CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Australian Aboriginal English - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"097ad2d7-e067-4f33-a15a-44e69101d6ed","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Australian_Aboriginal_English","wgTitle":"Australian Aboriginal English","wgCurRevisionId":1254494863,"wgRevisionId":1254494863,"wgArticleId":2222769,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Australian English from July 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from July 2018","Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code","Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code","Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code","Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'", "Pages with plain IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Australian English","Dialects of English","Australian Aboriginal culture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Australian_Aboriginal_English","wgRelevantArticleId":2222769,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q783347","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Australian Aboriginal English - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Australian_Aboriginal_English rootpage-Australian_Aboriginal_English skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Australian+Aboriginal+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Australian+Aboriginal+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Australian+Aboriginal+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Australian+Aboriginal+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Auxiliary verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Balanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackfella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackfella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blackfella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackfella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheeky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheeky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Cheeky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheeky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dardy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dardy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Dardy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dardy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deadly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deadly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Deadly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deadly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Fella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gammon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gammon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Gammon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gammon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gubbah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubbah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Gubbah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gubbah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Gunyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humbug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humbug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Humbug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humbug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Mob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubbish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubbish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Rubbish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubbish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yarn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yarn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Yarn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yarn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Unna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whichway_and_Wotnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whichway_and_Wotnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Whichway and Wotnah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whichway_and_Wotnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitefella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitefella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.19</span> <span>Whitefella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitefella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.20</span> <span>Other words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Aboriginal English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australian Aboriginal English" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_aborixe_australiano" title="Inglés aborixe australiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglés aborixe australiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Aborigin_Australia" title="Bahasa Inggris Aborigin Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Aborigin Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_aborigen%C5%B3_angl%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Australijos aborigenų anglų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos aborigenų anglų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Английский язык австралийских аборигенов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английский язык австралийских аборигенов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q783347#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Australian_Aboriginal_English" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Australian_Aboriginal_English" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&oldid=1254494863" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Australian_Aboriginal_English&id=1254494863&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustralian_Aboriginal_English"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustralian_Aboriginal_English"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q783347" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of English used by Indigenous Australians</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Australian Aboriginal English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanian English">Oceanian English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Australian Aboriginal English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>18th century <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (English alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/abor1240">abor1240</a></code>  code abandoned, but bibliography retained</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/P4">P4</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Australian Aboriginal English</b> (<b>AAE</b> or <b>AbE</b>) is a cover term used for the complex, rule-governed varieties of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> used by a large section of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a>) population as a result of colonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made up of a number of varieties which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and grammar and pronunciation differs from that of standard <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, along a continuum. Some of its words have also been adopted into standard or colloquial Australian English. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are generally distinctive features of phonology, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use in Australian Aboriginal English,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with Australian English. The language is also often accompanied by a lot of non-verbal cues.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negative attitudes that exist in Australian society towards AbE have negative effects on Aboriginal people across law, health and educational contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers have been noted to tend to change between different forms of AAE depending on whom they are speaking to, e.g. striving to speak more like Australian English when speaking to a non-Indigenous English-speaking person.