CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Emergency Alert System - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c943e457-2672-41e7-b47c-c44a285133bd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Emergency_Alert_System","wgTitle":"Emergency Alert System","wgCurRevisionId":1274058251,"wgRevisionId":1274058251,"wgArticleId":175507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from December 2023","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from April 2011","Articles with empty listen template","Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Emergency Alert System","1997 establishments in the United States","Broadcasting in the United States","Cold War history of the United States","Disaster preparedness in the United States","Emergency population warning systems","Mass media companies established in 1997","United States civil defense","United States communications regulation","United States warning systems","Nuclear warfare","Tornado outbreaks"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Emergency_Alert_System","wgRelevantArticleId":175507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q561323","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/1200px-EAS_new.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="642"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/800px-EAS_new.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/640px-EAS_new.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="342"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Emergency Alert System - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Emergency_Alert_System rootpage-Emergency_Alert_System skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Emergency+Alert+System" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Emergency+Alert+System" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Emergency+Alert+System" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Emergency+Alert+System" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Technical concept </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical concept subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_Entry_Point_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_Entry_Point_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Primary Entry Point stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_Entry_Point_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Communication links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EAS_header" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EAS_header"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 EAS header </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EAS_header-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPAWS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPAWS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 IPAWS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPAWS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Station_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Station_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Station requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Station_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 System tests </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_tests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle System tests subsection </button> <ul id="toc-System_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationwide_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationwide_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nationwide tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationwide_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additions_and_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions_and_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Additions and proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions_and_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Incidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Incidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_alarms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_alarms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 False alarms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_alarms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybersecurity_breaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybersecurity_breaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cybersecurity breaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybersecurity_breaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_usage_outside_of_alerts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_usage_outside_of_alerts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Tone usage outside of alerts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_usage_outside_of_alerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Testing errors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Emergency Alert System</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B4%EA%B8%89_%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%B4_%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84" title="긴급 경보 체계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="긴급 경보 체계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E8%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="緊急警報システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緊急警報システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8dvarslingssystem" title="Nødvarslingssystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nødvarslingssystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Система экстренного оповещения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система экстренного оповещения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบเตือนภัยฉุกเฉิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบเตือนภัยฉุกเฉิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emergency Alert System" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="紧急警报系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紧急警报系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q561323#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Emergency_Alert_System" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Emergency_Alert_System" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Emergency_Alert_System" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&oldid=1274058251" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Emergency_Alert_System&id=1274058251&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmergency_Alert_System">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmergency_Alert_System">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Emergency_Alert_System&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emergency_Alert_System" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q561323" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of emergency broadcasting in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Warning_Broadcast_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Warning Broadcast system">Emergency Warning Broadcast system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Warning_System" title="Emergency Warning System">Emergency Warning System</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Emergency Alert System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:EAS_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/250px-EAS_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/330px-EAS_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EAS_new.svg/500px-EAS_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="475" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency warning system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">TV stations</th><td class="infobox-data">All broadcast television stations and cable systems</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Radio stations</th><td class="infobox-data">77 designated Primary Entry Point (PEP) stations. All commercial radio stations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Broadcast area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies; nationwide for national activation, limited to 31 locations at a time for regional activation, including <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">boroughs</a> (and any other <a href="/wiki/County_equivalents" class="mw-redirect" title="County equivalents">equivalents</a>), entire <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Launch date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1997; 28 years ago (January 1, 1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Replaced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_Access_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Access Alert">Local Access Alert</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Emergency Alert System (EAS) is a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">national warning system</a> in the United States designed to allow authorized officials to broadcast emergency alerts and warning messages to the public via <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">broadcast</a> television and <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite</a> radio. Informally, Emergency Alert System is sometimes conflated with its mobile phone counterpart <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a> (WEA), a different but related system. However, both the EAS and WEA, among other systems, are coordinated under the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Public_Alert_and_Warning_System" title="Integrated Public Alert and Warning System">Integrated Public Alert and Warning System</a> (IPAWS). The EAS, and more broadly IPAWS, allows federal, state, and local authorities to efficiently broadcast emergency alert and warning messages across multiple channels.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The EAS became operational on January 1, 1997, after being approved by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) in November 1994,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> replacing the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a> (EBS), and largely supplanted <a href="/wiki/Local_Access_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Access Alert">Local Access Alert</a> systems, though Local Access Alert systems are still used from time to time. Its main improvement over the EBS, and perhaps its most distinctive feature, is its application of a <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency-shift_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio frequency-shift keying">digitally encoded audio signal</a> known as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Technical_concept">Specific Area Message Encoding</a> (SAME), which is responsible for the characteristic "screeching" or "chirping" sounds at the start and end of each message. The first signal is the "header" which encodes, among other information, the alert type and locations, or the specific area that should receive the message. The last short burst marks the end-of-message. These signals are read by specialized encoder-decoder equipment. This design allows for automated station-to-station relay of alerts to only the area the alert was intended for. Like the Emergency Broadcast System, the system is primarily designed to allow the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> to address the country via all radio and television stations in the event of a national emergency. Despite this, neither the system nor its predecessors have been used in this manner. The <a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">ubiquity of news coverage</a> in these situations, such as during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, has been credited to making usage of the system unnecessary or redundant.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-3">[3]</a> In practice, it is used at a regional scale to distribute information regarding imminent threats to public safety, such as severe weather situations (including <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>), <a href="/wiki/AMBER_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="AMBER Alert">AMBER Alerts</a>, and other civil emergencies. It is jointly coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). The EAS regulations and standards are governed by the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>. All broadcast television, broadcast and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> stations, as well as <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_video_programming_distributor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel video programming distributor">multichannel video programming distributors</a> (MVPDs), are required to participate in the system. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_concept">Technical concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical concept">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Specific_Area_Message_Encoding" title="Specific Area Message Encoding">Specific Area Message Encoding</a></div> Messages in the EAS are composed of four parts: a digitally encoded <a href="/wiki/Specific_Area_Message_Encoding" title="Specific Area Message Encoding">Specific Area Message Encoding</a> (SAME) <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a>, an attention signal, an audio announcement, and a digitally encoded end-of-message marker. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg/250px-Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg/330px-Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg/500px-Sage_EAS_Endec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>A Sage EAS ENDEC unit</figcaption></figure> The <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/Same.wav\/Same.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"SAME header"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Same.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Same.wav/Same.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">SAME header</a><a href="/wiki/File:Same.wav" title="File:Same.wav">ⓘ</a> is the most critical part of the EAS design. It contains information about who originated the alert (the president, state or local authorities, the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NOAA/NWS), or the broadcaster), a short, general description of the event (tornado, flood, severe thunderstorm), the areas affected (up to 32 counties or states), the expected duration of the event (in minutes), the date and time it was issued (in <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Coordinated Time">UTC</a>), and an identification of the originating station. There are 79 radio stations designated as National Primary Stations in the Primary Entry Point (PEP) System to distribute presidential messages to other broadcast stations and cable systems.<a href="#cite_note-The_National_Public_Warning_System-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Message" title="National Emergency Message">National Emergency Message</a> (formerly known as the Emergency Action Notification) is the notice to broadcasters that the president of the United States or their designee will deliver a message over the EAS via the PEP system.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The government has stated that the system would allow a president to speak during a national emergency within 10 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>List of Primary Entry Point stations<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Operational area</th> <th>Station</th> <th>Citations </th></tr> <tr> <td>National</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premiere_Radio_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiere Radio Networks">PRN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Radio">SXM</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSTA" title="WSTA">WSTA</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WKAQ_(AM)" title="WKAQ (AM)">WKAQ</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-fcc.gov-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WGAN" title="WGAN">WGAN</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBZ_(AM)" title="WBZ (AM)">WBZ</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTIC_(AM)" title="WTIC (AM)">WTIC</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">NYC</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WABC_(AM)" title="WABC (AM)">WABC</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ny-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast New York</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WROW" title="WROW">WROW</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Central New York</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBNW-FM" title="WBNW-FM">WBNW-FM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ny-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Central New York</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHEN_(AM)" title="WHEN (AM)">WHEN</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western New York</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHAM_(AM)" title="WHAM (AM)">WHAM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ny-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">WTEL</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">WHYY-FM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Pennsylvania</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WCHS_(AM)" title="WCHS (AM)">WCHS</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBAL_(AM)" title="WBAL (AM)">WBAL</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WFED" title="WFED">WFED</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTAR" title="WTAR">WTAR</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Virginia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WRXL" title="WRXL">WRXL</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Virginia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WPLY_(AM)" title="WPLY (AM)">WPLY</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSFL-FM" title="WSFL-FM">WSFL-FM</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central North Carolina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WQDR-FM" title="WQDR-FM">WQDR-FM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western North Carolina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBT_(AM)" title="WBT (AM)">WBT</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western South Carolina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WKVG_(FM)" title="WKVG (FM)">WKVG</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WCOS-FM" title="WCOS-FM">WCOS-FM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WMAC" title="WMAC">WMAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/WSRV" title="WSRV">WSRV</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WOKV_(AM)" title="WOKV (AM)">WOKV</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-fl-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Florida</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WFLF_(AM)" title="WFLF (AM)">WFLF</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-fl-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Florida</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WAQI" title="WAQI">WAQI</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-fl-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WJOX_(AM)" title="WJOX (AM)">WJOX</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WMSI-FM" title="WMSI-FM">WMSI-FM</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>East <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WJCW" title="WJCW">WJCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/WJXB-FM" title="WJXB-FM">WJXB-FM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tn-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle Tennessee, southwest <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSM_(AM)" title="WSM (AM)">WSM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tn-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-in-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Tennessee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WREC" title="WREC">WREC</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tn-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, southwest <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, southeast Indiana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WLW_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WLW (AM)">WLW</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-oh-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast Ohio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTAM_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WTAM (AM)">WTAM</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-oh-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WJR_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WJR (AM)">WJR</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Indiana, northern <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WLS_(AM)" title="WLS (AM)">WLS</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-in-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-il-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Illinois, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KMOX_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KMOX (AM)">KMOX</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-in-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-mo-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTMJ_(AM)" title="WTMJ (AM)">WTMJ</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WCCO_(AM)" title="WCCO (AM)">WCCO</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHO_(AM)" title="WHO (AM)">WHO</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Missouri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KTXY" title="KTXY">KTXY</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Missouri, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHB_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WHB (AM)">WHB</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-mo-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KAAY" title="KAAY">KAAY</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WWL_(AM)" title="WWL (AM)">WWL</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Louisiana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KWKH" title="KWKH">KWKH</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KLBJ_(AM)" title="KLBJ (AM)">KLBJ</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tx-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Texas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBAP_(AM)" title="WBAP (AM)">WBAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSCS" title="KSCS">KSCS</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tx-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Texas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KTRH_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KTRH (AM)">KTRH</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tx-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Texas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KROD_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KROD (AM)">KROD</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tx-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KRMG_(AM)" title="KRMG (AM)">KRMG</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KRVN_(AM)" title="KRVN (AM)">KRVN</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> (secondary)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KFYR_(AM)" title="KFYR (AM)">KFYR</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KERR" title="KERR">KERR</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KTWO_(AM)" title="KTWO (AM)">KTWO</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> (primary)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KOA_(AM)" title="KOA (AM)">KOA</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KKOB_(AM)" title="KKOB (AM)">KKOB</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KFLT_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KFLT (AM)">KFLT</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KSL_(AM)" title="KSL (AM)">KSL</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KBOI_(AM)" title="KBOI (AM)">KBOI</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KKOH" title="KKOH">KKOH</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KXNT_(AM)" title="KXNT (AM)">KXNT</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> area</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KOGO_(AM)" title="KOGO (AM)">KOGO</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ca-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KFI" title="KFI">KFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/KNX_(AM)" title="KNX (AM)">KNX</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ca-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central California</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KMJ_(AM)" title="KMJ (AM)">KMJ</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ca-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern California</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KCBS_(AM)" title="KCBS (AM)">KCBS</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ca-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Hawaii Emergency Management Agency">HEMA</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/WVUV-FM" title="WVUV-FM">WVUV-FM</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KTWG" title="KTWG">KTWG</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KOPB-FM" title="KOPB-FM">KOPB-FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/KPNW_(AM)" title="KPNW (AM)">KPNW</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KIRO_(AM)" title="KIRO (AM)">KIRO</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KFQD" title="KFQD">KFQD</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Entry_Point_stations">Primary Entry Point stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary Entry Point stations">edit</a>]</div> The National Public Warning System, also known as the Primary Entry Point (PEP) stations, is a network of 77 radio stations that are, in coordination with FEMA, used to originate emergency alert and warning information to the public before, during, and after incidents and disasters. PEP stations are equipped with additional and backup communications equipment and power generators designed to enable them to continue broadcasting information to the public during and after an event.