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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_Gaze_Nystagmus_Test_(HGN)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_Gaze_Nystagmus_Test_(HGN)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walk_and_Turn_Test_(WAT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walk_and_Turn_Test_(WAT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Walk and Turn Test (WAT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walk_and_Turn_Test_(WAT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Leg_Stand_test_(OLS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Leg_Stand_test_(OLS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>One Leg Stand test (OLS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Leg_Stand_test_(OLS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"HGN_first""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"HGN first"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"HGN_first"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battery of tests used by police officers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Field_sobriety_testing" title="Talk:Field sobriety testing">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg/220px-Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg/330px-Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg/440px-Polizeikontrolle_R%C3%BCgendamm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sobriety_checkpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobriety checkpoint">Sobriety checkpoint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Field sobriety tests</b> (<b>FSTs</b>), also referred to as <b>standardized field sobriety tests</b> (<b>SFSTs</b>), are a battery of tests used by <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officers</a> to determine if a person suspected of <a href="/wiki/Impaired_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Impaired driving">impaired driving</a> is intoxicated with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs">drugs</a>. <i>FSTs</i> (and <i>SFSTs</i>) are primarily used in the United States, to meet "<a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause for arrest</a>" requirements (or the equivalent), necessary to sustain an <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">alcohol-impaired driving</a> (DWI or DUI) conviction based on a chemical blood alcohol test. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impaired_driving">Impaired driving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impaired driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a>, referred to as Driving Under the Influence (DUI), or Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> while impaired by <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drugs</a> and those prescribed by <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a>), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely. People who receive multiple DUI offenses are often people struggling with <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a>. </p><p>Traffic accidents are predominantly caused by driving under the influence; for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, DUI is one of the main causes of mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately US$37 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> in damages annually.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated US$45 billion in damages every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Between_bail,_court,_insurance_and_attorney's_fees,_the_true_cost_of_DUI_is_more_like_$10,000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_bail,_court,_insurance_and_attorney's_fees,_the_true_cost_of_DUI_is_more_like_$10,000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With alcohol, a <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk driver">drunk driver</a>'s level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">blood alcohol content</a> or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal offense">criminal offense</a> with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.20%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of Colorado has a maximum blood content of <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">drivers who have consumed cannabis</a>. </p><p>In most countries, driver's licence suspensions, fines and prison sentences for DUI offenders are used as a deterrent. Anyone who is convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs can be heavily fined and/or given a prison sentence. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties. In addition, many countries have prevention campaigns that use <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> to make people aware of the danger of driving while impaired and the potential fines and criminal charges, discourage impaired driving, and encourage drivers to take taxis or public transport home after using alcohol or drugs. In some jurisdictions, the bar that served an impaired driver may face civil liability. In some countries, non-profit advocacy organizations, a well-known example being <a href="/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving" title="Mothers Against Drunk Driving">Mothers Against Drunk Driving</a> (MADD) run their own publicity campaigns against drunk driving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, drunk driving laws were enacted as early as 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, prior to the early 1980's, drunk driving was regarded as a "folk crime", routinely committed by both good and bad citizens alike, and the crime was rarely prosecuted successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) was formed in 1970. In the early 1970s, Marcelline Burns was writing her Ph.D. thesis in psychology, in California, and she was guided to the idea of researching sobriety tests by Herb Moskowitz, her psychology thesis review professor. The NHTSA had issued several requests for proposals (RFPs). Burns submitted a grant proposal in response to an RFP focused on creating standardized pre-arrest tools for police officers to use to decide which drivers were impaired. The NHTSA funded her proposal, and Burns and Moskowitz began the research in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burns began by conducting a literature survey. No researchers in the US, including her, had any significant background in roadside testing.