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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.9</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.11</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Qatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Former laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Lèse-majesté</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العيب في الذات الملكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العيب في الذات الملكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Абражанне маястату – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абражанне маястату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_majestat" title="Lesa majestat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lesa majestat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1%C5%BEka_majest%C3%A1tu" title="Urážka majestátu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urážka majestátu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A6tsforn%C3%A6rmelse" title="Majestætsfornærmelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Majestætsfornærmelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung" title="Majestätsbeleidigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Majestätsbeleidigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_majestad" title="Lesa majestad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lesa majestad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="اهانت به ذات اقدس ملوکانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اهانت به ذات اقدس ملوکانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_de_l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Crime de lèse-majesté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crime de lèse-majesté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B2%BD%EC%A3%84" title="불경죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불경죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lèse-majesté" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lèse-majesté" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_maest%C3%A0" title="Lesa maestà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lesa maestà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesteitsschennis" title="Majesteitsschennis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Majesteitsschennis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%AC%E7%BD%AA" title="不敬罪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不敬罪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestetsforn%C3%A6rmelse" title="Majestetsfornærmelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Majestetsfornærmelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestetskrenking" title="Majestetskrenking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Majestetskrenking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimen_laesae_maiestatis" title="Crimen laesae maiestatis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Crimen laesae maiestatis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_de_lesa-majestade" title="Crime de lesa-majestade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crime de lesa-majestade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezmajestate" title="Lezmajestate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lezmajestate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оскорбление величества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оскорбление величества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesteettirikos" title="Majesteettirikos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Majesteettirikos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A4tsbrott" title="Majestätsbrott – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Majestätsbrott" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lèse-majesté" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté">Lèse majesté</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Offence against the dignity of a reigning head of state</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the criminal offence. For the Shabazz Palaces album, see <a href="/wiki/Lese_Majesty_(album)" title="Lese Majesty (album)"><i>Lese Majesty</i> (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg/220px-Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg/330px-Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg/440px-Newton_Bull_farts_G3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> farts on an image of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. 1798 print by the English caricaturist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Newton_(caricaturist)" title="Richard Newton (caricaturist)">Richard Newton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lese-majeste_(January_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/310px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/465px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/620px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>A map of countries which have lèse-majesté laws as of January 2023</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handcuffs_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/100px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/150px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/200px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Scope of criminal <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a> <ul><li><a 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(Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Monarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism" title="Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism" title="Template talk:Monarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Lèse-majesté</b></i> or <i><b>lese-majesty</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">leez <span style="font-size:90%">MAJ</span>-ist-ee</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">layz -⁠</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OALD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OALD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an offence or <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> against the dignity of a ruling <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> (traditionally a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> but now more often a president) or of the state itself. The English name for this crime is a modernised borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval French">medieval French</a>, where the phrase meant <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a crime against <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. In classical <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">laesa māiestās</i></span> meant 'hurt/violated majesty' or 'injured sovereignty' (originally with reference to the majesty of the sovereign people, in post-classical Latin also of the monarch).<sup id="cite_ref-OED2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OALD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OALD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <i>lèse-majesté</i> expressed the idea of a criminal offence against the dignity of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a>, or late Empire period (from the 3rd century CE), the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperors</a> continued to distance themselves from the republican ideals of the Roman Republic, and increasingly equated themselves with the state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Although legally the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Princeps_civitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeps civitatis">princeps civitatis</a></i></span> (the emperor's official title, meaning, roughly, 'first citizen') could never become a sovereign because the republic was never officially abolished, emperors were deified as <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">divus</a>, first posthumously but later (by the Dominate period) while still reigning. Deified emperors enjoyed the same legal protection that was accorded to the divinities of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (Ancient Rome)">state cult</a>; by the time <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> replaced paganism in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, what was in all but name a monarchical tradition had already become well established. </p><p>Narrower conceptions of offences against majesty as offences against the Crown predominated in the European kingdoms that emerged in the early medieval period. In <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> Europe, legal systems classified some crimes as <i>lèse-majesté</i> even if they were not intentionally or specifically directed against the Crown. For example: <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">counterfeiting</a> ranked as <i>lèse-majesté</i> because coins bore the monarch's effigy and/or coat of arms. </p><p>With the decline of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> in Europe, <i>lèse-majesté</i> came to be viewed there as a less serious crime. However, certain malicious acts formerly classified as involving the crime of <i>lèse-majesté</i> could still be prosecuted as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. Some republics still classify any offence against the highest representatives of the state as a crime. <i>Lèse-majesté</i> laws still apply as well in monarchies outside of Europe, notably in modern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_laws">Current laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarus">Belarus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 January 2022, a woman in Belarus was handed an 18-month prison sentence for "insulting" the country's President, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, and other authorities after pictures mocking the officials were found on her phone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the monarch is protected by the usual <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> paragraph (§267 of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Penal_Code" title="Danish Penal Code">Danish Penal Code</a> which allows for up to four months of imprisonment), but §115 allows for doubling of the usual punishment when the reigning monarch is target of the libel. When a <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">queen dowager</a> or the crown prince is the target, the punishment may be increased by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no historical records of §115 having ever been used, but in March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> activists who unfurled a banner at a dinner at the <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> were charged under this section.