<sup id="cite_ref-Eades_133–141_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eades_133–141-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">codeswitching</a> and is common among Aboriginal people living in major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AAE terms, or derivative terms, are sometimes used by the broader Australian community. Australian Aboriginal English is spoken among Aboriginal people generally, but is especially evident in what are called "discrete communities", i.e. ex-government or mission reserves such as the <a href="/wiki/Deed_of_Grant_in_Trust" title="Deed of Grant in Trust">DOGIT communities</a> in Queensland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a> of varieties of Aboriginal English, ranging from light forms, close to standard <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, to heavy forms, closer to <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Kriol</a>. The varieties developed differently in different parts of Australia, by Aboriginal peoples of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">many language groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eades_133–141_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eades_133–141-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kriol is a totally separate language from English, spoken by over 30,000 people in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific features of Aboriginal English differ between regions. In <a href="/wiki/Nyungar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungar">Nyungar</a> country in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, they include address terms and kinship, uninverted questions (<i>That's your Auntie?</i>), the utterance tag <i>unna</i>, and Nyungar terms such as <i>boya</i>, <i>boodjar</i>, <i>maya-maya</i>, and <i>moorditji</i>, among other features.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific terms can be used to refer to local or regional varieties of AbE, for example <i>Koori</i> or <i>Murri English</i>, <i>Broome lingo</i> and <i>Noongar English</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nunga_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunga English">Nunga English</a> is the southern <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> dialect of Aboriginal English. It includes words from the <a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_of_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Coast of South Australia (page does not exist)">West Coast</a> languages, as well as local variations in pronunciation. According to <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Lewis_O%27Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Lewis O'Brien">Uncle Lewis O'Brien</a>, people from the <a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pearce">Point Pearce</a> mission on the <a href="/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula" title="Yorke Peninsula">Yorke Peninsula</a> have a distinct way of pronouncing "r" in words such as "girl" and "bird", somewhat akin to the accent of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a> miners who worked in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aboriginal English varieties also occur in Indigenous-authored fictional broadcast media, including kinship words like <i>cousin brother</i>, <i>brother boys</i>, <i>sister girl</i> and <i>daughter girl</i>, and other frequent words such as <i><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">blackfella</a></i>(<i>s</i>) and <i>mob</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliary_verbs">Auxiliary verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Auxiliary verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aboriginal English does not make use of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>, such as <i>to be</i> and <i>to have</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copulas</a> to link things together. For example, the Aboriginal English equivalent of <i>"We are working"</i> would be <i>"We workin'"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSWBoS-what-is-aboriginal-english-like_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSWBoS-what-is-aboriginal-english-like-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, the pronouns <i>he</i> and <i>him</i> may be used for females and inanimate objects in additional to the expected masculine case. This is also shared in standard English with the masculine pronouns possessing a neuter case, uncommonly (often historically) referring to an unspecified sex (e.g. <i>one must brush his teeth</i>). The distinction between <i>he</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> form and <i>him</i> as the oblique form is not always observed, and <i>him</i> may be found as the subject of a verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sutton (1989) documents that some speakers of Aboriginal English in the area around <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> have an uncommon degree of <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a>, relative to both other AAE speakers and Standard Australian English speakers (which are generally non-rhotic). These speakers realise <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> in the preconsonantal <a href="/wiki/Postvocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Postvocalic">postvocalic</a> position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a>. For example: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[boːɹd]</span> "board", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠ʃɜɹt̠ʃ]</span> "church", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɜɹθ]</span> "Perth"; but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flæː]</span> "flour", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɒktə]</span> "doctor". Sutton speculates that this feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia – including <a href="/wiki/Cornish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish English">Cornish</a> tin-miners, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> missionaries, and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> whalers – spoke rhotic varieties. Many of his informants grew up in <a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pearce">Point Pearce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_McLeay" class="mw-redirect" title="Point McLeay">Point McLeay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Australian Aboriginal languages have three- or five-<a href="/wiki/Vowel_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel system">vowel systems</a>, and these form the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> for Aboriginal English vowel pronunciations, especially in more <a href="/wiki/Basilectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilectal">basilectal</a> accents. More basilectal varieties tend to merge a number of vowels, up to the point of merging all Australian English vowels into the three or five vowels of a given speaker's native language. That said, the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, and especially the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">face</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">choice</span> diphthongs, tend to be maintained in all but the heaviest accents, albeit they are frequently shortened.