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biobased Isocyanate</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: partially biobased Isocyanate"> <meta name="keywords" content="partially biobased Isocyanate"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="partially biobased Isocyanate"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 708</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: partially biobased Isocyanate</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">708</span> Biobased Polyurethane Derived from Transesterified Castor Oil: Synthesis and Charecterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonalee%20Das">Sonalee Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smita%20Mohanty"> Smita Mohanty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Nayak"> S. K. Nayak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent years has witnessed the increasing demand for natural resources and products in polyurethane synthesis because of global warming, sustainable development and oil crisis. For this purpose, different plant oils such as soybean oil, castor oil and linseed oil are extensively used. Moreover, the isocyanate used for the synthesis of polyurethane is derived from petroleum resources. In this present work attempts have been made for the successful synthesis of biobased isocyanate from castor oil with partially biobased isocyanate in presence of catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL). The goal of the present study was to investigate the thermal, mechanical, morphological and chemical properties of the synthesized polyurethane in terms of castor oil modification. The transesterified polyol shows broad and higher hydroxyl value as compared to castor oil which was confirmed by FTIR studies. The FTIR studies also revealed the successful synthesis of bio based polyurethane by showing characteristic peaks at 3300cm-1, 1715cm-1 and 1532cm-1 respectively. The TGA results showed three step degradation mechanism for the synthesized polyurethane from modified and unmodified castor oil. However, the modified polyurethane exhibited higher degradation temperature as compared to unmodified one. The mechanical properties also demonstrated higher tensile strength for modified polyurethane as compared to unmodified one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=castor%20oil" title="castor oil">castor oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate" title=" partially biobased Isocyanate"> partially biobased Isocyanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurethane%20synthesis" title=" polyurethane synthesis"> polyurethane synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20628/biobased-polyurethane-derived-from-transesterified-castor-oil-synthesis-and-charecterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">707</span> Effect of Catalyst on Castor Oil Based Polyurethane with Different Hard/Soft Segment Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swarnalata%20Sahoo">Swarnalata Sahoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smita%20Mohanty"> Smita Mohanty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Nayak"> S. K. Nayak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmentally friendly Polyurethane(PU) synthesis from Castor oil(CO) has been studied extensively. Probably due to high proportion of fatty hydroxy acids and unsaturated bond, CO showed better performance than other oil, can be easily utilized as commercial applications. In this work, cured PU polymers having different –NCO/OH ratio with and without catalyst were synthesized by using partially biobased Isocyanate with castor oil (CO). Curing time has been studied by observing at the time of reaction, which can be confirmed by AT-FTIR. DSC has been studied to monitor the reaction between CO & Isocyanates using non Isothermal process. Curing kinetics have also been studied to investigate the catalytic effect of the NCO / OH ratio of Polyurethane. Adhesion properties were evaluated from Lapshear test. Tg of the PU polymer was evaluated by DSC which can be compared by DMA. Surface Properties were studied by contact angle measurement. Improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the nonpolar surface of Aluminum substrate and the polar adhesive has been studied by modifying surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurethane" title="polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20bio-based%20isocyanate" title=" partially bio-based isocyanate"> partially bio-based isocyanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=castor%20oil" title=" castor oil"> castor oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20705/effect-of-catalyst-on-castor-oil-based-polyurethane-with-different-hardsoft-segment-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20705.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">706</span> Can We Meet the New Challenges of NonIsocyanates Polyurethanes (NIPU) towards NIPU Foams?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrien%20Cornille">Adrien Cornille</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marine%20Blain"> Marine Blain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernard%20Boutevin"> Bernard Boutevin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Caillol"> Sylvain Caillol</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generally, linear polyurethanes (PUs) are obtained by the reaction between an oligomeric diol, a short diol as chain extender and a diisocyanate. However the use of diisocyanate should be avoided since they are generally very harmful for human health. Therefore the synthesis of NIPUs (non isocyanate PUs) from step growth polymerization of dicyclocarbonates and diamines should be favoured. This method is particularly interesting since no hazardous isocyanates are used. Thus, this reaction, extensively studied by Endo et al. is currently gaining a lot of attention as a substitution route for the synthesis of NIPUs, both from industrial and academic community. However, the reactivity of reaction between amine and cyclic carbonate is a major scientific issue, since cyclic carbonates are poorly reactive. Thus, our team developed several synthetic ways for the synthesis of various di-cyclic carbonates based on C5-, C6- and dithio- cyclic carbonates, from different biobased raw materials (glycerin isosorbide, vegetable oils…). These monomers were used to synthesize NIPUs with various mechanical and thermal properties for various applications. We studied the reactivity of reaction with various catalysts and find optimized conditions for room temperature reaction. We also studied the radical copolymerization of cyclic carbonate monomers in styrene-acrylate copolymers for coating applications. We also succeeded in the elaboration of biobased NIPU flexible foams. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report in literature on the preparation of non-isocyanate polyurethane foams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foam" title="foam">foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonisocyanate%20polyurethane" title=" nonisocyanate polyurethane"> nonisocyanate polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20carbonate" title=" cyclic carbonate"> cyclic carbonate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blowing%20agent" title=" blowing agent"> blowing agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scanning%20electron%20microscopy" title=" scanning electron microscopy"> scanning electron microscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40035/can-we-meet-the-new-challenges-of-nonisocyanates-polyurethanes-nipu-towards-nipu-foams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">705</span> Measuring Biobased Content of Building Materials Using Carbon-14 Testing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haley%20Gershon">Haley Gershon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transition from using fossil fuel-based building material to formulating eco-friendly and biobased building materials plays a key role in sustainable building. The growing demand on a global level for biobased materials in the building and construction industries heightens the importance of carbon-14 testing, an analytical method used to determine the percentage of biobased content that comprises a material’s ingredients. This presentation will focus on the use of carbon-14 analysis within the building materials sector. Carbon-14, also known as radiocarbon, is a weakly radioactive isotope present in all living organisms. Any fossil material older than 50,000 years will not contain any carbon-14 content. The radiocarbon method is thus used to determine the amount of carbon-14 content present in a given sample. Carbon-14 testing is performed according to ASTM D6866, a standard test method developed specifically for biobased content determination of material in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, which requires radiocarbon dating. Samples are combusted and converted into a solid graphite form and then pressed onto a metal disc and mounted onto a wheel of an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) machine for the analysis. The AMS instrument is used in order to count the amount of carbon-14 present. By submitting samples for carbon-14 analysis, manufacturers of building materials can confirm the biobased content of ingredients used. Biobased testing through carbon-14 analysis reports results