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href="#Philippine_Scouts_and_U.S._Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East_(USAFFE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philippine Scouts and U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Scouts_and_U.S._Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East_(USAFFE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_Officers_within_the_Philippine_Division,_July_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_Officers_within_the_Philippine_Division,_July_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Filipino Officers within the Philippine Division, July 1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_Officers_within_the_Philippine_Division,_July_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_and_the_"New"_Scouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_and_the_"New"_Scouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liberation and the "New" Scouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_and_the_"New"_Scouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Philippine_Scouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Philippine_Scouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Philippine Scouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Philippine_Scouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the military unit. For the youth movement, see <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines" title="Boy Scouts of the Philippines">Boy Scouts of the Philippines</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Philippine Scouts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/225px-12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/338px-12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/450px-12th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="162" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Philippine Scouts <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia" title="Shoulder sleeve insignia">shoulder sleeve insignia</a> from 1921–1947 was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>) which symbolized the Philippines. The colors red and gold represented the islands' Spanish colonial roots.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1901–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1946)</span> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government (Philippines)">Insular Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1935–1946)</span></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–1948)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/25px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/38px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/24th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">24th Field Artillery Regiment</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/25th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">25th Field Artillery Regiment</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)">26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st Infantry Regiment</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/43d_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="43d Infantry Regiment (PS)">43d Infantry Regiment (PS)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="44th Infantry Regiment (United States)">44th Infantry Regiment</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Infantry Regiment (PS)">45th Infantry Regiment (PS)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Infantry Regiment (PS)">57th Infantry Regiment (PS)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/91st_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="91st Coast Artillery (United States)">91st Coast Artillery</a> <br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/92nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="92nd Coast Artillery (United States)">92nd Coast Artillery Regiment</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data">Red and Gold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Mascot(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortMcKinley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/220px-FortMcKinley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/330px-FortMcKinley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/440px-FortMcKinley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Philippine Scouts at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William McKinley">Fort William McKinley</a> firing a <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">37mm</a> anti-tank gun in training.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Philippine Scouts</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i>Maghahanap ng Pilipinas</i>/<i>Hukbong Maghahanap ng Pilipinas</i>) was a military organization of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> from 1901 until after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. These troops were generally <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino-Americans">Filipino-Americans</a> assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department" title="Philippine Department">Philippine Department</a>, under the command of American <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a> (though a handful of Filipino Americans received commissions from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>). Philippine Scout units were given the suffix "<b>(PS)</b>", to distinguish them from other U.S. Army units. </p><p>The first Scout companies were organized by the U.S. in 1901 to combat the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a> led at that time by General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>. In 1919–1920, the PS companies were grouped into regiments as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and redesignated the <a href="/wiki/43d_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="43d Infantry Regiment (PS)">43d</a>, <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="44th Infantry Regiment (United States)">44th</a>, <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Infantry Regiment (PS)">45th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Infantry Regiment (PS)">57th Infantry Regiments</a>, plus the <a href="/wiki/24th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">25th Field Artillery Regiments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)">26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/91st_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="91st Coast Artillery (United States)">91st</a> and <a href="/wiki/92nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="92nd Coast