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were acquitted of the charge relating to the monarch but received minor sentences for other crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insulting a foreign dignitary, their representatives or family members, or desecrating their flag or anthem can be punished by up to two years of imprisonment according to the Penal Code §247 and §249.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country#Germany" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country § Germany</a></div> <p>Until 2017, it was illegal to publicly insult foreign heads of state. On 25 January 2017, the German justice minister <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Heiko Maas</a> announced a decision by the cabinet to remove this law from the German criminal code, effective 1 January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision came several months after Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> announced in April 2016 a controversial decision to honour the Turkish government's request to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hmermann_affair" title="Böhmermann affair">prosecute a German comedian for reading an obscene poem</a> about Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> on late-night television. In that announcement, Merkel also stated the intention to consider repeal of the little-known law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution was dropped in November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insulting the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">federal president</a> is still illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-stgb90_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stgb90-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but prosecution requires the authorisation of the president. However, German members of Parliament can and have been sanctioned for denouncing the head of state during debates. Given that the president is recognized as an unbiased symbol of unity, it is not considered appropriate or acceptable for politicians to criticise him or her in public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iceland">Iceland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insulting a country, foreign head of state, its representatives or flag can be punished by up to two years of imprisonment according to the 95th article of the penal code. For a very serious breach, the term can be extended to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Impugning the honour or prestige of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of Italy</a> is punishable with one to five years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes personal offences made regarding their exercise of powers or otherwise, with no distinction between past or current events or between the public and private spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, former <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Bossi" title="Umberto Bossi">Umberto Bossi</a> was sentenced to a year and 15 days in jail after using the <a href="/wiki/Racial_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial slur">racial slur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">terrone</a></i> in reference then-president <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern</a> origins,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later pardoned by the then president <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, it is also illegal to violate the prestige of foreign flags and emblems;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a similar law concerning foreign heads of state was repealed in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, Dutch cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Willem_Holtrop" title="Bernard Willem Holtrop">Willem</a> depicted Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a> as a window prostitute in the 1st issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo movement</a></i> cartoon magazine, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=God,_Nederland_en_Oranje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="God, Nederland en Oranje (page does not exist)">God, Nederland en Oranje</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God,_Nederland_en_Oranje" class="extiw" title="nl:God, Nederland en Oranje">nl</a>]</span>". He was sued for <i>lèse-majesté</i>, but the judge eventually acquitted him of the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willem moved to France afterwards. </p><p><i>Lèse-majesté</i> of the King was punishable with up to five years in prison and/or a fine. The insulting of the Royal Consort, the heir apparent or their consort, or the Regent, was punishable by four years in prison and/or a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, the insulting of an allied head of state, who is in the Netherlands in their official capacity, was punishable by up to two years and/or a fine. </p><p>In total, 18 prosecutions were brought under the law between 2000 and 2012, half of which resulted in convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2007, a 47-year-old man was sentenced to one week's imprisonment and fined €400<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for, amongst other things, calling <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a> a "whore" and telling a police officer that he would have anal sex with her because "she would like it".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2016, a 44-year-old man was sentenced to 30 days in jail for "intentionally insulting" <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem-Alexander</a>, accusing him of being a murderer, thief and rapist.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These laws have been abolished as of January 1, 2020. Insulting the King, the Royal Consort, the heir apparent or their consort, or the Regent, is now punishable on the same level as public officials in their official capacity, which adds one-third to the maximum severity of the punishment of three months in prison and/or a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is the punishment for insulting the royal family increased over the punishment for insulting public officials acting in official capacity, is the punishment for insulting public officials acting in official capacity increased over the punishment for insulting ordinary citizens, or both? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prosecutions do still take place. On 23 January 2020, an individual was sentenced to 40 hours community service for insulting the Dutch Queen <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1xima_Zorreguieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Máxima Zorreguieta">Máxima Zorreguieta</a>, referring to her as the daughter of a murderer (she is the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Horacio_Zorreguieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Horacio Zorreguieta">Jorge Horacio Zorreguieta</a>, who served as a minister in the Argentine military regime of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraak.nl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraak.nl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country#Poland" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country § Poland</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, it is illegal to insult foreign heads of state publicly. </p> <ul><li>On 5 January 2005, left-wing magazine <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Nie_(magazine)" title="Nie (magazine)">Nie</a></i></span> publisher <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Urban" title="Jerzy Urban">Jerzy Urban</a> was sentenced by a Polish court to a fine of 20,000 złoty (about €5,000, £3,400 or US$6,200) for having insulted <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, a visiting head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 26–27 January 2005, 28 human rights activists were temporarily detained by the Polish authorities for allegedly insulting <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, a visiting head of state. The activists were released after about 30 hours, and only one was actually charged with insulting a foreign head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Polish_Penal_Code#Lèse-majesté" title="Polish Penal Code">Article 135 of the Polish penal code</a> states that anyone who publicly insults (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">kto publicznie znieważa</i>) the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a> is punishable by up to three years of imprisonment. Prior to March 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">Polish Constitutional Tribunal</a> declared the law consistent with the Polish constitution and Polish international treaty obligations, arguing that the effective carrying out of the duties of the president requires having authority and being especially respected.