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[57]</a> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/WJR" title="WJR">WJR</a> Detroit and <a href="/wiki/WLW" title="WLW">WLW</a> Cincinnati in 2016, FEMA began the process of constructing transportable studio shelters at the transmitters of 33 PEP stations, which feature broadcasting equipment, emergency provisions, a rest area, and an air filtration system. NPWS project manager Manny Centeno explained that these shelters were designed to "[expand] the survivability of these stations to include an all hazards platform, which means chemical, biological, radiological air protection and protection from electromagnetic pulse."<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_links">Communication links</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communication links">edit</a>]</div> The FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) "Provides Primary Entry Point service to the Emergency Alert System", and acts as an emergency presidential link into the EAS. The FNARS net control station is located at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weather_Emergency_Operations_Center" title="Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center">Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Once an EAN is received by an EAS participant from a PEP station (or any other participant) the message then "daisy chains'" through the network of participants. "Daisy chains" form when one station receives a message from multiple other stations and the station then forwards that message to multiple other stations. This process creates many redundant paths through which the message may flow increasing the likelihood that the message will be received by all participants and adding to the survivability of the system. Each EAS participant is required to monitor at least two other participants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EAS_header">EAS header</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: EAS header">edit</a>]</div> Because the header lacks error detection codes, it is repeated three times for redundancy. EAS decoders compare the received headers against one another, looking for an exact match between any two, eliminating most errors which can cause an activation to fail. The decoder then decides whether to ignore the message or to relay it on the air if the message applies to the local area served by the station (following parameters set by the broadcaster). The SAME header bursts are followed by an EAS attention tone, which lasts between 8 and 25 seconds, depending on the originating station. The tone is <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/1050Hz_Tone.ogg\/1050Hz_Tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"1,050&#160;Hz"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"1050Hz Tone.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/1050Hz_Tone.ogg/1050Hz_Tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">1,050 Hz</a><a href="/wiki/File:1050Hz_Tone.ogg" title="File:1050Hz Tone.ogg">ⓘ</a> on a <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a> station. On commercial broadcast stations, a <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/Emergency_Alert_System_Attention_Signal_20s.ogg\/Emergency_Alert_System_Attention_Signal_20s.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\"two-tone\""},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Emergency Alert System Attention Signal 20s.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Emergency_Alert_System_Attention_Signal_20s.ogg/Emergency_Alert_System_Attention_Signal_20s.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">"two-tone"</a><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_Alert_System_Attention_Signal_20s.ogg" title="File:Emergency Alert System Attention Signal 20s.ogg">ⓘ</a> attention signal of 853 <a href="/wiki/Hertz_(frequency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertz (frequency)">Hz</a> and 960 Hz <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine waves</a> is used instead, the same signal used by the older <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a>. These tones have become infamous, and can be considered both frightening and annoying by listeners; in fact, the two tones, which form approximately the interval of a just <a href="/wiki/Major_second" title="Major second">major second</a> at an unusually high pitch, were chosen specifically for their ability to draw attention, due to their unpleasantness on the <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">human ear</a>. The SAME header is equally known for its shrillness, which many have found to be startling. The "two-tone" system is no longer required as of 1998, and is to be used only for audio alerts before EAS messages.<a href="#cite_note-cfr47-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Like the EBS, the attention signal is followed by a voice message describing the details of the alert. The message ends with 3 bursts of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency-shift_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio frequency-shift keying">AFSK</a> "EOM", or <a href="/wiki/End_of_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Message">End of Message</a>, which is the text <code>NNNN</code>, preceded each time by the <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> 10101011 calibration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPAWS">IPAWS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IPAWS">edit</a>]</div> Under a 2006 executive order issued by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, the U.S. government was instructed to create "an effective, reliable, integrated, flexible, and comprehensive" public warning system. This was accomplished via expansions to the aforementioned PEP network, and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Public_Alert_and_Warning_System" title="Integrated Public Alert and Warning System">Integrated Public Alert and Warning System</a> (IPAWS)—a national aggregator and distributor of alert information using the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Common_Alerting_Protocol" title="Common Alerting Protocol">Common Alerting Protocol</a> (CAP) and an internet network. IPAWS can be used to distribute alert information to EAS participants, supported mobile phones (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a>), and other platforms.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> IPAWS also allows the audio portion of an EAS message to utilize higher quality <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>, rather than needing to carry the audio off-air from the originating station.<a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-62">[62]</a> Under an FCC report and order issued in 2007, EAS participants would be required to migrate to digital equipment supporting CAP within 180 days of the specification's adoption by FEMA. This was originally scheduled for September 30, 2010, but the deadline was later delayed to June 30, 2012 at the request of broadcasters.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[63]</a> The FCC has established that IPAWS is not a full substitute for the SAME protocol, as it is vulnerable to situations that may make internet connectivity unavailable. Therefore, as a backup distribution path, broadcasters must also convert CAP messages to SAME headers to enable <a href="/wiki/Backwards_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Backwards compatibility">backwards compatibility</a> with the existing "daisy chain" method of EAS distribution.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-64">[64]</a> In December 2021, the FCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking seeking to prioritize the display of alert audio and text from CAP messages, in order to provide higher quality alert audio, improve parity between the visual display and audio for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing impaired</a>, and to reduce the amount of technical <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> contained within the visual display.<a href="#cite_note-:13-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[61]</a> The rules were enacted in September 2022, with a deadline of December 12, 2023, for compliance;<a href="#cite_note-:11-62">[62]</a> the FCC later granted an extension to some broadcasters due to a delay in the release of associated software updates by EAS decoder vendor Sage.<a href="#cite_note-:13-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Station_requirements">Station requirements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Station requirements">edit</a>]</div> The FCC requires all broadcast stations and <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_video_programming_distributor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel video programming distributor">multichannel video programming distributors</a> (MVPD), hereafter "EAS participants", to install and maintain FCC-certified EAS decoders and encoders at their control points or <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">headends</a>. These decoders continuously monitor the signals from other nearby broadcast stations for EAS messages. For reliability, at least two source stations must be monitored, one of which must be a designated local primary. Participants are to retain the latest version of the EAS handbook. EAS participants are required by federal law to relay <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Message" title="National Emergency Message">National Emergency Messages</a> (EAN, formerly Emergency Action Notification) immediately (47 CFR Part 11.54).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Broadcasters traditionally have been allowed to opt out of relaying other alerts such as <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">severe weather</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">child abduction</a> emergencies (<a href="/wiki/AMBER_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="AMBER Alert">AMBER Alerts</a>) if they so choose. In practice, television stations with <a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">local news</a> departments will usually <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news#Television" title="Breaking news">interrupt regularly-scheduled programming</a> during newsworthy situations (such as severe weather) to provide extended coverage.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> If possible, EAS participants must transmit the audio,<a href="#cite_note-:11-62">[62]</a> and (where applicable) a visual display containing the extended text, from the associated CAP message.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-64">[64]</a> EAS participants are required to keep logs of all received messages. Logs may be kept by hand but are usually kept automatically by a small receipt printer in the encoder/decoder unit. Logs may also be kept electronically inside the unit as long as there is access to an external printer or method to transfer them to a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_tests">System tests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System tests">edit</a>]</div> All EAS equipment must be tested on a weekly basis. The required weekly test (RWT) consists, at a minimum, of the header and end-of-message tones. Though an RWT does not need an audio or graphic message announcing the test, many stations provide them as a courtesy to the public. In addition, television stations are not required to transmit a video message for weekly tests. RWTs are scheduled by the station on random days and times, (though quite often during late night or early afternoon hours), and are generally not relayed.<a href="#cite_note-cfr47-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg/250px-Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg/330px-Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg/500px-Required_Monthly_Test_of_Emergency_Alert_System_in_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>A Required Monthly Test (RMT) transmitted in New Jersey on April 15, 2014, as shown on a television set</figcaption></figure> Required monthly tests (RMTs) are generally originated by the local or state primary station, a state emergency management agency, or by the National Weather Service and are then relayed by broadcast stations and cable channels. RMTs must be performed between 8:30 a.m. and local sunset during odd numbered months, and between local sunset and 8:30 a.m. during even numbered months. Received monthly tests must be retransmitted within 60 minutes of receipt.<a href="#cite_note-cfr47-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Additionally, an RMT should not be scheduled or conducted during an event of great importance such as a pre-announced presidential speech, coverage of a national/local election, major local or national news coverage outside regularly scheduled newscast hours or a major national sporting event such as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> or <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>, with other events such as the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> mentioned in individual EAS state plans. An RWT is not required during a calendar week in which an RMT is scheduled. No testing has to be done during a calendar week in which all parts of the EAS (header burst, attention signal, audio message, and end of message burst) have been legitimately activated. In July 2018, in response to the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">false missile alert in Hawaii</a> earlier in the year (which was caused by operator error during an internal drill protocol), the FCC announced that it would take steps to promote public awareness and improve efficiency of the system, including requiring safeguards to prevent distribution of false alarms, the ability to authorize "live code" tests—which would simulate the process and response to an actual emergency, and authorizations to use the EAS tones in public service announcements that promote awareness of the system.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationwide_tests">Nationwide tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationwide tests">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:National_EAS_Test.ogg" title="File:National EAS Test.ogg">National EAS Test</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="69" data-mwtitle="National_EAS_Test.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/National_EAS_Test.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/National_EAS_Test.ogg/National_EAS_Test.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_EAS_Test.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_EAS_Test.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_EAS_Test.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_EAS_Test.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Audio recording of the first national EAS test on November 9, 2011, as heard on <a href="/wiki/WISN-TV" title="WISN-TV">WISN-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> and the cable EAS of <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter Communications</a>' Wisconsin <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">headend</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Periodic_Test.ogg" title="File:National Periodic Test.ogg">Seventh National EAS Test</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="National_Periodic_Test.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/National_Periodic_Test.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/National_Periodic_Test.ogg/National_Periodic_Test.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An audio recording of the seventh National Periodic EAS test that occurred on October 4, 2023, heard on <a href="/wiki/KEYC-TV" title="KEYC-TV">KEYC-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato, Minnesota</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> On February 3, 2011, the FCC announced plans and procedures for national EAS tests, which involve all television and radio stations connected to the EAS, as well as all cable and satellite services in the United States. They are not relayed on the <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a> (NOAA/NWS) network as it is an initiation-only network and does not receive messages from the PEP network.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The national test would transmit and relay an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Action_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Action Notification">Emergency Action Notification</a> on November 9, 2011 at 2:00 p.m. EST.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> found that only half of the participants received the message via <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Public_Alert_and_Warning_System" title="Integrated Public Alert and Warning System">Integrated Public Alert and Warning System</a>, and some "failed to receive or retransmit alerts due to erroneous equipment configuration, equipment readiness and upkeep issues, and confusion regarding EAS rules and technical requirements", and that participation among low-power broadcasters was low. Many reported visuals or audio missing, and in the case of <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, hearing <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> music instead.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> To reduce viewer confusion, the FCC stated that future national tests would be delivered under the new event code "National Periodic Test" ("NPT"), and list "United States" as its location.<a href="#cite_note-fcc-16results-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A second national test, the first classified as an NPT, occurred on September 28, 2016 as part of <a href="/wiki/National_Preparedness_Month" title="National Preparedness Month">National Preparedness Month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A third national periodic test occurred on September 27, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The fourth NPT occurred on October 3, 2018 (delayed from September 20, 2018, due to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Hurricane Florence</a>). It was preceded by the first mandatory wireless emergency alert test.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The fifth NPT occurred on August 7, 2019, and moved up from past years to prevent it from occurring during the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">Atlantic hurricane season</a>. The test focused exclusively on distribution to broadcast outlets and television providers via the primary entry point network to gauge the efficiency of alert distribution in the event the internet cannot be used.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The sixth NPT was postponed to 2021 amid the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> "out of consideration for the unusual circumstances and working conditions for those in the broadcast and cable industry."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The sixth test occurred on August 11, 2021, at 2:20 pm EDT.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This test involved the WEA system alongside television and radio. As of 2022, as part of a clarification and streamlining of terminology used in messages, further NPTs will now be referred to in the test message as a "Nationwide Test of the Emergency Alert System" issued by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On May 3, 2022, it was announced that the seventh NPT would not take place during 2022, and instead occur in early 2023.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On August 3, 2023, FEMA and the FCC announced that the seventh NPT would occur October 4, 2023 with a backup date of October 11, 2023. The test commenced just before 2:20 pm ET, and consisted of an alert on TV/radio as well as a WEA on all cell phones.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additions_and_proposals">Additions and proposals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Additions and proposals">edit</a>]</div> The number of event types in the national system has grown to eighty. At first, all but three of the events (civil emergency message, immediate evacuation, and emergency action notification [national emergency]) were weather-related (such as a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a>). Since then, several classes of non-weather emergencies have been added, including, in most states, the <a href="/wiki/AMBER_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="AMBER Alert">AMBER Alert</a> System for child abduction emergencies. In 2016, three additional weather alert codes were authorized for use in relation to hurricane events, including <a href="/wiki/Extreme_wind_warning" title="Extreme wind warning">Extreme Wind Warning</a> (EWW), <a href="/wiki/Storm_Surge_Warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm Surge Warning">Storm Surge Warning</a> (SSW) and <a href="/wiki/Storm_Surge_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm Surge Watch">Storm Surge Watch</a> (SSA). In 2004, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) seeking comment on whether EAS in its present form is the most effective mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency and, if not, on how EAS can be improved, such as mandatory text messages to cellphones, regardless of subscription. As noted above, rules implemented by the FCC on July 12, 2007 provisionally endorse incorporating CAP with the SAME protocol. In November 2020, Congress passed the Reliable Emergency Alert Distribution Improvement (READI) Act.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> First sponsored by Hawaii Senator <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">Hawaii false missile alert</a>, it amends the Warning, Alert, and Response Network (WARN) Act to require distribution of wireless alerts issued by the administrator of FEMA, and commands the FCC to establish a means of reporting false alerts, encourage the establishment of State Emergency Communications Committees (SECC) that would meet annually to evaluate their EAS plans, require the repetition of alerts surrounding "emergencies of national significance", and open an inquiry into the feasibility of implementing the EAS on internet-related services.<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> The EAS can only be used to relay audio messages that preempt all programming; as the intent of an Emergency Action Notification is to serve as a "last-ditch effort to get a message out if the president cannot get to the media", it can easily be made redundant by the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">immediate and constant coverage</a> that major weather events and other newsworthy situations—such as, most prominently, the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001—receive from television broadcasters and <a href="/wiki/News_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="News channel">news channels</a>. Following the attacks, then-FCC chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael K. Powell">Michael K. Powell</a> cited "the ubiquitous media environment" as justification for not using the EAS in their immediate aftermath. Glenn Collins of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> acknowledged these limitations, noting that "no president has ever used the current [EAS] system or its technical predecessors in the last 50 years, despite the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Soviet missile crisis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">presidential assassination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, major earthquakes and three recent high-alert terrorist warnings", and that using it would have actually hindered the availability of live coverage from media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-rwonline-99">[99]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_3,_2019" title="Tornado outbreak of March 3, 2019">tornado outbreak of March 3, 2019</a>, Birmingham, Alabama NWS meteorologist Kevin Laws told <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> that he, personally, wished that alerts could be updated in real-time in order to reflect the unpredictable nature of weather events, noting that the storm system's unexpected change in trajectory towards <a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee County</a> resulted in only a nine-minute warning (the resulting tornado would kill 23 people).