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her survey did find research by Penttilä, Tenhu, and Kataja, who did a retrospective study of the 15 tests then in use by Finnish law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burns also examined officer training manuals<sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went on ride-alongs with the DUI or special enforcement teams of several police departments. Burns observed numerous tests which had been devised, adopted, and modified by officers, with no records of origin or validation of the tests. Burns also observed inconsistent practices, such as some departments not using tests at all.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burns compiled a list of around 15 to 20 tests.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She conducted a series of pilot studies, statistical analyses, and practical considerations, and reduced this list to three "recommended" tests: the One-Leg Stand, Walk-and-Turn, and Alcohol Gaze Nystagmus.<sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ct_olr_report_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct_olr_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1981, officers in the United States began using this battery of standardized sobriety tests to help make decisions about whether to arrest suspected impaired drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Los Angeles Police Department was among the first to use these field tests, the law enforcement community sometimes referred to them as the "California tests".<sup id="cite_ref-ct_olr_report_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct_olr_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests were used in real-world conditions and reported as being able to determine intoxication above the then-effective <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentration</a> (BAC) limit of .10 grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood. After some US states began lowering their legal BAC limits to .08 g/dL, other studies reported that the battery could also be used to detect BACs at or above .08 g/dL and above and below .04 g/dL.<sup id="cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_and_Purpose">Use and Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use and Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a model system for managing Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training. They have published several training manuals associated with FSTs. FSTs and SFSTs are promoted as, "used to determine whether a subject is impaired",<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_refresher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but FST tests are widely regarded having, as their primary purpose, establishing tangible evidence of "<a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause for arrest</a>" ("reasonable grounds" in Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-findlawFST_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlawFST-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-idahoman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idahoman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaa_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secondary purpose, is to provide supporting corroborative tangible evidence for use against the suspect for use at trial. <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a> is necessary under US law (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4th Amendment</a>) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent" title="Implied consent">implied consent law</a>. </p><p>Similar considerations apply under the Canadian requirement to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an <a href="/wiki/Approved_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Approved instrument">approved instrument</a> demand, by establishing that there is reasonable and probable cause which lies at the "point where credibly-based probability replaces suspicion".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca_exclusionary_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca_exclusionary-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that, if FSTs are being used, some equivalent to <i>probable cause</i> is necessary to sustain a conviction based on a demand for a chemical test. </p><p>While the primary purpose of FSTs is to document <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> or the equivalent, in some jurisdictions, FST performance can be introduced as corroborating evidence of impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-HGN_APRI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGN_APRI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a traffic stop, upon suspicion of DUI, the officer will administer one or more field sobriety tests. FSTs are considered "divided attention tests" that test the suspect's ability to perform the type of mental and physical multitasking that is required to operate an automobile. Nevertheless, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting <a href="/wiki/Proprioception#Applications" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ehlers-Danlos_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndrome">Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)</a>. The tests were not validated for people with medical conditions, injuries, 65 years or older, and 50 pounds or greater overweight. According to the NHTSA, a suspect does not "pass" or "fail" a <i>field sobriety test</i>, but rather the police determine whether "clues" are observed during the test.<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_pp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_refresher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some of the literature will still include comments that a suspect "fails" one or more of these tests.<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_pp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardized_Field_Sobriety_Tests">Standardized Field Sobriety Tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standardized Field Sobriety Tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three tests chosen to constitute the "Standardized Field Sobriety Tests" (SFSTs), which have been validated by NHTSA, are: </p> <ol><li>The Horizontal Gaze <a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a> Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Walk-and-Turn Test (<a href="/wiki/Tandem_gait" title="Tandem gait">heel-to-toe</a> in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.