<sup id="cite_ref-InforPrawo_lese_majeste_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InforPrawo_lese_majeste-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there had been at least one conviction, and there were several ongoing legal cases under the law. In December 2020, a man in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> was sentenced to six months of community service, 20 hours per month, under <i>lèse-majesté</i>, for having drawn a penis on a poster of president <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>. The man's act of writing "five years of shame" on the poster and drawing an "X" symbol on the president's image were not considered insulting by the judge in the final hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Onet_sentenced_for_lese_majeste_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onet_sentenced_for_lese_majeste-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March 2021, three pupils appeared in court in <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a> for a 10-minute incident in June 2020 in <a href="/wiki/Sulmierzyce,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Sulmierzyce, Łódź Voivodeship">Sulmierzyce</a>, in which a family member of a town councillor video-recorded the pupils pulling down a poster of president Andrzej Duda, cutting the poster, using insulting words, and proposing to burn the poster. As of 23 March 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the three pupils risked three years' imprisonment under <i>lèse-majesté</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioZET_3pupils_charged_lese_majeste_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioZET_3pupils_charged_lese_majeste-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jakub_%C5%BBulczyk" title="Jakub Żulczyk">Jakub Żulczyk</a> was charged under <i>lèse-majesté</i> in March 2021 for referring to president Andrzej Duda as a "moron" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">debil</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">online social media</a> in the context of comments criticising Duda's description of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioZET_Zulczyk_charged_lese_majeste_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioZET_Zulczyk_charged_lese_majeste-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_PL_writer_charged_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_PL_writer_charged-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2019, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a> passed a law criminalising publication of online statements that are found "indecent" or "disrespectful" towards Russian state or government officials (including the president), stipulating fines of up to 100,000 roubles for first-time offenders, and 200,000 roubles or up to 15 days imprisonment for repeat offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg/220px-For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg/330px-For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg/440px-For_lese_majesty_-1514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>1514 <i>lèse-majesté</i> judgment against listed Navarrese individuals <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">following the kingdom's conquest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand the Catholic">Ferdinand the Catholic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Articles 490 and 491 of the criminal code govern <i>lèse-majesté</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Spanish</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">injurias a la Corona</i></span>, 'insults to the Crown'). Any person who defames or insults the king, the queen, their ancestors or their descendants can be imprisoned for up to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish satirical magazine <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/El_Jueves" title="El Jueves">El Jueves</a></i></span> was fined for violation of Spain's <i>lèse-majesté</i> laws after publishing an issue with a caricature of the then Prince of Asturias, current <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain" title="Queen Letizia of Spain">his wife</a> engaging in sexual intercourse on the cover of one of their issues in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a> summoned 12 individuals accused of offence against the crown for having pulled down mock statues of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and incumbent King Felipe VI on the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Day of Hispanity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> earlier that year, following a report drawn up by the National Police and Civil Guard, as stated by the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 March 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Spain for punishing with imprisonment two protesters in Girona, Catalonia, convicted of burning pictures depicting the King of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 February 2021, there were huge protests over Catalan rapper <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Has%C3%A9l" title="Pablo Hasél">Pablo Hasél</a>'s arrest for violation of <i>lèse-majesté</i> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Belgium denied the extradition to Spain of the Catalan rapper <a href="/wiki/Valt%C3%B2nyc" title="Valtònyc">Valtonyc</a>, prosecuted for allegedly insulting the king and incitement to terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland, it is illegal to insult foreign heads of state publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-swiss-law_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swiss-law-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Any person who publicly insults a foreign state in the person of its head of state, the members of its government, its diplomatic representatives, its official delegates to a diplomatic conference taking place in Switzerland, or one of its official representatives to an international organisation or department thereof based or sitting in Switzerland is liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding three years or to a monetary penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-swiss-law_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swiss-law-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iranian courts have given prison sentences for insulting the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">judicial system of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan">Jordan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2012, pro-reform activists faced charges of <i>lèse-majesté</i> following protests in two locations in Jordan. The protests turned violent after the activists reportedly chanted slogans against the Jordanian regime and insulted King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> and the Royal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, Mohammad Saeed Baker, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>'s shura council, was arrested in Jordan and sentenced to six months in prison for <i>lèse-majesté</i>. He was released in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2021, following an incident where a female Jordanian was sentenced for <i>lèse-majesté</i> after saying that she believed her father was better than the king, King Abdullah II instructed courts to abandon ruling in cases related to <i>lèse-majesté</i> in Jordan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the State of Kuwait, a charge of <i>lèse-majesté</i> is punishable with two years' imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2009 a Kuwaiti-Australian woman spent six months in prison for allegedly insulting the Emir of Kuwait during a dispute with Kuwaiti immigration authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qatar">Qatar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Qatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, a Qatari poet was sentenced to 15 years in prison for criticizing former Emir <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the counterterrorism law that took effect in 2014, actions that "threaten Saudi Arabia’s unity, disturb public order, or defame the reputation of the state or the king" are considered acts of terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Saudi_writer_arrested_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saudi_writer_arrested-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offense may carry harsh <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, including lengthy jail terms and even death, with the sentences potentially determined on a case-by-case basis, owing to the arbitrary nature of the Saudi legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaid_Hamid_sentenced_in_Saudi_Arabia_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaid_Hamid_sentenced_in_Saudi_Arabia-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Turkish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish law">Turkish law</a> it is illegal <a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">to insult the Turkish nation</a>, the Turkish Republic, Turkish government institutions, and Turkish national heroes. Additionally, according to Law No. 5816, insulting or swearing against the founder and First President of the country, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, will be punished with imprisonment from one year to three years. It is also illegal to insult the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a>, with the scope of such indictment affecting comical and satirical depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bahadır Baruter and Özer Aydoğan, two Turkish cartoonists from <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Penguen" title="Penguen">Penguen</a></i></span>, were arrested for insulting President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 18 September 2020, the lawyer of Turkey's president, Hüseyin Aydın, filed a complaint against Greek newspaper <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δημοκρατία</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Dimokratia</i></span>) over a derogatory headline run.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headline, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">"Siktir Git Mr. Erdogan"</i></span>, meaning "Fuck off Mr. Erdogan" in Turkish, appeared next to the photo of the president. The headline also included an English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2020, a French political comic magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a></i>, faced possible charges in Turkey over insulting President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The cover of the magazine involved an image of Erdoğan lifting his <a href="/wiki/Emine_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Emine Erdoğan">wife</a>'s dress while sitting in a chair drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauritians are routinely prosecuted for statements deemed offensive to the members of the Jugnauth Government (which has been in power from 2015 till late November 2024). In 2019, Patrick Hofman, a former pilot for Air Mauritius, was deported for having called the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Pravind_Jugnauth" title="Pravind Jugnauth">Pravind Jugnauth</a>, a "lunatic". The Prime Minister had the citizenship law changed so that his absolute authorization is needed for any immigrant who wishes to stay in Mauritius. The law was changed specifically to be able to deport Hofman as a "prohibited immigrant", thereby ostracizing him and his Mauritian spouse out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his Mauritian spouse subsequently died, Hofman was still not allowed to enter Mauritius for her funeral rites. The question was raised directly to the Prime Minister himself in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the social media law has been changed in Mauritius to allow the Government (via the police) to jail anyone who criticizes them on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person targeted has only to feel "annoyed" for the police to arrest the critic. Hassenjee Ruhomaully and his spouse, Farirah Ruhomaully have both (in separate instances) been taken out of bed in the early hours of the morning, to be jailed for having "annoyed" a member of Government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple was jailed for having shared a photo, on social media, of the spouse of the Prime Minister, Kobita Jugnauth, (also called Lady Macbeth)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hugging one of their (former) advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, a former adviser of the Prime Minister, Gerard Sanspeur (who left after witnessing the blatant corruption and theft by the members of Government), was arrested after commenting on a post about the Minister of ICT.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an operation of damage control where it was proved that the Prime Minister allowed the Indian Government to illegally tap on the SAFE fiber optic cable in total disregard of the consortium of countries who own the cable, the IT Minister (who has no IT background ) claimed that a laptop used to tap this cable would have exploded(Not Possible) from the amount of data from the SAFE cable during a public conference.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, Bradley Vincent,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the athlete who has the highest number of medals ever brought to Mauritius, was suspended for three years by the Mauritius Olympic Committee for arriving late to the flag raising ceremony in Birmingham where the Prime Minister was present.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vincent came late with three other athletes, since the bus picking them up was delayed in traffic. While the other athletes got away with a severe warning, Vincent was suspended for three years, seemingly for having questioned why the athletes did not get the £100 per diem that they had been told they would have. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moroccans are routinely prosecuted for statements deemed offensive to the king. The minimum penalty for such a statement is one year's imprisonment if the statement is made in private (i.e. not broadcast), and three years' imprisonment if made in public. Either way, the maximum is 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cases of Yassine Belassal<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nasser Ahmed (a 95-year-old who died in jail after being convicted of <i>lèse-majesté</i>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Fouad_Mourtada_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fouad Mourtada Affair">the Fouad Mourtada Affair</a>, revived the debate on these laws and their applications. In 2008, an 18-year-old was charged with "breach of due respect to the king" for writing "God, Homeland, <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">Barça</a>" on a school board, in reference to his favorite football club and satirising the <a href="/wiki/National_motto" class="mw-redirect" title="National motto">national motto</a> ("God, Homeland, King"). </p><p>In February 2012, 18-year-old Walid Bahomane was convicted for posting two cartoons of the king on Facebook. The procès-verbal cites two Facebook pages and a computer being seized as evidence. Walid was officially prosecuted for "touching the sacralities".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senegal">Senegal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Offending the Head of State is punishable by a prison sentence of six months to two years and a fine of 100,000 to 1,500,000 CFA (180 to 2,700 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prosecutions still take place under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, punishable by up to one year in jail or a fine of up to Z$4,800 (US$13.26),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008, the country's royalty are still considered gods incarnate, making criticism of the royalty punishable under blasphemy laws.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brunei">Brunei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lèse-majesté</i> is a crime in <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>, punishable with prison sentences of up to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament of Cambodia</a> voted to make insulting any monarch punishable with between one and five years in prison, along with a fine of 2 to 10 million riel.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2019, a Cambodian man was sentenced to three years in jail for Facebook posts. This is the second sentence handed down under the law.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_criminal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian criminal code">Indonesian criminal code</a> (KUHP) (to be repealed in 2 January 2026) criminalizes defamation of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice president of Indonesia</a>, inherited directly from <a href="#Netherlands">similar laws in the Netherlands</a>. </p><p>This was then inherited by the new KUHP to commence in 2 January 2026, with threats of imprisonment from 18 to 54 months or a fine from Rp10 million to Rp200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a> mandate reverence for former North Korean president <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>. Some suggest that the execution of <a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-thaek" title="Jang Song-thaek">Jang Song Thaek</a> in 2013 may have been related to him clapping "half-heartedly" at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd Conference of the Worker's Party of Korea</a>, however most emphasize the importance of factional disputes in causing his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korean and international media agencies have claimed North Korean officials have been executed for "dozing off" in official meetings, especially following the execution of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-jin_(politician)" title="Kim Yong-jin (politician)">Kim Yong Jin</a> in 2016, citing anonymous sources.