<sup id="cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherAnderson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Indigenous language and basilectal Aboriginal English vowel systems are small, there is a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a>. For example, vowels may be heavily <a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">fronted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">raised</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal consonants">palatal consonants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherAnderson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Aboriginal people, including those who speak acrolectal varieties of English and even those who do not speak an Indigenous language, do not <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalize vowels</a> before nasal consonants, unlike other Australian English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherAnderson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acrolectal Aboriginal accents tend to have a smaller <a href="/wiki/Vowel_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel space">vowel space</a> compared to Standard Australian English. The Aboriginal English vowel space tends to share the same lower boundary as Indigenous language vowel spaces, but shares an upper boundary with Standard Australian English, thus representing an expansion upwards from the Indigenous vowel space. There are other differences between acrolectal Aboriginal English and Standard Australian English vowel qualities, which tend to represent <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservatism</a> on the part of Aboriginal speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherAnderson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balanda">Balanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Balanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Malay_origin#B" title="List of English words of Malay origin">Balanda</a> is a word used by the <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolŋu">Yolŋu</a> people for European people; originally from the <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese language</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <i>orang belanda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch person">Dutch person</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-walkerzorc1981_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerzorc1981-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackfella">Blackfella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blackfella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aboriginal people (particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>) often refer to themselves and other Aboriginal people as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blackfella" class="extiw" title="wikt:blackfella">blackfellas</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Australian Kriol</a> term for an Aboriginal person is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blackbala" class="extiw" title="wikt:blackbala">blackbala</a>", which comes from this term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Aboriginal people use the word <i>business</i> in a distinct way, to mean "matters". Funeral and mourning practices are commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Sorry_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorry business">sorry business</a>". Financial matters are referred to as "money business", and the secret-sacred rituals distinct to each sex are referred to as "women's business" and "men's business".<sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Secret women's business" was at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camp">Camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Aboriginal people refer to their house as their camp, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheeky">Cheeky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cheeky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Cheeky" (or "tjiki") may be used to mean "sly, cunning, malicious, malevolent, spiteful, ill-disposed, ill-natured, mischievous, vicious, bad, wicked, [or] evil", so can be used to describe a person, dog, mosquito or snake, and "a cheeky bugger is a universal substitute for just about anything or anybody on earth".<sup id="cite_ref-vaszolyi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaszolyi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to denote a dangerous or aggressive animal or person, so for instance could be used describe a dog that is likely to bite or attack.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country">Country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)" title="Country (Indigenous Australians)">Country (Indigenous Australians)</a></div> <p>The word "country" has <a href="/wiki/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)" title="Country (Indigenous Australians)">special meaning for Aboriginal people</a>; it has a "spiritual and philosophical dimension" by which they relate to a certain place. This meaning is now regarded to be part of Australian English, as it has become familiar to non-Indigenous Australians, for example in <a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Country" title="Welcome to Country">Welcome to Country</a> ceremonies and the term <a href="/wiki/Connection_to_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Connection to country">connection to country</a>, signifying the deep attachment to, and obligation to care for, the traditional lands of their group.<sup id="cite_ref-abcrn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcrn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dardy">Dardy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dardy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dardy" class="extiw" title="wikt:dardy">Dardy</a> originates in South-western <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and means "cool", or really good.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deadly">Deadly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deadly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deadly" class="extiw" title="wikt:deadly">Deadly</a> is used by many Aboriginal people to mean excellent, or very good, in the same way that "wicked", "sick" or "awesome" is by many young English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a> (aka Deadlys) were awards for outstanding achievement by Aboriginal and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander people">Torres Strait Islander people</a>. </p><p>This usage is not exclusive to Aboriginal people. It is commonly heard in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitarcheva_Митърчева_2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitarcheva_Митърчева_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fella">Fella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some forms of Aboriginal English, "fellow" (usually spelt <i>fella, feller, fullah, fulla</i>, etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. "big fella business" = "important business", "one-feller girl" = "one girl". This can give it an adverbial meaning, e.g. "sing out big fella" = "call out loudly". It is also used with pronouns to indicate the plural, e.g. "me fella" = "we" or "us", "you fella" = "you all". Other words include <a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">blackfella</a> (an Aboriginal person) and <a href="/wiki/Whitefella" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitefella">whitefella</a> (a white person). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gammon">Gammon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gammon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> slang used by criminals, "gammon" was to swindle someone or cheat them,<sup id="cite_ref-jones_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for example in the sense of creating a distraction while <a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">pickpocketing</a>; or, more generally, nonsense, "humbug".