<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[93]</a> The trend of <a href="/wiki/Cord_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord cutting">cord cutting</a> has led to concerns that viewers' lessened use of broadcast media in favor of <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-top content">streaming video services</a> would inhibit their ability to receive emergency information (notwithstanding <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">availability of alerts on mobile phones</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[94]</a> The READI Act called for an inquiry into the distribution of alerts via internet platforms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_alarms">False alarms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: False alarms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On February 20th, 1971, an <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Message" title="National Emergency Message">Emergency Action Notification</a> (now National Emergency Message) was accidentally sent out because the wrong message was played. This originally was supposed to be a simple test of the then-used <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a>. They announced that this was a false alarm. The amount of stations affected is not entirely known, however recordings of <a href="/wiki/WOWO" title="WOWO">WOWO-AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/WCCO_(AM)" title="WCCO (AM)">WCCO-AM</a> activating the EAN are available to be listened to online. The WOWO recording features the station playing standby music while they try to get more information, which would waste valuable time during an actual emergency, while in the WCCO recording, the station immediately realized the wrong tape had been played, and listeners were told to disregard; the recording also contains the usage of the terms "<a href="/wiki/CONELRAD" title="CONELRAD">CONELRAD</a> Advisory" (CONELRAD being the Emergency Broadcast System's predecessor), and "Emergency Alert System" (the term being used erroneously, as the actual EAS was still 26 years away).</li> <li>On April 21, 1997, several television and radio stations in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> mistakenly received a false Emergency Action Notification. Early indications pointed to a human error at the National Emergency Coordination Center in Virginia that routed a test requested by a relay for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Metropolitan Area">Chicago Metropolitan Area</a> to test out one radio station's then-new EAS equipment as part of the EBS/EAS transition.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>On February 1, 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, an alert was <a href="/wiki/2005_Connecticut_false_evacuation_alert" title="2005 Connecticut false evacuation alert">mistakenly issued</a> calling for the immediate evacuation of the entire state. The alert contained no specific detail on why it had been issued. The message was broadcast due to operator error while conducting an unannounced, but scheduled statewide test. A study conducted following the incident reported that at least 11% of residents actually saw the warning live, and that 63% of those surveyed were "a little or not at all concerned"—citing a suspicious lack of detail in the message, which a legitimate alert would include. Only 1% of those surveyed actually attempted to leave the state. <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Police" title="Connecticut State Police">Connecticut State Police</a> did not receive any calls related to the incident.<a href="#cite_note-courant-evac-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-ct-study-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>On June 26, 2007 at 7:35 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CDT</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Action_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Action Notification">Emergency Action Notification</a> was accidentally issued in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, when a new satellite receiver at the state's EOC was accidentally connected to a live system before final internal testing of the new delivery path had been completed. The alert was followed by <a href="/wiki/Dead_air" title="Dead air">dead air</a>, and then audio from designated station <a href="/wiki/WGN_(AM)" title="WGN (AM)">720 WGN</a> in Chicago being simulcast across almost every television and radio station in the Chicago area and throughout much of Illinois. A confused <a href="/wiki/Spike_O%27Dell" title="Spike O'Dell">Spike O'Dell</a>, host of the station's morning show at the time, was heard on-air wondering "what that beeping was all about".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>On May 19, 2010, <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Chemical_Materials_Activity" title="United States Army Chemical Materials Activity">CSEPP</a> tone alert radios in the <a href="/wiki/Hermiston,_Oregon" title="Hermiston, Oregon">Hermiston, Oregon</a> area, near the <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_Chemical_Depot" title="Umatilla Chemical Depot">Umatilla Chemical Depot</a>, were activated with an EAS alert shortly after 5 p.m. The message transmitted was for a <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_warning" title="Severe thunderstorm warning">severe thunderstorm warning</a>, issued by the National Weather Service in <a href="/wiki/Pendleton,_Oregon" title="Pendleton, Oregon">Pendleton</a>, but the transmission broadcast instead was a long period of silence, followed by a few words in Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_County,_Oregon" title="Umatilla County, Oregon">Umatilla County</a> Emergency Management has stressed there was no emergency at the depot.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>On September 3, 2016, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hermine" title="Hurricane Hermine">Tropical Storm Hermine</a>, an alert was displayed on television calling for the immediate evacuation of the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>, abruptly ending with the incomplete sentence "This is an emergency message from". About 15 minutes after the original message was sent, the alert was re-issued with an addendum clarifying that the alert was actually calling for a voluntary evacuation of <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. Officials cited an error in the county's Code Red system; while the correct message was entered into the system, an error processing an abbreviated message for television resulted in the error.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>On May 23, 2017, at around 8:55 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>, a Nuclear Power Plant Warning was issued for the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Creek_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Creek Nuclear Power Plant">Hope Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem</a> Nuclear Power Plants. The alert was issued for <a href="/wiki/Salem_County,_New_Jersey" title="Salem County, New Jersey">Salem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_New_Jersey" title="Cumberland County, New Jersey">Cumberland</a> counties in New Jersey. In a statement by the New Jersey State Police, it was a test message, intended for a small group of emergency management personnel who were participating in the test. Due to a coding error, the message was publicly broadcast. This would happen again, in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>On August 15, 2017 at approximately 12:25 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">ChST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> stations <a href="/wiki/KTWG" title="KTWG">KTWG</a> and <a href="/wiki/KSTO" title="KSTO">KSTO</a> transmitted a civil danger warning for the island; Guam Homeland Security described the message, which interrupted programming on the stations, and was received on television by some viewers, as being an "unauthorized test" of the EAS. The incident's impact was strengthened, as <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> had threatened the launch of ballistic missiles towards Guam only a few days beforehand. Numerous calls to 911 operators and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> were made following the broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2018_Hawaii_missile_alert_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>On January 13, 2018, a <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">false alarm</a> was issued warning of a missile threat to Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On January 13, 2018 at approximately 8:07 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">HST</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Hawaii Emergency Management Agency">Hawaii Emergency Management Agency</a> (HI-EMA) mistakenly <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">issued an emergency alert warning of a ballistic missile inbound threatening the region</a>, which was claimed to be not a drill. 38 minutes later, it was announced by HI-EMA and the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department" title="Honolulu Police Department">Honolulu Police Department</a> that the alert was a false alarm.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The incident came amidst heightened concern over the possibility that Hawaii could be targeted by North Korean missiles (in December 2017, Hawaii tested its missile sirens for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> HI-EMA administrator <a href="/wiki/Vern_Miyagi" title="Vern Miyagi">Vern Miyagi</a> stated that the incident was a "mistake made during a standard procedure at the change over of a shift".<a href="#cite_note-fox011318-115">[115]</a></li> <li>On August 31, 2022, amid <a href="/wiki/2022_California_wildfires" title="2022 California wildfires">wildfires</a>, an immediate evacuation notice was mistakenly issued by the Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management for Los Angeles, the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, and Port Conception to Guadalupe; the alert text repeatedly listed "Eastern North Pacific Ocean" or "Eastern North Pacific" twelve different times. The <a href="/wiki/Ventura_County_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Ventura County Sheriff's Office">Ventura County Sheriff's Office</a> stated that the alert had been issued in error.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybersecurity_breaches">Cybersecurity breaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cybersecurity breaches">edit</a>]</div> EAS equipment has been the subject of various <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a>, caused primarily by participants using insecure or factory default passwords on their encoders and decoders, and outdated software containing <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">unpatched</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a>. On multiple occasions, federal government departments have warned that failure to employ secure passwords and keep software updated made EAS equipment vulnerable to such attacks, which could result in disruptions such as false alerts.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-121">[121]</a> <ul><li>In February 2013, the EAS equipment of several stations in <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls, Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette, Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/2013_Emergency_Alert_System_hijackings" title="2013 Emergency Alert System hijackings">were breached</a> to play a false alert allegedly warning of a <a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">zombie apocalypse</a>, using the lines "Civil authorities in your area have reported that the bodies of the dead are rising from the graves and attacking the living". It was identified that the attack had come from an "overseas" source. Furthermore, the broadcasters had neglected to change the factory default logins or passwords on their equipment. Because of this, the FCC, FEMA, equipment manufacturers, as well as trade groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="Michigan Association of Broadcasters">Michigan Association of Broadcasters</a>, urged broadcasters to change their passwords and to recheck their security measures.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-120">[120]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2013_Emergency_Alert_System_Hijackings" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Emergency Alert System Hijackings">2013 Emergency Alert System Hijackings</a></div> <ul><li>In a related incident, <a href="/wiki/WIZM-FM" title="WIZM-FM">WIZM-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a> accidentally triggered the EAS on television station <a href="/wiki/WKBT-DT" title="WKBT-DT">WKBT-DT</a> by airing a recording of the false message during its morning show. The relayed audio included the hosts' reactions and laughter to the clip.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li></ul></li> <li>On February 28, 2017, <a href="/wiki/WZZY" title="WZZY">WZZY</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester, Indiana</a> was hijacked in a nearly identical manner, playing the same "dead bodies" audio from the February 2013 incidents. The incident prompted a public response from the Randolph County Sheriff's Department clarifying that there was no actual emergency.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>In January 2020, Security Ledger published an investigation finding that at least 50 EAS decoders by Digital Alert Systems had not been patched for a security vulnerability (use of a shared <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a> <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">key</a>) found by <a href="/wiki/IOActive" title="IOActive">IOActive</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:10-121">[121]</a></li> <li>On February 20, 2020, the EAS equipment of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>-based provider <a href="/wiki/Wave_Broadband" title="Wave Broadband">Wave Broadband</a> was hijacked, causing approximately 3,000 customers in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Washington" title="Jefferson County, Washington">Jefferson County</a> to receive several false alerts (including a "Radiological Hazard Warning"), which contained irrelevant and comedic messages (including one suggesting that the provider change its passwords) and alert audio referencing <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet memes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> streamer <a href="/wiki/Vinesauce" title="Vinesauce">Vinesauce</a> (who was unaffiliated with this breach).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On March 2 and 3, 2020, a legitimate Required Monthly Test was displayed with a message ("AIGHT IM DONE U CAN REST NOW. MR GERDE WAS HERE") that had also appeared in the hijack: a company official stated that this was a remnant of the attack that had not yet been removed.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_usage_outside_of_alerts">Tone usage outside of alerts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tone usage outside of alerts">edit</a>]</div> To protect the integrity of the system, and prevent false activations, the FCC prohibits the use of actual or simulated EAS/WEA tones and attention signals outside of genuine alerts, tests, or authorized <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">public service announcements</a>, especially when they are used "to capture audience attention during advertisements; dramatic, entertainment, and educational programs" (even if the footage is documentation of an event where an actual alert was issued).<a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[132]</a> Broadcasters who misuse the tones may be sanctioned (including being required to partake in compliance measures) and fined.<a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[132]</a> <ul><li>Tones from the EAS were used in the trailer for the 2013 film <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Has_Fallen" title="Olympus Has Fallen">Olympus Has Fallen</a>; cable providers were fined $1.9 million by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 3, 2014 for misuse of EAS tones.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> An event similar to this previously occurred in November 2013, when <a href="/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)" title="TBS (American TV channel)">TBS</a> was fined $25,000 for the use of EAS tones in a <a href="/wiki/Conan_(talk_show)" title="Conan (talk show)">Conan</a> advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>During the October 24, 2014 episode of the syndicated radio show <a href="/wiki/The_Bobby_Bones_Show" title="The Bobby Bones Show">The Bobby Bones Show</a>, host <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bones" title="Bobby Bones">Bobby Bones</a> played audio from the 2011 national test as part of a rant about a genuine test from Nashville's Fox affiliate, <a href="/wiki/WZTV" title="WZTV">WZTV</a>, that interrupted Game 2 of the <a href="/wiki/2014_World_Series" title="2014 World Series">2014 World Series</a> on October 22. The errant Emergency Action Notification was relayed to some broadcasters and cable systems—particularly those not configured to reject EAN messages that did not match the current date. On May 19, 2015, <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a>, who distributes the show and owns its flagship station <a href="/wiki/WSIX-FM" title="WSIX-FM">WSIX-FM</a>, was fined $1 million for the incident. The company was also ordered to implement a three-year compliance plan to avoid any further incidents, including removing all EAS tones or similar-sounding noises from its audio production libraries.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>From August 4 to 6, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Tegna,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Tegna, Inc.">Tegna, Inc.</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WTLV" title="WTLV">WTLV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a> aired an ad several times during NBC's primetime coverage of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> produced by the marketing department of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars" title="Jacksonville Jaguars">Jacksonville Jaguars</a> featuring out-of-sequence EAS tones over Jaguars training camp footage and a voiceover noting "this is not a test, this is an emergency broadcast transmission...seek shelter immediately", along with the on-screen text "the storm is coming". The ad aired four times before station compliance authorities pulled the advertisement after the <a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">local news</a> industry blog FTVLive criticized the station for carrying it, especially during the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">Atlantic hurricane season</a>. FTVLive's piece would be noted by the FCC in their decision against WTLV rendered on May 30, 2017, when it was given a $55,000 fine for carrying the offending Jaguars ad.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>The FCC issued several fines relating to EAS tone usage in August 2019, including <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> being fined $395,000 for using wireless emergency alert tones multiple times during a <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!" title="Jimmy Kimmel Live!">Jimmy Kimmel Live</a> sketch, <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> being fined $104,000 for using the tones in <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Omega_(The_Walking_Dead)" title="Omega (The Walking Dead)">Omega</a>", <a href="/wiki/Discovery,_Inc." title="Discovery, Inc.">Discovery Inc.</a> being fined $68,000 for including footage of an actual WEA activation during a <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Law" title="Lone Star Law">Lone Star Law</a> episode filmed during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meruelo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Meruelo Group">Meruelo Group</a> was fined $61,000 for including an EAS-like tone during a radio advertisement for <a href="/wiki/KDAY" title="KDAY">KDAY</a> and <a href="/wiki/KDEY-FM" title="KDEY-FM">KDEY-FM</a>'s morning show.<a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[132]</a></li> <li>On September 9, 2019, the FCC proposed a $272,000 fine against <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> for using simulated EAS tones in the <a href="/wiki/Young_Sheldon" title="Young Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a> episode, "A Mother, A Child, and a Blue Man's Backside".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> CBS defended the statement, saying that the tones' usage was a "dramatic portrayal", and that it was an "integral part of the storyline about a family's visceral reaction to a life-threatening emergency". The show's sound editors achieved the effect by downloading EAS tones from YouTube and modifying the volume of the tone. CBS passed the edited tone through three quality rooms equipped with EAS decoders and pre-screened the episode to make sure it did not trigger an actual alert. Also, the show's dialogue was used to obscure some elements of the alert. However, the FCC insisted that the modified tone still sounded like a normal EAS tone, despite the volume being lowered and the tone being cut short in duration. It also said that the pre-screening process did not excuse an unauthorized usage of the EAS tones.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>On April 7, 2020, the FCC proposed a $20,000 fine against New York City radio station <a href="/wiki/WNEW-FM" title="WNEW-FM">WNEW-FM</a>, for using the attention signal during its morning show on October 3, 2018 as part of a skit discussing the National Periodic Test held later that day.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>In January 2023, the FCC proposed a $504,000 fine against <a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> for using EAS tones during a promo broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Fox_NFL_Sunday" title="Fox NFL Sunday">Fox NFL Sunday</a> in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>On October 17, 2024, the FCC proposed a $146,976 fine against <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> for misusing the EAS tones during a promotional segment for the start of the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NBA_season" title="2023–24 NBA season">2023–24 NBA season</a> that aired during the week of October 20–24, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li></ul> In an opposite move, in 2013 the FCC granted a one-year waiver for a <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">PSA</a> pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a> system, with assurance that the tones used in the PSA contained a different set of codes designed not to activate EAS receivers.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_errors">Testing errors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Testing errors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On October 19, 2008, <a href="/wiki/KWVE-FM" title="KWVE-FM">KWVE-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a> accidentally initiated a Required Monthly Test when it meant to conduct a Required Weekly Test. Furthermore, an operator aborted the test mid-way through the broadcast (failing to broadcast the end-of-message tone), causing all area outlets to broadcast KWVE-FM's programming until those stations took their equipment offline.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On September 15, 2009, the FCC fined the station's owner, <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Costa_Mesa" title="Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa">Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa</a>, $5,000. After the fine was levied, various state broadcast associations in the United States submitted joint letters to the FCC, protesting against the fine, saying that the commission could have handled the matter better.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> On November 13, 2009, the FCC rescinded its fine against KWVE-FM, but had still admonished the station for broadcasting an unauthorized RMT, as well as omitting the code to end the test.