Artillery (United States)">92nd Coast Artillery Regiments</a>. Service and support formations were also organized as engineer, medical, quartermaster and military police units. The infantry and field artillery regiments were grouped together with the <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment</a> to form the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a>. At this point, the Scouts became the U.S. Army's front line troops in the Pacific. </p><p>The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro tribes</a> on the island of Mindanao (see <a href="/wiki/Moro_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro rebellion">Moro rebellion</a>), and to establish tranquility throughout the islands. In the 1930s, Philippine Scouts, along with the <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st Infantry Regiment</a>, saw action at <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Jolo, Palawan</a>. </p><p>Philippine Scout regiments became the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II, until the surrender of <a href="/wiki/USAFFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFFE">USAFFE</a> in May 1942. Even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and became beginning elements of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#Resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">resistance to the Japanese occupation</a>. Later paroled <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a> would also join the resistance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macabebe_Scouts">Macabebe Scouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Macabebe Scouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Macabebe Scouts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1899–1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1899–1901)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1899–1901)</span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (1899–1901)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregulars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,402 personnel in December 1900<sup id="cite_ref-dum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moro_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro rebellion">Moro rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data">General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Lawton">Henry Lawton</a><br /> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Funston" title="Frederick Funston">Frederick Funston</a><br /> </p> Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Matthew_A._Batson" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew A. Batson">Matthew A. Batson</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1902waterboarding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1902waterboarding.jpg/220px-1902waterboarding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1902waterboarding.jpg/330px-1902waterboarding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1902waterboarding.jpg/440px-1902waterboarding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>A newspaper depiction from 1902 of <a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)" title="Water cure (torture)">water curing</a> by Macabebe Scouts against fellow Filipinos.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG/125px-FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG/188px-FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG/250px-FvfMacabebe9913_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Macabebe Scouts monument-memorial (<a href="/wiki/Macabebe,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Macabebe, Pampanga">Macabebe, Pampanga</a>: On April 23, 1901, the Macabebe scouts helped capture Aguinaldo in <a href="/wiki/Palanan,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanan, Isabela">Palanan, Isabela</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Native guides and a small number of former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> members from <a href="/wiki/Macabebe" title="Macabebe">Macabebe</a> that joined U.S. forces commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Lawton">Henry Lawton</a> and, after authorization by General <a href="/wiki/Elwell_Otis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwell Otis">Elwell Otis</a>, initially two, and later five companies of Macabebe Scouts were formed on September 10, 1899<sup id="cite_ref-ore_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Matthew_A._Batson" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew A. Batson">Matthew A. Batson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffman1977p68p72_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffman1977p68p72-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Macabebes proved themselves reliable over the next two months, and Batson formed five companies of 128 men each; all veterans of service in the militia. In retaliation, Aguinaldo's forces under the command of Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agapito_Bonzon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agapito Bonzon (page does not exist)">Agapito Bonzon</a> burned the town of Macabebe and massacred 300 of its residents on June 26, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-ore_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batson's Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldo's forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into "The Squadron of Philippine Cavalry, U.S. Volunteers" on June 1, 1900<sup id="cite_ref-dum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enlisted as <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a>. The Macabebes won lasting notability in the operation under General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Funston" title="Frederick Funston">Frederick Funston</a> to capture General Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/180px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/270px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/360px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Formation of Philippine Scouts in 1905.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scouts2jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scouts2jf.JPG/125px-Scouts2jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scouts2jf.JPG/188px-Scouts2jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scouts2jf.JPG/250px-Scouts2jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The marker (<a href="/wiki/Macabebe,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Macabebe, Pampanga">Macabebe, Pampanga</a> downtown).