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);word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h4{color:var( --e-global-color-01e45f3 );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h5{color:var( --e-global-color-01e45f3 );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h6{color:#9AADBB;font-family:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-font-weight );text-transform:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-text-transform );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 button,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="button"],.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="submit"],.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-button{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-font-weight );text-decoration:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-text-decoration );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-word-spacing );color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );background-color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;padding:7px 12px 7px 10px;}.elementor-kit-72668 button:hover,.elementor-kit-72668 button:focus,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="button"]:hover,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="button"]:focus,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="submit"]:hover,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="submit"]:focus,.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-button:hover,.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );background-color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );}.elementor-kit-72668 label{color:var( --e-global-color-01e45f3 );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 input:not([type="button"]):not([type="submit"]),.elementor-kit-72668 textarea,.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-field-textual{font-family:"source-sans-pro", Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:0.8em;font-weight:400;color:var( --e-global-color-01e45f3 );background-color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );border-style:solid;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;border-color:#00264226;border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;transition:512ms;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0.4em;}.elementor-kit-72668 input:focus:not([type="button"]):not([type="submit"]),.elementor-kit-72668 textarea:focus,.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-field-textual:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-01e45f3 );border-style:solid;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;}.elementor-section.elementor-section-boxed > .elementor-container{max-width:1140px;}.e-con{--container-max-width:1140px;}.elementor-widget:not(:last-child){margin-block-end:20px;}.elementor-element{--widgets-spacing:20px 20px;}{}h1.entry-title{display:var(--page-title-display);}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-kit-72668{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-text-line-height );}.elementor-kit-72668 h1{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h2{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h3{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h4{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h5{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h6{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 button,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="button"],.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="submit"],.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-button{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 label{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-word-spacing );}.elementor-section.elementor-section-boxed > .elementor-container{max-width:1024px;}.e-con{--container-max-width:1024px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-kit-72668{--e-global-typography-e1a6c86-font-size:2rem;--e-global-typography-a900b0f-font-size:1.5em;--e-global-typography-0536dc3-font-size:1.2em;--e-global-typography-7126788-font-size:2rem;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-text-line-height );}.elementor-kit-72668 h1{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e1a6c86-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h2{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b98d029-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h3{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-e3ef06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h4{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-ccc83f2-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h5{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-5b92099-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 h6{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-f41c7c4-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 button,.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="button"],.elementor-kit-72668 input[type="submit"],.elementor-kit-72668 .elementor-button{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-daf0ccf-word-spacing );}.elementor-kit-72668 label{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-word-spacing );}.elementor-section.elementor-section-boxed > .elementor-container{max-width:767px;}.e-con{--container-max-width:767px;}}/* Start custom CSS *//* Code owner: Comms */ /* ADMIN */ /* Make Elementoro admin dropdown menu wider */ #wp-admin-bar-elementor_edit_page-default .elementor-edit-link-title { min-width:400px; } #wp-admin-bar-elementor_edit_page-default {min-width:500px;} /* TYPOGRAPHY SHIMS */ /* Enforce root base font size */ :root{ font-size: 20px; } body { font-size:20px; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures discretionary-ligatures historical-ligatures; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } /* padding above/below H tags */ p ~ h2 { margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; } p ~ h3 { margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; } p ~ h4 { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:.5em; } p ~ h5 { margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:0em; } #p_content ul { margin-bottom:1rem; } /* Underline links in paragraphs. intended to make links in products interesting */ #p_content p a, #p_content li a { text-decoration:underline !important; text-decoration-thickness:2px !important; text-decoration-color: #006DC1 !important; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-underline-offset: 2px; } #p_content p a:hover { text-decoration-color:#006DC1 !important; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; } /* p {width:60ch;} */ /* classes for gutenburg blocks that don't inherit the right font */ .font-make-sans-semibold { font-family: source-sans-pro; font-weight: 600 !important; } .font-make-sans-bold { font-family:source-sans-pro; font-weight:bold; } .font-make-sans-normal { font-family: source-sans-pro; font-weight: 400; } .font-make-1rem { font-size: 1rem; } .font-make-08rem { font-size: 