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>On September 28, 2016, an emergency alert was broadcast by <a href="/wiki/WKTV" title="WKTV">WKTV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a> that contained a Hazardous Materials Warning for the entire United States. The message contained a non-sequitur quote from the <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> book <a href="/wiki/Green_Eggs_and_Ham" title="Green Eggs and Ham">Green Eggs and Ham</a>, "Would you. Could you. On a train?" WKTV apologized and stated that the alert was "an automated test [from FEMA] which was not intended for public display." A FEMA representative stated that its decoders had been mistakenly "configured to poll a test and development message aggregator instead of or in addition to the production message aggregator", with the test server having used the Green Eggs and Ham quote as placeholder text. The error was also connected to conspiracy theories surrounding <a href="/wiki/2016_Hoboken_train_crash" title="2016 Hoboken train crash">a train crash in New Jersey that occurred the next day</a>, which claimed that the alert was a forewarning of the incident.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>On September 21, 2017, a technical glitch in another scheduled test by KWVE caused the end-of-message tone to be omitted, causing regional participants (particularly <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cox_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox Cable">Cox Cable</a> systems in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>) to simulcast a portion of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Swindoll" title="Chuck Swindoll">Chuck Swindoll</a>'s Insight for Living program. Some viewers speculated that the system had been hijacked, as the portion of the program relayed (where Swindoll was discussing the Bible verse <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy_3" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy 3">2 Timothy 3:1</a>, and stated, "Realize this, extremely violent times will come.") could be insinuated out of context as discussing an impending apocalypse.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/40px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/60px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alert_Ready" title="Alert Ready">Alert Ready</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_Broadcast" title="Cell Broadcast">Cell Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Emergency_Alert_System" title="Digital Emergency Alert System">Digital Emergency Alert System</a> (DEAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Early_Warning_(Japan)" title="Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)">Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency population warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Public_Warning_System" title="Emergency Public Warning System">Emergency Public Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Flood_Guidance_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Flood Guidance Systems">Flash Flood Guidance Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HANDEL" class="mw-redirect" title="HANDEL">HANDEL</a> (UK's former National Attack Warning System)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>'s TEAC (Transfer Emergency Action Contact) channel in cases of <a href="/wiki/Domain_hijack" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain hijack">URL hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-Alert" title="J-Alert">J-Alert</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Access_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Access Alert">Local Access Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Seismic_Alert_System" title="Mexican Seismic Alert System">Mexican Seismic Alert System</a> (Mexico's Earthquake Early Warning System, which also employs Specific Area Message Encoding technology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Severe_Weather_Warning_Service" title="National Severe Weather Warning Service">National Severe Weather Warning Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Warning_System" title="National Warning System">National Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_MASINT" title="Nuclear MASINT">Nuclear MASINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service" title="Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service">Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShakeAlert" title="ShakeAlert">ShakeAlert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_Area_Message_Encoding" title="Specific Area Message Encoding">Specific Area Message Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Emergency_Warning_Signal" title="Standard Emergency Warning Signal">Standard Emergency Warning Signal</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Broadcasting_Service" title="Wartime Broadcasting Service">Wartime Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada" title="Weatheradio Canada">Weatheradio Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a> (WEA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/integrated-public-alert-warning-system">"Integrated Public Alert & Warning System"</a>. fema.gov. Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922211804/https://www.fema.gov/integrated-public-alert-warning-system">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018. <q>IPAWS provides public safety officials with an effective way to alert and warn the public about serious emergencies using the Emergency Alert System (EAS), Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Weather Radio, and other public alerting systems from a single interface.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fema.gov&rft.atitle=Integrated+Public+Alert+%26+Warning+System&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fintegrated-public-alert-warning-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/current/bc_conel.htm">"What is Conelrad? EBS? EAS?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405012433/http://www.oldradio.com/current/bc_conel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Conelrad%3F+EBS%3F+EAS%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldradio.com%2Fcurrent%2Fbc_conel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2001" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Glenn (December 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse">"The Silence of the Alert System; Experts Urge Overhaul of Plan Unused Even on Sept. 11"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042624/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Silence+of+the+Alert+System%3B+Experts+Urge+Overhaul+of+Plan+Unused+Even+on+Sept.+11&rft.date=2001-12-21&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F21%2Fnyregion%2Fsilence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3DEmergency%2520Alert%2520System%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_National_Public_Warning_System-4"><a href="#cite_ref-The_National_Public_Warning_System_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/national-public-warning-system">"The National Public Warning System"</a>. FEMA.gov. May 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614115219/https://www.fema.gov/national-public-warning-system">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMA.gov&rft.atitle=The+National+Public+Warning+System&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnational-public-warning-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation conference cs1">"Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook". Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook. United States: United States Federal Communications Commission. 2001. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Emergency+Alert+System+2001+AM+%26+FM+Handbook&rft.btitle=Emergency+Alert+System+2001+AM+%26+FM+Handbook&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=United+States+Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430">"Emergency broadcasts can be hacked, US researchers say"</a>. BBC News. July 9, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222121453/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Emergency+broadcasts+can+be+hacked%2C+US+researchers+say&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-23240430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/39hello-this-is-your-president39">"'Hello, This Is Your President'"</a>. Radio World. February 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731185645/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/39hello-this-is-your-president39">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=%27Hello%2C+This+Is+Your+President%27&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Fnews-and-business%2F39hello-this-is-your-president39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_incident-annex_power-outage.pdf">"Power Outage Incident Annex to the Response and Recovery Federal Interagency Plans"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FEMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMA">FEMA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416114735/https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_incident-annex_power-outage.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+Outage+Incident+Annex+to+the+Response+and+Recovery+Federal+Interagency+Plans&rft.pub=FEMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-07%2Ffema_incident-annex_power-outage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitema.vi.gov/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2011-annual-report.pdf">"Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency Annual Report 2011"</a> (PDF). vitema.vi.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172025/http://www.vitema.vi.gov/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2011-annual-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vitema.vi.gov&rft.atitle=Virgin+Islands+Territorial+Emergency+Management+Agency+Annual+Report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitema.vi.gov%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fannual-reports%2F2011-annual-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc.gov-10"><a href="#cite_ref-fcc.gov_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13186/download">"PUERTO RICO EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM STATE EAS PLAN SEPTEMBER 2010"</a>. FCC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209095124/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13186/download">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PUERTO+RICO+EMERGENCY+ALERT+SYSTEM+STATE+EAS+PLAN+SEPTEMBER+2010&rft.pub=FCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13186%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Maine-EAS-State-Plan-2017_FCCapproval.pdf">"Emergency Alert System Plan for the State of Maine, revised November 2017"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://www.mab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Maine-EAS-State-Plan-2017_FCCapproval.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Alert+System+Plan+for+the+State+of+Maine%2C+revised+November+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mab.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F10%2FMaine-EAS-State-Plan-2017_FCCapproval.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13891/download">"Emergency Alert System Operational Plan December 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041420/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13891/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Emergency+Alert+System+Operational+Plan+December+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13891%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13888/download">"Massachusetts Emergency Alert System Operational Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522222210/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13888/download">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+Emergency+Alert+System+Operational+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13888%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vabnow.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/vermont-eas-state-plan-as-approved-8-25-17.pdf">"State of Vermont Emergency Alert System Plan"</a> (PDF). vabnow.files.wordpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302212749/https://vabnow.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/vermont-eas-state-plan-as-approved-8-25-17.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vabnow.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=State+of+Vermont+Emergency+Alert+System+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvabnow.files.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F08%2Fvermont-eas-state-plan-as-approved-8-25-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13632/download">"State of Rhode Island Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan, August 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041425/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13632/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Rhode+Island+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan%2C+August+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13632%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEMHS/_docs/Plans-and-Publications/EHSP0048--EASPlan2014.pdf">"Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan for Connecticut, V1.3"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140615/https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEMHS/_docs/Plans-and-Publications/EHSP0048--EASPlan2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan+for+Connecticut%2C+V1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2FDEMHS%2F_docs%2FPlans-and-Publications%2FEHSP0048--EASPlan2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ny_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NYSBA-EAS-Plan-August-20162.pdf">"New York State Emergency Alert System EAS Plan"</a> (PDF). nysbroadcasters.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929174642/https://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NYSBA-EAS-Plan-August-20162.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nysbroadcasters.org&rft.atitle=New+York+State+Emergency+Alert+System+EAS+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnysbroadcasters.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FNYSBA-EAS-Plan-August-20162.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/12956/download">"Delaware Emergency Alert Statewide Plan 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123122507/https://www.fcc.gov/file/12956/download">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delaware+Emergency+Alert+Statewide+Plan+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F12956%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbr.com/eas-summit-and-pep-stations/">"EAS Summit and PEP stations | Radio & Television Business Report"</a>. February 24, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119054449/https://www.rbr.com/eas-summit-and-pep-stations/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EAS+Summit+and+PEP+stations+%26%23124%3B+Radio+%26+Television+Business+Report&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbr.com%2Feas-summit-and-pep-stations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13914/download">"West Virginia Emergency Alert System Operational Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041115/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13914/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=West+Virginia+Emergency+Alert+System+Operational+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13914%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdem.maryland.gov/Documents/md_eas_master_plan.pdf">"Rules for Activating the Emergency Alert System in Maryland for Broadcasters, Cable Operators, Emergency Managers and Others Concerned with Public Warning"</a> (PDF). Maryland State Emergency Communications Committee. January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229204811/https://mdem.maryland.gov/Documents/md_eas_master_plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Activating+the+Emergency+Alert+System+in+Maryland+for+Broadcasters%2C+Cable+Operators%2C+Emergency+Managers+and+Others+Concerned+with+Public+Warning&rft.pub=Maryland+State+Emergency+Communications+Committee&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdem.maryland.gov%2FDocuments%2Fmd_eas_master_plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbe37.org/index.php?action=P&page_id=448">"SBE Chapter 37 – Prior Meetings Page – AM Revitalization – WFED 1500 AM Transmitter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527034408/https://sbe37.org/index.php?action=P&page_id=448">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SBE+Chapter+37+%E2%80%93+Prior+Meetings+Page+%E2%80%93+AM+Revitalization+%E2%80%93+WFED+1500+AM+Transmitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsbe37.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3DP%26page_id%3D448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13913/download">"Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Alert System Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13913/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Virginia+Emergency+Alert+System+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13913%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdps/div/EM/Documents/StateEASPlanAugust2011.pdf">"North Carolina Emergency Alert System State Plan"</a> (PDF). North Carolina State Emergency Communications Committee. August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230001944/https://files.nc.gov/ncdps/div/EM/Documents/StateEASPlanAugust2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Carolina+Emergency+Alert+System+State+Plan&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+Emergency+Communications+Committee&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.nc.gov%2Fncdps%2Fdiv%2FEM%2FDocuments%2FStateEASPlanAugust2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/drndenbgpi05owe/EAS%20PLAN%20Jan%202004%20rev%2006%2030%2019.pdf?dl=0">"EAS PLAN Jan 2004 rev 06 30 19.PDF"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814001827/https://www.dropbox.com/s/drndenbgpi05owe/EAS%20PLAN%20Jan%202004%20rev%2006%2030%2019.pdf?dl=0">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EAS+PLAN+Jan+2004+rev+06+30+19.PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dropbox.com%2Fs%2Fdrndenbgpi05owe%2FEAS%2520PLAN%2520Jan%25202004%2520rev%252006%252030%252019.pdf%3Fdl%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gema.georgia.gov/document/document/201609sepeaschangespdf/download">"State of Georgia Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a>. May 1, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415230636/https://gema.georgia.gov/document/document/201609sepeaschangespdf/download">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Georgia+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgema.georgia.gov%2Fdocument%2Fdocument%2F201609sepeaschangespdf%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fl-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fl_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fl_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fl_27-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fab.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/State-of-Florida-EAS-Plan-Revised-with-CFR-08142019.pdf">Florida Association of Broadcasters</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-ba.com/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Alabama-EAS-Monitoring-Assignments.pdf">"Alabama EAS Plan"</a> (PDF). al-ba.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160232/https://al-ba.com/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Alabama-EAS-Monitoring-Assignments.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-ba.com&rft.atitle=Alabama+EAS+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-ba.com%2Fwp2%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2FAlabama-EAS-Monitoring-Assignments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tn-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tn_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tn_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tn_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tabtn.org/wp-content/uploads/easPlanTN.pdf">"Tennessee Statewide Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a> (PDF). March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923045255/https://tabtn.org/wp-content/uploads/easPlanTN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Statewide+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftabtn.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FeasPlanTN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-in-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/app/uploads/2016/03/Indiana-EAS-Plan-May-2018-1.pdf">"Indiana State EAS Plan"</a> (PDF). indianabroadcasters.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216225609/https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/app/uploads/2016/03/Indiana-EAS-Plan-May-2018-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianabroadcasters.org&rft.atitle=Indiana+State+EAS+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianabroadcasters.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FIndiana-EAS-Plan-May-2018-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13887/download">"Kentucky Emergency Alert System New State Plan — Preliminary Summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13887/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Kentucky+Emergency+Alert+System+New+State+Plan+%E2%80%94+Preliminary+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13887%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oh-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oh_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oh_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/15530/download">"State of Ohio Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022193211/https://www.fcc.gov/file/15530/download">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=State+of+Ohio+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F15530%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/12842/download">"Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan for the State of Michigan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530224141/https://www.fcc.gov/file/12842/download">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan+for+the+State+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F12842%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-il-34"><a href="#cite_ref-il_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilba.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IL-EAS-State-EAS-Plan-June-2019-Final.pdf">"State of Illinois Emergency Alert System State Plan"</a> (PDF). ilba.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518235614/https://ilba.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IL-EAS-State-EAS-Plan-June-2019-Final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilba.org&rft.atitle=State+of+Illinois+Emergency+Alert+System+State+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filba.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FIL-EAS-State-EAS-Plan-June-2019-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mo-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mo_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mo_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbe55.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/mo-eas-plan.pdf">"Missouri State EAS Plan"</a> (PDF). sbe55.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sbe55.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/mo-eas-plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sbe55.org&rft.atitle=Missouri+State+EAS+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsbe55.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2Fmo-eas-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202440/http://www.sbe24.org/EAS/MAIN0120.pdf">"State of Wisconsin Emergency Alert System State EAS Plan"</a> (PDF). sbe24.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbe24.org/EAS/MAIN0120.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 20, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sbe24.org&rft.atitle=State+of+Wisconsin+Emergency+Alert+System+State+EAS+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbe24.org%2FEAS%2FMAIN0120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ecn/Documents/eas-mnplan-2019.pdf">"Minnesota Emergency Alert System Statewide Plan"</a> (PDF). dps.mn.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222709/https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ecn/Documents/eas-mnplan-2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dps.mn.gov&rft.atitle=Minnesota+Emergency+Alert+System+Statewide+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdps.mn.