<sup id="cite_ref-fisher_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its origin has been variously thought to be related to <a href="/wiki/Gammon_(meat)" title="Gammon (meat)">leg of cured ham known as gammon</a> or the game of <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nitv2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is used across Australian Aboriginal communities, with its meaning given variously as inauthentic, cheap or broken;<sup id="cite_ref-fisher_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be pretending or joking; or just pathetic<sup id="cite_ref-nitv2018_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or lame. <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>'</i>s Australian Word Map ascribes six meanings, based on feedback from around the country, in which the word is used as several different <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of speech">parts of speech</a>, mainly relating to deceit, joking, and false, but also to a lame (pathetic, bad) idea. As a verb ("gammon/gamin/gammin around") means to fool around, and may also be used as an expression equivalent to "As if!". The word is also used by non-Aboriginal people, and it has been noted that the PNG <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> word for liar is <i>giaman</i> or <i>giamon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gubbah">Gubbah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gubbah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gubbah</i>, also spelt gubba, is a term used by some Aboriginal people to refer to white people or non-Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> has it as "n. Colloq. (derog.) an Aboriginal term for a white man". Also, "gubba, n. Colloq. (derog.) 1. a white man. 2. a <a href="/wiki/Peeping_tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Peeping tom">peeping tom</a>. [Aboriginal: white demon]". A 1972 newspaper article suggested that the word is the "diminutive of garbage".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Gubba" is derived from the word "Government" and is representative of the White Men who came to take children from the missions, eg in a sentence " run from the Gubbament" nothing to do with white people as a whole, has been bastardised to blanket New South Wales. Most other states don't utilise the word.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While it can be used derogatorily,<sup id="cite_ref-26words_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26words-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Gubba" is also used to refer to friends, e.g. "gubba mates". Other words for white people are balanda (see above), migaloo,<sup id="cite_ref-nitv50ways_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv50ways-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wadjela.<sup id="cite_ref-26words_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26words-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the town of <a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a> is thought to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Kokatha_dialect" title="Kokatha dialect">Kokatha-</a><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a> term <i>kupa-piti</i> (or <i>guba-bidi</i>), which translates to "whitefellas' hole".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunyah">Gunyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gunyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used in <a href="/wiki/Nunga_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunga English">Nunga English</a> (South Australia) to refer to non-Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-amery2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amery2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humbug">Humbug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Humbug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Humbug_(Aboriginal)" title="Humbug (Aboriginal)">Humbug (Aboriginal)</a></div> <p>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">humbug</a> in broader English (see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a> character) means nonsensical, or unimportant information, humbug in Aboriginal English means to pester with inane or repetitive requests. The <a href="/wiki/Warumpi_Band" title="Warumpi Band">Warumpi Band</a> released an album entitled <i>Too Much Humbug</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, humbug is used by both black and white in this latter, Aboriginal way. The most commonly recognised definition of <a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">humbug</a> refers to an Aboriginal person asking a relative for money. Humbugging can become a serious burden where the traditional culture is one of communal ownership and strong obligations between relatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mob">Mob</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mob"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colloquially used to mean a group of Aboriginal people associated with an extended family group, clan group or wider community group, from a <a href="/wiki/Connection_to_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Connection to country">particular place or "Country"</a>. It is used to connect and identify the person and where they are from.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "My mob" means my people, or extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mob is often used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">language group</a>, as in "that <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a> mob".<sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mob and <i>mobs</i> are also used to describe a lot of people or things when an actual number is not stated, and is usually associated with "big" or "biggest". Examples include, "There was a big mob (or the biggest mob) at the football." or "There was no moon, so we could see the biggest mobs of stars" or in a health perspective, "I've got a big mob of pain". </p><p><i>You mob</i> can be used instead of <i>you</i> as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ewave-atlas.org/parameters/34#2/29.2/7.7">second person plural pronoun address.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubbish">Rubbish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rubbish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While "rubbish" as an adjective in many dialects of English means wrong, stupid, or useless, in the north of Australia, "rubbish" is usually used to describe someone who is too old or too young to be active in the local culture. Another use is meaning something is "not dangerous"; for example, non-venomous snakes are all considered to be "rubbish", while in contrast, venomous snakes are "cheeky". In both cases, "rubbish" approximately means "inert". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yarn">Yarn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Yarn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara,_Western_Australia,_January_2024_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg/240px-Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg/360px-Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg/480px-Yarning_circle_in_the_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_January_2024_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8160" data-file-height="6120" /></a><figcaption>A yarning circle at a mining camp in the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a>, Western Australia, on the traditional lands of the <a href="/wiki/Panyjima_people" title="Panyjima people">Panyjima people</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yarn" class="extiw" title="wikt:yarn">Yarn</a> is an English word for a <a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">long story</a>, often with incredible or unbelievable events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Originally a sailors' expression, "to spin a yarn", in reference to stories told while performing mundane tasks such as spinning <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aboriginal English, the word is used as a verb (<i>yarning</i>), referring to a "conversational and storytelling style where Indigenous people share stories based on real experience and knowledge, from intimate family gatherings to formal public presentations".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "yarning circle" is a way of passing on cultural knowledge and building respectful relationships within a group.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 article about Indigenous health communication says that yarning "includes repetition as a way to emphasise what is important in the message", and suggests that using the method can be useful in imparting health information.