as percent biobased content, indicating the percentage of ingredients coming from biomass sourced carbon versus fossil carbon. The analysis is performed according to standardized methods such as ASTM D6866, ISO 16620, and EN 16640. Products 100% sourced from plants, animals, or microbiological material are therefore 100% biobased, while products sourced only from fossil fuel material are 0% biobased. Any result in between 0% and 100% biobased indicates that there is a mixture of both biomass-derived and fossil fuel-derived sources. Furthermore, biobased testing for building materials allows manufacturers to submit eligible material for certification and eco-label programs such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) BioPreferred Program. This program includes a voluntary labeling initiative for biobased products, in which companies may apply to receive and display the USDA Certified Biobased Product label, stating third-party verification and displaying a product’s percentage of biobased content. The USDA program includes a specific category for Building Materials. In order to qualify for the biobased certification under this product category, examples of product criteria that must be met include minimum 62% biobased content for wall coverings, minimum 25% biobased content for lumber, and a minimum 91% biobased content for floor coverings (non-carpet). As a result, consumers can easily identify plant-based products in the marketplace. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon-14%20testing" title="carbon-14 testing">carbon-14 testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobased" title=" biobased"> biobased</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobased%20content" title=" biobased content"> biobased content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiocarbon%20dating" title=" radiocarbon dating"> radiocarbon dating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accelerator%20mass%20spectrometry" title=" accelerator mass spectrometry"> accelerator mass spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMS" title=" AMS"> AMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials" title=" materials"> materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141374/measuring-biobased-content-of-building-materials-using-carbon-14-testing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">704</span> Biobased Facade: Illuminated Natural Fibre Polymer with Cardboard Core</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralf%20Gliniorz">Ralf Gliniorz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carolin%20Petzoldt"> Carolin Petzoldt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Ehrlich"> Andreas Ehrlich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Gelbrich"> Sandra Gelbrich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lothar%20Kroll"> Lothar Kroll</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The building envelope is integral part of buildings, and renewable resources have a key role in energy consumption. So our aim was the development and implementation of a free forming facade system, consisting of fibre-reinforced polymer, which is built up of commercial biobased resin systems and natural fibre reinforcement. The field of application is aimed in modern architecture, like the office block 'Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V.' with its oak wood recyclate facade. The build-up of our elements is a classically sandwich-structured composite: face sheets as fibre-reinforced composite using polymer matrix, here a biobased epoxy, and natural fibres. The biobased core consists of stuck cardboard structure (BC-flute). Each element is manufactured from two shells in a counterpart, via hand lay-up laminate. These natural fibre skins and cardboard core have adhered 'wet-on-wet'. As a result, you get the effect of translucent face sheets with matrix illumination. Each created pixel can be controlled in RGB-colours and form together a screen at buildings. A 10 x 5 m² area 'NFP-BIO' with 25 elements is planned as a reference object in Chemnitz. The resolution is about 100 x 50 pixels. Specials are also the efficient technology of production and the possibility to extensively 3D-formed elements for buildings, replacing customary facade systems, which can give out information or advertising. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobased%20facade" title="biobased facade">biobased facade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardboard%20core" title=" cardboard core"> cardboard core</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20fibre%20skins" title=" natural fibre skins"> natural fibre skins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20element" title=" sandwich element"> sandwich element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76879/biobased-facade-illuminated-natural-fibre-polymer-with-cardboard-core" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76879.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">703</span> Syntheses of Biobased Hybrid Poly(epoxy-hydroxyurethane) Polymers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrien%20Cornille">Adrien Cornille</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Caillol"> Sylvain Caillol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernard%20Boutevon"> Bernard Boutevon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of polyurethanes began in 1937 at I. G. Farbenindustrie where Bayer with coworkers discovered the addition polymerization reaction between diisocyanates and diols. Since their discovery, the demand in PU has continued to increase and it will attain in 2016 a production of 18 million tons. However, isocyanates compounds are harmful to human and environment. Methylene diphenyl 4,4’-diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), the most widely used isocyanates in PU industry, are classified as CMR (Carcinogen, Mutagen, and Reprotoxic). In order to design isocyanate-free materials, an interesting alternative is the use of Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) by reaction between cyclic carbonate and polyfunctional amines. The main problem concerning PHUs synthesis relates to the low reactivity of carbonate/amine reaction. To solve this issue, many studies in the literature have been conducted to design PHU from more reactive cyclic-carbonates, bearing electro-withdrawing substituent or by using six-membered, seven-membered or thio-cyclic carbonate. The main drawback of all these systems remains the low molar masses obtained for the synthesized PHUs, which hinders their use for material applications. Therefore, we developed another strategy to afford new hybrid PHU with high conversion. This very innovative two-step approach consists in the first step in the synthesis of aminotelechelic PHU oligomers with different chain length from bis-cyclic carbonate with different excess of primary amine functions. In the second step, these aminotelechelic PHU oligomers were used in formulation with biobased epoxy monomers (from cashew nut shell liquid and tannins) to synthesize hybrid polyepoxyurethane polymers. These materials were then characterized by thermal and mechanical analyses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurethane" title="polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyhydroxyurethane" title=" polyhydroxyurethane"> polyhydroxyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aminotelechelic%20NIPU%20oligomers" title=" aminotelechelic NIPU oligomers"> aminotelechelic NIPU oligomers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonates" title=" carbonates"> carbonates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy" title=" epoxy"> epoxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amine" title=" amine"> amine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxyurethane%20polymers" title=" epoxyurethane polymers"> epoxyurethane polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20polymers" title=" hybrid polymers"> hybrid polymers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40036/syntheses-of-biobased-hybrid-polyepoxy-hydroxyurethane-polymers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">702</span> Congruences Induced by Certain Relations on Ag**-Groupoids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Yousafzai">Faisal Yousafzai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murad-ul-Islam%20Khan"> Murad-ul-Islam Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kar%20Ping%20Shum"> Kar Ping Shum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We introduce the concept of partially inverse AG**-groupoids which is almost parallel to the concepts of E-inversive semigroups and E-inversive E-semigroups. Some characterization problems are provided on partially inverse AG**-groupoids. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a partially inverse AG**-subgroupoid E to be a rectangular band. Furthermore, we determine the unitary congruence η on a partially inverse AG**-groupoid and show that each partially inverse AG**-groupoid possesses an idempotent separating congruence μ. We also study anti-separative commutative image of a locally associative AG**-groupoid. Finally, we give the concept of completely N-inverse AG**-groupoid and characterize a maximum idempotent separating congruence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AG%2A%2A-groupoids" title="AG**-groupoids">AG**-groupoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congruences" title=" congruences"> congruences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverses" title=" inverses"> inverses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectangular%20band" title=" rectangular band"> rectangular band</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62079/congruences-induced-by-certain-relations-on-ag-groupoids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">701</span> Biological Optimization following BM-MSC Seeding of Partially Demineralized and Partially Demineralized Laser-Perforated Structural Bone Allografts Implanted in Critical Femoral Defects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20AliReza%20Mirghasemi">S. AliReza Mirghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zameer%20Hussain"> Zameer Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Saleh%20Sadeghi"> Mohammad Saleh Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narges%20Rahimi%20Gabaran"> Narges Rahimi Gabaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamadreza%20Baghaban%20Eslaminejad"> Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Despite promising results have shown by osteogenic cell-based demineralized bone matrix composites, they need to be optimized for grafts that act as structural frameworks in load-bearing defects. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stem-cells seeding on partially demineralized laser-perforated structural allografts that have been implanted in critical femoral defects. Materials and Methods: P3 stem cells were used for graft seeding. Laser perforation in four rows of three holes was achieved. Cell-seeded grafts were incubated for one hour until they were planted into the defect. We used four types of grafts: partially demineralized only (Donly), partially demineralized stem cell seeded (DST), partially demineralized laser-perforated (DLP), and partially demineralized laser-perforated stem cell seeded (DLPST). histologic and histomorphometric analysis were performed at 12 weeks. Results: Partially demineralized laser-perforated had the highest woven bone formation within graft limits, stem cell seeded demineralized laser-perforated remained intact, and the difference between partially demineralized only and partially demineralized stem cell seeded was insignificant. At interface, partially demineralized laser-perforated and partially demineralized only had comparable osteogenesis, but partially demineralized stem cell seeded was inferior. The interface in stem cell seeded demineralized laser-perforated was almost replaced by distinct endochondral osteogenesis with higher angiogenesis in the vicinity. Partially demineralized stem cell seeded and stem cell seeded demineralized laser-perforated graft surfaces had extra vessel-ingrowth-like porosities, a sign of delayed resorption. Conclusion: This demonstrates that simple cell-based composites are not optimal and necessitates the supplementation of synergistic stipulations and surface changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20bone%20allograft" title="structural bone allograft">structural bone allograft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20demineralization" title=" partial demineralization"> partial demineralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20perforation" title=" laser perforation"> laser perforation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesenchymal%20stem%20cell" title=" mesenchymal stem cell"> mesenchymal stem cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34775/biological-optimization-following-bm-msc-seeding-of-partially-demineralized-and-partially-demineralized-laser-perforated-structural-bone-allografts-implanted-in-critical-femoral-defects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">700</span> Study of Phase Separation Behavior in Flexible Polyurethane Foam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20Hatka%20Hicham">El Hatka Hicham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafidi%20Youssef"> Hafidi Youssef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saghiri%20Khalid"> Saghiri Khalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ittobane%20Najim"> Ittobane Najim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is a low-density cellular material generally used as a cushioning material in many applications such as furniture, bedding, packaging, etc. It is commercially produced during a continuous process, where a reactive mixture of foam chemicals is poured onto a moving conveyor. FPUFs are produced by the catalytic balancing of two reactions involved, the blowing reaction (isocyanate-water) and the gelation reaction (isocyanate-polyol). The microstructure of FPUF is generally composed of soft phases (polyol phases) and rigid domains that separate into two domains of different sizes: the rigid polyurea microdomains and the macrodomains (larger aggregates). The morphological features of FPUF are strongly influenced by the phase separation morphology that plays a key role in determining the global FPUF properties. This phase-separated morphology results from a thermodynamic incompatibility between soft segments derived from aliphatic polyether and hard segments derived from the commonly used aromatic isocyanate. In order to improve the properties of FPUF against the different stresses faced by this material during its use, we report in this work a study of the phase separation phenomenon in FPUF that has been examined using SAXS WAXS and FTIR. Indeed, we have studied with these techniques the effect of water, isocyanates, and alkaline chlorides on the phase separation behavior. SAXS was used to study the morphology of the microphase separated, WAXS to examine the nature of the hard segment packing, and FTIR to investigate the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the materials studied. The prepared foams were shown to have different levels of urea phase connectivity; the increase in water content in the FPUF formulation leads to an increase in the amount of urea formed and consequently the increase of the size of urea aggregates formed. Alkali chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and LiCl) incorporated into FPUF formulations show that is the ability to prevent hydrogen bond formation and subsequently alter the rigid domains. FPUFs prepared by different isocyanate structures showed that urea aggregates are difficult to be formed in foams prepared by asymmetric diisocyanate, while are more easily formed in foams prepared by symmetric and aliphatic diisocyanate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20polyurethane%20foam" title="flexible polyurethane foam">flexible polyurethane foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20segments" title=" hard segments"> hard segments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20separation" title=" phase separation"> phase separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20segments" title=" soft segments"> soft segments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148288/study-of-phase-separation-behavior-in-flexible-polyurethane-foam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">699</span> Choosing the Right Lignin for Phenolic Adhesive Application </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somayyeh%20Kalami">Somayyeh Kalami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojgan%20Nejad"> Mojgan Nejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the source (softwood, hardwood or annual crop) and isolation method (kraft, organosolv, sulfite or pre-enzymatic treatment), there are significant variations in lignin structure and properties. The first step in using lignin as biobased feedstock is to make sure that specific lignin is suitable for intended application. Complete characterization of lignin and measuring its chemical, physical and thermal properties can help to predict its suitability. To replace 100% phenol portion of phenolic adhesive, lignin should have high reactivity toward formaldehyde. Theoretically, lignins with closer backbone structure to phenol should be better candidate for this application. In this study, a number of different lignins were characterized and used to formulate phenolic adhesive. One of the main findings was that lignin sample with higher percentage of hydroxyl-phenyl units was better candidate than lignin with more syringyl units. This could be explained by the fact that hydroxyl-phenyl lignin units have two available ortho positions for reaction with formaldehyde while in syringyl units all ortho and para positions are occupied, and there is no available site in lignin structure to react with formaldehyde. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin" title="lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolic%20adhesive" title=" phenolic adhesive"> phenolic adhesive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobased" title=" biobased"> biobased</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65455/choosing-the-right-lignin-for-phenolic-adhesive-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">698</span> New Platform of Biobased Aromatic Building Blocks for Polymers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Caillol">Sylvain Caillol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxence%20Fache"> Maxence Fache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernard%20Boutevin"> Bernard Boutevin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent years have witnessed an increasing demand on renewable resource-derived polymers owing to increasing environmental concern and restricted availability of petrochemical resources. Thus, a great deal of attention was paid to renewable resources-derived polymers and to thermosetting materials especially, since they are crosslinked polymers and thus cannot be recycled. Also, most of thermosetting materials contain aromatic monomers, able to confer high mechanical and thermal properties to the network. Therefore, the access to biobased, non-harmful, and available aromatic monomers is one of the main challenges of the years to come. Starting from phenols available in large volumes from renewable resources, our team designed platforms of chemicals usable for the synthesis of various polymers. One of these phenols, vanillin, which is readily available from lignin, was more specifically studied. Various aromatic building blocks bearing polymerizable functions were synthesized: epoxy, amine, acid, carbonate, alcohol etc. These vanillin-based monomers can potentially lead to numerous polymers. The example of epoxy thermosets was taken, as there is also the problematic of bisphenol A substitution for these polymers. Materials were prepared from the biobased epoxy monomers obtained from vanillin. Their thermo-mechanical properties were investigated and the effect of the monomer structure was discussed. The properties of the materials prepared were found to be comparable to the current industrial reference, indicating a potential replacement of petrosourced, bisphenol A-based epoxy thermosets by biosourced, vanillin-based ones. The tunability of the final properties was achieved through the choice of monomer and through a well-controlled oligomerization reaction of these monomers. This follows the same strategy than the one currently used in industry, which supports the potential of these vanillin-derived epoxy thermosets as substitutes of their petro-based counterparts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin" title="lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vanillin" title=" vanillin"> vanillin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy" title=" epoxy"> epoxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amine" title=" amine"> amine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonate" title=" carbonate"> carbonate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40489/new-platform-of-biobased-aromatic-building-blocks-for-polymers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">697</span> Synthesis of Cardanol Oil Building Blocks for Polymer Synthesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Caillol">Sylvain Caillol</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Uncertainty in terms of price and availability of petroleum, in addition to global political and institutional tendencies toward the principles of sustainable development, urge chemical industry to a sustainable chemistry and particularly the use of renewable resources in order to synthesize biobased chemicals and products. We propose a platform approach for the synthesis of various building blocks from cardanol in one or two-steps syntheses. Cardanol, which is a natural phenol, is issued from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL), a non-edible renewable resource, co-produced from cashew industry in large commercial volumes. Cardanol is particularly interesting to replace fossil aromatic groups in polymers and materials. Our team studied various routes for the synthesis of cardanol-derived biobased building blocks used after that in polymer syntheses. For example, we used phenolation to dimerize/oligomerize cardanol to propose increase functionality of cardanol. Thio-ene was used to synthesize new reactive amines. Epoxidation and (meth)acrylation were also used to insert oxirane or (meth)acrylate groups in order to synthesize polymers and materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardanol" title="cardanol">cardanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cashew%20nutshell%20liquid" title=" cashew nutshell liquid"> cashew nutshell liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy" title=" epoxy"> epoxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vinyl%20ester" title=" vinyl ester"> vinyl ester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latex" title=" latex"> latex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emulsion" title=" emulsion"> emulsion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40491/synthesis-of-cardanol-oil-building-blocks-for-polymer-synthesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">696</span> NENU2PHAR: PHA-Based Materials from Micro-Algae for High-Volume Consumer Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enrique%20Moliner">Enrique Moliner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alba%20Lafarga"> Alba Lafarga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Herraiz"> Isaac Herraiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evelina%20Castellana"> Evelina Castellana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihaela%20Mirea"> Mihaela Mirea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> NENU2PHAR (GA 887474) is an EU-funded project aimed at the development of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from micro-algae. These biobased and biodegradable polymers are being tested and validated in different high-volume market applications including food packaging, cosmetic packaging, 3D printing filaments, agro-textiles and medical devices, counting on the support of key players like Danone, BEL Group, Sofradim or IFG. At the moment the project has achieved to produce PHAs from micro-algae with a cumulated yield around 17%, i.e. 1 kg PHAs produced from 5.8 kg micro-algae biomass, which in turn capture 11 kg CO₂ for growing up. These algae-based plastics can therefore offer the same environmental benefits than current bio-based plastics (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil resource depletion), using a 3rd generation biomass feedstock that avoids the competition with food and the environmental impacts of agricultural practices. The project is also dealing with other sustainability aspects like the ecodesign and life cycle assessment of the plastic products targeted, considering not only the use of the biobased plastics but also many other ecodesign strategies. This paper will present the main progresses and results achieved to date in the project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NENU2PHAR" title="NENU2PHAR">NENU2PHAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polyhydroxyalkanoates" title=" Polyhydroxyalkanoates"> Polyhydroxyalkanoates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-algae" title=" micro-algae"> micro-algae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopolymer" title=" biopolymer"> biopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecodesign" title=" ecodesign"> ecodesign</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title=" life cycle assessment"> life cycle assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157868/nenu2phar-pha-based-materials-from-micro-algae-for-high-volume-consumer-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">695</span> Different Roles for Mentors and Mentees in an e-Learning Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidhi%20Gadura">Nidhi Gadura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given the increase in the number of students and administrators asking for online courses the author developed two partially online courses. One was a biology majors at genetics course while the other was a non-majors at biology course. The student body at Queensborough Community College is generally underprepared and has work and family obligations. As an educator, one has to be mindful about changing the pedagogical approach, therefore, special care was taken when designing the course material. Despite the initial concerns, both of these partially online courses were received really well by students. Lessons learnt were that student engagement is the key to success in an online course. Good practices to run a successful online course for underprepared students are discussed in this paper. Also discussed are the lessons learnt for making the eLearning environment better for all the students in the class, overachievers and underachievers alike. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20online%20course" title="partially online course">partially online course</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogy" title=" pedagogy"> pedagogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%20engagement" title=" student engagement"> student engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20college" title=" community college"> community college</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48193/different-roles-for-mentors-and-mentees-in-an-e-learning-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48193.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">694</span> Production, Optimization, Characterization, and Kinetics of a Partially Purified Laccase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Its Application in Swift Bioremediation of Azo Dyes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankita%20Kushwaha">Ankita Kushwaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Singh"> M. P. Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: In the present investigation the efficiency of laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) from Pleurotus citrinopileatus was assessed for the decolorization of azo dyes. Aim: Enzyme production, characterization and kinetics of a partially purified laccase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus were determined for its application in bioremediation of azo dyes. Methods & Results: Laccase has been partially purified by using 80% ammonium sulphate solution. Total activity, total protein, specific activity and purification fold for partially purified laccase were found to be 40.38U, 293.33mg/100ml, 0.91U/mg and 2.84, respectively. The pH and temperature optima of laccase were 5.0 and 50ºC, respectively, while the enzyme was most stable at pH 4.0 and temperature 30ºC when exposed for one hour. The Km of the partially purified laccase for substrates guaiacol, DMP (2,6-dimethoxyphenol) and syringaldazine (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde azine) were 60, 95 and 26, respectively. This laccase has been tested for the use in the bioremediation of azo dyes in the absence of mediator molecules. Two dyes namely congo red and bromophenol blue were tested. Discussion: It was observed that laccase enzyme was very effective in the decolorization of these two dyes. More than 80% decolorization was observed within half an hour even in the absence of mediator and their lower Km value indicates that efficiency of the enzyme is very high. The results were promising due to quicker decolorization in the absence of mediators showing that it can be used as a valuable biocatalyst for quick bioremediation of azo dyes. Conclusion: The enzymatic properties of laccase from P. citrinopileatus should be considered for a potential environmental (biodegradation and bioremediation) or industrial applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dyes" title="azo dyes">azo dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decolorization" title=" decolorization"> decolorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laccase" title=" laccase"> laccase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.citrinopileatus" title=" P.citrinopileatus"> P.citrinopileatus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88221/production-optimization-characterization-and-kinetics-of-a-partially-purified-laccase-from-pleurotus-citrinopileatus-and-its-application-in-swift-bioremediation-of-azo-dyes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">693</span> An Optimal Bayesian Maintenance Policy for a Partially Observable System Subject to Two Failure Modes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20Khaleghei%20Ghosheh%20Balagh">Akram Khaleghei Ghosheh Balagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viliam%20Makis"> Viliam Makis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Jafari"> Leila Jafari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a new maintenance model for a partially observable system subject to two failure modes, namely a catastrophic failure and a failure due to the system degradation. The system is subject to condition monitoring and the degradation process is described by a hidden Markov model. A cost-optimal Bayesian control policy is developed for maintaining the system. The control problem is formulated in the semi-Markov decision process framework. An effective computational algorithm is developed and illustrated by a numerical example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20observable%20system" title="partially observable system">partially observable system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hidden%20Markov%20model" title=" hidden Markov model"> hidden Markov model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competing%20risks" title=" competing risks"> competing risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20Bayesian%20control" title=" multivariate Bayesian control"> multivariate Bayesian control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12740/an-optimal-bayesian-maintenance-policy-for-a-partially-observable-system-subject-to-two-failure-modes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12740.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">692</span> Sloshing Response of Liquid in Prismatic Container under Oscillation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20R.%20Maiti">P. R. Maiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Bhattacharyya"> S. K. Bhattacharyya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sloshing is a physical phenomenon characterized by the oscillation of unrestrained free surface of liquid in a partially liquid filled container subjected to external excitation. Determination of sloshing frequency in container is important to avoid resonance condition of the system. The complex behavior of the free surface movement and its combined mode of vibration make difficulty for exact analysis of sloshing. In the present study, numerical analysis is carried out for a partially liquid filled tank under external forces. Boundary element approach is used to formulate the sloshing problem in two -dimensional prismatic container with potential flow. Effort has been made to find slosh response for two dimensional problems in partially liquid filled prismatic container. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sloshing" title="sloshing">sloshing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20element%20method" title=" boundary element method"> boundary element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prismatic%20container" title=" prismatic container"> prismatic container</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillation" title=" oscillation"> oscillation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28051/sloshing-response-of-liquid-in-prismatic-container-under-oscillation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28051.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">691</span> Biobased Toughening Filler for Polylactic Acid from Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powder Natural Rubber Grafted with Polymethylmethacrylate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panyawutthi%20Rimdusit">Panyawutthi Rimdusit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krittapas%20Charoensuk"> Krittapas Charoensuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarawut%20Rimdusit"> Sarawut Rimdusit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A biobased toughening filler for polylactic acid (PLA) based on natural rubber is developed in this work. Deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) was modified by grafting polymerization with methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) and further crosslinked by e-beam irradiation and spray drying process to achieve ultrafine full vulcanized powdered natural rubber grafted with polymethylmethacrylate (UFPNRg-PMMA) to solves in the challenges of incompatibility between natural rubber and PLA. Intriguingly, UFPNR-g-PMMA revealed outstanding and unique properties with minimal particle aggregation. The average particle size of rubber powder obtained from UFPNR-g-PMMA at PMMA grafting content of 20 phr reduced to 3.3±1.2 µm, compared to that of neat UFPNR of 5.3±2.3 µm which also showed partial particle aggregation. It is also found that the impact strength of the filled PLA was enhanced to 33.4±5.6 kJ/m2 at PLA/UFPNR-gPMMA 20 wt% compared to neat PLA of 9.6±3 kJ/m2. The thermal degradation temperature of the PLA composites was enhanced with increasing UFPNR-g-PMMA content without affecting the glass transition temperature of the composites. The fracture surface of PLA/ UFPNR-g-PMMA suggested internal cavitation and crazes are the main effects of rubber toughening PLA with substantial interfacial interaction between the filler and the matrix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20rubber" title="natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrafine%20fully%20vulcanized%20powder%20rubber" title=" ultrafine fully vulcanized powder rubber"> ultrafine fully vulcanized powder rubber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polylactic%20acid" title=" polylactic acid"> polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20composites" title=" polymer composites"> polymer composites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194427/biobased-toughening-filler-for-polylactic-acid-from-ultrafine-fully-vulcanized-powder-natural-rubber-grafted-with-polymethylmethacrylate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">11</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">690</span> Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes for Computations of Flow Around Three-Dimensional Ahmed Bodies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Mirzaei">Maryam Mirzaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sinisa%20Krajnovic%C2%B4"> Sinisa Krajnovic´ </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reports a study about the prediction of flows around simplified vehicles using Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS). Numerical simulations are performed for two simplified vehicles: A slanted-back Ahmed body at Re=30 000 and a square back Ahmed body at Re=300 000. A comparison of the resolved and modeled physical flow scales is made with corresponding LES and experimental data for a better understanding of the performance of the PANS model. The PANS model is compared for coarse and fine grid