International Peace Institute]]}}</ref> ====Israel==== In 2008, [[Reichman University]] established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel. Since then, university level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association. Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own such as Tel Aviv University's TLVMUN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-21 |title=Students from around the World Participate in Model UN Debate Competition in Israel |url=http://www.thetower.org/6274oc-students-from-around-the-world-participate-in-model-un-debate-competition-in-israel/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Kuwait ==== The American Creative Academy Model United Nations (ACAMUN), the [[American School of Kuwait]] Model United Nations (ASKMUN), and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations (BBSMUN) are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the State of Kuwait amongst high schoolers. Comparatively, the [[American University of Kuwait]] Model United Nations (AUKMUN) is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people, with AUKMUN being recognized and well-respected by the [[United Nations]] in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap-trade policies written by executive members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الكويتية |first=جريدة الجريدة |date=2022-11-16 |title=طلبة الجامعة الأميركية شاركوا باليوم العالمي للحد من الكوارث |url=https://www.aljarida.com/article/4376 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=جريدة الجريدة الكويتية |language=ar}}</ref> === Europe === ==== Denmark ==== MUN is relatively popular in [[Denmark]], with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Menzer|first1=Joram Gregers|title=Tomorrow's problem solvers are ready|url=http://sn.dk/Rudersdal/Morgendagens-problemloesere-sidder-klar/artikel/556049|website=sn.dk|date=27 February 2016|access-date=29 February 2016|language=da}}</ref> ==== Germany ==== MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in [[Germany]]. Examples include the Model United Nations of [[Munich]] (MunoM) since 2004 and the country's largest conference, [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]] Model United Nations (OLMUN).<ref>{{cite web|title=MUN Conferences for High School Students 2022|url=https://www.model-un.de/en/schueler/|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in the English language. Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by (DMUN e.V.) in [[Stuttgart]] (MUNBW), [[Kiel]] (MUNSH) and [[Potsdam]] (MUNBB), as well as the ones organized by (SvEN, Simulation Vereinte Nationen). On college level, BIMUN/SINUB in [[Bonn]] takes place as a multi-lingual conference with live interpretation. The Technical University of Munich's MUNTUM e.V., alongside MUNAM e.V. from Ludvig Maximilian University organize IsarMUN, a large annual conference targeted towards University and high-school students across the world.<ref>https://www.isarmun.org/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> ==== The Netherlands ==== The largest MUN in the [[Netherlands]] is The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) conference, which includes over 3500 participants, coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thimun.org/9-features/2-thimun-conference|title=THIMUN Conference The Hague|publisher=THIMUN Foundation|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006070307/http://www.thimun.org/9-features/2-thimun-conference|archive-date=6 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a primary source|date=August 2019}} Although it is not located near the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] in New York, it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world, since it has been founded in 1968{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} and located in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) world city of the Hague.<ref name="telegraaf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/1598341/koning-bij-vn-scholierendebat-in-den-haag|title=King at the UN student debate in The Hague|publisher=telegraaf|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation, a label which basically describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference, and make it part of the UN recognized foundation.{{Clarify|date=April 2019}} In 1995, the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thimun.org/index.php/youth-in-action|title=Youth In Action|publisher=THIMUN Foundation|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134107/http://www.thimun.org/index.php/youth-in-action|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a primary source|date=August 2019}} Additionally, THIMUN has established its own conferences' network throughout time: THIMUN [[Qatar]], THIMUN [[Singapore]], THIMUN Online MUN (O-MUN) and THIMUN [[Latin America]] conferences have been set up from 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thimun.org/index.php/about/thimun-history|title=THIMUN History|publisher=THIMUN Foundation|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143613/http://www.thimun.org/index.php/about/thimun-history|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="QATARTHIMUN">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/530389/1-800-students-attending-UN-Model-conference|title=1,800 students attending UN Model conference|publisher=Gulf Times|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> The second and third biggest MUN-conferences of the Netherlands are MUNISH (Model United Nations at the International School of the Hague) and HMUN (Haarlem Model United Nations). ==== Portugal ==== The [[Iberian Model