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysia uses the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_1948" title="Sedition Act 1948">Sedition Act 1948</a> to charge people for allegedly insulting the royal institution. In 2013, Melissa Gooi and four other friends were detained for allegedly insulting the royal institution.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Abd_Jalil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Abd Jalil (page does not exist)">Ali Abd Jalil</a> was detained and served 22 days in prison for insulting the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultan of Selangor</a>. A prison sentence was passed in Johor for attacking the royal family to Muhammad Amirul Azwan Mohd Shakri.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysian royalty is one of the components of 3R (Race, Religion and Royalty) of which citizens are not allowed to criticise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="Lèse-majesté in Thailand"><i>Lèse-majesté</i> in Thailand</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/300px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/450px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/600px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A government officer pays respect to the portrait of King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> of Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">criminal code</a> has carried a prohibition against <i>lèse-majesté</i> since 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, when <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand's monarchy</a> ceased to be absolute and a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">constitution</a> was adopted, it too included language prohibiting <i>lèse-majesté</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Thai_constitutional_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai constitutional referendum, 2016">2016 Constitution of Thailand</a>, and all previous versions since 1932, contain the clause, "The King shall be enthroned in a position of revered worship and shall not be violated. No person shall expose the King to any sort of accusation or action." The Thai criminal code elaborates in Article 112: "Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years." Missing from the code, however, is a definition of what actions constitute "defamation" or "insult".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_JHead_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_JHead-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990 to 2005, the Thai court system only saw four or five <i>lèse-majesté</i> cases a year. From January 2006 to May 2011, however, more than 400 cases came to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-increase_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-increase-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers attribute the increase to increased polarization following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 military coup</a> and sensitivity over the elderly king's declining health.<sup id="cite_ref-increase_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-increase-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court of Thailand</a> ruled in case no. 6374/2556 that Article 112 of the Penal Code protects past kings as well as the present one. Criticism or comments which tarnish past kings or the monarchy are punishable by law. However, scholars raised doubts as to how far back <i>lèse-majesté</i> will be applied as the present Thai monarchy (<a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>) dates back more than 200 years while other monarchies which ruled Siam can be traced back almost 800 years. </p><p>Neither the king nor any member of the royal family has ever personally filed any charges under this law. In fact, during his birthday speech in 2005, King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> encouraged criticism: "Actually, I must also be criticized. I am not afraid if the criticism concerns what I do wrong, because then I know." He later added, "But the King <em>can</em> do wrong", in reference to those he was appealing to not to overlook his human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the NCPO junta which <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">overthrew the democratic regime in May 2014</a>, charges of <i>lèse-majesté</i> have increased significantly, especially against the opponents of the junta. <i>Lèse-majesté</i> is now seeing increasing use as a tool to stifle free speech and dissent in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_of_Dissident_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_of_Dissident-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the parents of the former princess Srirasmi Suwadee as well as her uncle have been charged with <i>lèse-majesté</i>. On 9 March 2015, a court sentenced her father Apiruj Suwadee and mother Wanthanee for insulting the royal family and lodging a malicious claim. They pleaded guilty to the offenses named and were sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 June 2017 in Bangkok a 33-year-old Thai man by the first name of Wichai was given 35 years imprisonment for posting 10 Facebook photos and comments about the Thai royalty. This sentence was reduced from the initial 70 years following a guilty plea made after a year in jail before the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> called on Thailand to amend its law on <i>lèse-majesté</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Brazilian Law</a> contains in its <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Penal Code</a> three types of criminal offenses against the honor of people in general:<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Slander: Falsely imputing something defined as a crime to someone, which has a penalty of detention for between six months to two years, and a fine.</li> <li>Defamation: Falsely imputing an offensive behavior to someone's reputation, which has a penalty of detention for between three months to one year, and a fine.</li> <li>Injury: Offending the dignity or decorum of someone, which has a penalty of detention for between one and six months, or a fine.</li></ul> <p>These penalties can be increased by one third when practiced against the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Brazilian Penal Code</a> states that crimes against life or freedom of the President of the Republic are subject to Brazilian law, even if committed abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law is also expanded to apply the penalties for slander or defamation against other authorities, such as members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>, with penalty of imprisonment, from 1 to 4 years. </p><p>In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> opened an investigation which has been handled in secrecy at the Court, to investigate attacks and <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> involving the court and its members.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquiry has been heavily criticized by the media because of its use to censor articles published by newspapers,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one about a member of the court being possibly named by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Odebrecht" title="Marcelo Odebrecht">Marcelo Odebrecht</a> in a ramification of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticized inquiry is still ongoing and has been used by the court to request other actions, including the investigation of some supporters of the former president of the country, <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, causing a crisis between the two branches of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian government">Brazilian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_laws">Former laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Former laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_2">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution#Imperial_sovereignty" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution § Imperial sovereignty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Japan" title="Lèse-majesté in Japan">Lèse-majesté in Japan</a></div> <p>Laws against offending the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> were in place between 1880 and 1947, when the law was abolished, during the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation</a>. The last person to be convicted of the crime was Shōtarō Matsushima, a factory worker and member of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a>. During a 1946 protest against food shortages in front of the Imperial Palace, during which the protesters demanded entry into the palace kitchens which were said to be stocked with staple foods, Matsushima wielded a placard reading, on the one side, "Imperial Edict: The Emperor system has been preserved. I, the Emperor, have eaten to my heart's content, but you, my subjects, should starve to death! Signed, (Imperial Seal)". The other side demanded that the Emperor give a public accounting of the food shortages. Matsushima