0.8rem; line-height:1.1em; } h2.font-make-display-semibold, .font-make-display-semibold { font-family:freight-display-pro; font-weight: 600; } .font-make-allcaps { text-transform: uppercase; } /* pullquotes */ .s4-pullquote { border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; padding-left: 8px; font-weight: 600; border-left-color:#cee7d5; margin:1rem; } .s4-pullquote-big { border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; padding-left: .5rem; padding-top:.5rem; padding-bottom:.5rem; padding-right: 1rem; display:block; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7rem; font-family: freight-display-pro; font-size: 1.5rem; border-left-color:#cee7d5; margin-left:1rem; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; margin-right: 1rem; } /* CSS FOR TOOLSET LOOPS AND VIEWS */ .s4-loop-byline-loop-name { font-family: source-sans-pro; font-size:14px; font-weight: 600; line-height:18px !important; } button.s4-secondary-button {color:#006DC1;background-color:#ffffff;} a.btn-attachment { color:#ffffff; background-color:#006DC1; margin-bottom:1rem; font-family: source-sans-pro; font-weight: 600 !important; } /* PRINTING */ /* Class for items that should not be printed */ @media print { .noprint { visibility: hidden; max-height:1px; } }/* End custom CSS */ .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ca65a4{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--align-items:center;--gap:2.5rem 2.5rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--margin-top:0rem;--margin-bottom:0rem;--margin-left:0rem;--margin-right:0rem;--padding-top:0rem;--padding-bottom:0rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-44bfe4f{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:2.5rem 2.5rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-44bfe4f, .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-44bfe4f::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:flex-start;--align-items:center;--gap:0rem 0rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0rem;--padding-bottom:4rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:var( --e-global-color-2aeee00 );}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638, .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5699f99{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:flex-start;--align-items:flex-start;--gap:0rem 0rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:1rem;--padding-bottom:0rem;--padding-left:1.5rem;--padding-right:1.5rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-73cd01f img{width:100%;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-73cd01f > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0rem 0rem 0rem 0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--align-items:flex-start;--gap:0rem 0rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:1rem;--padding-bottom:0rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c, .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d02fb81{--display:flex;--gap:0rem 0rem;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:1rem;--padding-bottom:0rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d02fb81, .elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d02fb81::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-20c4700 > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0rem 0rem 0rem 0rem;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638{--padding-top:0rem;--padding-bottom:4rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5699f99{--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-between;}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638{--width:20%;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5699f99{--width:100%;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-42af10c{--width:60%;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d02fb81{--width:20%;}}@media(max-width:1024px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638{--width:20%;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ca65a4{--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-44bfe4f{--width:100%;--gap:0rem 0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638{--padding-top:0rem;--padding-bottom:3rem;--padding-left:0rem;--padding-right:0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d88b638.e-con{--order:-99999 /* order start hack */;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5699f99{--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-between;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5699f99.e-con{--order:-99999 /* order start hack */;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-49eb26d > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0rem 0rem 1rem 0rem;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-49eb26d{width:var( --container-widget-width, 20% );max-width:20%;--container-widget-width:20%;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;}.elementor-67069 .elementor-element.elementor-element-73cd01f{width:var( --container-widget-width, 40% );max-width:40%;--container-widget-width:40%;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;}} .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--background-transition:0.3s;border-style:solid;--border-style:solid;border-width:4px 0px 0px 0px;--border-top-width:4px;--border-right-width:0px;--border-bottom-width:0px;--border-left-width:0px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );--border-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );--border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;--margin-top:40px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:30px;--padding-bottom:29px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:var( --e-global-color-efd112c );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c32b8bd{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ad7dc85 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item{color:#006DC1;fill:#006DC1;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active{color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3{--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin:calc( 0px / 2 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu--main:not(.elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal) .elementor-nav-menu > li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a1e7a9b{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ff3eaeb .