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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Amateur athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_of_amateurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_of_amateurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contribution of amateurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_of_amateurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_amateur_pursuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_amateur_pursuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of amateur pursuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_amateur_pursuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99v%C9%99skar" title="Həvəskar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həvəskar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аматар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аматар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amater" title="Amater – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amater" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Юратавçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юратавçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%A9r" title="Amatér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amatér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B8r" title="Amatør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amatør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6%C3%B6r" title="Amatöör – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amatöör" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatoro" title="Amatoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amatoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آماتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آماتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%B6%94%EC%96%B4" title="아마추어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마추어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amater" title="Amater – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amater" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatoro" title="Amatoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amatoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatir" title="Amatir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amatir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilettante" title="Dilettante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dilettante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97g%C4%97jas" title="Mėgėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėgėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C5%91r" title="Amatőr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amatőr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Љубител – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Љубител" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="അമച്വർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമച്വർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatur" title="Amatur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amatur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2" title="アマチュア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマチュア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B8r" title="Amatør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amatør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B8r" title="Amatør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amatør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amator" title="Amator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Любитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Любитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatori" title="Amatori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amatori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amateur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%A9r" title="Amatér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amatér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аматер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аматер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amater" title="Amater – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amater" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6%C3%B6ri" title="Amatööri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amatööri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6r" title="Amatör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amatör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6r" title="Amatör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amatör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Аматор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аматор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Tài tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tài tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E9%A4%98%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85" title="業餘愛好者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="業餘愛好者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q455595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Amateur" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who participates in activities on a nonprofessional basis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amateur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amateur (disambiguation)">Amateur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amateur_footballer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amateur_footballer.jpg/220px-Amateur_footballer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amateur_footballer.jpg/330px-Amateur_footballer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amateur_footballer.jpg/440px-Amateur_footballer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Amateur <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> player </figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>amateur</b> (from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> 'one who loves'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is generally considered a person who pursues an <a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">avocation</a> independent from their source of income. Amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal, <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-taught</a>, <a href="/wiki/User-generated" class="mw-redirect" title="User-generated">user-generated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Amateur" title="Special:EditPage/Amateur">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amateur%22">"Amateur"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amateur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amateur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amateur%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amateur%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amateur%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, the amateur was considered to be the ideal balance between pure intent, open mind, and the interest or passion for a subject. That ideology spanned many different fields of interest. It may have its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur athletes</a> competing in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>. The ancient Greek citizens spent most of their time in other pursuits, but competed according to their natural talents and abilities. </p><p>The "gentleman amateur" was a phenomenon among the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> from the 17th century until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the start of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Reason</a>, with people thinking more about how the world works around them, (see <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">science in the Age of Enlightenment</a>), things like the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Curiosities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Curiosities">cabinets of curiosities</a>, and the writing of the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Virtuoso" title="The Christian Virtuoso">The Christian Virtuoso</a></i>, started to shape the idea of the gentleman amateur. He was vastly interested in a particular topic, and studied, observed, and collected things and information on his topic of choice. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in Great Britain was generally composed of these "gentleman amateurs", and is one of the reasons science today exists the way it does. A few examples of these gentleman amateurs are <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cotton,_1st_Baronet,_of_Connington" title="Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington">Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington</a>. </p><p>Amateurism can be seen in both a negative and positive light. Since amateurs often lack formal training and are self-taught, some amateur work may be considered sub-par. For example, amateur athletes in sports such as <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Football_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Football games">football</a> are regarded as possessing a lower level of ability than professional athletes. On the other hand, an amateur may be in a position to approach a subject with an open mind (as a result of the lack of formal training) and in a financially disinterested manner. An amateur who dabbles in a field out of interest rather than as a profession, or possesses a general but superficial interest in any art or a branch of knowledge, is often referred to as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dilettante" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dilettante">dilettante</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_athletics">Amateur athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amateur athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur sports</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olympics">Olympics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games#Amateurism_and_professionalism" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism</a></div> <p>Through