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Army Reorganization Act of 1901 authorized the formation of scout units of Philippine origin within the U.S. Army.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Army's recommendation, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> authorized the formation of a unified native Scouts organization. The Army activated this Native Scouts force in October 1901 by integrating 50 local companies into a single force of 5,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next ten years, the Scouts won accolades from their American commanders which contributed to their survival as a unit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_Scouts_and_U.S._Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East_(USAFFE)"><span id="Philippine_Scouts_and_U.S._Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East_.28USAFFE.29"></span>Philippine Scouts and U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philippine Scouts and U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 26, 1941, in preparation for the coming war, President Roosevelt called <a href="/wiki/General_Douglas_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> back to active duty and put him in charge of a new military organization: The United States Army Forces in the Far East (<a href="/wiki/USAFFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFFE">USAFFE</a>). MacArthur took command of all military forces in the Philippines except the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Fleet">Asiatic Fleet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department" title="Philippine Department">Philippine Department</a> and all other Philippine Scout units were included in USAFFE, as was the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Far_East_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Far East Air Force">Far East Air Force</a> (FEAF). At the time of USAFFE's formation, the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of which 11,972 were Philippine Scouts. </p><p>Of the 22,532 troops, 10,473 were members of the Philippine Division, itself containing 2,552 Americans and 7,921 Filipinos. All of the division's enlisted men, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st Infantry Regiment</a> and some of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">military police</a> and headquarters troops, were Philippine Scouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filipino_Officers_within_the_Philippine_Division,_July_1941"><span id="Filipino_Officers_within_the_Philippine_Division.2C_July_1941"></span>Filipino Officers within the Philippine Division, July 1941</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Filipino Officers within the Philippine Division, July 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910, the U.S. Army began sending one outstanding Filipino soldier per year to West Point. Among these cadets were <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a> (USMA, Class of 1914),<sup id="cite_ref-Braden1707_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braden1707-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Segundo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel V. Segundo">Fidel V. Segundo</a> (1917),<sup id="cite_ref-Braden1939_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braden1939-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eustaquio S. Baclig (1918),<sup id="cite_ref-WPBB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPBB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastor Martelino (1920),<sup id="cite_ref-Braden2146_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braden2146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least eight others.<sup id="cite_ref-WPBB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPBB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first Filipino officer with the Philippine Scouts, Esteban Boadilla Dalao, had been commissioned in 1912 and rose to the rank of Colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_buried_in_Arlington_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_buried_in_Arlington-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corregidor.org_-_Philippine_Scouts_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corregidor.org_-_Philippine_Scouts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1941 some of these men had risen to the rank of senior officers, and some transferred to the Philippine Army when the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth">Philippine Commonwealth</a> began to build up its own forces in 1937. In July 1941, there were fifteen Filipino Scout officers within the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department" title="Philippine Department">Philippine Division</a>. Two were in the Headquarters, two were amongst the Special Troops, three in the <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Infantry Regiment (PS)">45th Infantry Regiment (PS)</a>, one in the <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Infantry Regiment (PS)">57th Infantry Regiment (PS)</a>, five in the <a href="/wiki/24th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Field Artillery Regiment (PS)">24th Field Artillery Regiment (PS)</a>, one in the <a href="/wiki/12th_Quartermaster_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Quartermaster Regiment (PS)">12th Quartermaster Regiment (PS)</a>, and one in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Engineer_Regiment_(PS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Engineer Regiment (PS) (page does not exist)">14th Engineer Regiment (PS)</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Strength of the Philippine Division, July 31, 1941<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Unit </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th rowspan="2">Officers </th> <th colspan="3">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>American </th> <th>Filipino </th></tr> <tr> <td>All Units</td> <td>10,473</td> <td>516<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_scoutmanninga"><a href="#endnote_scoutmanninga">[a]</a></sup></td> <td>9,957</td> <td>2,036</td> <td>7,921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hq and Hq Co</td> <td>181</td> <td>30</td> <td>151</td> <td>4</td> <td>147 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Special Troops</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31st Infantry</td> <td>2,100</td> <td>114</td> <td>1,986</td> <td>1,986</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45th Infantry</td> <td>2,265</td> <td>117</td> <td>2,148</td> <td>1</td> <td>2,147 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57th