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fecn%2FDocuments%2Feas-mnplan-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SD/1129236.pdf">"Iowa Public Radio"</a> (PDF). legis.iowa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303055501/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SD/1129236.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legis.iowa.gov&rft.atitle=Iowa+Public+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legis.iowa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2FSD%2F1129236.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LA-eas-plan.pdf">"State of Louisiana Emergency Alert System (EAS) Operational Plan"</a> (PDF). broadcasters.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102080658/https://broadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LA-eas-plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=broadcasters.org&rft.atitle=State+of+Louisiana+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Operational+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroadcasters.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2FLA-eas-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tx-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tx_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tx_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tx_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tx_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tab.org/public/upload/files/misc/LATEST_VERSION_-_eas-texasplan-7-2-2021.pdf">"Texas Emergency Alert System"</a> (PDF). tab.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417015220/https://www.tab.org/public/upload/files/misc/LATEST_VERSION_-_eas-texasplan-7-2-2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tab.org&rft.atitle=Texas+Emergency+Alert+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tab.org%2Fpublic%2Fupload%2Ffiles%2Fmisc%2FLATEST_VERSION_-_eas-texasplan-7-2-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ne-eas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-State-EAS-Plan-4-1-20.pdf">"Nebraska State Emergency Alert System Plan"</a> (PDF). ne-eas.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222230451/https://ne-eas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-State-EAS-Plan-4-1-20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ne-eas.org&rft.atitle=Nebraska+State+Emergency+Alert+System+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fne-eas.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2F2020-State-EAS-Plan-4-1-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndba.org/files/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EAS_State_Warning_Plan_2018.pdf">"State Alert and Warning Plan"</a> (PDF). ndba.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024000812/https://www.ndba.org/files/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EAS_State_Warning_Plan_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ndba.org&rft.atitle=State+Alert+and+Warning+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndba.org%2Ffiles%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F08%2FEAS_State_Warning_Plan_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf">"South Dakota State Plan For The Emergency Alert System"</a> (PDF). sdba.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdba.org&rft.atitle=South+Dakota+State+Plan+For+The+Emergency+Alert+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdba.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FApproved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://des.mt.gov/Response/EAS/MT-EAS-Plan_Final_8Feb2018.pdf">"State of Montana 2016 Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a> (PDF). des.mt.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724081907/https://des.mt.gov/Response/EAS/MT-EAS-Plan_Final_8Feb2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=des.mt.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+Montana+2016+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdes.mt.gov%2FResponse%2FEAS%2FMT-EAS-Plan_Final_8Feb2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13915/download">"Wyoming State Plan for The Emergency Alert System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13915/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Wyoming+State+Plan+for+The+Emergency+Alert+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13915%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf">"South Dakota State Plan For The Emergency Alert System"</a> (PDF). sdba.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdba.org&rft.atitle=South+Dakota+State+Plan+For+The+Emergency+Alert+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdba.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FApproved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13897/download">"State of Arizona Emergency Alert System Operational Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041427/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13897/download">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=State+of+Arizona+Emergency+Alert+System+Operational+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13897%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.ksl.com/slc/2544/254498/25449878.doc">"Utah State Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a>. img.ksl.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415141320/http://img.ksl.com/slc/2544/254498/25449878.doc">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=img.ksl.com&rft.atitle=Utah+State+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.ksl.com%2Fslc%2F2544%2F254498%2F25449878.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/practitioners/integrated-public-alert-warning-system/broadcasters-wireless">"Broadcasters and Wireless Providers"</a>. fema.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fema.gov&rft.atitle=Broadcasters+and+Wireless+Providers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Femergency-managers%2Fpractitioners%2Fintegrated-public-alert-warning-system%2Fbroadcasters-wireless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caloes.ca.gov/WarningCenterSite/Documents/StateofCaliforniaEAS-Plan.pdf">"State of California Emergency Alert System Plan"</a> (PDF). caloes.ca.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125002549/https://www.caloes.ca.gov/WarningCenterSite/Documents/StateofCaliforniaEAS-Plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caloes.ca.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+California+Emergency+Alert+System+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caloes.ca.gov%2FWarningCenterSite%2FDocuments%2FStateofCaliforniaEAS-Plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dod.hawaii.gov/hiema/files/2016/03/2003-EAS-plan-with-Change-2.pdf">"State of Hawaii Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan"</a> (PDF). dod.hawaii.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170634/https://dod.hawaii.gov/hiema/files/2016/03/2003-EAS-plan-with-Change-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dod.hawaii.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+Hawaii+Emergency+Alert+System+%28EAS%29+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdod.hawaii.gov%2Fhiema%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F03%2F2003-EAS-plan-with-Change-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbe76.org/Oregon%20State%20EAS%20Plan%202021.docx">sbe76</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022171746/https://mil.wa.gov/asset/5fb594e600ab9">"Participating National (PN) Monitoring Matrix"</a>. mil.wa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mil.wa.gov/asset/5fb594e600ab9">the original</a> on October 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mil.wa.gov&rft.atitle=Participating+National+%28PN%29+Monitoring+Matrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmil.wa.gov%2Fasset%2F5fb594e600ab9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/file/13895/download">"State of Alaska Emergency Alert System Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417015217/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13895/download">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=State+of+Alaska+Emergency+Alert+System+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F13895%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/wlw-pep-station-to-test-new-studio-shelter">"WLW PEP Station to Test New Studio Shelter"</a>. Radio World. October 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401160113/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/wlw-pep-station-to-test-new-studio-shelter">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=WLW+PEP+Station+to+Test+New+Studio+Shelter&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Fnews-and-business%2Fwlw-pep-station-to-test-new-studio-shelter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioink.com/2018/10/22/fema-upgrading-wlw/">"FEMA Upgrading WLW"</a>. Radio Ink. October 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730192226/https://radioink.com/2018/10/22/fema-upgrading-wlw/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Ink&rft.atitle=FEMA+Upgrading+WLW&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioink.com%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Ffema-upgrading-wlw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideradio.com/free/in-hardening-eas-lynchpins-fema-puts-confidence-in-radio/article_890c20a4-d824-11e8-8a9f-d33e31890575.html">"In Hardening EAS Lynchpins, FEMA Puts Confidence In Radio"</a>. Insideradio.com. October 25, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071743/http://www.insideradio.com/free/in-hardening-eas-lynchpins-fema-puts-confidence-in-radio/article_890c20a4-d824-11e8-8a9f-d33e31890575.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insideradio.com&rft.atitle=In+Hardening+EAS+Lynchpins%2C+FEMA+Puts+Confidence+In+Radio.&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideradio.com%2Ffree%2Fin-hardening-eas-lynchpins-fema-puts-confidence-in-radio%2Farticle_890c20a4-d824-11e8-8a9f-d33e31890575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerlin2004" class="citation web cs1">Merlin, Ross Z. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625023050/http://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf">"Communications Systems for Public Health Contingencies"</a> (PDF). DHS/FEMA Wireless Program Management Team. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communications+Systems+for+Public+Health+Contingencies&rft.pub=DHS%2FFEMA+Wireless+Program+Management+Team&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Merlin&rft.aufirst=Ross+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphin%2Fconference%2F04conference%2F05-27-04%2FSession_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr47-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfr47_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr47_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr47_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol1-sec11-61.pdf">"United States Code of Federal Regulations – 47 CFR 11.61 – Tests of EAS procedures"</a> (PDF). access.gpo.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726180608/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol1-sec11-61.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%E2%80%93+47+CFR+11.61+%E2%80%93+Tests+of+EAS+procedures&rft.pub=access.gpo.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCFR-2013-title47-vol1%2Fpdf%2FCFR-2013-title47-vol1-sec11-61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Impact-IPAWS-Public-Alerts-Warnings.html">"The Impact of IPAWS on Public Alerts and Warnings"</a>. www.govtech.com. January 17, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824071200/https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Impact-IPAWS-Public-Alerts-Warnings.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govtech.com&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+IPAWS+on+Public+Alerts+and+Warnings&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fem%2Fdisaster%2FImpact-IPAWS-Public-Alerts-Warnings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-seeks-improve-accessibility-clarity-emergency-alerts-0">"FCC Seeks to Improve Accessibility & Clarity of Emergency Alerts"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. December 15, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930010931/https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-seeks-improve-accessibility-clarity-emergency-alerts-0">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=FCC+Seeks+to+Improve+Accessibility+%26+Clarity+of+Emergency+Alerts&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fdocument%2Ffcc-seeks-improve-accessibility-clarity-emergency-alerts-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2022" class="citation web cs1">Winslow, George (September 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-updates-emergency-alert-rules">"FCC Updates Emergency Alert Rules"</a>. TVTechnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930010925/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-updates-emergency-alert-rules">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVTechnology&rft.atitle=FCC+Updates+Emergency+Alert+Rules&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Ffcc-updates-emergency-alert-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOxenfordTolFrewer2012" class="citation news cs1">Oxenford, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP-David D.; Tol, Jennifer; Frewer (February 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=385a5fb7-aa83-431d-80a1-3aa45296e3db">"FCC revises emergency alert system rules; reminds participants of June 30, 2012 CAP compliance deadline"</a>. Lexology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319103359/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=385a5fb7-aa83-431d-80a1-3aa45296e3db">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexology&rft.atitle=FCC+revises+emergency+alert+system+rules%3B+reminds+participants+of+June+30%2C+2012+CAP+compliance+deadline&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.aulast=Oxenford&rft.aufirst=Davis+Wright+Tremaine+LLP-David+D.&rft.au=Tol%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Frewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D385a5fb7-aa83-431d-80a1-3aa45296e3db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2010/09/articles/fema-adopts-digital-message-format-for-eas-cap-standard-triggering-180-day-clock-for-compliance/">"FEMA Adopts Digital Message Format for EAS CAP Standard, Triggering 180-Day Clock for Compliance"</a>. Broadcast Law Blog. September 30, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824071200/https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2010/09/articles/fema-adopts-digital-message-format-for-eas-cap-standard-triggering-180-day-clock-for-compliance/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcast+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=FEMA+Adopts+Digital+Message+Format+for+EAS+CAP+Standard%2C+Triggering+180-Day+Clock+for+Compliance&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastlawblog.com%2F2010%2F09%2Farticles%2Ffema-adopts-digital-message-format-for-eas-cap-standard-triggering-180-day-clock-for-compliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2023" class="citation web cs1">George, Winslow (November 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-delays-emergency-alert-implementation-for-some-broadcasters">"FCC Delays Implementation of New Emergency Alert Rules for Some Broadcasters"</a>. TVTechnology. Retrieved November 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVTechnology&rft.atitle=FCC+Delays+Implementation+of+New+Emergency+Alert+Rules+for+Some+Broadcasters&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Winslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Ffcc-delays-emergency-alert-implementation-for-some-broadcasters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529053544/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr">"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. National Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=763e47002785e63b94a7710dcf78869a&rgn=div8&view=text&node=47:1.0.1.1.12.4.231.4&idno=47">the original</a> on May 29, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Decfr%26sid%3D763e47002785e63b94a7710dcf78869a%26rgn%3Ddiv8%26view%3Dtext%26node%3D47%3A1.0.1.1.12.4.231.4%26idno%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ohio-weatherman-fires-back-at-bachelorette-viewers-tornado-warning-1213957">"Ohio Weatherman Fires Back at 'Bachelorette' Fans After Tornado Warning Interrupts Broadcast"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. May 28, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014060137/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ohio-weatherman-fires-back-at-bachelorette-viewers-tornado-warning-1213957">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Ohio+Weatherman+Fires+Back+at+%27Bachelorette%27+Fans+After+Tornado+Warning+Interrupts+Broadcast&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fohio-weatherman-fires-back-at-bachelorette-viewers-tornado-warning-1213957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192121/http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/services/eas/chairs.html">"State EAS Plans and Chairs"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/services/eas/chairs.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+EAS+Plans+and+Chairs&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fpshs%2Fservices%2Feas%2Fchairs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/12/17565810/fcc-emergency-alert-system-test-psa">"The FCC is changing up the country's emergency alert system to prevent another Hawaii incident"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171345/https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/12/17565810/fcc-emergency-alert-system-test-psa">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=The+FCC+is+changing+up+the+country%27s+emergency+alert+system+to+prevent+another+Hawaii+incident&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F7%2F12%2F17565810%2Ffcc-emergency-alert-system-test-psa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-352524A1.pdf">"FCC PROMOTES EMERGENCY ALERT RELIABILITY"</a> (PDF). FCC. July 12, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906173334/https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-352524A1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCC+PROMOTES+EMERGENCY+ALERT+RELIABILITY&rft.pub=FCC&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fcc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fattachments%2FDOC-352524A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304021444/http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/DOC-304451A1.pdf">"FCC Press Release: "FCC Action Paves Way for First-Ever Presidential Alert to be Aired Across U.S. on Nation's Emergency Alert System""</a> (PDF). fcc.gov. FCC. February 3, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/DOC-304451A1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=FCC+Press+Release%3A+%22FCC+Action+Paves+Way+for+First-Ever+Presidential+Alert+to+be+Aired+Across+U.S.+on+Nation%27s+Emergency+Alert+System%22&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2FDaily_Releases%2FDaily_Business%2F2011%2Fdb0203%2FDOC-304451A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210092109/http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/FCC-11-12A1.pdf">"FCC Third Report and Order: In the Matter of Review of the Emergency Alert System"</a> (PDF). fcc.gov. FCC. February 3, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/FCC-11-12A1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=FCC+Third+Report+and+Order%3A+In+the+Matter+of+Review+of+the+Emergency+Alert+System&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2FDaily_Releases%2FDaily_Business%2F2011%2Fdb0203%2FFCC-11-12A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614192303/http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=55722">"FEMA, FCC Announce Nationwide Test Of The Emergency Alert System"</a> (Press release). FEMA. June 9, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=55722">the original</a> on June 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FEMA%2C+FCC+Announce+Nationwide+Test+Of+The+Emergency+Alert+System&rft.pub=FEMA&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsrelease.fema%3Fid%3D55722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton2011" class="citation web cs1">Clayton, Mark (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/1109/Emergency-Alert-System-Why-US-is-doing-first-national-test-now">"Emergency Alert System: Why US is doing first national test now"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082316/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/1109/Emergency-Alert-System-Why-US-is-doing-first-national-test-now">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Emergency+Alert+System%3A+Why+US+is+doing+first+national+test+now&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2F2011%2F1109%2FEmergency-Alert-System-Why-US-is-doing-first-national-test-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/1109/Did-the-national-Emergency-Alert-System-mistakenly-play-Lady-Gaga">"Did the national Emergency Alert System mistakenly play Lady Gaga?"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. November 9, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031033121/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/1109/Did-the-national-Emergency-Alert-System-mistakenly-play-Lady-Gaga">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Did+the+national+Emergency+Alert+System+mistakenly+play+Lady+Gaga%3F&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2F2011%2F1109%2FDid-the-national-Emergency-Alert-System-mistakenly-play-Lady-Gaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalone2011" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Noreen (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2011/11/emergency-broadast-system-now-plays-gaga.html">"Why Is the Emergency Broadcast System Playing Lady Gaga?"</a>. Intelligencer. Retrieved October 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Why+Is+the+Emergency+Broadcast+System+Playing+Lady+Gaga%3F&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Noreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2011%2F11%2Femergency-broadast-system-now-plays-gaga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-16results-77"><a href="#cite_ref-fcc-16results_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/document/september-28-2016-nationwide-eas-test">"September 28, 2016 Nationwide EAS Test"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. April 21, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608221159/https://www.fcc.gov/document/september-28-2016-nationwide-eas-test">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=September+28%2C+2016+Nationwide+EAS+Test&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fdocument%2Fseptember-28-2016-nationwide-eas-test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718211938/http://www.govtech.com/em/emergency-blogs/alerts/the-2016-national-eas-test-will-be-different.html">"The 2016 National EAS Test Will Be Different"</a>. Govtech. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtech.com/em/emergency-blogs/alerts/the-2016-national-eas-test-will-be-different.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govtech&rft.atitle=The+2016+National+EAS+Test+Will+Be+Different&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fem%2Femergency-blogs%2Falerts%2Fthe-2016-national-eas-test-will-be-different.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2016/09/26/nationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28">"Nationwide Emergency Alert System Test Planned for September 27 - FEMA.gov"</a>. www.fema.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001210409/https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2016/09/26/nationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fema.gov&rft.atitle=Nationwide+Emergency+Alert+System+Test+Planned+for+September+27+-+FEMA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnews-release%2F2016%2F09%2F26%2Fnationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/document/nationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28">"Nationwide Emergency Alert System Test Planned for September 28"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. September 26, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930063652/https://www.fcc.gov/document/nationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Nationwide+Emergency+Alert+System+Test+Planned+for+September+28&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fdocument%2Fnationwide-emergency-alert-system-test-planned-september-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10714429000802/FEMA%202017%20National%20Test%20LOI.pdf">"Nationwide Emergency Alert System Test Planned for September 27"</a> (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. July 14, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225958/https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10714429000802/FEMA%202017%20National%20Test%20LOI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Nationwide+Emergency+Alert+System+Test+Planned+for+September+27&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfsapi.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F10714429000802%2FFEMA%25202017%2520National%2520Test%2520LOI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbr.com/mark-your-calendars-next-eas-test-date-affirmed/">"Mark Your Calendars: Next EAS Test Date Affirmed"</a>. Radio & Television Business Report. July 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111941/https://www.rbr.com/mark-your-calendars-next-eas-test-date-affirmed/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+%26+Television+Business+Report&rft.atitle=Mark+Your+Calendars%3A+Next+EAS+Test+Date+Affirmed&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbr.com%2Fmark-your-calendars-next-eas-test-date-affirmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStracqualursi" class="citation news cs1">Stracqualursi, Veronica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/15/politics/fema-presidential-alert-trump-emergency-test/index.html">"'Presidential Alert': Trump text slides to October 3"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012822/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/15/politics/fema-presidential-alert-trump-emergency-test/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27Presidential+Alert%27%3A+Trump+text+slides+to+October+3&rft.aulast=Stracqualursi&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F15%2Fpolitics%2Ffema-presidential-alert-trump-emergency-test%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/business/technology/article/Emergency-alert-test-going-out-to-mobile-phones-13277858.php">"Emergency alert test sounds off on mobile phones nationwide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003213542/https://www.sfgate.com/business/technology/article/Emergency-alert-test-going-out-to-mobile-phones-13277858.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Emergency+alert+test+sounds+off+on+mobile+phones+nationwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2FEmergency-alert-test-going-out-to-mobile-phones-13277858.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshworth2019" class="citation web cs1">Ashworth, Susan (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/next-nationwide-emergency-test-set-for-august-2019">"Next Nationwide Emergency Test Set for August 2019"</a>. TV TTechnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071729/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/next-nationwide-emergency-test-set-for-august-2019">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+TTechnology&rft.atitle=Next+Nationwide+Emergency+Test+Set+for+August+2019&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Fnext-nationwide-emergency-test-set-for-august-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideradio.com/free/fema-sets-august-for-national-eas-test-with-focus-on/article_79add90c-7df3-11e9-b1e7-17230fc554b3.html">"FEMA Sets August For 2019 National EAS Test With Focus On PEP Stations"</a>. Insideradio.com. May 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071734/http://www.insideradio.com/free/fema-sets-august-for-national-eas-test-with-focus-on/article_79add90c-7df3-11e9-b1e7-17230fc554b3.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insideradio.com&rft.atitle=FEMA+Sets+August+For+2019+National+EAS+Test+With+Focus+On+PEP+Stations.&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideradio.com%2Ffree%2Ffema-sets-august-for-national-eas-test-with-focus-on%2Farticle_79add90c-7df3-11e9-b1e7-17230fc554b3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2020/06/19/no-national-test-year-femas-integrated-public-alert-warning-system">"No National Test this Year for FEMA's Integrated Public Alert & Warning System"</a>. FEMA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726053823/https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2020/06/19/no-national-test-year-femas-integrated-public-alert-warning-system">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+National+Test+this+Year+for+FEMA%27s+Integrated+Public+Alert+%26+Warning+System&rft.pub=FEMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnews-release%2F2020%2F06%2F19%2Fno-national-test-year-femas-integrated-public-alert-warning-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210611/fema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-aug-11-test-messages-will">"FEMA and FCC Plan Nationwide Emergency Alert Test for Aug. 11 Test Messages Will be Sent to TVs and Radios Along with Select Cell Phones That Have Opted-in to Receive Test Messages"</a>. FEMA.gov. June 11, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728202820/https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210611/fema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-aug-11-test-messages-will">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FEMA+and+FCC+Plan+Nationwide+Emergency+Alert+Test+for+Aug.+11+Test+Messages+Will+be+Sent+to+TVs+and+Radios+Along+with+Select+Cell+Phones+That+Have+Opted-in+to+Receive+Test+Messages&rft.pub=FEMA.gov&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpress-release%2F20210611%2Ffema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-aug-11-test-messages-will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/headlines/243376/fcc-report-10-2-new-eas-rules-to-improve-message-clarity-adopted/">"FCC updates new Emergency Alert System rules to improve more message clarification"</a>. Radioinsight.com. October 2, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011163945/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/243376/fcc-report-10-2-new-eas-rules-to-improve-message-clarity-adopted/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCC+updates+new+Emergency+Alert+System+rules+to+improve+more+message+clarification&rft.pub=Radioinsight.com&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioinsight.com%2Fheadlines%2F243376%2Ffcc-report-10-2-new-eas-rules-to-improve-message-clarity-adopted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideradio.com/free/fema-says-no-national-eas-test-is-planned-for-this-year/article_83a4da68-c9d2-11ec-93a3-2fc171af7a4c.html">"FEMA Says No National EAS Test is Planned for This Year"</a>. Insideradio.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502162149/https://www.insideradio.com/free/fema-says-no-national-eas-test-is-planned-for-this-year/article_83a4da68-c9d2-11ec-93a3-2fc171af7a4c.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insideradio.com&rft.atitle=FEMA+Says+No+National+EAS+Test+is+Planned+for+This+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideradio.com%2Ffree%2Ffema-says-no-national-eas-test-is-planned-for-this-year%2Farticle_83a4da68-c9d2-11ec-93a3-2fc171af7a4c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20230803/fema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-oct-4-2023">"FEMA and FCC Plan Nationwide Emergency Alert Test for Oct. 4, 2023"</a>. fema.gov. August 3, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807040353/https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20230803/fema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-oct-4-2023">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FEMA+and+FCC+Plan+Nationwide+Emergency+Alert+Test+for+Oct.+4%2C+2023&rft.pub=fema.gov&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpress-release%2F20230803%2Ffema-and-fcc-plan-nationwide-emergency-alert-test-oct-4-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalderston2020" class="citation web cs1">Balderston, Michael (November 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/house-passes-bill-for-bringing-emergency-alerts-to-streaming">"House Approves Bill Bringing EAS to Streaming"</a>. TVTechnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303122855/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/house-passes-bill-for-bringing-emergency-alerts-to-streaming">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVTechnology&rft.atitle=House+Approves+Bill+Bringing+EAS+to+Streaming&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Balderston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Fhouse-passes-bill-for-bringing-emergency-alerts-to-streaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattles2019" class="citation news cs1">Wattles, Jackie (March 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/08/tech/emergency-alert-netflix-hulu-streaming/index.html">"Should Netflix and Hulu give you emergency alerts?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428023625/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/08/tech/emergency-alert-netflix-hulu-streaming/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Should+Netflix+and+Hulu+give+you+emergency+alerts%3F&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Ftech%2Femergency-alert-netflix-hulu-streaming%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/182663/senate-approves-readi-act-to-inform-public-in-emer">"Senate Approves 'READI' Act To Inform Public In Emergencies"</a>. All Access. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428023626/https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/182663/senate-approves-readi-act-to-inform-public-in-emer">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Access&rft.atitle=Senate+Approves+%27READI%27+Act+To+Inform+Public+In+Emergencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaccess.com%2Fnet-news%2Farchive%2Fstory%2F182663%2Fsenate-approves-readi-act-to-inform-public-in-emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshworth2018" class="citation web cs1">Ashworth, Susan (July 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/sens-schatz-and-thune-introduce-readi-act-to-improve-eas">"Sens. Schatz, Thune Introduce READI Act to Improve EAS"</a>. TvTechnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428062752/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/sens-schatz-and-thune-introduce-readi-act-to-improve-eas">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TvTechnology&rft.atitle=Sens.+Schatz%2C+Thune+Introduce+READI+Act+to+Improve+EAS&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Fsens-schatz-and-thune-introduce-readi-act-to-improve-eas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideradio.com/new-law-would-put-eas-alerts-on-repeat/article_8457e1c0-02ee-11e9-8c80-f7e23e5b84bb.html">"New Law Would Put EAS Alerts On Repeat"</a>. Insideradio.com. December 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428063214/http://www.insideradio.com/new-law-would-put-eas-alerts-on-repeat/article_8457e1c0-02ee-11e9-8c80-f7e23e5b84bb.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insideradio.com&rft.atitle=New+Law+Would+Put+EAS+Alerts+On+Repeat.&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideradio.com%2Fnew-law-would-put-eas-alerts-on-repeat%2Farticle_8457e1c0-02ee-11e9-8c80-f7e23e5b84bb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNerney2020" class="citation web cs1">McNerney, Jerry (November 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6096/text">"Text – H.R.6096 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): READI Act"</a>. www.congress.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117215955/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6096/text">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Text+%E2%80%93+H.R.6096+%E2%80%93+116th+Congress+%282019%E2%80%932020%29%3A+READI+Act&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=McNerney&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F6096%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbr.com/house-passes-emergency-alert-focused-readi-act/">"House Passes Emergency Alert-Focused 'READI' Act"</a>. Radio & Television Business Report. November 17, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130172359/https://www.rbr.com/house-passes-emergency-alert-focused-readi-act/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+%26+Television+Business+Report&rft.atitle=House+Passes+Emergency+Alert-Focused+%27READI%27+Act&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbr.com%2Fhouse-passes-emergency-alert-focused-readi-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rwonline-99"><a href="#cite_ref-rwonline_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStine2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Stine, Randy J. (September 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011024114726/http://www.rwonline.com/reference-room/special-report/rw-eas2.shtml">"Terrorism Attacks Cue EAS Debate"</a>. Radio World. IMAS Publishing (USA) Inc. Archived from the original on October 24, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=Terrorism+Attacks+Cue+EAS+Debate&rft.date=2001-09-26&rft.aulast=Stine&rft.aufirst=Randy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwonline.com%2Freference-room%2Fspecial-report%2Frw-eas2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523232943/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-BC-Engineering/Radio-World-Modern/2000/Radio-World-2000-09-27.pdf">"When The Emergency Alert System Goes Wrong"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-BC-Engineering/Radio-World-Modern/2000/Radio-World-2000-09-27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+The+Emergency+Alert+System+Goes+Wrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-All-BC-Engineering%2FRadio-World-Modern%2F2000%2FRadio-World-2000-09-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-courant-evac-101"><a href="#cite_ref-courant-evac_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPazinokas2005" class="citation news cs1">Pazinokas, Mark (February 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/2005/02/02/connecticut-evacuation-false-alarm/">"Connecticut Evacuation: False Alarm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215215406/http://articles.courant.com/2005-02-02/news/0502020861_1_evacuation-order-false-alarm-emergency-alert-system">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Connecticut+Evacuation%3A+False+Alarm&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Pazinokas&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2F2005%2F02%2F02%2Fconnecticut-evacuation-false-alarm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ct-study-102"><a href="#cite_ref-ct-study_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~icdrm/publications/CT%20Emergency%20Broadcast%20Final%20Report.pdf">"Public Reaction to the Erroneous Statewide Broadcast of February 1st, 2005"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Center for Survey Research and Analysis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614214104/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Eicdrm/publications/CT%20Emergency%20Broadcast%20Final%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington+University&rft.atitle=Public+Reaction+to+the+Erroneous+Statewide+Broadcast+of+February+1st%2C+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~icdrm%2Fpublications%2FCT%2520Emergency%2520Broadcast%2520Final%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2_5/comments/false_alarm_connecticut_not_being_evacuated/">"False Alarm, Connecticut Not Being Evacuated"</a>. WestportNow.com. February 1, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402222723/https://westportnow.com/index.php?%2Fv2_5%2Fcomments%2Ffalse_alarm_connecticut_not_being_evacuated%2F">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2020. <q>State police said they received no calls related to the erroneous alert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=False+Alarm%2C+Connecticut+Not+Being+Evacuated&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westportnow.com%2Findex.php%3F%2Fv2_5%2Fcomments%2Ffalse_alarm_connecticut_not_being_evacuated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080806205146/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Emergency.Alert.System.2.337932.html">"Emergency Alert System Activated By Mistake"</a>. cbs2chicago.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Emergency.Alert.System.2.337932.html">the original</a> on August 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbs2chicago.com&rft.atitle=Emergency+Alert+System+Activated+By+Mistake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Ftopstories%2FEmergency.Alert.System.2.337932.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717212239/http://www.fema.gov/media/fact_sheets/eas.shtm">"Inadvertent Activation of the Illinois Emergency Alert System"</a>. FEMA. June 28, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/media/fact_sheets/eas.shtm">the original</a> on July 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inadvertent+Activation+of+the+Illinois+Emergency+Alert+System&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fmedia%2Ffact_sheets%2Feas.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heraldnet.com/article/20100520/NEWS03/705209858">"Glitch scrambles Oregon thunderstorm warning"</a>. The Herald. Everett, Washington. Associated Press. May 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712180746/http://heraldnet.com/article/20100520/NEWS03/705209858">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Glitch+scrambles+Oregon+thunderstorm+warning&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheraldnet.com%2Farticle%2F20100520%2FNEWS03%2F705209858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Evacuation-Alert-for-Suffolk-County-Mistakenly-Given-Administrator-392266541.html">"Evacuation Alert for Suffolk County Mistakenly Given"</a>. NBC New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075155/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Evacuation-Alert-for-Suffolk-County-Mistakenly-Given-Administrator-392266541.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+New+York&rft.atitle=Evacuation+Alert+for+Suffolk+County+Mistakenly+Given&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnewyork.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FEvacuation-Alert-for-Suffolk-County-Mistakenly-Given-Administrator-392266541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/suffolk-automated-system-caused-false-evacuation-alert-for-hermine-1.12269519">"Officials: Automated system caused false alert for Hermine"</a>. Newsday. September 6, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129061924/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/suffolk-automated-system-caused-false-evacuation-alert-for-hermine-1.12269519">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Officials%3A+Automated+system+caused+false+alert+for+Hermine&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Flong-island%2Fsuffolk%2Fsuffolk-automated-system-caused-false-evacuation-alert-for-hermine-1.12269519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2017" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Gray (May 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://6abc.com/new-jersey-news-nuclear-power-plant-warning-emergency-alert-system-salem-hope-creek/2031983/">"False nuclear power plant warning worried NJ residents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">6ABC Action News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326002445/https://6abc.com/new-jersey-news-nuclear-power-plant-warning-emergency-alert-system-salem-hope-creek/2031983/">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=6ABC+Action+News&rft.atitle=False+nuclear+power+plant+warning+worried+NJ+residents&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F6abc.com%2Fnew-jersey-news-nuclear-power-plant-warning-emergency-alert-system-salem-hope-creek%2F2031983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCriss" class="citation news cs1">Criss, Doug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/asia/guam-accidental-warning-trnd/index.html">"Guam radio stations freak out island with emergency alert"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921022833/http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/asia/guam-accidental-warning-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Guam+radio+stations+freak+out+island+with+emergency+alert&rft.aulast=Criss&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F08%2F15%2Fasia%2Fguam-accidental-warning-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaas2017" class="citation news cs1">Haas, Benjamin (August 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/15/guam-radio-stations-accidental-emergency-alert-north-korea-threat">"Guam radio stations accidentally air emergency alert amid North Korea threat"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/15/guam-radio-stations-accidental-emergency-alert-north-korea-threat">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guam+radio+stations+accidentally+air+emergency+alert+amid+North+Korea+threat&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Faug%2F15%2Fguam-radio-stations-accidental-emergency-alert-north-korea-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/01/13/breaking-news/emergency-officials-mistakenly-send-out-missile-threat-alert/">"Emergency officials mistakenly send out missile threat alert"</a>. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. January 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113192642/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/01/13/breaking-news/emergency-officials-mistakenly-send-out-missile-threat-alert/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Advertiser&rft.atitle=Emergency+officials+mistakenly+send+out+missile+threat+alert&rft.date=2018-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staradvertiser.com%2F2018%2F01%2F13%2Fbreaking-news%2Femergency-officials-mistakenly-send-out-missile-threat-alert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hawaii-missile-alert-today-emergency-management-system-incoming-ballistic-missile-warning-error/">"Hawaii missile alert: False alarm warns residents of "ballistic missile threat""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113231732/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hawaii-missile-alert-today-emergency-management-system-incoming-ballistic-missile-warning-error/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hawaii+missile+alert%3A+False+alarm+warns+residents+of+%22ballistic+missile+threat%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhawaii-missile-alert-today-emergency-management-system-incoming-ballistic-missile-warning-error%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42677604">"Hawaii sends out missile alert by mistake"</a>. BBC News. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724172855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42677604">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hawaii+sends+out+missile+alert+by+mistake&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-42677604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox011318-115"><a href="#cite_ref-fox011318_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarrahJoyce2018" class="citation news cs1">Darrah, Nicole; Joyce, Kathleen (January 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/hawaiis-false-missile-threat-worker-feels-terrible-after-pushing-the-wrong-button">"Hawaii's scary false missile threat: Worker's push of the 'wrong button' to blame"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114003504/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/01/13/hawaiis-scary-false-missile-threat-workers-push-wrong-button-to-blame.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Hawaii%27s+scary+false+missile+threat%3A+Worker%27s+push+of+the+%27wrong+button%27+to+blame&rft.date=2018-01-13&rft.aulast=Darrah&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fhawaiis-false-missile-threat-worker-feels-terrible-after-pushing-the-wrong-button&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLadden-Hall2022" class="citation web cs1">Ladden-Hall, Dan (September 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/los-angeles-evacuation-order-broadcast-on-tv-was-made-in-error">"Los Angeles Evacuation Order Broadcast on TV in Error"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004857/https://www.thedailybeast.com/los-angeles-evacuation-order-broadcast-on-tv-was-made-in-error">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Evacuation+Order+Broadcast+on+TV+in+Error&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.aulast=Ladden-Hall&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Flos-angeles-evacuation-order-broadcast-on-tv-was-made-in-error&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://signalscv.com/2022/09/evacuation-notice-broadcast-countywide-made-in-error/">"Evacuation notice broadcast countywide made 'in error'"</a>. Santa Clarita Valley Signal. September 1, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004901/https://signalscv.com/2022/09/evacuation-notice-broadcast-countywide-made-in-error/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Santa+Clarita+Valley+Signal&rft.atitle=Evacuation+notice+broadcast+countywide+made+%27in+error%27&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsignalscv.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fevacuation-notice-broadcast-countywide-made-in-error%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodin2022" class="citation web cs1">Goodin, Dan (August 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/08/huge-flaw-threatens-us-emergency-alert-system-dhs-researcher-warns/">""Huge flaw" threatens US emergency alert system, DHS researcher warns"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806035649/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/08/huge-flaw-threatens-us-emergency-alert-system-dhs-researcher-warns/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=%22Huge+flaw%22+threatens+US+emergency+alert+system%2C+DHS+researcher+warns&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=Goodin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2022%2F08%2Fhuge-flaw-threatens-us-emergency-alert-system-dhs-researcher-warns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2013-02-14-chi-zombie-hack-blamed-on-easy-passwords-20130214-story.html">"Zombie hack blamed on easy passwords"</a>. chicagotribune.com. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808193235/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2013-02-14-chi-zombie-hack-blamed-on-easy-passwords-20130214-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Zombie+hack+blamed+on+easy+passwords&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fct-xpm-2013-02-14-chi-zombie-hack-blamed-on-easy-passwords-20130214-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMemmott2013" class="citation web cs1">Memmott, Mark (February 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/02/12/171814715/zombie-alert-also-aired-in-michigan-hacking-traced-to-overseas-source">"'Zombie Alert' Also Aired In Michigan; Hacking Traced To Overseas Source"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808174945/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/02/12/171814715/zombie-alert-also-aired-in-michigan-hacking-traced-to-overseas-source">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Zombie+Alert%27+Also+Aired+In+Michigan%3B+Hacking+Traced+To+Overseas+Source&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2013%2F02%2F12%2F171814715%2Fzombie-alert-also-aired-in-michigan-hacking-traced-to-overseas-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://securityledger.com/2020/01/seven-years-later-scores-of-eas-systems-sit-un-patched-vulnerable/">"Seven Years Later, Scores of EAS Systems sit Un-patched, Vulnerable"</a>. The Security Ledger. January 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129041238/https://securityledger.com/2020/01/seven-years-later-scores-of-eas-systems-sit-un-patched-vulnerable/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Security+Ledger&rft.atitle=Seven+Years+Later%2C+Scores+of+EAS+Systems+sit+Un-patched%2C+Vulnerable&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurityledger.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fseven-years-later-scores-of-eas-systems-sit-un-patched-vulnerable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/02/zombie_apocalypse_now_michigan.html">"Zombie apocalypse now? Michigan TV stations' Emergency Alert Systems hacked with notice of walking dead"</a>. Mlive.com. February 12, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214013017/http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/02/zombie_apocalypse_now_michigan.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mlive.com&rft.atitle=Zombie+apocalypse+now%3F+Michigan+TV+stations%27+Emergency+Alert+Systems+hacked+with+notice+of+walking+dead&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F02%2Fzombie_apocalypse_now_michigan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioworld.com/industry/wzzy-hacked-broadcasts-zombie-warning-in-indiana">"WZZY Hacked, Broadcasts Zombie Warning in Indiana"</a>. Radio World. March 3, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808174947/https://www.radioworld.com/industry/wzzy-hacked-broadcasts-zombie-warning-in-indiana">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=WZZY+Hacked%2C+Broadcasts+Zombie+Warning+in+Indiana&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Findustry%2Fwzzy-hacked-broadcasts-zombie-warning-in-indiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/13/police-believe-zombie-hoax-attacks-linked/1915921/">"Police say Mont. TV zombie hoax likely linked to others"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808174947/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/13/police-believe-zombie-hoax-attacks-linked/1915921/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Police+say+Mont.+TV+zombie+hoax+likely+linked+to+others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2013%2F02%2F13%2Fpolice-believe-zombie-hoax-attacks-linked%2F1915921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbuch2013" class="citation web cs1">Hubbuch, Chris (February 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/tv-zombie-attack-warning-a-false-alarm/article_96312830-759f-11e2-bb49-0019bb2963f4.html">"TV zombie-attack warning a false alarm"</a>. La Crosse Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808174946/https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/tv-zombie-attack-warning-a-false-alarm/article_96312830-759f-11e2-bb49-0019bb2963f4.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Crosse+Tribune&rft.atitle=TV+zombie-attack+warning+a+false+alarm&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Hubbuch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacrossetribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftv-zombie-attack-warning-a-false-alarm%2Farticle_96312830-759f-11e2-bb49-0019bb2963f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fox59.com/2017/03/01/hackers-take-over-randolph-county-radio-stations-alert-system-send-out-messages-about-fake-zombie-attack/">"Hackers take over Randolph County radio station's alert system, send out messages about fake zombie attack"</a>. Fox59.com. March 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308021407/http://fox59.com/2017/03/01/hackers-take-over-randolph-county-radio-stations-alert-system-send-out-messages-about-fake-zombie-attack/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox59.com&rft.atitle=Hackers+take+over+Randolph+County+radio+station%27s+alert+system%2C+send+out+messages+about+fake+zombie+attack&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffox59.com%2F2017%2F03%2F01%2Fhackers-take-over-randolph-county-radio-stations-alert-system-send-out-messages-about-fake-zombie-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Keefe2017" class="citation web cs1">O'Keefe, PJ (March 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcpo.com/news/state/state-indiana/hacked-radio-station-reports-zombie-attack-and-disease-outbreak-in-randolph-county-indiana">"WZZY 98.3FM zombie outbreak: Hacked radio station reports zombie attack in Randolph County, Indiana"</a>. WCPO.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309033751/http://www.wcpo.com/news/state/state-indiana/hacked-radio-station-reports-zombie-attack-and-disease-outbreak-in-randolph-county-indiana">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WCPO.com&rft.atitle=WZZY+98.3FM+zombie+outbreak%3A+Hacked+radio+station+reports+zombie+attack+in+Randolph+County%2C+Indiana&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcpo.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2Fstate-indiana%2Fhacked-radio-station-reports-zombie-attack-and-disease-outbreak-in-randolph-county-indiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptleader.com/stories/wave-cable-meme-hack-affects-3000-jefferson-county-residents,68027">"Wave cable meme hack affects 3,000 Jefferson County residents"</a>. Port Townsend Leader. February 26, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406174429/https://www.ptleader.com/stories/wave-cable-meme-hack-affects-3000-jefferson-county-residents,68027">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Townsend+Leader&rft.atitle=Wave+cable+meme+hack+affects+3%2C000+Jefferson+County+residents&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptleader.com%2Fstories%2Fwave-cable-meme-hack-affects-3000-jefferson-county-residents%2C68027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Graham (February 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/false-alert-indicating-radiological-incident-appeared-tv-jefferson-county/KJI2SNVTZBE6DAOMYWFOQK47SM/">"Hackers target cable TV alert system and send false messages"</a>. KIRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608225614/https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/false-alert-indicating-radiological-incident-appeared-tv-jefferson-county/KJI2SNVTZBE6DAOMYWFOQK47SM/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KIRO&rft.atitle=Hackers+target+cable+TV+alert+system+and+send+false+messages&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiro7.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ffalse-alert-indicating-radiological-incident-appeared-tv-jefferson-county%2FKJI2SNVTZBE6DAOMYWFOQK47SM%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptleader.com/stories/wave-false-alert-remains-mystery-after-residual-message-airs-again,68246">"Wave false alert remains mystery after 'residual' message airs again"</a>. Port Townsend Leader. March 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406174433/https://www.ptleader.com/stories/wave-false-alert-remains-mystery-after-residual-message-airs-again,68246">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Townsend+Leader&rft.atitle=Wave+false+alert+remains+mystery+after+%27residual%27+message+airs+again&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptleader.com%2Fstories%2Fwave-false-alert-remains-mystery-after-residual-message-airs-again%2C68246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/no-emergency-false-alert-over-radiological-incident-sent-by-jefferson-county/281-568c86b3-8aae-4df0-b3b3-5dd4c800e0e8">"False TV alert over 'radiological hazard' concerns Washington emergency officials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KING-TV" title="KING-TV">KING5.com</a>. February 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327050956/https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/no-emergency-false-alert-over-radiological-incident-sent-by-jefferson-county/281-568c86b3-8aae-4df0-b3b3-5dd4c800e0e8">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KING5.com&rft.atitle=False+TV+alert+over+%27radiological+hazard%27+concerns+Washington+emergency+officials&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.king5.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fno-emergency-false-alert-over-radiological-incident-sent-by-jefferson-county%2F281-568c86b3-8aae-4df0-b3b3-5dd4c800e0e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2019" class="citation web cs1">Pedersen, Erik (August 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2019/08/fcc-fines-walking-dead-jimmy-kimmel-live-others-hit-with-fcc-fines-for-misuing-emergency-alert-tones-1202669390/">"'Walking Dead', 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' & Others Hit With FCC Fines For "Misusing" Emergency Alert Tones"</a>. Deadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195852/https://deadline.com/2019/08/fcc-fines-walking-dead-jimmy-kimmel-live-others-hit-with-fcc-fines-for-misuing-emergency-alert-tones-1202669390/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27Walking+Dead%27%2C+%27Jimmy+Kimmel+Live%27+%26+Others+Hit+With+FCC+Fines+For+%22Misusing%22+Emergency+Alert+Tones&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2019%2F08%2Ffcc-fines-walking-dead-jimmy-kimmel-live-others-hit-with-fcc-fines-for-misuing-emergency-alert-tones-1202669390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231204456/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/false-alarm-olympus-movie-ad-draws-19m-fine">"False alarm 'Olympus' movie ad draws $1.9M fine"</a>. The Big Story. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/false-alarm-olympus-movie-ad-draws-19m-fine">the original</a> on December 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Story&rft.atitle=False+alarm+%27Olympus%27+movie+ad+draws+%241.9M+fine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Ffalse-alarm-olympus-movie-ad-draws-19m-fine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch2013" class="citation web cs1">Welch, Chris (November 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/6/5072954/fcc-fines-tbs-25000-for-simulating-emergency-alert-in-conan-ad">"FCC fines TBS $25,000 for simulating emergency alert tones in 'Conan' ad"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071515/https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/6/5072954/fcc-fines-tbs-25000-for-simulating-emergency-alert-in-conan-ad">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=FCC+fines+TBS+%2425%2C000+for+simulating+emergency+alert+tones+in+%27Conan%27+ad&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F11%2F6%2F5072954%2Ffcc-fines-tbs-25000-for-simulating-emergency-alert-in-conan-ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin2015" class="citation web cs1">Brodkin, Jon (May 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/05/multi-state-cascade-of-false-emergency-alerts-nets-1-million-fine/">""Multi-state cascade" of false emergency alerts nets $1 million fine"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529195432/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/05/multi-state-cascade-of-false-emergency-alerts-nets-1-million-fine/">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=%22Multi-state+cascade%22+of+false+emergency+alerts+nets+%241+million+fine&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2015%2F05%2Fmulti-state-cascade-of-false-emergency-alerts-nets-1-million-fine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFybush2014" class="citation web cs1">Fybush, Scott (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fybush.com/nerw-extra-20141027/">"NERW Extra: A Few Words About EAS"</a>. Fybush Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030052300/http://www.fybush.com/nerw-extra-20141027/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fybush+Media&rft.atitle=NERW+Extra%3A+A+Few+Words+About+EAS&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Fybush&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fybush.com%2Fnerw-extra-20141027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDixon2017" class="citation news cs1">Dixon, Drew (May 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacksonville.com/metro/business/2017-05-30/jacksonville-s-wtlv-tv-12-owner-fined-use-emergency-alert-tones-jaguars">"Jacksonville's WTLV TV-12 owner fined for use of Emergency Alert tones in Jaguars promo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union" title="The Florida Times-Union">The Florida Times-Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606172239/http://jacksonville.com/metro/business/2017-05-30/jacksonville-s-wtlv-tv-12-owner-fined-use-emergency-alert-tones-jaguars">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Times-Union&rft.atitle=Jacksonville%27s+WTLV+TV-12+owner+fined+for+use+of+Emergency+Alert+tones+in+Jaguars+promo&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjacksonville.com%2Fmetro%2Fbusiness%2F2017-05-30%2Fjacksonville-s-wtlv-tv-12-owner-fined-use-emergency-alert-tones-jaguars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-17-424A1.pdf">"In the Matter of TEGNA Inc., parent of Multimedia Holdings Corporation Licensee of Station WTLV, Jacksonville, Florida"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Federal Communications Commission. May 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708013137/https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-17-424A1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+TEGNA+Inc.%2C+parent+of+Multimedia+Holdings+Corporation+Licensee+of+Station+WTLV%2C+Jacksonville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDA-17-424A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2019" class="citation news cs1">Pedersen, Erik (September 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2019/09/young-sheldon-fcc-proposes-six-figure-fine-for-misuse-of-emergency-alert-tone-1202729605/">"'Young Sheldon': FCC Proposes Six-Figure Fine For Misuse Of Emergency Alert Tone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427233523/https://deadline.com/2019/09/young-sheldon-fcc-proposes-six-figure-fine-for-misuse-of-emergency-alert-tone-1202729605/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=%27Young+Sheldon%27%3A+FCC+Proposes+Six-Figure+Fine+For+Misuse+Of+Emergency+Alert+Tone&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fyoung-sheldon-fcc-proposes-six-figure-fine-for-misuse-of-emergency-alert-tone-1202729605%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideradio.com/free/cbs-fined-272-000-after-fcc-concludes-it-misused-eas-tones/article_f61e08c0-d390-11e9-a8d0-3f5292413ba0.html">"CBS Fined $272,000 After FCC Concludes It Misused EAS Tones"</a>. Inside Radio. September 10, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018025822/http://www.insideradio.com/free/cbs-fined-272-000-after-fcc-concludes-it-misused-eas-tones/article_f61e08c0-d390-11e9-a8d0-3f5292413ba0.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Radio&rft.atitle=CBS+Fined+%24272%2C000+After+FCC+Concludes+It+Misused+EAS+Tones&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideradio.com%2Ffree%2Fcbs-fined-272-000-after-fcc-concludes-it-misused-eas-tones%2Farticle_f61e08c0-d390-11e9-a8d0-3f5292413ba0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/headlines/185965/fcc-proposes-20000-fine-against-wnew-for-using-eas-tones/">"FCC Proposes $20,000 Fine Against WNEW For Using EAS Tones"</a>. RadioInsight. April 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408082534/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/185965/fcc-proposes-20000-fine-against-wnew-for-using-eas-tones/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioInsight&rft.atitle=FCC+Proposes+%2420%2C000+Fine+Against+WNEW+For+Using+EAS+Tones&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioinsight.com%2Fheadlines%2F185965%2Ffcc-proposes-20000-fine-against-wnew-for-using-eas-tones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Butts2023" class="citation web cs1">Tom Butts (January 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-proposes-fining-fox-dollar504k-for-eas-violations">"FCC Proposes $504K Fine on Fox for EAS Violations"</a>. TVTechnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207105942/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-proposes-fining-fox-dollar504k-for-eas-violations">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVTechnology&rft.atitle=FCC+Proposes+%24504K+Fine+on+Fox+for+EAS+Violations&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.au=Tom+Butts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2Ffcc-proposes-fining-fox-dollar504k-for-eas-violations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-406716A1.pdf">"FCC PROPOSES FINE AGAINST ESPN FOR IMPROPER TRANSMISSIONS OF EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM TONES"</a> (PDF). FCC News. October 17, 2024. Retrieved October 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC+News&rft.atitle=FCC+PROPOSES+FINE+AGAINST+ESPN+FOR+IMPROPER+TRANSMISSIONS+OF+EMERGENCY+ALERT+SYSTEM+TONES&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fcc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fattachments%2FDOC-406716A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStimson2013" class="citation web cs1">Stimson, Leslie (June 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/-aba-tells-members-its-okay-to-air-new-wea-psas">"ABA Tells Members It's Okay to Air New WEA PSAs"</a>. TV Tech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428222515/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/-aba-tells-members-its-okay-to-air-new-wea-psas">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+Tech&rft.atitle=ABA+Tells+Members+It%27s+Okay+to+Air+New+WEA+PSAs&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtechnology.com%2Fnews%2F-aba-tells-members-its-okay-to-air-new-wea-psas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-09-2053A1.pdf">"In the Matter of Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa, Inc., FM Radio Station KWVE San Clemente, California: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture Adopted: September 15, 2009 Released: September 17, 2009"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. December 6, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Calvary+Chapel+of+Costa+Mesa%2C+Inc.%2C+FM+Radio+Station+KWVE+San+Clemente%2C+California%3A+Notice+of+Apparent+Liability+for+Forfeiture+Adopted%3A+September+15%2C+2009+Released%3A+September+17%2C+2009&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffjallfoss.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDA-09-2053A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602015453/http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/state-broadcast-associations-appeal-kwve-eas-fine-fcc-1009/">"State Broadcast Associations Appeal KWVE EAS Fine to FCC"</a>. Radio. October 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/state-broadcast-associations-appeal-kwve-eas-fine-fcc-1009/">the original</a> on June 2, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio&rft.atitle=State+Broadcast+Associations+Appeal+KWVE+EAS+Fine+to+FCC&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiomagonline.com%2Fcurrents%2Fnews%2Fstate-broadcast-associations-appeal-kwve-eas-fine-fcc-1009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150505/http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/fcc-dismisses-kwve-eas-fine-1117/">"FCC Dismisses KWVE EAS Fine"</a>. Radio Magazine. November 17, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/fcc-dismisses-kwve-eas-fine-1117/">the original</a> on July 15, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Magazine&rft.atitle=FCC+Dismisses+KWVE+EAS+Fine&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiomagonline.com%2Fcurrents%2Fnews%2Ffcc-dismisses-kwve-eas-fine-1117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/new-york-television-station-broadcasts-bizarre-warning-before-hoboken-train-crash/">"New York Television Station Broadcasts Bizarre Warning Before Hoboken Train Crash"</a>. Snopes.com. October 3, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714235712/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/new-york-television-station-broadcasts-bizarre-warning-before-hoboken-train-crash/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=New+York+Television+Station+Broadcasts+Bizarre+Warning+Before+Hoboken+Train+Crash&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fnew-york-television-station-broadcasts-bizarre-warning-before-hoboken-train-crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/21/end-of-world-prediction-interrupts-tv-broadcasts-in-orange-county/">"End-of-world prediction interrupts TV broadcasts in Orange County"</a>. Orange County Register. September 21, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929091948/http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/21/end-of-world-prediction-interrupts-tv-broadcasts-in-orange-county/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=End-of-world+prediction+interrupts+TV+broadcasts+in+Orange+County&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fend-of-world-prediction-interrupts-tv-broadcasts-in-orange-county%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/22/end-of-world-prediction-heard-on-o-c-television-channels-linked-to-equipment-failure/">"End-of-world message on TV was just glitch from a test of the Emergency Alert System"</a>. Orange County Register. September 23, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084253/http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/22/end-of-world-prediction-heard-on-o-c-television-channels-linked-to-equipment-failure/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=End-of-world+message+on+TV+was+just+glitch+from+a+test+of+the+Emergency+Alert+System&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fend-of-world-prediction-heard-on-o-c-television-channels-linked-to-equipment-failure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBever2017" class="citation news cs1">Bever, Lindsey (September 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/09/22/extremely-violent-times-will-come-ominous-emergency-alert-was-just-a-tv-test-gone-awry/">"'Extremely violent times will come!': Ominous emergency alert was just a TV test gone awry"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/09/22/extremely-violent-times-will-come-ominous-emergency-alert-was-just-a-tv-test-gone-awry/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Extremely+violent+times+will+come%21%27%3A+Ominous+emergency+alert+was+just+a+TV+test+gone+awry&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Bever&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-nation%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fextremely-violent-times-will-come-ominous-emergency-alert-was-just-a-tv-test-gone-awry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+Alert+System" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emergency_Alert_System" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/emergency-alert-system-eas">Consumer facts page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2004/FCC-04-189A1.html">FCC notice regarding possible improvements</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Communications_Commission504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Federal