United Nations]] (IMUN), held in [[Lisbon]], is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundation.thimun.org/affiliation-programme/affiliated-conferences/|title=Affiliated Conferences – THIMUN Foundation}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://pt.usembassy.gov/ambassador-sherman-21st-annual-iberian-model-united-nations-conference/|title=Ambassador Sherman at the 21st Annual Iberian Model United Nations Conference|date=13 November 2015|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Portugal |last1=Portugal |first1=U. S. Mission }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=137902|title=Sessão de Abertura da XXIII Conferência "Iberian Model United Nations"|website=www.presidencia.pt}}</ref> IMUN's keynote speakers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, [[United Nations]] officials, and rights activists, such as internationally awarded author [[Richard Zimler]], [[U.S. Ambassador to Portugal|U.S. Ambassador]] [[Robert A. Sherman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caislisbon.org/page.cfm?p=910|title=CAISL XX IMUN|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329194330/https://www.caislisbon.org/page.cfm%3Fp%3D910|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> and [[President of Portugal]] [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/portugal/actualidad/2017/imunc.html|title=La Consejera de Educación de la Embajada de España en Portugal acompaña a los alumnos que representan a nuestro país en la XXIII Annual Iberian Model United Nation Conference|website=www.educacionyfp.gob.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caislisbon.org/page.cfm?p=546&newsid=444|title=CAISL - XXIII IMUN|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329194335/https://www.caislisbon.org/page.cfm?p=546&newsid=444|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are numerous other conferences throughout the country. ==== Spain ==== MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations (C'MUN) in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exteriors.gencat.cat/es/detalls/noticia/Bosch-Inauguracio-CMUN-2019|title=Bosch durante la inauguración del C'MUN 2019: "Defended los valores de Naciones Unidas en todos sitios"|website=Departamento de Acción Exterior, Relaciones Institucionales y Transparencia|language=es-ES|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823225253/http://exteriors.gencat.cat/es/detalls/noticia/Bosch-Inauguracio-CMUN-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019 [[Madrid]] hosted the [[Harvard World Model United Nations]] (WorldMUN), and among the 2,300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/03/18/madrid/1552932673_267990.html|title=La ONU de los estudiantes se reúne en Madrid|last=Portillo|first=Javier|date=2019-03-18|work=El País|access-date=2019-08-23|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190318/461107870516/madrid-se-convierte-en-una-onu-de-jovenes-para-debatir-los-desafios-mundiales.html|title=Madrid se convierte en una ONU de jóvenes para debatir los desafíos mundiales|date=2019-03-18|website=La Vanguardia|language=es|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> Madrid's bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations (SAMUN), which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid: [[Complutense University of Madrid]], [[Autonomous University of Madrid]], [[Charles III University of Madrid]] and [[King Juan Carlos University]].<ref name=":2" /> ==== Switzerland ==== Several universities and schools in [[Switzerland]] have Model United Nations societies and host conferences. Renown conferences include the ZuMUN of the [[University of Zurich]], and for high school students the IMZMUN, hosted by [[Institut Montana Zugerberg]]. === Africa === ====Nigeria==== Lagos Model United Nations<ref name="LMUN – Lagos Model United Nations">{{Cite web|title=LMUN – Lagos Model United Nations|url=http://lmun.ng/lmun/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=lmun.ng}}</ref> is one of Africa's pioneer MUN Conferences. Set in [[Lagos]], it is the largest MUN Conference in [[West Africa]],<ref name="Olufowobi">{{Cite web|last=Olufowobi|first=Oludayo|date=2020-02-23|title=University of Lagos Model UN Review: the Largest Collegiate Conference in Nigeria|url=https://allamericanmun.com/university-of-lagos-model-un-review-the-largest-collegiate-conference-in-nigeria/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=All-American Model UN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/unilag-to-host-lagos-model-united-nations-2017-conference/|title=UNILAG to host Lagos Model United Nations 2017 Conference|date=25 February 2017|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707163755/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/unilag-to-host-lagos-model-united-nations-2017-conference/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and attracts over 400 delegates each year. The Conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law, [[University of Lagos]] and simulates up to 10 committees of the [[United Nations]] annually. The Conference began in 2016, due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in [[Nigeria]], after participating in several Model United Nations conferences worldwide including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations.<ref name="LMUN – Lagos Model United Nations"/><ref name="Olufowobi"/> Beyond the simulation of committees, the Conference offers other activities for delegates such as the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDG) Workshop and the Idea Fair.