</li> <li>The One-Leg-Stand Test</li></ol> <p>Most law enforcement agencies use this three-test battery on all DUI traffic stops. </p><p>On the subject of standardization, Burns stated that the tests must be administered in a standardized way in order to have meaning as objective measures. That is, the instructions must be given properly, and the critical elements of the test must be preserved, for the scientific studies to meaningfully validate the results of the tests.<sup id="cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up through 2009, NHTSA manuals stated:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (emphasis and capitalization as originally supplied) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><b>IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPHASIZE THIS VALIDATION APPLIES ONLY WHEN:</b> </p> <ul><li><b>THE TESTS ARE ADMINISTERED IN THE PRESCRIBED, STANDARDIZED MANNER; THE STANDARDIZED CLUES ARE USED TO ASSESS THE SUSPECT’S PERFORMANCE AND THE STANDARDIZED CRITERIA ARE EMPLOYED TO INTERPRET THAT PERFORMANCE.</b></li> <li><b>IF ANY ONE OF THE STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TEST ELEMENTS IS CHANGED, THE VALIDITY IS COMPROMISED.</b></li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontal_Gaze_Nystagmus_Test_(HGN)"><span id="Horizontal_Gaze_Nystagmus_Test_.28HGN.29"></span>Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first test that is typically administered is the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus or HGN test, which is administered by the police officer checking the test subject's eyes. During this test, the officer looks for involuntary jerking of the suspect's eyes as they gaze toward the side. The officer checks for three clues in each eye, which gives six clues for this test. The clues are: lack of smooth pursuit of the eyes, distinct and sustained <a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a> at the eyes' maximum deviation and nystagmus starting before the eyes reach 45 degrees. </p> <dl><dd><b>Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Instructions (HGN)</b></dd></dl> <ol><li>I am going to check your eyes. (Please remove your glasses)</li> <li>Keep your head still and follow the stimulus with your eyes only.</li> <li>Do not move your head.</li> <li>Do you understand the instructions?</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evaluation</b></dd> <dd>There are six cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, they are as follows:</dd></dl> <ol><li>Lack of smooth pursuit</li> <li>Distinct and sustained nystagmus and maximum deviation</li> <li>Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>Total Cues: 6 Cues - Decision Point: 4/6 Cues</b></dd></dl> <p>While the original research indicated that 6 out of 6 clues (or cues) meant that a person was more likely above 0.08% at the time of the test, subsequent research conducted by the NHTSA has indicated that a "Hit" occurred when the number of reported signs for a given BAC fell within the range: a > 0.06% at 4–6 clues; a 0.05 – 0.059% at 2–4 clues; a 0.03 – 0.049% at 0–4 clues and a < 0.03% at 0–2 cues or clues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police may also then check for Vertical Gaze Nystagmus, which is used to test for high blood alcohol levels and/or the presence of certain drugs. </p><p>While the purpose is obtaining <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> support for an arrest and possibly screening, in some jurisdictions, the HGN test may be used as corroborating evidence at the trial stage. US jurisdictions differ on whether trial use of the HGN test requires that an expert establish a reliable foundation, as required under the <a href="/wiki/Daubert_standard" title="Daubert standard"><i>Daubert</i> standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-frye_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frye-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walk_and_Turn_Test_(WAT)"><span id="Walk_and_Turn_Test_.28WAT.29"></span>Walk and Turn Test (WAT)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Walk and Turn Test (WAT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second test that is usually administered is the Walk and Turn Test, or WAT Test.<sup id="cite_ref-NJ_card_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJ_card-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This test measures the suspect's ability to maintain their balance, walk in a straight line, and follow directions. To perform the test, the suspect will take nine heel-to-toe steps along a straight line during which time they must keep their arms to their side and count each step out loud. While the suspect performs this test, the officer is attempting to observe if the suspect fails to follow instructions; is having difficulty keeping their balance; stops walking in order to regain their balance; takes an incorrect number of steps; or fails to walk the line heel-to-toe. </p><p>The walk-and-turn test is composed of two phases: the Instruction Phase and Walking Phase. During the test, the individual is directed to take nine steps along a straight line. The individual is supposed to walk heel to toe, and while looking down at a real or imaginary line, count the steps out loud. The test subject's arms must remain at their side. Reaching the ending point, the individual must turn around using a series of small steps, and return to the starting point. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><b>Walk-and-Turn test instructions</b></dd></dl> <ol><li>Put your left foot on the line, then place your right foot on the line ahead of your left, with the heel of your right foot against the toe of your left foot.</li> <li>Do not start until I tell you to do so.</li> <li>Do you understand? (must receive affirmative response)</li> <li>When I tell you to begin, take 9 heel-to-toe steps on the line (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.</li> <li>When you turn on the ninth step, keep your front foot on the line and turn taking several small steps with the other foot (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.</li> <li>Ensure you look at your feet, count each step out loud, keep your arms at your side, ensure you touch heel-to-toe and do not stop until you have completed the test.