Communications Commission (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Communications_Commission504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Starks" title="Geoffrey Starks">Geoffrey Starks</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Simington" title="Nathan Simington">Nathan Simington</a> (2020–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez" title="Anna M. Gomez">Anna M. Gomez</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairs_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" title="List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O._Sykes" title="Eugene O. Sykes">Eugene O. Sykes</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">Anning Smith Prall</a> (1935–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a> (1937–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Fly" title="James Lawrence Fly">James Lawrence Fly</a> (1939–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Jett" title="E. K. Jett">E. K. Jett</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Porter" title="Paul A. Porter">Paul A. Porter</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Denny" title="Charles R. Denny">Charles R. Denny</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Coy" title="Wayne Coy">Wayne Coy</a> (1947–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McConnaughey" title="George McConnaughey">George McConnaughey</a> (1954–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Doerfer" title="John C. Doerfer">John C. Doerfer</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Ford" title="Frederick W. Ford">Frederick W. Ford</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_N._Minow" title="Newton N. Minow">Newton N. Minow</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._William_Henry" title="E. William Henry">E. William Henry</a> (1963–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Wiley" title="Richard E. Wiley">Richard E. Wiley</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Ferris" title="Charles D. Ferris">Charles D. Ferris</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_(FCC)" title="Robert E. Lee (FCC)">Robert Lee</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Fowler" title="Mark S. Fowler">Mark S. Fowler</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._Patrick" title="Dennis R. Patrick">Dennis R. Patrick</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Sikes" title="Alfred C. Sikes">Alfred C. Sikes</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Quello" title="James Henry Quello">James Henry Quello</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hundt" title="Reed Hundt">Reed Hundt</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennard" title="William Kennard">William Kennard</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Copps" title="Michael Copps">Michael Copps</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2025–)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory authority (<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 47 of the United States Code">Title 47 USC</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brinkley_Act" title="Brinkley Act">Brinkley Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Home_Viewer_Act_(US)" title="Satellite Home Viewer Act (US)">Satellite Home Viewer Act</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulations_on_children%27s_television_programming_in_the_United_States" title="Regulations on children's television programming in the United States">Children's Television Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_1991" title="Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991">Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Television_Consumer_Protection_and_Competition_Act_of_1992" title="Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992">Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Communications_and_Public_Safety_Act" title="Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act">Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Decency_Enforcement_Act_of_2005" title="Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005">Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transition_and_Public_Safety_Act_of_2005" title="Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005">Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_Fax_Prevention_Act_of_2005" title="Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005">Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Records_and_Privacy_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006">Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_Analog_Flash_and_Emergency_Readiness_Act" title="Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act">Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Caller_ID_Act_of_2009" title="Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009">Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Loudness_Mitigation_Act" title="Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act">Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Community_Radio_Act" title="Local Community Radio Act">Local Community Radio Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Television_Extension_and_Localism_Act_of_2010" title="Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010">Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations and policies (<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 47 CFR</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">Title 47 CFR Part 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_68" title="Title 47 CFR Part 68">Title 47 CFR Part 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_97" title="Title 47 CFR Part 97">Title 47 CFR Part 97</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast licensing and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Broadcast_Policy_Statement_on_minority_ownership" title="1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership">1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction" title="2008 United States wireless spectrum auction">2008 United States wireless spectrum auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Terrestrial_Component" title="Ancillary Terrestrial Component">Ancillary Terrestrial Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_structure_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Antenna structure registration in the United States">Antenna structure registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS-3_auction" title="AWS-3 auction">AWS-3 auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_the_United_States" title="Call signs in the United States">Broadcast call signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_range" title="Broadcast range">Broadcast range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)" title="Duopoly (broadcasting)">Broadcasting duopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City of license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A television service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">Clear-channel station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_hearing" title="Comparative hearing">Comparative hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_(broadcasting)" title="Dark (broadcasting)">Dark and silent stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersal_of_ownership" title="Dispersal of ownership">Dispersal of ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facility_ID" title="Facility ID">Facility ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Non-Duplication_Rule" title="FM Non-Duplication Rule">FM Non-Duplication Rule</a> (1964–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_coordinator" title="Frequency coordinator">Frequency coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">Local marketing agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">MVDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS_dispute" title="MVDDS dispute">dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_test_authority" title="Program test authority">Program test authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_file" title="Public file">Public file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service" title="Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service">Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_distance" title="Reference distance">Reference distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimshot_(broadcasting)" title="Rimshot (broadcasting)">Rimshot broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significantly_viewed_out-of-market_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Significantly viewed out-of-market television stations in the United States">Significantly viewed signals permitted to be carried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_temporary_authority" title="Special temporary authority">Special temporary authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Radio_Quiet_Zone" title="United States National Radio Quiet Zone">United States National Radio Quiet Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">White spaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting content and programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actionable_indecency" title="Actionable indecency">Actionable indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_(broadcasting)" title="Watershed (broadcasting)">Broadcasting watershed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency Alert System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">Equal-time rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Viewing_Hour" title="Family Viewing Hour">Family Viewing Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_doctrine" title="Fairness doctrine">Fairness doctrine</a> (1949–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Interest_and_Syndication_Rules" title="Financial Interest and Syndication Rules">Financial Interest and Syndication Rules</a> (1970–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeting_expletive" title="Fleeting expletive">Fleeting expletive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-access_television" title="Government-access television">Government-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_doctrine" title="Mayflower doctrine">Mayflower doctrine</a> (1941–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">Must-carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station" title="Non-commercial educational station">Non-commercial educational station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_attack_rule" title="Personal attack rule">Personal attack rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasiveness_doctrine" title="Pervasiveness doctrine">Pervasiveness doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Time_Access_Rule" title="Prime Time Access Rule">Prime Time Access Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">Public-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retransmission_consent" title="Retransmission consent">Retransmission consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">Seven dirty words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndication_exclusivity" title="Syndication exclusivity">Syndication exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapple_doctrine" title="Zapple doctrine">Zapple doctrine</a> (1970–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telephone and the Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carterfone" title="Carterfone">Carterfone decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Common carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparably_efficient_interconnection" title="Comparably efficient interconnection">Comparably efficient interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">Competitive local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">Emergency telephone number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_911" title="Enhanced 911">Enhanced 911</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Computer_Inquiries" title="FCC Computer Inquiries">FCC Computer Inquiries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Computer_Inquiry" title="Second Computer Inquiry">Second Computer Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_mark" title="FCC mark">FCC mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_registration_program" title="FCC registration program">FCC registration program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_group" title="Feature group">Feature group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Open_Internet_Order_(2010)" title="Federal Communications Commission Open Internet Order (2010)">FCC Open Internet Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">Incumbent local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(FCC_program)" title="Lifeline (FCC program)">Lifeline program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Do_Not_Call_Registry" title="National Do Not Call Registry">National Do Not Call Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basic_Trading_Areas" title="List of Basic Trading Areas">Basic Trading Areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Service_Priority" title="Telecommunications Service Priority">Telecommunications Service Priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priority_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Priority level">Priority level</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_element_long_run_incremental_cost" title="Total element long run incremental cost">Total element long run incremental cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_pumping" title="Traffic pumping">Traffic pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Licensing_System" title="Universal Licensing System">Universal Licensing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Service_Fund" title="Universal Service Fund">Universal Service Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Rate" title="E-Rate">E-Rate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Sanders_Brothers_Radio_Station" title="FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station">FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Co._v._United_States" title="National Broadcasting Co. v. United States">National Broadcasting Co. v. United States</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Southwestern_Cable_Co." title="United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.">United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_Communications_of_California_v._FCC" title="Sable Communications of California v. FCC">Sable Communications of California v. FCC</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Broadcasting,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC">Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2002)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Missouri_Municipal_League" title="Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League">Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cable_%26_Telecommunications_Ass%27n_v._Brand_X_Internet_Services" title="National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services">National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2009)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._AT%26T_Inc." title="FCC v. AT&T Inc.">FCC v. AT&T Inc.</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Prometheus_Radio_Project" title="FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project">FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hush-A-Phone_Corp._v._United_States" title="Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States">Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League,_Inc._v._FCC_(1980)" title="American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC (1980)">American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schurz_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC">Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod_v._FCC" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBC_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC">SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Broadcasting_%26_Communications_Ass%27n_v._FCC" title="Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC">Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2004)" title="United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2004)">United States Telecom Association v. FCC</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comcast_Corp._v._FCC" title="Comcast Corp. v. FCC">Comcast Corp. v. FCC</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)"> Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._FCC" title="Tennessee v. FCC">Tennessee v. FCC</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corp._v._FCC" title="Mozilla Corp. v. FCC">Mozilla Corp. v. FCC</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Radio_Project_v._FCC" title="Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC">Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Research_v._Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Consumers' Research v. Federal Communications Commission">Consumers' Research v. FCC</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agency publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" title="Report on Chain Broadcasting">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(FCC)" title="Blue Book (FCC)">Blue Book</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Record" title="FCC Record">FCC Record</a> (1986–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Network_Study_Committee" title="FCC Network Study Committee">FCC Network Study Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-State_Joint_Conference_on_Advanced_Telecommunications_Services" title="Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services">Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Council" title="North American Numbering Council">North American Numbering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Task_Force" title="Spectrum Task Force">Spectrum Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Advisory_Council" title="Technical Advisory Council">Technical Advisory Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessor agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Commitment" title="Kingsbury Commitment">Kingsbury Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Graham_Act" title="Willis Graham Act">Willis Graham Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Amendment" title="Davis Amendment">Davis Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_32" title="General Order 32">General Order 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_40" title="General Order 40">General Order 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_FCC_Monitoring_Station" title="Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station">Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllVid" title="AllVid">AllVid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband.gov" title="Broadband.gov">Broadband.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcasting in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="FM broadcasting in the United States">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television in the United States">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">Digital television transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_States" title="High-definition television in the United States">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/FCC_Song" title="FCC Song">FCC Song</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Bar_Association" title="Federal Communications Bar Association">Federal Communications Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone_in_the_United_States" title="History of the telephone in the United States">History of the telephone in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_fines_of_The_Howard_Stern_Show" title="Federal Communications Commission fines of The Howard Stern Show">Howard Stern Show fines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cross-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Media cross-ownership in the United States">Media cross-ownership in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem_tax" title="Modem tax">Modem tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Exchange_Carrier_Association" title="National Exchange Carrier Association">National Exchange Carrier Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net neutrality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">Open spectrum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/PTV_(Family_Guy)" title="PTV (Family Guy)">PTV</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-2493" title="RM-2493">RM-2493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Control_of_Air_Traffic_and_Air_Navigation_Aids" title="Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids">Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy">Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">Telecommunications policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy_in_the_United_States" title="Telegraphy in the United States">Telegraphy in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Television_and_the_Public_Interest" title="Television and the Public Interest">Television and the Public Interest</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&oldid=1274058251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&oldid=1274058251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_Alert_System" title="Category:Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1997 establishments in the United States">1997 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcasting in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Cold War history of the United States">Cold War history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disaster_preparedness_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Disaster preparedness in the United States">Disaster preparedness in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_population_warning_systems" title="Category:Emergency population warning systems">Emergency population warning systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_established_in_1997" title="Category:Mass media companies established in 1997">Mass media companies established in 1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_civil_defense" title="Category:United States civil defense">United States civil defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_communications_regulation" title="Category:United States communications regulation">United States communications regulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_warning_systems" title="Category:United States warning systems">United States warning systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_warfare" title="Category:Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tornado_outbreaks" title="Category:Tornado outbreaks">Tornado outbreaks</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2023">Use mdy dates from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_April_2011" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from April 2011">Articles with incomplete citations from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_empty_listen_template" title="Category:Articles with empty listen template">Articles with empty listen template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 08:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Alert_System&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Emergency Alert System</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 12 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-9t8sk","wgBackendResponseTime":237,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.153","walltime":"1.372","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9382,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":371797,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5593,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":568633,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1133.065 1 -total"," 58.83% 666.537 1 Template:Reflist"," 39.46% 447.143 116 Template:Cite_web"," 10.39% 117.693 30 Template:Cite_news"," 8.55% 96.830 4 Template:Fix"," 7.97% 90.318 2 Template:Full_citation_needed"," 7.30% 82.755 6 Template:Category_handler"," 6.54% 74.076 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.41% 72.634 1 Template:Federal_Communications_Commission"," 6.32% 71.585 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.706","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7519881,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-6nmp2","timestamp":"20250331025508","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_Alert_System","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q561323","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q561323","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-28T02:25:14Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T08:03:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/15\/EAS_new.svg","headline":"U.S. radio\/TV system for public alerts of threats to public safety since 1997"}</script> </body> </html>