Infantry</td> <td>2,279</td> <td>118</td> <td>2,161</td> <td>0</td> <td>2,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23rd FA Regt</td> <td>401</td> <td>10</td> <td>391</td> <td>0</td> <td>804 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24th FA Regt</td> <td>843</td> <td>39</td> <td>804</td> <td>0</td> <td>804 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th MP Co</td> <td>136</td> <td>5</td> <td>131</td> <td>5</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th QM Regt</td> <td>592</td> <td>18</td> <td>574</td> <td>0</td> <td>574 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th Ord Co</td> <td>142</td> <td>3</td> <td>139</td> <td>0</td> <td>139 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th Sig regt</td> <td>227</td> <td>10</td> <td>217</td> <td>0</td> <td>217 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th Vet Co</td> <td>11</td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_scoutmanninga"><a href="#ref_scoutmanninga"><b><sup>a</sup></b></a></span> Includes 15 Philippine Scout officers: 2 Hq, 2 Sp Trs, 3 45th Inf, 1 57th Inf, 5 24th FA Regt, 1 12th QM Regt, and 1 14th Engr.</span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: Phil Dept, Machine Rcds Unit Station Strength and Misc., Officers and Enlisted Men, Jul 41.</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg/220px-26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg/330px-26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg/440px-26th_Cavalry_PI_Scouts_moving_into_Pozorrubio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>26th Cavalry moving into Pozorrubio pass a <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">General Stuart light tank, M3</a> in 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 7, 1941, (December 8, 1941, local time in Asia), Imperial Japanese forces attacked the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> at Pearl Harbor, bombed the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(United_States)" title="Far East Air Force (United States)">Far East Air Force</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Field">Clark Field</a> in the Philippines, attacked <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>, and landed troops on the shores of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, simultaneously. Over the next three months the Japanese Army marched through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and by March 1942 the Japanese had completely overrun every country and island in the western Pacific — except the Philippines. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luzon_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzon Island">Luzon Island</a>, the Philippine Scouts, a few U.S. Army National Guard units, and ten divisions of poorly equipped, almost untrained <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a> soldiers held out against the Japanese. Survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a>, to a man, describe the Philippine Scouts as the backbone of the American defense there. President Franklin Roosevelt awarded the U.S. Army's first three <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> of World War II to Philippine Scouts: to Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Jose_Calugas" title="Jose Calugas">Jose Calugas</a> for action at Culis, Bataan on January 6, 1942, to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Nininger" title="Alexander R. Nininger">Alexander R. Nininger</a> for action near Abucay, Bataan on January 12, and to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Willibald_C._Bianchi" title="Willibald C. Bianchi">Willibald C. Bianchi</a> for action near Bagac, Bataan on February 3, 1942. </p><p>With the U.S. Navy at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> in shambles, and the Japanese Navy blockading the Philippines, there was no way to send adequate amounts of food, medicine, ammunition or reinforcements to Bataan. Early in the campaign, in January 1942, General MacArthur ordered that his forces be fed one-half daily rations because the USAFFE food-stocks on Bataan were insufficient for the planned six-month siege. Such a diet did not provide enough calories for men working and fighting in the tropical heat of the Philippines' Dry Season. Nonetheless, the Scouts and the other soldiers held out for more than four months without adequate food or medicine, while malaria, dysentery and malnutrition ravaged their ranks, and Japanese attacks drove them further down the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a>. In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a>, on March 11, 1942, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> ordered General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> spirited out of the Philippines by PT boat and airplane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a> ended on April 9, 1942, when <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Major General Edward P. King, Jr.</a>, surrendered rather than see any more of his starving, diseased men slaughtered by the advancing enemy. At that point 70,000 men became <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>: about 16,000 Americans and 54,000 Filipinos. Japanese soldiers marched the emaciated Scouts, American soldiers, and Philippine Army men sixty-five miles up the Bataan Peninsula's East Road on the notorious "March of Death", the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>. During the March, Japanese guards shot or bayoneted between 7,000 and 10,000 men who fell, attempted to escape, or just stopped to quench their thirst at roadside spigots or puddles. They also beat and sometimes killed Filipino civilians who attempted to give food and water to the POWs, and at times flashed the "V" for "Victory" hand-gesture to the defeated soldiers along the length of the Death March. The March ended at the railroad head in San Fernando, Pampanga province. There the POWs were forced into overcrowded "40 and 10" railroad cars, which only had enough room for them to sit down in shifts on the final leg of the trip to Capas, Tarlac province. At Capas they were herded into Camp O'Donnell, a former Philippine Army training camp, which was to be their prison camp. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Donnell" title="Camp O'Donnell">Camp O'Donnell</a> the Japanese crammed all 60,000 survivors into a Philippine Army camp designed to accommodate 10,000 men. There, the Japanese commander greeted each new group of arrivals with the discouraging "Goddamn you to Hell" speech in his native language, and assured the men that they were "captives," not Prisoners of war, and would be treated as such. There was little running water, sparse food, no medical care, and only slit trenches for sanitation. The heat was intolerable, flies rose out of the latrines and covered the prisoner's food, and malaria, dysentery, beriberi and a host of other diseases swept through the crowds of men. They began to die at the rate of four hundred per day. </p><p>From September through December 1942, the Japanese gradually paroled the surviving Philippine Scouts and other Filipino soldiers to their families and to the mayors of their hometowns. But by the time Camp O'Donnell closed in January 1943, after eight months of operation, 26,000 of the 50,000 Filipino <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> had died there. </p><p>The Japanese transferred the American prisoners to <a href="/wiki/Cabanatuan" title="Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan</a>, Nueva Ecija province, where conditions were only marginally better. But as U.S. forces pulled closer to the Philippines in 1944, they <a href="/wiki/Hell_ship" title="Hell ship">evacuated</a> the healthiest American prisoners to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, for use as slave laborers. Thousands of men were crammed into the dark holds of cargo ships so tightly that they could not sit or lay down. Again, food and water were scarce, sanitary facilities were non-existent, and the heat in the closed holds of the ships was unbearable. Men suffocated to death standing up. The Japanese ships were unmarked and some of them were torpedoed by American submarines. More of the men died of malnutrition and exposure in the work camps. By the time Japan surrendered and the U.S. and Filipino Army liberated the Bataan prisoners of war, two-thirds of the American prisoners had died in Japanese custody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation_and_the_"New"_Scouts"><span id="Liberation_and_the_.22New.22_Scouts"></span>Liberation and the "New" Scouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberation and the "New" Scouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines an extensive Filipino <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">guerrilla</a> movement sprang up. In some cases the guerrilla units were led by escaped American officers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Fertig" title="Wendell Fertig">Wendell Fertig</a>) and often included "paroled" Philippine Scout and Philippine Commonwealth Army soldiers, along with civilian members of the Philippine underground. As MacArthur's forces, supported by the guerrillas, liberated the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a>, the surviving Philippine Scouts stepped forward and rejoined the U.S. Army. The Filipino guerrillas joined them, and the U.S. Army set up new Philippine Scout units, reconstituting the old Philippine Division as the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">12th Infantry Division</a>. Subordinate units included the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Infantry Regiment (PS)">43rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="44th Infantry Regiment (PS)">44th</a> and <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Infantry Regiment (PS)">45th Infantry Regiments</a> (PS); <a href="/w/index.php?title=23rd_Field_Artillery_(PS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="23rd Field Artillery (PS) (page does not exist)">23rd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=24th_Field_Artillery_(PS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24th Field Artillery (PS) (page does not exist)">24th</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=88th_Field_Artillery_(PS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="88th Field Artillery (PS) (page does not exist)">88th Field Artillery</a> (PS) Battalions; <a href="/w/index.php?title=56th_Engineer_Battalion_(PS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="56th Engineer Battalion (PS) (page does not exist)">56th Engineer Battalion (PS)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(PS)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Infantry Regiment (PS)">57th Infantry Regiment (PS)</a>. The "New Scouts" actively participated in combat against the Japanese Army in north <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> to restore order and help locate pockets of escaped Japanese in the south, and served as occupation forces on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. As planning for the invasion of Japan progressed, the Philippine Scouts were included in the invasion forces, and were selected to become part of the occupying force once Japan was defeated. </p><p>After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the United States granted the Republic of the Philippines full independence on July 4, 1946. At that point the ethnically Filipino Philippine Scouts held a unique status in U.S. military history: they were soldiers in the regular U.S. Army, but now they were citizens of a foreign country. To solve this dilemma, the United States offered the Filipinos in the Philippine Scouts full <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizenship">U.S. citizenship</a>. Many of the surviving Scouts, perhaps around 1,000, accepted, and the Army transferred them to other units to finish their military careers. </p><p>With the consent of the Philippine government, Congress approved the maintenance of 50,000 Philippine Scouts. Under Major General Hibbs, Philippine Division as the 12th Infantry Division (PS) was reconstituted. Unlike its previous organization enlisted personnel of the division were exclusively Philippine Scouts. The War Department also proposed organizing a second Philippine Scout division, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Infantry Division (United States)">14th</a>, but never did so.