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarning circles have been introduced in men's and women's prisons across <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill_Correctional_Centre" title="Broken Hill Correctional Centre">Broken Hill Correctional Centre</a>, in a bid to connect Indigenous inmates with their culture, and reduce reoffending and the high rates of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian incarceration">incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unna">Unna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often conjoined with the word "deadly", "unna" means "True" or "ain't it?".<sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a>), <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yolngu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolngu people">Yolngu peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word is used frequently in the 1998 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Deadly,_Unna%3F" title="Deadly, Unna?">Deadly, Unna?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Gwynne" title="Phillip Gwynne">Phillip Gwynne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whichway_and_Wotnah">Whichway and Wotnah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Whichway and Wotnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These phrases can be used to ask "What's happening?"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitefella">Whitefella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Whitefella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Aboriginal communities, particularly those in the outback and the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>, Aboriginal people often refer to <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">white people</a> as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whitefella" class="extiw" title="wikt:whitefella">whitefellas</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Australian Kriol</a>, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waitbala" class="extiw" title="wikt:waitbala">waitbala</a>" means "a white person" and comes from this word. It and its counterpart "blackfella" headline "<a href="/wiki/Blackfella/Whitefella" title="Blackfella/Whitefella">Blackfella/Whitefella</a>", an Aboriginal country rock anthem about the need for racial harmony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_words">Other words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some other words with particular meanings in Aboriginal English, or derived from an Aboriginal language, and/or pertaining to Aboriginal culture, include:<sup id="cite_ref-abcrn_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcrn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-culture_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Bunji ('mate, friend or "sister in-law (more common for female speakers)"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li> <li>Cleverman<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Featherfoot">Featherfoot</a> (moving quickly from one place to another another)</li> <li>Foot Falcon ('walk')</li> <li>Horse ('something awesome')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">Humpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">Songline</a></li> <li>Tidda ('sister, female friend')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjukurrpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjukurrpa">Tjukurrpa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yabber" class="extiw" title="wikt:yabber">Yabber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yakka" class="extiw" title="wikt:yakka">Yakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Yidaki">Yidaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowie" title="Yowie">Yowie</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Pidgin_English_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English (disambiguation)">Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin">List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nyungar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nyungar">Neo-Nyungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Aboriginal English in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Cleverman_(TV_series)" title="Cleverman (TV series)">Cleverman</a></i>, TV series.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/P4">P4</a> Australian Aboriginal English at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Sharon (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/blog/aboriginal-english">"Aboriginal English"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+English&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fblog%2Faboriginal-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEades,_Diana" class="citation web cs1">Eades, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/aboriginal.html">"Aboriginal English"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+English&rft.au=Eades%2C+Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fsatocenter%2Flangnet%2Fdefinitions%2Faboriginal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/322248/working_with_aboriginal_people.pdf"><i>Working with Aboriginal people and communities: A practice resource</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NSW_Department_of_Community_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW Department of Community Services">NSW Department of Community Services</a>. Aboriginal Services Branch. February 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74190-097-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74190-097-2"><bdi>978-1-74190-097-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+Aboriginal+people+and+communities%3A+A+practice+resource&rft.pub=NSW+Department+of+Community+Services.+Aboriginal+Services+Branch&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-1-74190-097-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.nsw.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0003%2F322248%2Fworking_with_aboriginal_people.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eades_133–141-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eades_133–141_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eades_133–141_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eades, Diana. "Aboriginal English", <i>Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i>. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996, p. 133–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson_2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2020_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson, Greg. "Aboriginal English(es)", <i>Australian English Reimagined: Structure, features and developments</i>. Routledge, 2019, p. 134–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2008" class="citation journal cs1">Butcher, Andrew (2008). "Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English". <i>Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics</i>. <b>22</b> (8): 625–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699200802223535">10.1080/02699200802223535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18770096">18770096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32763088">32763088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Linguistic+aspects+of+Australian+Aboriginal+English&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=625-642&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32763088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18770096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02699200802223535&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, John. "Linguistic responses to contact: Pidgins and creoles", <i>The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future</i>. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, p. 131–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/10-ways-aboriginal-australians-made-english-their-own-128219">"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"</a>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+ways+Aboriginal+Australians+made+English+their+own&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2F10-ways-aboriginal-australians-made-english-their-own-128219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienGale2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Gale, Mary-Anne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/26398922"><i>And the clock struck thirteen: the life and thoughts of Kaurna Elder Uncle Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862547308" title="Special:BookSources/9781862547308"><bdi>9781862547308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+clock+struck+thirteen%3A+the+life+and+thoughts+of+Kaurna+Elder+Uncle+Lewis+Yerloburka+O%27Brien&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781862547308&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Yerloburka&rft.au=Gale%2C+Mary-Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F26398922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednarek2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bednarek, Monika (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianstudies.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3-Bednarek_proofs-ok.pdf">"Australian Aboriginal English in Indigenous-authored television series: A corpus linguistic study of lexis in Redfern Now, Cleverman and Mystery Road"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the European Association for Studies of Australia</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+European+Association+for+Studies+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Australian+Aboriginal+English+in+Indigenous-authored+television+series%3A+A+corpus+linguistic+study+of+lexis+in+Redfern+Now%2C+Cleverman+and+Mystery+Road&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Bednarek&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianstudies.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F12%2F3-Bednarek_proofs-ok.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSWBoS-what-is-aboriginal-english-like-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSWBoS-what-is-aboriginal-english-like_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ab-ed.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal-english/what-is-aboriginal-english-like">"What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it?"</a>. NSW Board of Studies. 7 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Aboriginal+English+like%2C+and+how+would+you+recognise+it%3F&rft.pub=NSW+Board+of+Studies&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fab-ed.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au%2Fgo%2Faboriginal-english%2Fwhat-is-aboriginal-english-like&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, Peter (1989). "Postvocalic R in an Australian English dialect". <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Linguistics" title="Australian Journal of Linguistics">Australian Journal of Linguistics</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 161–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268608908599416">10.1080/07268608908599416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Postvocalic+R+in+an+Australian+English+dialect&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-163&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268608908599416&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ButcherAnderson2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherAnderson2008_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcherAnderson2008" class="citation conference cs1">Butcher, Andrew; Anderson, Victoria (22 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/Butcher-Anderson.pdf"><i>The vowels of Australian Aboriginal English</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Interspeech 2008. pp. 347–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21437%2FInterspeech.2008-145">10.21437/Interspeech.2008-145</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+vowels+of+Australian+Aboriginal+English&rft.pages=347-350&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21437%2FInterspeech.2008-145&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~vanderso%2FButcher-Anderson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walkerzorc1981-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walkerzorc1981_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_AlanZorc,_R._David1981" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Alan & Zorc, R. David (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71311/pdf/article071.pdf">"Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_History" title="Aboriginal History">Aboriginal History</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Loanwords+in+Yolngu-Matha+of+Northeast+Arnhem+Land&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Walker%2C+Alan&rft.au=Zorc%2C+R.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp71311%2Fpdf%2Farticle071.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creative-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff2021" class="citation web cs1">Korff, Jens (17 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/language/aboriginal-words-in-australian-english">"Aboriginal words in Australian English"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+words+in+Australian+English&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Flanguage%2Faboriginal-words-in-australian-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaszolyi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaszolyi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaszolyi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vaszolyi, Eric G. (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/6737">"Aboriginal Australians speak: An introduction to Australian Aboriginal linguistics"</a>. <i>Research Outputs Pre 2011</i>. Aboriginal Teacher Education Program, Mount Lawley College of Advanced Education: 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a>: Research Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Outputs+Pre+2011&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Australians+speak%3A+An+introduction+to+Australian+Aboriginal+linguistics&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Vaszolyi&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.ecu.edu.au%2Fecuworks%2F6737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7737&context=ecuworks">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2020" class="citation web cs1">Reid, Sarah (18 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/20-aboriginal-words-you-should-know-before-visiting-australia/">"20 Aboriginal words you should know before visiting Australia"</a>. <i>The Culture Trip</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=20+Aboriginal+words+you+should+know+before+visiting+Australia&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fpacific%2Faustralia%2Farticles%2F20-aboriginal-words-you-should-know-before-visiting-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcrn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcrn_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcrn_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2016" class="citation web cs1">Browning, Daniel (3 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/awaye/the-etymology-of-country/7702424">"The etymology of country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Audio + text)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+National&rft.atitle=The+etymology+of+country&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fawaye%2Fthe-etymology-of-country%2F7702424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mmmenglish.com/2020/06/04/how-to-understand-australians-slang-words-expressions/">"How to understand Australians - Slang Words & Expressions"</a>. <i>mmmEnglish</i>. 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mmmEnglish&rft.atitle=How+to+understand+Australians+-+Slang+Words+%26+Expressions&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmmenglish.com%2F2020%2F06%2F04%2Fhow-to-understand-australians-slang-words-expressions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Hansen, Jennet Jeniffer (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/57364/Hansen%20J%202016.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Examining the Effectiveness of Including Aboriginal Perspectives to Engage Aboriginal Students in High School Science</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Examining+the+Effectiveness+of+Including+Aboriginal+Perspectives+to+Engage+Aboriginal+Students+in+High+School+Science&rft.inst=Curtin+University&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Jennet+Jeniffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.curtin.