<ref name="Olufowobi"/> The SDG Workshop is a platform for SDG experts to share their experiences with the delegates, while the Idea Fair<ref name="Olufowobi"/> is an opportunity for young innovators working on different SDGs to win a cash grant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Tobiloba Adeyemi Of ACU Wins the Lagos Model United Nations 2017 Idea Fair - AcademicsNG|url=http://www.academicsng.com.ng/2017/07/david-tobiloba-adeyemi-of-acu-wins-lagos-model-united-nations-2017-idea-fair.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=School News, Admissions, JAMB News, Nigeria Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges News|language=en-US|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030256/https://www.academicsng.com.ng/2017/07/david-tobiloba-adeyemi-of-acu-wins-lagos-model-united-nations-2017-idea-fair.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Tunisia ==== Conferences in Tunisia are mostly found in [[Tunis]] and they are usually sponsored by the Tunisian International Model United Nations (TIMUN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timun.tn/|title=Tunisian International Model United Nations|website=www.timun.tn/|access-date=2012-08-01|ref=TIMUN|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222022122/http://timun.tn/|url-status=dead}}</ref>). The most famous conference in Tunisia is the "Grande Simulation annuelle du TIMUN" in Tunis, which host more than 300 delegates. These conferences are usually hosted by the biggest national universities. Since the 6th edition, the "Grande Simulation annuelle" is under the patronage of the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and welcomes Tunisian ministers and diplomats.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} ==== Botswana ==== The majority of MUN conferences held in [[Botswana]] are centred around the capital city, [[Gaborone]]. Model United Nations events have also happened online, with [[Youth International Conclave]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://startuppakistan.com.pk/one-of-the-asias-largest-hybrid-leadership-entrepreneurshipsummit-organized-by-youth-international-conclave/|title=One of the Asia's Largest Hybrid Leadership & Entrepreneurship Summit Organized by Youth International Conclave|date=12 November 2021 |publisher=Startup Pakistan}}</ref> hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fyouthintconclave.org%2Fposts%2Fpfbid058VZPFyRongKc2f2NgY9pTpwcLVoEhdAvMKghhs3EEVFhW9CAmMjGUd7eT7drpAEl|title=Facebook Post|website=Facebook}} {{better source needed|date=February 2023}}</ref> Some private schools in Gaborone such as [[Maru-a-Pula School]] have MUN as an extra curricular activity.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} ==== Other countries ==== The other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naimun.org|title=North Africa International Model United Nations|website=www.naimun.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616110200/http://naimun.org/|archive-date=2015-06-16|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-08-01|ref=NAIMUN}}</ref> in [[Marrakech]]. Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths, NAIMUN is the largest student-run Model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East, with 4 sub-branches in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt.<ref name="NAIMUN">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/10/140437/exclusive-interview-with-the-president-of-the-north-africa-international-model-united-nations/|publisher=Morocco World News|author=Larbi Arbaoui|date=1 October 2014|title=Exclusive Interview with the President of the North Africa International Model United Nations}}</ref> It trains and encourages young people to address pressing global issues and engages them in resolving global problems. NAIMUN is a non-profit organization which provides an equal opportunity for all youth to actively participate in an open debate. JoMUN<ref>{{cite web|title=Johannesburg Model United Nations|url=https://mymun.com/conferences/jomun-2015|website=JoMUN on mymun.com|access-date=1 June 2015|ref=jomun}}</ref> in [[Johannesburg]], and IMIRAMUN<ref>{{cite web|title=International Mirabilis Model United Nations|url=https://mymun.com/conferences/imiramun-2015|website=IMIRAMUN on mymun.com|access-date=1 June 2015|ref=imiramun}}</ref> in [[Windhoek]] took place in Benin, in Cotonou. The first edition of Algeria Model United Nations was held in December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Algeria Model United Nations|url=http://algeriamun.org/|ref=AlgeriaMUN|website=Algeriamun.org|access-date=22 January 2016|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511131834/http://algeriamun.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === South America === ====Brazil==== The Americas Model United Nations (AMUN<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amun.org.br/|title=AMUN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516193407/http://amun.org.br/|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-06-29|df=dmy-all}}</ref>) was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America, accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition ''Bring Walls Down, Build Up Connections''.