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item{color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );fill:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item:hover, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.highlighted, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );fill:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active{color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f{--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin:calc( 0px / 2 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu--main:not(.elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal) .elementor-nav-menu > li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3ce82c{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-721f3d2 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item{color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );fill:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active{color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb{--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin:calc( 0px / 2 );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb .elementor-nav-menu--main:not(.elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal) .elementor-nav-menu > li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8c4e8da{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-66f75b4 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-weight );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-184a48d{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4a76a60{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-961d8df .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"source-sans-pro", Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:0.8rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2em;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-icon i{transition:color 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{transition:fill 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e{--e-icon-list-icon-size:14px;--icon-vertical-offset:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-item > .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-item > a{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-text{color:#384147;transition:color 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-912a2d8{--display:flex;--background-transition:0.3s;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-544a621 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"source-sans-pro", Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:0.8rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2em;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-icon i{transition:color 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{transition:fill 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a{--e-icon-list-icon-size:14px;--icon-vertical-offset:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-item > .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-item > a{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-text{color:#384147;transition:color 0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-974e10d{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--background-transition:0.3s;--margin-top:1rem;--margin-bottom:0rem;--margin-left:0rem;--margin-right:0rem;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-974e10d:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-974e10d > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:var( --e-global-color-28907ab );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-974e10d, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-974e10d::before{--border-transition:0.3s;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9f957b4{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-family ), Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ad7dc85 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ff3eaeb .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-721f3d2 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6cf5cfb .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-66f75b4 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-item > .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cecc81e .elementor-icon-list-item > a{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-item > .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b7f382a .elementor-icon-list-item > a{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9f957b4{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9b1e780{--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:15px;--padding-top:35px;--padding-bottom:40px;--padding-left:2px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c32b8bd{--width:100%;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ad7dc85 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ad7dc85 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px -20px 15px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e377a3 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 10px 15px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ff3eaeb .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-1dce098-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ff3eaeb > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px -20px 15px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2e8c28f > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 10px 15px;}.elementor-71344 .elementor-element.elementor-element-721f3d2 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1px 1px 1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1c10667 );}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-84b000f > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0.25rem 0rem 0rem 0rem;}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9a03144{--width:20%;}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-10fe698{--width:20%;}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ba84800{--width:20%;}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4556323{--width:40%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-71b99a9 .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-field-group .elementor-field, .elementor-66822 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elementor-element-e76efd5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="e76efd5" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9a03144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="9a03144" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a4601bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a4601bb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">About Stimson</div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71b99a9 elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="71b99a9" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"vertical","submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i>","library":"fa-solid"}}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <nav aria-label="Menu" class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-vertical e--pointer-none"> <ul id="menu-1-71b99a9" class="elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66828"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/mission-vision/" class="elementor-item">Mission & Vision</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-69066"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/media-announcements/" class="elementor-item">News & Announcements</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66829"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/programs/" class="elementor-item">Programs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66830"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/history/" class="elementor-item">History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-project