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">President Truman</a> disbanded the Philippine Scouts as an official element of the United States Army, and all of their unit colors were retired in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally disbanded in December 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the former Philippine Scouts went on to serve the new Philippine Army, as well as the United States Army in military careers of twenty and more years, campaigning in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the build-up to the planned invasion of Cuba during the October 1962 Missile Crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and the Cold War. Children of the Scouts (known as "Army Soup" in pre-World War II Fort William McKinley days) sometimes carried on their fathers' military traditions and also became U.S. Army soldiers and Marines. Two Philippine Scout children even earned the stars of U.S. Army generals: Lt. General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Soriano" title="Edward Soriano">Edward Soriano</a> and Major General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_M._Taguba" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio M. Taguba">Antonio M. Taguba</a>. A third, Brig. General <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hilman" title="Oscar Hilman">Oscar Hilman</a>, a native of Washington state and an armor officer who had started out as an enlisted man, earned his star in a long career in the Army National Guard. </p><p>Unlike other non-citizen veterans, veterans of the Philippine Division and other Filipinos who fought as part of the <a href="/wiki/USAFFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFFE">USAFFE</a> were never granted citizenship. Since 1993, various bills have been introduced to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Veterans_Fairness_Act" title="Filipino Veterans Fairness Act">Filipino Veterans Fairness Act</a> to rectify this. However, this was a complicated matter as after the liberation of the Philippines members of the Philippine Scouts were offered enlistments and in some applicable cases commissions in the U.S. Army and subsequent citizenship. Large numbers of "old" Philippine Scouts (those enlisting before or during World War II) took advantage of this. However, most "new" Philippine Scouts (those recruited following the war, mostly for occupation duty on Okinawa and elsewhere) were not offered citizenship. Language similar to the aforementioned proposed legislation was inserted by the Senate into the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was signed into law. This provided a one-time payment to those veterans who are recognized as being soldiers or recognized guerrilla members by the United States or their surviving spouse. Even this, however, falls far short of the benefits available to similar veterans of other units. </p><p>In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> named <i>Forgotten Soldiers</i> was produced by Donald A. Pata, with the help of Associate Instructor Chris Schaefer of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>, and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Lou_Diamond_Phillips" title="Lou Diamond Phillips">Lou Diamond Phillips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film received awards from the City of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/California_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="California Senate">California Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Los Angeles">County of Los Angeles</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/Beloit_International_Film_Festival" title="Beloit International Film Festival">Beloit International Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Philippine_Scouts">Notable Philippine Scouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Philippine Scouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Barros" title="Vicente Barros">Vicente Barros</a> – Major, U.S. Army, the only Filipino officer among the ranks of Americans during the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Guard" title="Philippine National Guard">Philippine National Guard</a> in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Became advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth militia, the National Volunteers of the Philippines in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a> - Brigadier General, first Filipino graduate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateo_M._Capinpin" title="Mateo M. Capinpin">Mateo M. Capinpin</a> - Brigadier General, Commanding General of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(Philippines)" title="21st Division (Philippines)">21st Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_C._Bianchi" title="Willibald C. Bianchi">Willibald C. Bianchi</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient, 45th Infantry Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Calugas" title="Jose Calugas">Jose Calugas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a>, U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient, 88th Field Artillery Regiment</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_T._Fry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip T. Fry (page does not exist)">Philip T. Fry</a> - Commanded C Battalion, 57th Infantry during initial Japanese attack at Abucay. Received the Silver Star for this action and the Bronze Star as a POW after the Bataan Death March.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Garcia" title="Eddie Garcia">Eddie Garcia</a> – Sergeant, 116th Military Police Company. Actor, previously a Philippine Scout in Okinawa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Mosher" title="Louis C. Mosher">Louis C. Mosher</a> – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Nininger" title="Alexander R. Nininger">Alexander R. Nininger</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a>, U.S. Army. First Medal of Honor recipient in World War II, 57th Infantry Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._N%C3%ADsperos" title="José B. Nísperos">José B. Nísperos</a> – <a href="/wiki/Private_First_Class#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Private First Class">Private First Class</a>, U.S. Army. First Asian Medal of Honor recipient, 34th Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pajota" title="Juan Pajota">Juan Pajota</a> – Captain, U.S. Army, 45th Infantry Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ramsey" title="Edwin Ramsey">Edwin Ramsey</a> – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Led last horse cavalry charge in U.S. military history, 26th Cavalry Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_G._Tabora" title="Benigno G. Tabora">Benigno G. Tabora</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_major#United_States_Army" title="Sergeant major">Sergeant Major</a>, U.S. Army. <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_White" title="Miguel White">Miguel White</a> – Lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Army</a>. Olympian, previously a Philippine Scout.