was arrested and charged with impairing the dignity of the Emperor. The Allied occupation authorities intervened and had the charges reduced to libel. Matsushima was convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison, but was pardoned immediately under an Imperial amnesty commemorating the new Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 October 2021, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>'s Constitutional Court ruled that a law dating from 1847 which penalised insulting the monarch with a fine or imprisonment violates the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> as guaranteed under the Belgian Constitution as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was repealed in January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treachery_Act_of_1934" title="Treachery Act of 1934">Treachery Act of 1934</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a> served as a powerful force for political integration in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, often shielding him from criticism that frequently targeted other Nazi leaders and the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His image partly relied on his role in the recovery of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">economy of Nazi Germany</a>, contributing to the (perceived) <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a>. But some dissent simmered beneath the surface, with outbursts prompting journalists to coin the term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Führerbeleidigung</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">insulting the Fürher</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, approximating <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lèse-majesté</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most arrests for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Führerbeleidigung</i></span> were reported in <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> districts, where the insults were also most forceful.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler was often identified as a megalomaniac or a criminal (e.g., a self-proclaimed classmate said Hitler was a "crook" who tortured animals).<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many insults were scatological, drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_salute" title="Swabian salute">Swabian salute</a> as in Goethe's <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen_(Goethe)" title="Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)">Götz von Berlichingen</a></i>, or sexual, as when a night-watchman in Vienna was arrested for claiming he slept with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were more serious, even wielding the Nazis' own metaphors, as when a furnace apprentice called Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> insects in need of extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1939 <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerbr%C3%A4ukeller_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bürgerbräukeller Bombing">Bürgerbräukeller Bombing</a>, there were reports of arrests for comments "that the attempt on the Führer's life was simply a result of his repression of the Catholic population".<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mechanic in <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt" title="Wiener Neustadt">Wiener Neustadt</a> was arrested for saying the attackers deserved medals.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three others in Vienna were also arrested for similar remarks; one suggested he would kill Hitler himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Norway">Lèse majesté in Norway</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_Code_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal Code (Norway) (page does not exist)">2005 Penal Code</a> (introduced in 2015), <i>lèse-majesté</i> is no longer considered a criminal offense. </p><p>The 1902 Penal Code, article 101, provided a fine or up to five years of prison for <i>lèse-majesté</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to article 103, prosecution had to be ordered or accepted by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 101 stated: "If any defamation is exercised against the King or the Regent, the guilty is punished with a fine or up to five years of prison."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romania, the <i>lèse-majesté</i> laws were abolished in 2014, after the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Romania" title="Penal Code of Romania">2009 Penal Code</a>. However, Article 30.7 of the Romanian constitution specifies that defamation of the state and the nation shall be prohibited by law.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, the laws for <i>lèse-majesté</i> were cancelled in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treason_Felony_Act_1848" title="Treason Felony Act 1848">Treason Felony Act 1848</a> makes it an offence to advocate for the abolition of the monarchy. Such advocation is punishable by up to life imprisonment under the Act. Though still in the statute book, the law is <a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">no longer enforced in practice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 51 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_and_Licensing_(Scotland)_Act_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010</a> abolished the common law criminal offences of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and "leasing-making" in Scottish law. The latter offence was considered an offence of <i>lèse-majesté</i> or making remarks critical of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of the United Kingdom">monarch of the United Kingdom</a>. The final prosecution for this offence had occurred in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts#Sedition_Act" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Sedition Act</a>, enacted in 1798, forbade criticism of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> or of the Federal government; the law was denounced as unconstitutional by its opponents, but was never brought before the Supreme Court. It expired in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-Baber_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern jurisprudence concerning the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> would make such laws unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-Baber_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-nation" title="Lèse-nation">Lèse-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streisand_effect" title="Streisand effect">Streisand effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-lese-majesty" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lese-majesty">"lese-majesty"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span 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class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OALD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OALD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OALD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lese-majesty">"lese-majesty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazzetta+Ufficiale&rft.atitle=Italian+Penal+Code%2C+article+299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettaufficiale.it%2Fatto%2Fserie_generale%2FcaricaArticolo%3Fart.versione%3D2%26art.idGruppo%3D24%26art.flagTipoArticolo%3D1%26art.codiceRedazionale%3D030U1398%26art.idArticolo%3D299%26art.idSottoArticolo%3D1%26art.idSottoArticolo1%3D10%26art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta%3D1930-10-26%26art.progressivo%3D0%23art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudde2020" class="citation web cs1">Knudde, Kjell (16 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/willem.htm">"Willem"</a>. <i>Comiclopedia</i>. Lambiek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comiclopedia&rft.atitle=Willem&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft.aulast=Knudde&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambiek.net%2Fartists%2Fw%2Fwillem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoninkrijksrelaties" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/2019-12-15/#BoekTweede_TiteldeelII_Artikel111">"Wetboek van Strafrecht"</a>. <i>wetten.overheid.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dutchman+jailed+for+30+days+for+%27insulting%27+the+king&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-36799639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221124434/http://current.com/news-and-politics/88877763_dutch-man-jailed-for-insulting-the-queen.htm">"Dutch man jailed for insulting the queen"</a>. <i>current.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Freedom+of+Expression+Exchange&rft.atitle=Criminal+Defamation+Laws+Hamper+Free+Expression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifex.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fview%2Ffull%2F64210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/6498297.stm">"Sensitive heads of state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infor+PL%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Kara+za+zniewa%C5%BCenie+Prezydenta&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infor.pl%2Fprawo%2Fprawo-karne%2Fciekawostki%2F287408%2CKara-za-zniewazenie-Prezydenta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onet_sentenced_for_lese_majeste-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Onet_sentenced_for_lese_majeste_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kujawsko-pomorskie/torun-zniewazyl-prezydenta-dude-zapadl-wyrok/1hzrr87">"Toruń: Znieważył prezydenta Dudę. Zapadł wyrok"</a> [Toruń: He insulted president Duda. He was sentenced]. <i><a href="/wiki/Onet.pl" title="Onet.pl">Onet.pl</a></i> (in Polish). 