menu-item-78148"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/project/alfred-lee-loomis-innovation-council/" class="elementor-item">Loomis Council</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-project menu-item-78149"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/project/eastwest-council-of-advisors-on-track-ii-diplomacy/" class="elementor-item">EastWest Council</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul id="menu-2-71b99a9" class="elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66828"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/mission-vision/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Mission & Vision</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-69066"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/media-announcements/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">News 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-field-subgroup label{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-word-spacing );}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-message{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-71b99a9 .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-524f06c-word-spacing );}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-field-group .elementor-field, .elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-field-subgroup label{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-4bec463-word-spacing );}.elementor-66822 .elementor-element.elementor-element-14e5b64 .elementor-message{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-line-height );letter-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-letter-spacing );word-spacing:var( --e-global-typography-b70f243-word-spacing );}}</style> <div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="66822" class="elementor elementor-66822" data-elementor-post-type="jet-menu"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e76efd5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="e76efd5" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9a03144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="9a03144" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a4601bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a4601bb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">About Stimson</div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71b99a9 elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="71b99a9" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"vertical","submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i>","library":"fa-solid"}}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <nav aria-label="Menu" class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-vertical e--pointer-none"> <ul id="menu-1-71b99a9" class="elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66828"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/mission-vision/" class="elementor-item">Mission & Vision</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-69066"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/media-announcements/" class="elementor-item">News & Announcements</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66829"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/programs/" class="elementor-item">Programs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-66830"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/about/stimson/history/" class="elementor-item">History</a></li> <li class="menu-item 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elementor-size-default"><span>Commentary</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-99ff5b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="99ff5b4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/research/human-security-governance/%20">Human Security & Governance </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7fbf865d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="7fbf865d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"> <a href="https://www.stimson.org/program/protecting-civilians-human-security/">Protecting Civilians & Human Security Program</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4e49eefc elementor-widget 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data-pagination="{"id":"67023","query":"normal","type":"disabled","effect":"fade","duration":"500","speed":"5","pause_on_hover":"disabled","stop_rollover":"false","cache_pages":"enabled","preload_images":"enabled","preload_pages":"enabled","preload_reach":"1","spinner":"builtin","spinner_image":"https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-views/embedded/res/img/ajax-loader.gif","callback_next":"","manage_history":"enabled","has_controls_in_form":"disabled","infinite_tolerance":"0","max_pages":1,"page":1,"base_permalink":"/2024/the-impact-of-ukraine-on-natos-approach-to-human-security/?wpv_view_count=67023-TCPID91770&wpv_paged=WPV_PAGE_NUM","loop":{"type":"","name":"","data":[],"id":0}}" data-permalink="/2024/the-impact-of-ukraine-on-natos-approach-to-human-security/?wpv_view_count=67023-TCPID91770"> <a href="https://www.stimson.org/project/nato-civilian-protection/">Strengthening NATO's Ability to Protect Project</a> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-20ceebb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="20ceebb6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2162f536 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2162f536" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-post-title.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">The Impact of Ukraine on NATO’s Approach to Human Security</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-196737f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="196737f4" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4464f899 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4464f899" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Human security is now at the core of NATO's doctrine and the conflict in Ukraine is putting it to a different test</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4f3d9087 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4f3d9087" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"> By  <a href="https://www.stimson.org/ppl/andrew-hyde/">Andrew Hyde</a><span class="font-make-sans-normal"> </span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c2839a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c2839a0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/research/human-security-governance/human-rights-ihl/">Human Rights & IHL</a> </h2> </div> </div> <div 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data-element_type="container" id="p_content_parent" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-15c29fb3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="15c29fb3" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-48fa7fe8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="48fa7fe8" data-element_type="container" id="p_content"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-46e5d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode" data-id="46e5d91" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="shortcode.