most of the 20th century the Olympics allowed only amateur athletes to participate and this amateur code was strictly enforced, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a> was stripped of <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> medals for having taken expense money for playing baseball in 1912. </p><p>Later on, the nations of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist Bloc</a> entered teams of Olympians who were all nominally <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association" title="Canadian Amateur Hockey Association">Canadian Amateur Hockey Association</a> (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">International Ice Hockey Federation</a> (IIHF) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC). At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<sup id="cite_ref-Num17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Num17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the 1970 World Championships in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brundage" title="Avery Brundage">Avery Brundage</a> said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Num17_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Num17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Canada withdrew from all international ice hockey competitions and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-Num17_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Num17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Sabetzki" title="Günther Sabetzki">Günther Sabetzki</a> became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Winter Olympics</a>, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee" title="United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee">United States Olympic Committee</a> maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.<sup id="cite_ref-Pod1984_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pod1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Hockey_Association" title="World Hockey Association">World Hockey Association</a>—were allowed to play.<sup id="cite_ref-Pod1984_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pod1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian hockey official <a href="/wiki/Alan_Eagleson" title="Alan Eagleson">Alan Eagleson</a> stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Costello" title="Murray Costello">Murray Costello</a> of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1972 retirement of IOC President Brundage, the Olympic amateurism rules were steadily relaxed, amounting only to technicalities and lip service, until being completely abandoned in the 1990s (in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Sports_Act_of_1978" title="Amateur Sports Act of 1978">Amateur Sports Act of 1978</a> prohibits national governing bodies from having more stringent standards of amateur status than required by international governing bodies of respective sports. The act caused the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> as a wholesale sports governing body at the Olympic level). </p><p>Olympic regulations regarding amateur status of athletes were eventually abandoned in the 1990s with the exception of wrestling, where the amateur fight rules are used due to the fact that professional wrestling is largely staged with predetermined outcomes. Starting from the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>, professionals were allowed to compete in boxing, though amateur fight rules are still used for the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribution_of_amateurs">Contribution of amateurs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contribution of amateurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many amateurs make valuable contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">open source</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amateur_dramatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur dramatics">Amateur dramatics</a> is the performance of <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musical theater</a>, often to high standards, but lacking the budgets of professional <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> performances.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, chemistry, history, linguistics, and the natural sciences are among the fields that have benefited from the activities of amateurs. <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> was an amateur scientist who never held a position in his field of study. <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">amateur radio operator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio itself was greatly advanced by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, a young Italian man who started out by tinkering with a <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Spark_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark coil">spark coil</a> as an amateur electrician.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Pierre de Fermat</a> was a highly influential mathematician whose primary vocation was law.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s and 2010s, the distinction between amateur and professional has become increasingly blurred, especially in areas such as computer programming, music and astronomy. The term <a href="/wiki/Amateur_professionalism" title="Amateur professionalism">amateur professionalism</a>, or pro-am, is used to describe these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_amateur_pursuits">List of amateur pursuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of amateur pursuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur astronomy</a>, including a list of notable amateur astronomers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a>, including a list of notable amateur chemists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_geology" title="Amateur geology">Amateur geology</a> or rockhounding, including a list of notable amateur geologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_journalism" title="Amateur journalism">Amateur journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_theatre" title="Amateur theatre">Amateur theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and crafts">Arts and crafts</a> or handicraft, including a list of handicrafts carried out by amateurs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent scholar">Independent scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_scientist" title="Independent scientist">Independent scientist</a> or gentleman scientist, including a list of notable amateur scientists</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism_in_the_NCAA" title="Amateurism in the NCAA">Amateurism in the NCAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_professionalism" title="Amateur professionalism">Amateur professionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">List of amateur chess players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_mathematicians" title="List of amateur mathematicians">List of amateur mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_wrestlers" title="List of amateur wrestlers">List of amateur wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=amateur">"amateur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=amateur&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Damateur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.berkeley.edu/amateurism-across-the-arts-march-9/">"Amateurism Across the Arts"</a>. <i>arts.berkeley.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017121853/https://arts.berkeley.edu/amateurism-across-the-arts-march-9/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arts.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Amateurism+Across+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.berkeley.edu%2Famateurism-across-the-arts-march-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34556804">"Deconstructing the Gentleman Amateur (article version)"</a>. <i>Cultural and Social History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093905/https://www.academia.edu/34556804">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+Gentleman+Amateur+%28article+version%29&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34556804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn1974" class="citation news cs1">Washburn, J. N (21 July 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/21/archives/soviet-amateur-athlete-a-real-pro-dr-john-nelson-washburn-is-an.html">"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419153414/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/21/archives/soviet-amateur-athlete-a-real-pro-dr-john-nelson-washburn-is-an.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+Amateur+Athlete%3A+A+Real+Pro&rft.date=1974-07-21&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=J.+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F07%2F21%2Farchives%2Fsoviet-amateur-athlete-a-real-pro-dr-john-nelson-washburn-is-an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Num17-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Num17_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Num17_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Num17_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodnieksSzemberg2007">Podnieks & Szemberg 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html">Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010205021/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodnieksSzemberg2007">Podnieks & Szemberg 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-40.html">Story #40–Finally, Canada to host the World Championship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210250/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-40.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807130920/http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml">"Summit Series '72 Summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Summit+Series+%2772+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhof.com%2Fhtml%2FGamesSummarySUM1972.