resolutions and it is indicated that even a coarse-grid PANS simulation is able to produce fairly close flow predictions to those from a well-resolved LES simulation. The results indicate the possibility of improvement of the predictions by employing a finer grid resolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially-averaged%20Navier-Stokes" title="partially-averaged Navier-Stokes">partially-averaged Navier-Stokes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20eddy%20simulation" title=" large eddy simulation"> large eddy simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PANS" title=" PANS"> PANS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LES" title=" LES"> LES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20body" title=" Ahmed body"> Ahmed body</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17810/partially-averaged-navier-stokes-for-computations-of-flow-around-three-dimensional-ahmed-bodies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">600</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">689</span> Experimental Investigation of Partially Premixed Laminar Methane/Air Co-Flow Flames Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misagh%20Irandoost%20Shahrestani">Misagh Irandoost Shahrestani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Ashjaee"> Mehdi Ashjaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahrokh%20Zandieh%20Vakili"> Shahrokh Zandieh Vakili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, partially premixed laminar methane/air co-flow flame is studied experimentally. Methane-air flame was established on an axisymmetric coannular burner. The fuel-air jet flows from the central tube while the secondary air flows from the region between the inner and the outer tube. The aim is to investigate the flame features and to develop a nonintrusive method for temperature measurement of methane/air partially premixed flame using Mach-Zehnder interferometry method. Different equivalence ratios and Reynolds numbers are considered. Flame generic visible appearance was also investigated and its various structures were studied. Three distinguished flame regimes were seen based on its appearance. A double flame structure can be seen for the equivalence ratio in the range of 1<Φ<2.1. By adding air to the mixture up to Φ=4 the flame has the characteristics of both premixed and non-premixed flames. Finally for 4<Φ<∞ the flame mainly becomes non-premixed like and the luminous sooting region on its tip is the obvious feature of this type of flames. The Mach-Zehnder method is used to obtain temperature field of a transparent fluid by means of index of refraction. Temperature obtained from optical techniques was compared with that of obtained from thermocouples in order to validate the results. Good agreement was observed for these two methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20structure" title="flame structure">flame structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mach-Zehnder%20interferometry" title=" Mach-Zehnder interferometry"> Mach-Zehnder interferometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20premixed%20flame" title=" partially premixed flame"> partially premixed flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20field" title=" temperature field "> temperature field </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17291/experimental-investigation-of-partially-premixed-laminar-methaneair-co-flow-flames-using-mach-zehnder-interferometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">688</span> Optimal Design of Step-Stress Partially Life Test Using Multiply Censored Exponential Data with Random Removals </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Showkat%20Ahmad%20Lone">Showkat Ahmad Lone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmadur%20Rahman"> Ahmadur Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariful%20Islam"> Ariful Islam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major assumption in accelerated life tests (ALT) is that the mathematical model relating the lifetime of a test unit and the stress are known or can be assumed. In some cases, such life–stress relationships are not known and cannot be assumed, i.e. ALT data cannot be extrapolated to use condition. So, in such cases, partially accelerated life test (PALT) is a more suitable test to be performed for which tested units are subjected to both normal and accelerated conditions. This study deals with estimating information about failure times of items under step-stress partially accelerated life tests using progressive failure-censored hybrid data with random removals. The life data of the units under test is considered to follow exponential life distribution. The removals from the test are assumed to have binomial distributions. The point and interval maximum likelihood estimations are obtained for unknown distribution parameters and tampering coefficient. An optimum test plan is developed using the D-optimality criterion. The performances of the resulting estimators of the developed model parameters are evaluated and investigated by using a simulation algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binomial%20distribution" title="binomial distribution">binomial distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=d-optimality" title=" d-optimality"> d-optimality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20censoring" title=" multiple censoring"> multiple censoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20design" title=" optimal design"> optimal design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20accelerated%20life%20testing" title=" partially accelerated life testing"> partially accelerated life testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20study" title=" simulation study"> simulation study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69460/optimal-design-of-step-stress-partially-life-test-using-multiply-censored-exponential-data-with-random-removals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">687</span> Effect of Injection Strategy on the Performance and Emission of E85 in a Heavy-Duty Engine under Partially Premixed Combustion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Aziz">Amir Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Tuner"> Martin Tuner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastian%20Verhelst"> Sebastian Verhelst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oivind%20Andersson"> Oivind Andersson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is a combustion concept which aims to simultaneously achieve high efficiency and low engine-out emissions. Extending the ignition delay to promote the premixing, has been recognized as one of the key factor to achieve PPC. Fuels with high octane number have been proven to be a good candidates to extend the ignition delay. In this work, E85 (85% ethanol) has been used as a PPC fuel. The aim of this work was to investigate a suitable injection strategy for PPC combustion fueled with E85 in a single-cylinder heavy-duty engine. Single and double injection strategy were applied with different injection timing and the ratio between different injection pulses was varied. The performance and emission were investigated at low load. The results show that the double injection strategy should be preferred for PPC fueled with E85 due to low emissions and high efficiency, while keeping the pressure raise rate at very low levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E85" title="E85">E85</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20premixed%20combustion" title=" partially premixed combustion"> partially premixed combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20strategy" title=" injection strategy"> injection strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20and%20emission" title=" performance and emission"> performance and emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85102/effect-of-injection-strategy-on-the-performance-and-emission-of-e85-in-a-heavy-duty-engine-under-partially-premixed-combustion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">686</span> Relevance of Reliability Approaches to Predict Mould Growth in Biobased Building Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucile%20Soudani">Lucile Soudani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herv%C3%A9%20Illy"> Hervé Illy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%C3%A9mi%20Bouchi%C3%A9"> Rémi Bouchié</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mould growth in living environments has been widely reported for decades all throughout the world. A higher level of moisture in housings can lead to building degradation, chemical component emissions from construction materials as well as enhancing mould growth within the envelope elements or on the internal surfaces. Moreover, a significant number of studies have highlighted the link between mould presence and the prevalence of respiratory diseases. In recent years, the proportion of biobased materials used in construction has been increasing, as seen as an effective lever to reduce the environmental impact of the building sector. Besides, bio-based materials are also hygroscopic materials: when in contact with the wet air of a surrounding environment, their porous structures enable a better capture of water molecules, thus providing a more suitable background for mould growth. Many studies have been conducted to develop reliable models to be able to predict mould appearance, growth, and decay over many building materials and external exposures. Some of them require information about temperature and/or relative humidity, exposure times, material sensitivities, etc. Nevertheless, several studies have highlighted a large disparity between predictions and actual mould growth in experimental settings as well as in occupied buildings. The difficulty of considering the influence of all parameters appears to be the most challenging issue. As many complex phenomena take place simultaneously, a preliminary study has been carried out to evaluate the feasibility to sadopt a reliability approach rather than a deterministic approach. Both epistemic and random uncertainties were identified specifically for the prediction of mould appearance and growth. Several studies published in the literature were selected and analysed, from the agri-food or automotive sectors, as the deployed methodology appeared promising. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-based%20materials" title="bio-based materials">bio-based materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mould%20growth" title=" mould growth"> mould growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20prediction" title=" numerical prediction"> numerical prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20approach" title=" reliability approach"> reliability approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186541/relevance-of-reliability-approaches-to-predict-mould-growth-in-biobased-building-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">685</span> Preparation and Properties of Gelatin-Bamboo Fibres Foams for Packaging Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luo%20Guidong">Luo Guidong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song%20Hang"> Song Hang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jim%20Song"> Jim Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virginia%20Martin%20Torrejon"> Virginia Martin Torrejon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to their excellent properties, polymer packaging foams have become increasingly essential in our current lifestyles. They are cost-effective and lightweight, with excellent mechanical and thermal insulation properties. However, they constitute a major environmental and health concern due to litter generation, ocean pollution, and microplastic contamination of the food chain. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to develop more sustainable alternatives to conventional polymer packaging foams. As a result, biobased and compostable foams are increasingly becoming commercially available, such as starch-based loose-fill or PLA trays. However, there is still a need for bulk manufacturing of bio-foams planks for packaging applications as a viable alternative to their fossil fuel counterparts (i.e., polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyurethane). Gelatin is a promising biopolymer for packaging applications due to its biodegradability, availability, and biocompatibility, but its mechanical properties are poor compared to conventional plastics. However, as widely reported for other biopolymers, such as starch, the mechanical properties of gelatin-based bioplastics can be enhanced by formulation optimization, such as the incorporation of fibres from different crops, such as bamboo. This research aimed to produce gelatin-bamboo fibre foams by mechanical foaming and to study the effect of fibre content on the foams' properties and structure. As a result, foams with virtually no shrinkage, low density (<40 kg/m³), low thermal conductivity (<0.044 W/m•K), and mechanical properties comparable to conventional plastics were produced. Further work should focus on developing formulations suitable for the packaging of water-sensitive products and processing optimization, especially the reduction of the drying time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobased%20and%20compostable%20foam" title="biobased and compostable foam">biobased and compostable foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20packaging" title=" sustainable packaging"> sustainable packaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20polymer%20hydrogel" title=" natural polymer hydrogel"> natural polymer hydrogel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20chain%20packaging" title=" cold chain packaging"> cold chain packaging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152385/preparation-and-properties-of-gelatin-bamboo-fibres-foams-for-packaging-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">684</span> Analysis of Exponential Distribution under Step Stress Partially Accelerated Life Testing Plan Using Adaptive Type-I Hybrid Progressive Censoring Schemes with Competing Risks Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmadur%20Rahman">Ahmadur Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Showkat%20Ahmad%20Lone"> Showkat Ahmad Lone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariful%20Islam"> Ariful Islam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, we have estimated the parameters for the failure times of units based on the sampling technique adaptive type-I progressive hybrid censoring under the step-stress partially accelerated life tests for competing risk. The failure times of the units are assumed to follow an exponential distribution. Maximum likelihood estimation technique is used to estimate the unknown parameters of the distribution and tampered coefficient. Confidence interval also obtained for the parameters. A simulation study is performed by using Monte Carlo Simulation method to check the authenticity of the model and its assumptions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20type-I%20hybrid%20progressive%20censoring" title="adaptive type-I hybrid progressive censoring">adaptive type-I hybrid progressive censoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competing%20risks" title=" competing risks"> competing risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exponential%20distribution" title=" exponential distribution"> exponential distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=step-stress%20partially%20accelerated%20life%20tests" title=" step-stress partially accelerated life tests"> step-stress partially accelerated life tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59686/analysis-of-exponential-distribution-under-step-stress-partially-accelerated-life-testing-plan-using-adaptive-type-i-hybrid-progressive-censoring-schemes-with-competing-risks-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">683</span> Energy Matrices of Partially Covered Photovoltaic Thermal Flat Plate Water Collectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyam">Shyam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20N.%20Tiwari"> G. N. Tiwari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy matrices of flate plate water collectors partially covered by PV module have been estimated in the present study. Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector assembly is consisting of 5 water collectors having 2 m^2 area which are partially covered by photovoltaic module at its lower portion (inlet) and connected in series. The annual overall thermal energy and exergy are computed by using climatic data of New Delhi provided by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune, India. The Energy payback time on overall thermal and exergy basis are found to be 1.6 years and 17.8 years respectively. For 25 years of life time of system the energy production factor and life cycle conversion efficiency are estimated to be 15.8 and 0.04 respectively on overall thermal energy basis whereas for the same life time the energy production factor and life cycle conversion efficiency on exergy basis are obtained as 1.4 and 0.001. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overall%20thermal%20energy" title="overall thermal energy">overall thermal energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exergy" title=" exergy"> exergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20payback%20time" title=" energy payback time"> energy payback time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PVT%20water%20collectors" title=" PVT water collectors"> PVT water collectors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36909/energy-matrices-of-partially-covered-photovoltaic-thermal-flat-plate-water-collectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">682</span> Using Sugar Mill Waste for Biobased Epoxy Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulku%20Soydal">Ulku Soydal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Esen%20Marti"> Mustafa Esen Marti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulnare%20Ahmetli"> Gulnare Ahmetli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, precipitated calcium carbonate lime waste (LW) from sugar beet process was recycled as the raw material for the preparation of composite materials. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was used as a co-matrix in 50 wt% with DGEBA type epoxy resin (ER). XRD was used for characterization of composites. Effects of ESO and LW filler amounts on mechanical properties of neat ER were investigated. Modification of ER with ESO remarkably enhanced plasticity of ER. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy%20resin" title="epoxy resin">epoxy resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocomposite" title=" biocomposite"> biocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime%20waste" title=" lime waste"> lime waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=properties" title=" properties"> properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50205/using-sugar-mill-waste-for-biobased-epoxy-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50205.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">681</span> Optimal Maintenance Policy for a Partially Observable Two-Unit System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Jafari">Leila Jafari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viliam%20Makis"> Viliam Makis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20B.%20Akram%20Khaleghei"> G. B. Akram Khaleghei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a maintenance model of a two-unit series system with economic dependence. Unit#1, which is considered to be more expensive and more important, is subject to condition monitoring (CM) at equidistant, discrete time epochs and unit#2, which is not subject to CM, has a general lifetime distribution. The multivariate observation vectors obtained through condition monitoring carry partial information about the hidden state of unit#1, which can be in a healthy or a warning state while operating. Only the failure state is assumed to be observable for both units. The objective is to find an optimal opportunistic maintenance policy minimizing the long-run expected average cost per unit time. The problem is formulated and solved in the partially observable semi-Markov decision process framework. An effective computational algorithm for finding the optimal policy and the minimum average cost is developed and illustrated by a numerical example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition-based%20maintenance" title="condition-based maintenance">condition-based maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-Markov%20decision%20process" title=" semi-Markov decision process"> semi-Markov decision process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20Bayesian%20control%20chart" title=" multivariate Bayesian control chart"> multivariate Bayesian control chart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20observable%20system" title=" partially observable system"> partially observable system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-unit%20system" title=" two-unit system"> two-unit system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9588/optimal-maintenance-policy-for-a-partially-observable-two-unit-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">680</span> On the Application of Heuristics of the Traveling Salesman Problem for the Task of Restoring the DNA Matrix</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Melnikov">Boris Melnikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitrii%20Chaikovskii"> Dmitrii Chaikovskii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Melnikova"> Elena Melnikova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a well-known optimization problem that seeks to find the shortest possible route that visits a set of points and returns to the starting point. In this paper, we apply some heuristics of the TSP for the task of restoring the DNA matrix. This restoration problem is often considered in biocybernetics. For it, we must recover the matrix of distances between DNA sequences if not all the elements of the matrix under consideration are known at the input. We consider the possibility of using this method in the testing of distance calculation algorithms between a pair of DNAs to restore the partially filled matrix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20problems" title="optimization problems">optimization problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20matrix" title=" DNA matrix"> DNA matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20filled%20matrix" title=" partially filled matrix"> partially filled matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traveling%20salesman%20problem" title=" traveling salesman problem"> traveling salesman problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heuristic%20algorithms" title=" heuristic algorithms"> heuristic algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172868/on-the-application-of-heuristics-of-the-traveling-salesman-problem-for-the-task-of-restoring-the-dna-matrix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">679</span> Microstructural Characterization of Bitumen/Montmorillonite/Isocyanate Composites by Atomic Force Microscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20J.%20Ortega">Francisco J. Ortega</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Roman"> Claudia Roman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mois%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Morales"> Moisés García-Morales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20J.%20Navarro"> Francisco J. Navarro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Asphaltic bitumen has been largely used in both industrial and civil engineering, mostly in pavement construction and roofing membrane manufacture. However, bitumen as such is greatly susceptible to temperature variations, and dramatically changes its in-service behavior from a viscoelastic liquid, at medium-high temperatures, to a brittle solid at low temperatures. Bitumen modification prevents these problems and imparts improved performance. Isocyanates like polymeric MDI (mixture of 4,4′-diphenylmethane di-isocyanate, 2,4’ and 2,2’ isomers, and higher homologues) have shown to remarkably enhance bitumen properties at the highest in-service temperatures expected. This comes from the reaction between the –NCO pendant groups of the oligomer and the most polar groups of asphaltenes and resins in bitumen. In addition, oxygen diffusion and/or UV radiation may provoke bitumen hardening and ageing. With the purpose of minimizing these effects, nano-layered-silicates (nanoclays) are increasingly being added to bitumen formulations. Montmorillonites, a type of naturally occurring mineral, may produce a nanometer scale dispersion which improves bitumen thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. In order to increase their lipophilicity, these nanoclays are normally treated so that organic cations substitute the inorganic cations located in their intergallery spacing. In the present work, the combined effect of polymeric MDI and the commercial montmorillonite Cloisite® 20A was evaluated. A selected bitumen with penetration within the range 160/220 was modified with 10 wt.% Cloisite® 20A and 2 wt.% polymeric MDI, and the resulting ternary composites were characterized by linear rheology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The rheological tests evidenced a notable solid-like behavior at the highest temperatures studied when bitumen was just loaded with 10 wt.% Cloisite® 20A and high-shear blended for 20 minutes. However, if polymeric MDI was involved, the sequence of addition exerted a decisive control on the linear rheology of the final ternary composites. Hence, in bitumen/Cloisite® 20A/polymeric MDI formulations, the previous solid-like behavior disappeared. By contrast, an inversion in the order of addition (bitumen/polymeric MDI/ Cloisite® 20A) enhanced further the solid-like behavior imparted by the nanoclay. In order to gain a better understanding of the factors that govern the linear rheology of these ternary composites, a morphological and microstructural characterization based on XRD and AFM was conducted. XRD demonstrated the existence of clay stacks intercalated by bitumen molecules to some degree. However, the XRD technique cannot provide detailed information on the extent of nanoclay delamination, unless the entire fraction has effectively been fully delaminated (situation in which no peak is observed). Furthermore, XRD was unable to provide precise knowledge neither about the spatial distribution of the intercalated/exfoliated platelets nor about the presence of other structures at larger length scales. In contrast, AFM proved its power at providing conclusive information on the morphology of the composites at the nanometer scale and at revealing the structural modification that yielded the rheological properties observed. It was concluded that high-shear blending brought about a nanoclay-reinforced network. As for the bitumen/Cloisite® 20A/polymeric MDI formulations, the solid-like behavior was destroyed as a result of the agglomeration of the nanoclay platelets promoted by chemical reactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atomic%20Force%20Microscopy" title="Atomic Force Microscopy">Atomic Force Microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitumen" title=" bitumen"> bitumen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isocyanate" title=" isocyanate"> isocyanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=montmorillonite." title=" montmorillonite."> montmorillonite.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38753/microstructural-characterization-of-bitumenmontmorilloniteisocyanate-composites-by-atomic-force-microscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=23">23</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=24">24</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20biobased%20Isocyanate&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> 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