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-shortcode"> <div id="wpv-view-layout-67185-TCPID91770" class="js-wpv-view-layout js-wpv-layout-responsive js-wpv-view-layout-67185-TCPID91770" data-viewnumber="67185-TCPID91770" data-pagination="{"id":"67185","query":"normal","type":"disabled","effect":"fade","duration":"500","speed":"5","pause_on_hover":"disabled","stop_rollover":"false","cache_pages":"enabled","preload_images":"enabled","preload_pages":"enabled","preload_reach":"1","spinner":"builtin","spinner_image":"https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-views/embedded/res/img/ajax-loader.gif","callback_next":"","manage_history":"enabled","has_controls_in_form":"disabled","infinite_tolerance":"0","max_pages":0,"page":1,"base_permalink":"/2024/the-impact-of-ukraine-on-natos-approach-to-human-security/?wpv_view_count=67185-TCPID91770&wpv_paged=WPV_PAGE_NUM","loop":{"type":"","name":"","data":[],"id":0}}" data-permalink="/2024/the-impact-of-ukraine-on-natos-approach-to-human-security/?wpv_view_count=67185-TCPID91770"> <strong></strong> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-520d556 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content" data-id="520d556" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-post-content.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>In 2022 NATO embraced a considered and comprehensive approach to human security.  Intended as a complement and augmentation of NATO’s traditional focus on conflict through military means, this new paradigm signaled a values-based approach to addressing security challenges facing the Alliance.  NATO <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_181779.htm">describes</a> it as a “a multi-sectoral approach to security that gives primacy to people.”  Implementing the change, however, has been the hard part; the challenge for NATO has been to transform promises and policy pronouncements into real behavioral changes in doctrine and military conduct. </p> <p>While Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 played little role in the policy’s trajectory, the horrors it revealed propelled deeper consideration of the values and challenges facing the Alliance.  The challenge the war in Ukraine presents to the Alliance is how and where it should fill in the gaps between its own pledged and aspirational conduct on the battlefield, defined in part by its human security policy, and what that might mean for how, when and where it supports and supplies external partners.  Should human security considerations inform or influence decision-making of the Alliance or individual Allies? Will continued Russian atrocities and Ukrainian responses and restraint warrant more or different assistance?</p> <p>NATO formally adopted its <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm">approach</a> to human security at the June 2022 Madrid summit. It was part of the latest revision to the Alliance’s Strategic Concept – a roughly every ten-year exercise that revises and updates NATO’s core concerns, values, and approach. The inclusion of human security in the new <a href="https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/290622-strategic-concept.pdf">Strategic Concept</a>, accompanied by its <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_208515.htm">Guiding Principles</a> later the same year, was more a reflection of an incremental process NATO had been pursuing since 2016 when leaders at the Warsaw Summit first <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm">adopted</a> a considered approach to the protection of civilians in conflict zones.   Since then, NATO has made progress on other elements of human security, including a summit <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_184570.htm">endorsement</a> in 2021 of a policy on Preventing and Responding to Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_217655.htm?selectedLocale=en">approving</a> at the 2023 Vilnius Summit the Alliance’s first policy on the Protection of Children in Armed Conflict and strengthening its Policy on Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings.  A final linked area of concern has been cultural property protection.   These five elements are the building blocks for NATO’s approach to human security and are meant to govern the conduct of NATO armed forces in a conflict.</p> <p>In parallel with the NATO process on human security, the U.S. Department of Defense has moved decisively to embrace a policy sensitive to the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations. The Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan (CHMR-AP) lays out a series of major actions the Pentagon will implement to mitigate and respond to civilian harm and is intended to guide how U.S. forces will prepare, plan, and execute military operations. Calling it a “strategic priority as well as a moral imperative,” U.S. Defense Secretary Austin in a <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2022/Aug/25/2003064740/-1/-1/1/CIVILIAN-HARM-MITIGATION-AND-RESPONSE-ACTION-PLAN.PDF">memo</a> to his leadership team, pledged to incorporate civilian harm mitigation considerations into informing how military operations are planned and conducted. Not surprisingly, given the U.S. dominance of NATO, this strong and determined American approach has also invigorated Alliance and other national militaries’ policies and actions. For example, the German and Dutch militaries have developed their own strong national policies prioritizing civilian protection on and near the battlefield. </p> <p>The situation in Ukraine has had an indirect and powerful effect on NATO thinking in this area.  While NATO and NATO Allies and many partners have collectively supported Ukraine in its fight against Russia, NATO forces have not been directly involved, rendering the human security considerations technically inapplicable.  In fact, the focus of global <a href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/ukraine">concerns</a> has been on the many human rights violations perpetrated by Russian forces, including POW executions, forced migration of children, and indiscriminate attacks against civilian targets.  The intensity and extent of these transgressions have triggered widespread international revulsion and led to Ukraine’s ongoing genocide case against Russia at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.  These are genuine and serious concerns more centered on atrocities and civilian protection.</p> <p>Ukraine has also faced its own accusations of human rights violations, including intimidation of <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/19/several-investigative-journalists-under-pressure-ukraine">journalists</a> and excessive prosecutions for <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2023/10/ukraine-human-rights-update">collaboration</a>.  Ukrainian authorities have pledged investigations and corrective measures, however so far without concrete results.  