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofilo_Yldefonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Teofilo Yldefonso">Teofilo Yldefonso</a> – Sergeant, U.S. Army. Olympian, <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="57th Infantry Regiment (United States)">57th Infantry Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Scouts" title="Alamo Scouts">Alamo Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Scouts" title="Apache Scouts">Apache Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo Scouts">Eskimo Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Military history of Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_History_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Military History of the Philippines">Military History of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_History_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military History of the United States">Military History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Scouts" title="Navajo Scouts">Navajo Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scout_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Scout Mutiny">Philippine Scout Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Indian_Scouts" title="United States Army Indian Scouts">United States Army Indian Scouts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_references">Bibliography and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDumindin" class="citation web cs1">Dumindin, Arnaldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628081842/http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm">"Philippine-American War, 1899–1902"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm">the original</a> on June 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine-American+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.aulast=Dumindin&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipinoamericanwar.com%2Fthewarrages1899.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ore-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ore_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ore_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrejas2014" class="citation news cs1">Orejas, Tonette (June 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/610251/they-were-fierce-loyal-soldiers">"They were fierce, loyal soldiers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippine Daily Inquirer">The Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=They+were+fierce%2C+loyal+soldiers&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Orejas&rft.aufirst=Tonette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F610251%2Fthey-were-fierce-loyal-soldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffman1977p68p72-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffman1977p68p72_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffman1977">Coffman 1977</a>, pp. 68, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcíaRodríguez2001">García & Rodríguez 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC&pg=PA95">95</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGarcíaRodríguez2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States1901" class="citation book cs1">United States (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2liGLyKRW6QC"><i>Military Laws of the United States</i></a>. 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Lulu Press, Inc. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1365280542" title="Special:BookSources/978-1365280542"><bdi>978-1365280542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Point%2C+Bataan%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1365280542&rft.aulast=Guevara&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCk-DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braden2146-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braden2146_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraden1920">Braden 1920</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pastor+Martelino&pg=PA2146">2146</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181611/https://www.westpointaog.org/file/history/International-Graduates.pdf">"International Graduates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=City+of+LA+recognizes+Donald+Plata+for+%27Forgotten%27+Soldiers&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianjournal.com%2Fcommunity%2Fcommunity-news%2F17827-city-of-la-recognizes-donald-plata-for-forgotten-soldiers-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Burton_Harrison2010" class="citation news cs1">Francis Burton Harrison (September 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2343.0001.001/192">"THE CORNERSTONE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE: A Narrative Of Seven Years"</a>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 166<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+CORNERSTONE+OF+PHILIPPINE+INDEPENDENCE%3A+A+Narrative+Of+Seven+Years&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.au=Francis+Burton+Harrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2FAFJ2343.0001.001%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Burton_Harrison1922" class="citation book cs1">Francis Burton Harrison (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog"><i>The Corner-stone of Philippine Independence</i></a>. Century Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog/page/n196">166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corner-stone+of+Philippine+Independence&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Century+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Francis+Burton+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcornerstonephil00harrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicardo_Trota_Jose1992" class="citation news cs1">Ricardo Trota Jose (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGocnp15GQ8C&q=barros&pg=PA13">"THE PHILIPPINE ARMY, 1935-1942"</a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press (1992). p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715500814" title="Special:BookSources/9789715500814"><bdi>9789715500814</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+PHILIPPINE+ARMY%2C+1935-1942&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789715500814&rft.au=Ricardo+Trota+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGocnp15GQ8C%26q%3Dbarros%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayug2019" class="citation news cs1">Layug, Margaret Claire (June 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/698592/eddie-garcia-honored-by-philippine-army-in-memorial-service/story/">"Eddie Garcia honored by Philippine Army in memorial service"</a>. <i>GMA News</i>. Philippines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News&rft.atitle=Eddie+Garcia+honored+by+Philippine+Army+in+memorial+service&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft.aulast=Layug&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fshowbiz%2Fchikaminute%2F698592%2Feddie-garcia-honored-by-philippine-army-in-memorial-service%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariano_Villarin1990" class="citation book cs1">Mariano