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11937%2F57364%2FHansen%2520J%25202016.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitarcheva_Митърчева_2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitarcheva_Митърчева_2019_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitarcheva2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitarcheva, Irina (31 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.uni-plovdiv.net/handle/123456789/749">"On the Irish variety of the English language"</a>. <i>DSpace Home</i> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2682-9460">2682-9460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DSpace+Home&rft.atitle=On+the+Irish+variety+of+the+English+language&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.issn=2682-9460&rft.aulast=Mitarcheva&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.uni-plovdiv.net%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Paul Anthony (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/64162/12-old-timey-ways-saying-nonsense">"12 Old-Timey Ways of Saying "Nonsense"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mental Floss</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=12+Old-Timey+Ways+of+Saying+%22Nonsense%22&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Paul+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F64162%2F12-old-timey-ways-saying-nonsense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fisher_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fisher_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/on-gammon-global-noise-and-indigenous-heterogeneity-words-as-thin">"On gammon, global noise and indigenous heterogeneity: Words as things in Aboriginal public culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Anthropology" title="Critique of Anthropology">Critique of Anthropology</a></i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0308275X09364068">10.1177/0308275X09364068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-275X">0308-275X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143553835">143553835</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=On+gammon%2C+global+noise+and+indigenous+heterogeneity%3A+Words+as+things+in+Aboriginal+public+culture&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-286&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143553835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-275X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0308275X09364068&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchers.mq.edu.au%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fon-gammon-global-noise-and-indigenous-heterogeneity-words-as-thin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nitv2018-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nitv2018_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nitv2018_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerass2018" class="citation web cs1">Verass, Sophie (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/02/07/words-you-thought-were-indigenous-actually-arent-1">"Words you thought were Indigenous that actually aren't"</a>. <i>NITV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=Words+you+thought+were+Indigenous+that+actually+aren%27t&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Verass&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2F2018%2F02%2F07%2Fwords-you-thought-were-indigenous-actually-arent-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/aus/word/map/search/word/gammon/The%20Centre/">"Gammon"</a>. <i>Macquarie Dictionary</i>. Australian Word Map<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gammon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macquariedictionary.com.au%2Fresources%2Faus%2Fword%2Fmap%2Fsearch%2Fword%2Fgammon%2FThe%2520Centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, G.A. <i>A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms</i> 5th ed. (1990), p. 164. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_University_Press" title="Sydney University Press">Sydney University Press</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofaust00wilk/page/2/mode/2up">Archive.org 1990 edition</a>, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195563160.001.0001/acref-9780195563160">Oxford Reference, 5th ed. (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26words-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-26words_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-26words_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcometocountry.org/26-aboriginal-words-australians-should-know/">"27 Aboriginal words and phrases that all Australians should know"</a>. <i>Welcome to Country</i>. 5 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Country&rft.atitle=27+Aboriginal+words+and+phrases+that+all+Australians+should+know&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometocountry.org%2F26-aboriginal-words-australians-should-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nitv50ways-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nitv50ways_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantMcCarthy-Grogan2019" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Lowanna; McCarthy-Grogan, Grayson (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/03/15/50-ways-you-know-youre-blackfella">"50 ways you know you're a blackfella"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NITV" class="mw-redirect" title="NITV">NITV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=50+ways+you+know+you%27re+a+blackfella&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Lowanna&rft.au=McCarthy-Grogan%2C+Grayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2F2019%2F03%2F15%2F50-ways-you-know-youre-blackfella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaessan2010" class="citation web cs1">Naessan, Petter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p170581/pdf/ch0940.pdf">"The etymology of Coober Pedy, South Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>press-files.anu.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press-files.anu.edu.au&rft.atitle=The+etymology+of+Coober+Pedy%2C+South+Australia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Naessan&rft.aufirst=Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp170581%2Fpdf%2Fch0940.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amery2016-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amery2016_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmery2016" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Rob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/system/files/2019-04/uap-kaurna-ebook.pdf"><i>Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> Press. pp. 13–15, 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20851%2Fkaurna">10.20851/kaurna</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-25-7"><bdi>978-1-925261-25-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warraparna+Kaurna%21%3A+Reclaiming+an+Australian+language&rft.pages=13-15%2C+17&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20851%2Fkaurna&rft.isbn=978-1-925261-25-7&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fpress%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2019-04%2Fuap-kaurna-ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadlystory.com/page/tools/aboriginal-cultural-support-planning/cultural-planning---frequently-asked-questions/what-is-the-difference-between-mob-clan-tribe-language-group">"What is the difference between mob, clan, tribe, language group?"</a>. <i>Deadly Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadly+Story&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+mob%2C+clan%2C+tribe%2C+language+group%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadlystory.com%2Fpage%2Ftools%2Faboriginal-cultural-support-planning%2Fcultural-planning---frequently-asked-questions%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-mob-clan-tribe-language-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/yarn">"Yarn"</a>. <i>Origin and meaning of yarn by Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+yarn+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Yarn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fyarn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/news/article/2021/july/10-ways-aboriginal-australians-made-english-their-own">"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a></i>. 