In any event, these accusations do not appear to be part of an established pattern or represent a formal government policy or practice. </p> <p>NATO’s approach to human security, while blessed by Allied leaders and further explicated since its June 2022 adoption as part of the Strategic Concept, is still a work in progress and is meant to serve as a guide to military conduct and Alliance actions.  The Alliance may want to be more explicit in how it extends its concern for human security to conflict zones where it may not have a direct role but still views a stake for Alliance security.   This could involve the integration or conditioning of NATO human security concepts and requirements into the training and equipping of the Ukrainian armed forces.   </p> <p>NATO’s adoption of human security as a guiding concept for its own operations was a forceful and necessary update of its values on and near the battlefield.  The war in Ukraine presents the Alliance with its most significant challenge in decades.  Demonstrating the importance of human security while navigating this critical juncture will contribute to NATO’s identity and coherence.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6c432503 e-con-full elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="6c432503" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-id="2b0baaf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-731da07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="731da07" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span>Issue Brief</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ddff8f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="ddff8f0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/2025/preventing-starvation-crimes-lessons-learned-from-tigray/">Preventing Starvation Crimes: Lessons Learned from Tigray</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-57ee3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="57ee3aa" data-element_type="widget" id="art-ath" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a86a5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="a86a5a4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="font-make-sans-semibold font-make-08rem"> Shane Goetz </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="66429" class="elementor elementor-66429 e-loop-item e-loop-item-103892 post-103892 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized program-assignment-protect-civilians-human-security project-assignment-atrocities-prevention-study-group product-types-project-note layout-prod-small-photo research-human-rights-ihl research-protection-civilians" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5588361 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="5588361" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3ed0eaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3ed0eaf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-351c00b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="351c00b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a href="https://www.stimson.org/2024/where-did-apsg-take-us-in-2024/"> <img loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/UN7736519_32f_-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-103898" alt="" srcset="https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/UN7736519_32f_-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/UN7736519_32f_-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/UN7736519_32f_-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/UN7736519_32f_.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b0baaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2b0baaf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-731da07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="731da07" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span>Project Note</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ddff8f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="ddff8f0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/2024/where-did-apsg-take-us-in-2024/">Where Did APSG Take Us in 2024?</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-57ee3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="57ee3aa" data-element_type="widget" id="art-ath" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a86a5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="a86a5a4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="font-make-sans-semibold font-make-08rem"> Juliet Weis </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="66429" class="elementor elementor-66429 e-loop-item e-loop-item-102339 post-102339 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized program-assignment-protect-civilians-human-security project-assignment-atrocities-prevention-study-group product-types-issue-brief layout-prod-small-photo-nav research-human-rights-ihl research-protection-civilians" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5588361 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="5588361" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3ed0eaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3ed0eaf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-351c00b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="351c00b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a href="https://www.stimson.org/2024/an-assessment-of-the-un-office-on-genocide-prevention-and-the-responsibility-to-protect/"> <img loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/833-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-102361" alt="" srcset="https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/833-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/833-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/833-768x513.jpg 768w, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/833.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b0baaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2b0baaf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-731da07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="731da07" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span>Issue Brief</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ddff8f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="ddff8f0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.stimson.org/2024/an-assessment-of-the-un-office-on-genocide-prevention-and-the-responsibility-to-protect/">An Assessment of the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-57ee3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="57ee3aa" data-element_type="widget" id="art-ath" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a86a5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toolset-view" data-id="a86a5a4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="toolset-view.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="font-make-sans-semibold font-make-08rem"> Douglas Irvin-Erickson • Ernesto Verdeja </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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