Villarin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wj4gAAAAMAAJ"><i>We Remember Bataan and Corregidor: The Story of the American & Filipino Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor and Their Captivity</i></a>. Gateway Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626127-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9626127-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9626127-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Remember+Bataan+and+Corregidor%3A+The+Story+of+the+American+%26+Filipino+Defenders+of+Bataan+and+Corregidor+and+Their+Captivity&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Gateway+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9626127-0-1&rft.au=Mariano+Villarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwj4gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViloria2016" class="citation news cs1">Viloria, Barry (September 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.abs-cbn.com/sportslifestyle/news/2016/09/08/what-makes-first-filipino-olympics-medalist-hero-15317">"What makes the first Filipino Olympics medalist a 'hero'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN</i>. Philippines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN&rft.atitle=What+makes+the+first+Filipino+Olympics+medalist+a+%27hero%27&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.aulast=Viloria&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.abs-cbn.com%2Fsportslifestyle%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F08%2Fwhat-makes-first-filipino-olympics-medalist-hero-15317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraden1920" class="citation book cs1">Braden, Charles (1920). Wirt Robinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.: from its establishment, in 1802, to 1890, with the early history of the United States Military Academy</i></a>. University of Michigan: Houghton, Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+register+of+the+officers+and+graduates+of+the+U.S.+Military+Academy+at+West+Point%2C+N.Y.%3A+from+its+establishment%2C+in+1802%2C+to+1890%2C+with+the+early+history+of+the+United+States+Military+Academy&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSHcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Coffman, Edward M. (1977). "Batson of the Philippine Scouts". <i>Journal of the U.S. Army War College</i>. <b>VII</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+U.S.+Army+War+College&rft.atitle=Batson+of+the+Philippine+Scouts&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Coffman&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodao_GarcíaRodríguez2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Rodao" title="Florentino Rodao">Rodao García, Florentino</a>; Rodríguez, Felice Noelle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC"><i>The Philippine Revolution of 1896: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times</i></a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-386-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-386-0"><bdi>978-971-550-386-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution+of+1896%3A+Ordinary+Lives+in+Extraordinary+Times&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-550-386-0&rft.aulast=Rodao+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Felice+Noelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl533SkJ2VCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1981" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Donald (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathmarchsurviv00knox"><i>Death March: The Survivors of Bataan</i></a></span>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-124094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-124094-4"><bdi>978-0-15-124094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+March%3A+The+Survivors+of+Bataan&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-15-124094-4&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathmarchsurviv00knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEOtgqPEkgwC"><i>Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940</i></a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4815-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+Empire%3A+The+U.S.+Army+and+the+Pacific%2C+1902%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4815-9&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEOtgqPEkgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2004" class="citation book cs1">Morton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJgPwAACAAJ"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. University Press of the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1696-0"><bdi>978-1-4102-1696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-1696-0&rft.au=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJgPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippine_Scouts_Heritage_Society1996" class="citation book cs1">Philippine Scouts Heritage Society (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Def9NwAACAAJ"><i>The Philippine Scouts</i></a>. The Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Scouts&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Philippine+Scouts+Heritage+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDef9NwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1985" class="citation book cs1">Olson, John E. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaOEAAAAIAAJ"><i>O'Donnell, Andersonville of the Pacific</i></a>. J.E. Olson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964443211" title="Special:BookSources/9780964443211"><bdi>9780964443211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O%27Donnell%2C+Andersonville+of+the+Pacific&rft.pub=J.E.+Olson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780964443211&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaOEAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_War_Dept2009" class="citation book cs1">United States War Dept (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjhKQgAACAAJ"><i>Annual Reports of the Secretary of War</i></a>. Books LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4588-1628-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4588-1628-3"><bdi>978-1-4588-1628-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Reports+of+the+Secretary+of+War&rft.pub=Books+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4588-1628-3&rft.au=United+States+War+Dept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjhKQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Scouts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Scouts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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