</li> <li>Do you understand the instructions?</li> <li>You may begin.</li> <li>If the suspect does not understand some part of the instructions, only the part in which the suspect does not understand should be repeated</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>Walk-and-Turn test evaluation</b></dd> <dd>There are eight cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Walk & Turn Test; they are as follows:</dd></dl> <ol><li>Can’t keep balance during instructions</li> <li>Starts too soon</li> <li>Stops walking</li> <li>Misses heel-to-toe</li> <li>Steps off line</li> <li>Uses arms for balance</li> <li>Improper turn</li> <li>Incorrect number of steps</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>Total cues: 8 cues – Decision point: 2/8 cues</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="One_Leg_Stand_test_(OLS)"><span id="One_Leg_Stand_test_.28OLS.29"></span>One Leg Stand test (OLS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: One Leg Stand test (OLS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other standardized test is the One Leg Stand (OLS). The OLS test requires the suspect to stand on one leg for 30 seconds and also measures balance, coordination, and similar to the WAT test, divides the suspect's attention. The officer is looking for any of the four possible clues: Sways while balancing, uses arms for balance, hopping and puts their foot down. </p><p>The One-Leg Stand test is composed of two stages: the Instruction Phase and Balancing Phase. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><b>One-Leg Stand test instructions</b></dd></dl> <ol><li>Stand with your feet together and your arms at your side (demonstrate).</li> <li>Maintain position until told otherwise.</li> <li>When I tell you to, I want you to raise one leg, either one, approximately 6 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a> off the ground, foot pointed out, both legs straight and look at the elevated foot. Count out loud in the following manner: 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004 and so on until told to stop.</li> <li>Do you understand the instructions?</li> <li>You may begin the test.</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>One-Leg Stand Test evaluation</b></dd> <dd>There are four cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the One-Leg Stand Test; they are as follows:</dd></dl> <ol><li>Sways while balancing</li> <li>Uses arms to balance</li> <li>Hops</li> <li>Puts foot down</li></ol> <dl><dd><b>Total cues: 4 cues – Decision point: 2/4 cues</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tests">Other tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NHTSA training lists several alternative tests. The term "non-standardized" is used (in contrast to SFSTs), but it is also referenced by the NHTSA as "other sobriety tests".<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_pp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these tests have been scientifically studied and found reliable, while others have not, but in general they do not have as much evidence as the SFSTs.<sup id="cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, these tests are common in North America, because the primary purpose of FSTs is to establish probable cause to sustain an arrest and invoke the <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent" title="Implied consent">implied consent law</a>, and thus they do not need to be scientifically validated. In Ohio, only the standardized tests will be admitted into evidence, provided they were administered and objectively scored "in substantial compliance" with NHTSA standards (ORC 4511.19(D)(4)(b)).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tests include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romberg_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Romberg test">Romberg test</a>, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds, measure swaying).</li> <li>The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).</li> <li>The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet, forwards or backwards).</li> <li>The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).</li> <li>The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a number other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).</li> <li>The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preliminary_Breath_Test_(PBT)_or_Preliminary_Alcohol_Screening_test_(PAS)"><span id="Preliminary_Breath_Test_.28PBT.29_or_Preliminary_Alcohol_Screening_test_.28PAS.29"></span>Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer#Preliminary_Breath_Test_(PBT)_or_Preliminary_Alcohol_Screening_test_(PAS)" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer § Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)</a></div> <p>The Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorised as part of 'field sobriety testing', although it is not part of the series of performance tests. The PBT (or PAS) uses a portable breath tester, but its primary use is for screening and establishing probable cause for arrest, to invoke the <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent#Driving_while_intoxicated" title="Implied consent">implied consent</a> requirements or to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an <a href="/wiki/Approved_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Approved instrument">approved instrument</a> demand <a href="/wiki/Impaired_driving_in_Canada#Field_sobriety_tests" title="Impaired driving in Canada">in Canada</a>. </p><p>Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test (PBT) may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books penalizing PBT refusal for drivers under 21; however the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Constitutionality</a> of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise not engaging in discussion or "justifying" a refusal with the police.) </p><p>In Canada, PBT refusal may be considered a 'refusal' offense under Canada Criminal Code § 254.<sup id="cite_ref-CC254_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC254-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of PBT refusal in Australia is unclear, although in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> it appears to mandate submission to PBTs under the <i>Road Traffic Act 1974</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (National states without probable cause or "reasonable grounds" requirements are of course likely to be less restrictive on PBT/PAS requirements.