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=10+ways+Aboriginal+Australians+made+English+their+own&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwa.edu.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2021%2Fjuly%2F10-ways-aboriginal-australians-made-english-their-own&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/yarning-circles">"Yarning circles"</a>. <i>Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority</i>. <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a>. 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Curriculum+%26+Assessment+Authority&rft.atitle=Yarning+circles&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qcaa.qld.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fk-12-policies%2Faboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives%2Fresources%2Fyarning-circles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouroCollard2021" class="citation web cs1">Louro, Celeste Rodriguez; Collard, Glenys Dale (28 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/news/article/2021/july/yarns-from-the-heart-the-role-of-aboriginal-english-in-indigenous-health-communication">"Yarns from the heart: the role of Aboriginal English in Indigenous health communication"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>This article by Celeste Rodriguez Louro and Glenys Dale Collard, from The University of Western Australia was originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=Yarns+from+the+heart%3A+the+role+of+Aboriginal+English+in+Indigenous+health+communication&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft.aulast=Louro&rft.aufirst=Celeste+Rodriguez&rft.au=Collard%2C+Glenys+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwa.edu.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2021%2Fjuly%2Fyarns-from-the-heart-the-role-of-aboriginal-english-in-indigenous-health-communication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmonde2022" class="citation web cs1">Ormonde, Bill (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-08/yarning-circles-nsw-prison-indigenous-incarceration-rates/101307076">"Yarning circles in NSW prisons aim to reduce Indigenous incarceration rates"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Yarning+circles+in+NSW+prisons+aim+to+reduce+Indigenous+incarceration+rates&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.aulast=Ormonde&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-08-08%2Fyarning-circles-nsw-prison-indigenous-incarceration-rates%2F101307076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231151417/http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/Factsheets/M-MC-AboriginalEnglishHandBook.pdf"><i>Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dept. of Justice and Attorney General. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7242-8071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7242-8071-5"><bdi>0-7242-8071-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/Factsheets/M-MC-AboriginalEnglishHandBook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+English+in+the+courts%3A+a+handbook&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Justice+and+Attorney+General&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7242-8071-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.qld.gov.au%2FFactsheets%2FM-MC-AboriginalEnglishHandBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur1996" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, J. M. (1996). <i>Aboriginal English</i>. Oxford University Press Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Australia&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes,_G.A.1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, G.A. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofaust00wilk/page/2/mode/2up"><i>A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms</i></a></span> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sydney_University_Press" title="Sydney University Press">Sydney University Press</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780424001784" title="Special:BookSources/9780424001784"><bdi>9780424001784</bdi></a> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Australian+Colloquialisms&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press+in+association+with+Oxford+University+Press+Australia&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780424001784&rft.au=Wilkes%2C+G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofaust00wilk%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+English" class="Z3988"></span> (Previews of each entry available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195563160.001.0001/acref-9780195563160">Oxford Reference</a> website.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu Matha</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Djambarrpuyngu</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (5 families)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>? (3 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>? (5-6 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> (4 families?)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol_language" title="Gurindji Kriol language">Gurindji Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Indigenous Sign Language</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&oldid=1254494863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&oldid=1254494863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_English" title="Category:Australian English">Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_English" title="Category:Dialects of English">Dialects of English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use Australian English from July 2018">Use Australian English from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2018">Use dmy dates from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_languages_with_ISO_639-3_code" title="Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code">Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_AIATSIS_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialect_articles_with_speakers_set_to_%27unknown%27" title="Category:Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'">Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 07:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_English&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-v45bm","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.771","walltime":"1.011","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5805,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":215507,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6349,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151570,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 871.186 1 -total"," 29.79% 259.513 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.27% 159.137 20 Template:Cite_web"," 14.23% 123.997 11 Template:Navbox"," 13.13% 114.400 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.53% 100.455 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.49% 91.409 1 Template:Languages_of_Australia"," 10.08% 87.791 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.26% 80.681 2 Template:Further"," 8.35% 72.786 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.406","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7520620,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fkn9p","timestamp":"20241122142348","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Australian Aboriginal English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Aboriginal_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q783347","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q783347","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-13T01:21:02Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T07:20:45Z","headline":"dialect of Australian English used by a large section of the Indigenous Australian population"}</script> </body> </html>