22 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210323230111/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kujawsko-pomorskie/torun-zniewazyl-prezydenta-dude-zapadl-wyrok/1hzrr87">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Onet.pl&rft.atitle=Toru%C5%84%3A+Zniewa%C5%BCy%C5%82+prezydenta+Dud%C4%99.+Zapad%C5%82+wyrok&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkujawsko-pomorskie%2Ftorun-zniewazyl-prezydenta-dude-zapadl-wyrok%2F1hzrr87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioZET_3pupils_charged_lese_majeste-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RadioZET_3pupils_charged_lese_majeste_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGołdyn2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gołdyn, Dominik (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Polityka/Uczniowie-oskarzeni-o-zniewazenie-Andrzeja-Dudy.-Staneli-przed-sadem-w-Kaliszu">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Je... Dudę', 'Chodźcie go spalić'. Uczniowie oskarżeni o znieważenie prezydenta"</a> ['F... Duda', 'Go and burn him'. Pupils charged with insulting the president]. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_ZET" title="Radio ZET">Radio ZET</a></i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210323224132/https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Polityka/Uczniowie-oskarzeni-o-zniewazenie-Andrzeja-Dudy.-Staneli-przed-sadem-w-Kaliszu">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+ZET&rft.atitle=%27Je...+Dud%C4%99%27%2C+%27Chod%C5%BAcie+go+spali%C4%87%27.+Uczniowie+oskar%C5%BCeni+o+zniewa%C5%BCenie+prezydenta&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Go%C5%82dyn&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.radiozet.pl%2FPolska%2FPolityka%2FUczniowie-oskarzeni-o-zniewazenie-Andrzeja-Dudy.-Staneli-przed-sadem-w-Kaliszu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioZET_Zulczyk_charged_lese_majeste-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RadioZET_Zulczyk_charged_lese_majeste_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGołdyn2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gołdyn, Dominik (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Polityka/Jakub-Zulczyk-oskarzony.-Pisarz-nazwal-Andrzeja-Dude-debilem">"Jakub Żulczyk nazwał Andrzeja Dudę 'debilem'. Znany pisarz oskarżony"</a> [Jakub Żulczyk called Andrzej Duda a 'moron'. The famous author has been charged]. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_ZET" title="Radio ZET">Radio ZET</a></i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210323211351/https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Polityka/Jakub-Zulczyk-oskarzony.-Pisarz-nazwal-Andrzeja-Dude-debilem">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+ZET&rft.atitle=Jakub+%C5%BBulczyk+nazwa%C5%82+Andrzeja+Dud%C4%99+%27debilem%27.+Znany+pisarz+oskar%C5%BCony&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Go%C5%82dyn&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.radiozet.pl%2FPolska%2FPolityka%2FJakub-Zulczyk-oskarzony.-Pisarz-nazwal-Andrzeja-Dude-debilem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_PL_writer_charged-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_PL_writer_charged_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/23/polish-writer-jakub-zulczyk-charged-for-calling-president-andrzej-duda-a-moron">"Polish writer charged for calling president a 'moron'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 23 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210323214744/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/23/polish-writer-jakub-zulczyk-charged-for-calling-president-andrzej-duda-a-moron">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Polish+writer+charged+for+calling+president+a+%27moron%27&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F23%2Fpolish-writer-jakub-zulczyk-charged-for-calling-president-andrzej-duda-a-moron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennetts2019" class="citation news cs1">Bennetts, Marc (6 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/06/russian-parliament-outlaws-online-disrespect">"Russia passes law to jail people for 15 days for 'disrespecting' government"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+passes+law+to+jail+people+for+15+days+for+%27disrespecting%27+government&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.aulast=Bennetts&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmar%2F06%2Frussian-parliament-outlaws-online-disrespect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1995/11/23/10/con">Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal</a> [Constitutional Law 10/1995, of 23 November, on the Criminal Code] (in Spanish). BOE no 281, 24 November 1995. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7092866.stm">"Spain royal sex cartoonists fined"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spain+royal+sex+cartoonists+fined&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7092866.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEFE2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">EFE (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadenaser.com/emisora/2020/12/23/radio_pamplona/1608722714_009893.html">"La Audiencia Nacional llama a declarar a 12 personas por posible delito contra la Corona"</a>. <i>Cadena SER</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cadena+SER&rft.atitle=La+Audiencia+Nacional+llama+a+declarar+a+12+personas+por+posible+delito+contra+la+Corona&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.au=EFE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadenaser.com%2Femisora%2F2020%2F12%2F23%2Fradio_pamplona%2F1608722714_009893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurídicas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jurídicas, Noticias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.juridicas.com/actualidad/jurisprudencia/12787-el-tedh-condena-a-espana-por-penar-con-carcel-la-quema-de-una-foto-del-rey/">"El TEDH condena a España por penar con cárcel la quema de una foto del Rey · Noticias Jurídicas"</a>. <i>Noticias Jurídicas</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias+Jur%C3%ADdicas&rft.atitle=El+TEDH+condena+a+Espa%C3%B1a+por+penar+con+c%C3%A1rcel+la+quema+de+una+foto+del+Rey+%C2%B7+Noticias+Jur%C3%ADdicas&rft.aulast=Jur%C3%ADdicas&rft.aufirst=Noticias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.juridicas.com%2Factualidad%2Fjurisprudencia%2F12787-el-tedh-condena-a-espana-por-penar-con-carcel-la-quema-de-una-foto-del-rey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56082120">"Pablo Hasel protests: Thousands demand rapper's release in Spain"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pablo+Hasel+protests%3A+Thousands+demand+rapper%27s+release+in+Spain&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-56082120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20211228/7956320/belgica-deniega-entrega-rapero-valtonyc.html">"Valtònyc | Bélgica deniega la entrega del rapero a España"</a>. <i>La Vanguardia</i> (in Spanish). 28 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Valt%C3%B2nyc+%7C+B%C3%A9lgica+deniega+la+entrega+del+rapero+a+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fpolitica%2F20211228%2F7956320%2Fbelgica-deniega-entrega-rapero-valtonyc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swiss-law-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swiss-law_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swiss-law_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swiss Penal Code , SR/RS 311.0 <sup>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/c311_0.html">E</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c311_0.html">D</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/c311_0.html">F</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/c311_0.html">I</a>)</sup>, art. 296 <sup>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/311_0/a296.html">E</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a296.html">D</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a296.html">F</a>·<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/311_0/a296.html">I</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenslade2016" class="citation news cs1">Greenslade, Roy (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/aug/11/iranian-journalist-jailed-for-insulting-the-supreme-leader">"Iranian journalist jailed for 'insulting the supreme leader'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+journalist+jailed+for+%27insulting+the+supreme+leader%27&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Greenslade&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fgreenslade%2F2016%2Faug%2F11%2Firanian-journalist-jailed-for-insulting-the-supreme-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranhumanrights.org/2020/02/dissidents-sentenced-to-prison-for-insulting-supreme-leader-facing-additional-charges/">"Dissidents Sentenced to Prison for 'Insulting' Supreme Leader Facing Additional Charges"</a>. <i>Center for Human Rights in Iran</i>. 