<ref name="UNBRAZIL">{{Cite web|url=https://nacoesunidas.org/simulacao-de-conferencias-da-onu-reune-130-estudantes-em-brasilia/|publisher=UN|title=UN conference simulation gathers 130 students in Brasilia}}</ref> The event official language of the conference is English, which has enabled AMUN to receive students from various countries worldwide. The committees vary with each edition of the project, as well as its themes addressed, among which are international security, cooperation, human rights, democracy and transnational crimes. Among the cultural activities, there is a tour around Brasília, the city hosting the event, and the Nations Fair, in which the peculiarities and customs of each country are shown by the participants representing them on the Conference. ==== Peru ==== {{more citations needed|section|date=August 2019}} At university level, Model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle (CENU), a college team from the [[University of Lima]] founded to compete at [[Harvard National Model United Nations]]. This team would evolution into a full-scale organization, the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations (AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym), a non-for-profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru's first "National Delegation", thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team (PU). Starting their new trademark since 2011, PU's has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at [[Harvard World Model United Nations]] 2014 held in Brussels, Belgium, and the Best Large Delegation award at [[Harvard International Relations Council|Harvard National Model United Nations - Latin America]] 2017, held in Lima, Peru.<ref name="Peru21">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/peru/peru-sera-sede-octava-edicion-conferencia-academica-organizada-harvard-453570|publisher=Peru21|title=Peru will host the eighth edition of the academic conference organized by Harvard|date=16 January 2019|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505204316/https://peru21.pe/peru/peru-sera-sede-octava-edicion-conferencia-academica-organizada-harvard-453570|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, the Peruvian Debate Society (PDS) was founded by experienced MUN delegates as a new alternative towards competing in [[Harvard International Relations Council]] conferences. PDS has achieved the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations Latin America in 2018.<ref name=":9" /> The team won the Best Large Delegation award at the 2018 edition of WorldMUN, held in [[Panama City]]. A year later, at WorldMUN 2019 in Madrid, they won an Outstanding Large Delegation award.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/somos/historias/conoce-peruanos-expertos-debatir-ganan-competencias-internacionales-noticia-605096-noticia/|newspaper=El Comercio|title=Conoce a los peruanos expertos en debatir que ganan competencias internacionales|date=7 February 2019}}</ref> At high school level, MUN has been a popular extracurricular activity since 2012, with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations (LiMUN) 2012, followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations (VMMUN) 2015, Newton Model United Nations (NewMUN) 2015, and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015, being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru (ILMUNC 2016). Each school delegation hosts its own conference, including Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and Piura.<ref name="elregional">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elregionalpiura.com.pe/index.php/regionales/151-talara/35725-escolares-talarenos-participaron-del-peru-model-united-nations-2019|publisher=El Regional|date=21 July 2019|title=Talareño schoolchildren participated in Peru Model United Nations 2019|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023408/https://www.elregionalpiura.com.pe/index.php/regionales/151-talara/35725-escolares-talarenos-participaron-del-peru-model-united-nations-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> === North America === ====United States==== {{Main|Model United Nations in the United States}} Model United Nations is popular across the United States, with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region.<ref name="bestdelegate1">{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/model-un-conferences-database/ |title=High School Conference Database: 2015-2016 |publisher=Best Delegate |date=2015-12-13 |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref> However, because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.<ref name="bestdelegate3">{{cite web|author=KFC |url=http://bestdelegate.com/a-tale-of-two-coasts-5-key-differences-between-west-coast-versus-east-coast-model-un/ |title=A Tale of Two Coasts: 5 Key Differences Between West Coast versus East Coast Model UN |publisher=Best Delegate |date=2012-03-06 |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref> == Notable participants ==   * [[Kiyotaka Akasaka]], former UN Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/pi1858.doc.htm|title=United Nations to Organize First Ever Global Model UN Student Conference|date=17 September 2008|website=www.un.org|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> * [[Ban Ki-moon]], former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2009|title=Global Model UN (Program No. 1207)|url=https://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia1207.pdf|website=UN.org|quote=I participated in a UN-style debate when I was a college student.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904170027/https://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia1207.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Chelsea Clinton]], former [[First Family of the United States|first daughter]] of the United States<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=ChelseaClinton|author=Chelsea Clinton |number=856904088553967616 |date = 25 April 2017 |title=I loved Model U.N. & was a proud member of our high school team for 3 years (never ran to be Model U.N. president). Good luck Broti! }}</ref> * [[Thomas E. Donilon|Tom Donilon]], former [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] in the [[presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=20 December 2010|title=Tom Donilon: Political wunderkind to policy trailblazer|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/20/AR2010122005033_3.