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodnieksSzemberg2007">Podnieks & Szemberg 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html">Story #6–First Canada Cup opens up the hockey world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807073011/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pod1984-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pod1984_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pod1984_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodnieks1997" class="citation book cs1">Podnieks, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadasolympicho1920podn/page/147"><i>Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998</i></a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday Canada</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadasolympicho1920podn/page/147">147–158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-25688-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-25688-4"><bdi>0-385-25688-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Olympic+Hockey+Teams%3A+The+Complete+History%2C+1920%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=147-158&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-25688-4&rft.aulast=Podnieks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadasolympicho1920podn%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitsky,_Frank1984" class="citation news cs1">Litsky, Frank (1984-01-25). "Eagleson upset over hockey dispute". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eagleson+upset+over+hockey+dispute&rft.date=1984-01-25&rft.au=Litsky%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/05/sports/canada-considers-hockey-withdrawal.html">"Canada considers hockey withdrawal"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1984-02-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150835/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/05/sports/canada-considers-hockey-withdrawal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canada+considers+hockey+withdrawal&rft.date=1984-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F02%2F05%2Fsports%2Fcanada-considers-hockey-withdrawal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonsebraaten,_Laurie1986" class="citation news cs1">Monsebraaten, Laurie (1986-10-15). "Players in NHL are now eligible in the Olympics". <i>Toronto Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Players+in+NHL+are+now+eligible+in+the+Olympics&rft.date=1986-10-15&rft.au=Monsebraaten%2C+Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm">"Amateurism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. 1999-07-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020223021004/http://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2002-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Amateurism&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Folympics%2Fowg98%2Fosytr01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather2016" class="citation news cs1">Mather, Victor (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/sports/olympics/olympics-is-opening-its-rings-to-professional-boxers.html?_r=0">"Olympics is Opening Its Rings to Professional Boxers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825115147/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/sports/olympics/olympics-is-opening-its-rings-to-professional-boxers.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Olympics+is+Opening+Its+Rings+to+Professional+Boxers&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F02%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Folympics-is-opening-its-rings-to-professional-boxers.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Joab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2487084/it-careers/the-rise-of-hobbyist-programmers.html">"The rise of hobbyist programmers"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517161326/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2487084/it-careers/the-rise-of-hobbyist-programmers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+hobbyist+programmers&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2487084%2Fit-careers%2Fthe-rise-of-hobbyist-programmers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/class-act-the-amateur-dramatics-societies-that-could-give-the-pros-a-run-for-their-money-8294817.html">"Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2012-11-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023232255/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/class-act-the-amateur-dramatics-societies-that-could-give-the-pros-a-run-for-their-money-8294817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Class+act%3A+The+amateur-dramatics+societies+that+could+give+the+pros+a&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Ffeatures%2Fclass-act-the-amateur-dramatics-societies-that-could-give-the-pros-a-run-for-their-money-8294817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerschuur2007" class="citation book cs1">Verschuur, Gerrit (20 March 2007). <i>The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 14–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-68360-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-68360-7"><bdi>978-0-387-68360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Universe%3A+The+Story+of+Radio+Astronomy&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-387-68360-7&rft.aulast=Verschuur&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/guglielmo-marconi-birth/">"This week in tech"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 2017-04-28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/guglielmo-marconi-birth/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=This+week+in+tech&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fconnecting-britain%2Fguglielmo-marconi-birth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2001" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William E. (2001). <i>The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-875-8"><bdi>978-0-87436-875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Revolution%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-875-8&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadbetter2004" class="citation web cs1">Leadbetter, Charles (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/51040/amateur-revolution">"Amateur Revolution"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152736/https://www.fastcompany.com/51040/amateur-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Amateur+Revolution&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.aulast=Leadbetter&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F51040%2Famateur-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodnieksSzemberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2007). <i>World of hockey : celebrating a century of the IIHF</i>. Fenn Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551683072" title="Special:BookSources/9781551683072"><bdi>9781551683072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+hockey+%3A+celebrating+a+century+of+the+IIHF&rft.pub=Fenn+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781551683072&rft.aulast=Podnieks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Szemberg%2C+Szymon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Amateur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Amateur">Amateur</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdieuWhiteside1996" class="citation book cs1">Bourdieu, Pierre; Whiteside, Shaun (1996). <i>Photography: A Middle-brow Art</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2689-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-2689-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography%3A+A+Middle-brow+Art&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2689-4&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1998" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Gary Alan (1998). <i>Morel Tales: The Culture of Mushrooming</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08935-8"><bdi>978-0-674-08935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morel+Tales%3A+The+Culture+of+Mushrooming&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08935-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Goffman, Erving (24 November 2009). <i>Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8833-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8833-0"><bdi>978-1-4391-8833-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stigma%3A+Notes+on+the+Management+of+Spoiled+Identity&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-8833-0&rft.aulast=Goffman&rft.aufirst=Erving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaring2007" class="citation book cs1">Haring, Kristen (2007). <i>Ham radio's technical culture</i> (Online ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262083553" title="Special:BookSources/9780262083553"><bdi>9780262083553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ham+radio%27s+technical+culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262083553&rft.aulast=Haring&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1992" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Henry (1992). <i>Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90572-5"><bdi>978-0-415-90572-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Poachers%3A+Television+Fans+%26+Participatory+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90572-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbins1992" class="citation book cs1">Stebbins, Robert A. (6 April 1992). <i>Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure</i>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6334-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-6334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateurs%2C+Professionals%2C+and+Serious+Leisure&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1992-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6334-6&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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