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estado+de+Minas&rft.atitle=Ministro+do+STF+manda+revista+e+site+excluirem+reportagem+que+cita+Dias+Toffoli&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Minas&rft.aufirst=Estado+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.com.br%2Fapp%2Fnoticia%2Fpolitica%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Finterna_politica%2C1046478%2Fministro-do-stf-manda-revista-e-site-excluirem-reportagem-que-cita-dia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2019/04/censored-magazine-says-it-was-fined-us26k-by-supreme-court.shtml">"Censored Magazine Says It Was Fined US$26k by Supreme Court"</a>. <i>Folha de S.Paulo</i>. 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft.atitle=Censored+Magazine+Says+It+Was+Fined+US%2426k+by+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Finternacional%2Fen%2Fbrazil%2F2019%2F04%2Fcensored-magazine-says-it-was-fined-us26k-by-supreme-court.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-27/bolsonaro-allies-targeted-by-probe-into-spread-of-fake-news">"Fake News Probe Fuels Crisis Between Bolsonaro and Top Court"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Fake+News+Probe+Fuels+Crisis+Between+Bolsonaro+and+Top+Court&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-05-27%2Fbolsonaro-allies-targeted-by-probe-into-spread-of-fake-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 242, Eiji Takemae: The Allied Occupation of Japan (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.const-court.be/public/n/2021/2021-157n.pdf">"Constitutional Court Judgment of 28 October 2021 (in Dutch)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Court+Judgment+of+28+October+2021+%28in+Dutch%29&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.const-court.be%2Fpublic%2Fn%2F2021%2F2021-157n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapson2023" class="citation web cs1">Clapson, Colin (7 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2023/01/07/belgians-to-skip-jail-for-lese-majesty/">"Belgians to skip jail for lese-majesty"</a>. <i>Flanders News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flanders+News&rft.atitle=Belgians+to+skip+jail+for+lese-majesty&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft.aulast=Clapson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrt.be%2Fvrtnws%2Fen%2F2023%2F01%2F07%2Fbelgians-to-skip-jail-for-lese-majesty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FbldggNaziAustria-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FbldggNaziAustria_105-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1996" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Timothy (1996). "Popular opinion and political protest in working-class communities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nazism-and-the-working-class-in-austria/56EEA366635FDE169CD6B23BBC8B3D07"><i>Nazism and the working class in Austria: Industrial unrest and political dissent in the 'national community'<span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Book). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511599576">10.1017/CBO9780511599576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-59957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-59957-6"><bdi>978-0-511-59957-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+opinion+and+political+protest+in+working-class+communities&rft.btitle=Nazism+and+the+working+class+in+Austria%3A+Industrial+unrest+and+political+dissent+in+the+%27national+community%27&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511599576&rft.isbn=978-0-511-59957-6&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnazism-and-the-working-class-in-austria%2F56EEA366635FDE169CD6B23BBC8B3D07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19020522-010-013.html#101">Straffeloven, § 101</a> at <i>Lovdata.no</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19020522-010-013.html#103">Straffeloven, § 103</a> at <i>Lovdata.no</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Forøves nogen Ærekrenkelse mod Kongen eller Regenten, straffes den skyldige med Hefte eller Fængsel indtil 5 Aar.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site2015.page?den=act2_1&par1=2#t2c2s0sba30:~:text=(7)%20Sunt%20interzise%20de%20lege%20def%C4%83imarea%20%C5%A3%C4%83rii%20%C5%9Fi%20a%20na%C5%A3iunii,%20%C3%AEndemnul%20la%20r%C4%83zboi%20de%20agresiune,%20la%20ur%C4%83%20na%C5%A3ional%C4%83,%20rasial%C4%83,%20de%20clas%C4%83%20sau%20religioas%C4%83,%20incitarea%20la%20discriminare,%20la%20separatism%20teritorial%20sau%20la%20violen%C5%A3%C4%83%20public%C4%83,%20precum%20%C5%9Fi%20manifest%C4%83rile%20obscene,%20contrare%20bunelor%20moravuri.">"CONSTITUTIA ROMÂNIEI"</a>. <i>www.cdep.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdep.ro&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTIA+ROM%C3%82NIEI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdep.ro%2Fpls%2Fdic%2Fsite2015.page%3Fden%3Dact2_1%26par1%3D2%23t2c2s0sba30%3A~%3Atext%3D%287%29%2520Sunt%2520interzise%2520de%2520lege%2520def%25C4%2583imarea%2520%25C5%25A3%25C4%2583rii%2520%25C5%259Fi%2520a%2520na%25C5%25A3iunii%2C%2520%25C3%25AEndemnul%2520la%2520r%25C4%2583zboi%2520de%2520agresiune%2C%2520la%2520ur%25C4%2583%2520na%25C5%25A3ional%25C4%2583%2C%2520rasial%25C4%2583%2C%2520de%2520clas%25C4%2583%2520sau%2520religioas%25C4%2583%2C%2520incitarea%2520la%2520discriminare%2C%2520la%2520separatism%2520teritorial%2520sau%2520la%2520violen%25C5%25A3%25C4%2583%2520public%25C4%2583%2C%2520precum%2520%25C5%259Fi%2520manifest%25C4%2583rile%2520obscene%2C%2520contrare%2520bunelor%2520moravuri.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/31993#:~:text=Orice%20manifestare%20prin%20care%20se%20exprima%20dispre%C5%A3%20pentru%20%C3%AEnsemnele%20Rom%C3%A2niei%20se%20pedepse%C5%9Fte%20cu%20%C3%AEnchisoare%20de%20la%206%20luni%20la%203%20ani.">"CODUL PENAL (A) 01/10/2001 - Portal Legislativ"</a>. <i>legislatie.just.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislatie.just.ro&rft.atitle=CODUL+PENAL+%28A%29+01%2F10%2F2001+-+Portal+Legislativ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislatie.just.ro%2FPublic%2FDetaliiDocument%2F31993%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOrice%2520manifestare%2520prin%2520care%2520se%2520exprima%2520dispre%25C5%25A3%2520pentru%2520%25C3%25AEnsemnele%2520Rom%25C3%25A2niei%2520se%2520pedepse%25C5%259Fte%2520cu%2520%25C3%25AEnchisoare%2520de%2520la%25206%2520luni%2520la%25203%2520ani.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/dec/13/calling-abolition-monarchy-illegal-uk-justice-ministry">"Calling for abolition of monarchy is still illegal, UK justice ministry admits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Calling+for+abolition+of+monarchy+is+still+illegal%2C+UK+justice+ministry+admits&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2013%2Fdec%2F13%2Fcalling-abolition-monarchy-illegal-uk-justice-ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/28862.aspx?r=5495&mode=html">"Justice Committee Official Report"</a>. Scottish Parliament. 20 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+Committee+Official+Report&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fparliamentarybusiness%2F28862.aspx%3Fr%3D5495%26mode%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baber-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baber_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baber_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaber2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baber, Sukrat (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/iicl24&div=29&id=&page=">"Shout for Freedom to Curse at the Kingdom: Contrasting Thai Lese Majeste Law with United States First Amendment Freedoms"</a>. <i>Indiana International & Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18060%2F18281">10.18060/18281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+International+%26+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Shout+for+Freedom+to+Curse+at+the+Kingdom%3A+Contrasting+Thai+Lese+Majeste+Law+with+United+States+First+Amendment+Freedoms&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E728&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18060%2F18281&rft.aulast=Baber&rft.aufirst=Sukrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fiicl24%26div%3D29%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjel.law.columbia.edu/preliminary-reference/2016/europe-grapples-with-outdated-lese-majeste-laws/?cn-reloaded=1">"Europe Grapples with Outdated Lèse-Majesté Laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journal_of_European_Law" title="Columbia Journal of European Law">Columbia Journal of European Law</a></i>. 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+European+Law&rft.atitle=Europe+Grapples+with+Outdated+L%C3%A8se-Majest%C3%A9+Laws&rft.date=2016-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcjel.law.columbia.edu%2Fpreliminary-reference%2F2016%2Feurope-grapples-with-outdated-lese-majeste-laws%2F%3Fcn-reloaded%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> 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censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-banking" title="De-banking">De-banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallin%27s_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a 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country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox840" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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