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_16&sid=ST2010100900243|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201026160105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/20/AR2010122005033_3.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_16&sid=ST2010100900243|archive-date=26 October 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> * [[Nick Fuentes]], controversial far-right political commentator<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-10 |title=LTHS Model UN Club travels to Harvard |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/western-springs/ct-dlg-lt-model-un-tl-0219-20150210-story.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> * [[Suzan G. LeVine]], former U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bern.usembassy.gov/mobile//ev_120514.html |title=Events &#124; Bern, Switzerland - Embassy of the United States |publisher=Bern.usembassy.gov |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128165118/http://bern.usembassy.gov/mobile//ev_120514.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]], King of the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundation.thimun.org/about/thimun-history/|title=THIMUN History – Page 2 – THIMUN Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-09|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412161331/https://foundation.thimun.org/about/thimun-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Paul Ryan]], former [[speaker of the United States House of Representatives]], 2012 US vice-presidential nominee, and former congressman from Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strauss|first=Valerie|date=2012-08-11|title=Paul Ryan's status in high school|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/paul-ryan-in-high-school-voted-by-his-senior-class-as/2012/08/11/5ec92fca-e420-11e1-a25e-15067bb31849_blog.html|access-date=2022-01-28|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Semuels|first=Alana|date=2012-08-11|title=A look at Paul Ryan's hometown, high school history|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-xpm-2012-aug-11-la-pn-a-look-at-paul-ryans-hometown-high-school-history-20120811-story.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Stephen M. Schwebel]], former judge and president of the [[International Court of Justice]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1951/11/15/mock-college-un-assembly-plans-to/|title=Mock College 'U.N. Assembly' Plans To Give Suggestions to State Dept. {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|last=Rogers|first=David C.D.|date=November 15, 1951|website=www.thecrimson.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> * [[Joel Stein]], American journalist, former writer for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and regular contributor to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestdelegate.com/my-interview-with-journalist-joel-stein/|title=My Interview with Journalist Joel Stein|work=Best Delegate|date=22 April 2012}}</ref> * [[George Stephanopoulos]], television journalist and former adviser to U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/25/style/weddings-vows-alexandra-wentworth-george-stephanopoulos.html|title=WEDDINGS: VOWS; Alexandra Wentworth, George Stephanopoulos|last=Kuczynski|first=Alex|date=2001-11-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[Rainn Wilson]], actor best known for playing [[Dwight Schrute]] on [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2010-11-18-rainn-wilson_N.htm?csp=34|title=A glimpse into Rainn Wilson's 'SoulPancake'|work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bayard|first=Louis|date=2015-12-07|title='The Bassoon King' review: There's more to Rainn Wilson than Dwight Schrute|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/the-bassoon-king-review-theres-more-to-rainn-wilson-than-dwight-schrute/2015/12/07/0c780114-99fe-11e5-8917-653b65c809eb_story.html|access-date=2022-01-27|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> == See also ==  * [[Experiential learning]] * [[Global civics]] * [[Global Classrooms]] * [[Mock trial]] * [[Model Arab League]] * [[Model Congress]] * [[Model European Union Strasbourg]] * [[Model G20]] * [[Moot court]] * [[United Nations Association of the United States of America]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * Dille, Brian (2017). ''Engaging the United Nations: A Brief Introduction to the UN''. Engagement Learning. {{ISBN|9780998851808}}. * Leslie, Scott A. (2004). ''A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook''. The United Nations Association of the United States of America, softcover. {{ISBN|1-880632-71-3}}. * Muldoon, J. P. (1995). "The Model United Nations Revisited". ''Simulation & Gaming'', ''26''(1), 27–35. {{doi|10.1177/1046878195261003}}. * Turunç, Kerem (2009). ''The Winning Delegate: An Insider's Guide to Model United Nations'', 2nd ed. iUniverse. {{ISBN|978-1440144301}}. ==External links== {{commons category}} * [https://www.un.org/en/mun "Model United Nations"] at [[United Nations]] website {{United Nations|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Model United Nations| ]] [[Category:Educational programs]] [[Category:Youth model government]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bare_URL_inline" title="Template:Bare URL inline">Template:Bare URL inline</a> (<a 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