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_accuracy">Limitations and accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Limitations and accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States#Issues_with_FSTs" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States § Issues with FSTs</a></div> <p>The use of Field Sobriety Tests (FST) during DUI stops is controversial. One of the common challenges of field sobriety tests is that FSTs are considered subjective - the judgment is left up to the discretion of the police officer. <a href="/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability" title="Inter-rater reliability">Inter-rater reliability</a> scores range from 0.6 to 0.74, which are considered low to abysmal by most but "highly reliable" by some.<sup id="cite_ref-hum_behav_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hum_behav-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is almost impossible to tell whether or not a police officer used proper procedures for administering or judging the field sobriety test when a case is brought to court without <a href="/wiki/Body_camera" title="Body camera">body camera</a> recordings. For example, an officer may have had some bias towards a suspect and judged the test more critically than necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism of standardized field sobriety tests is the statistical evidence behind them, and the ability of the test to actually judge for impairments related to alcohol. One study involved completely sober individuals who were asked to perform the standardized field sobriety tests, and their performances were videotaped. "After viewing the 21 videos of sober individuals taking the standardized field tests, the police officers believed that forty-six percent of the individuals had 'too much to drink'".<sup id="cite_ref-barone_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barone-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One author alleges that FSD analysis reports do not meet scientific <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a></i> standards: "The reports for all three studies issued by NHTSA are lacking much of the material and analysis expected in a scientific paper, and none have been published in peer-reviewed journals" (Rubenzer 2008;<sup id="cite_ref-hum_behav_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hum_behav-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubenzer 2011). </p><p>The statistics used by many of the studies, "arrest accuracy" and "overall accuracy", do not quantify the probability that drivers who fail the SFSTs are impaired. The arrest accuracy measures <a href="/wiki/Positive_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive predictive value">positive predictive value</a>, while the overall accuracy is called <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision#In_binary_classification" title="Accuracy and precision">Rand accuracy</a>, and these are both affected by the prevalence rate. For example, the 1998 NHTSA study reports that the officer's decisions (Figure 4) had an overall accuracy of 90.6%, and an arrest accuracy of 89.7%. But 72% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%. Calculating <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (tests)">sensitivity</a> (98.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Specificity_(tests)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specificity (tests)">specificity</a> (71.1%), which are independent of prevalence, if these are held constant but only 1% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%, the arrest accuracy using SFSTs would fall to 3.3% (due to a large number of false arrests) and the overall accuracy to 71.3%. Calculating the <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing">likelihood ratio</a>, this is 3.4, a factor considered a slight to moderate probability increase. This factor includes all the officer's observations and judgement during the traffic stop.<sup id="cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies generally reproduce this likelihood ratio for officer's judgement, ranging from 3.8-4.4.<sup id="cite_ref-hum_behav_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hum_behav-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering only performance on the SFSTs, a re-analysis of the 1998 data shows that likelihood ratios are highest at 1.50 for 0.05% BAC and 1.87 for 0.01% BAC. In the opinion of the re-analysis authors, these tests are so weak that they do not substantially change the certainty of intoxication beyond the uncertainty of the original guesstimate.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, their applicability to large segments of the population is limited. As noted above, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ehlers-Danlos_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndrome">Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)</a>. Conditions affecting mobility, physical ailments and age adversely affect performance on FSTs. One of the main problems with the walk-and-turn test is that some of the signs of alcohol impairment may stem from other physical problems. Along with that, there are other signs of physical impairment that can stem from various causes, including fatigue, an injury or illness, and nervousness. Those who are physically inactive, elderly, or obese may have trouble completing the walk-and-turn test without flaw.<sup id="cite_ref-hum_behav_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hum_behav-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NHTSA used to say that those who are 50 pounds or more overweight may have difficulty performing the test, and that the suspect must walk along a real line. Later NHTSA manuals removed the weight comment, and also inserted the phrase 'imaginary line' at the instruction phase, even though original research always used a visible line.<sup id="cite_ref-barone_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barone-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that officers are no longer required to provide a line for the suspect to walk along may affect the outcome of the test, and often adds to the scrutiny received from critics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_sobriety_test_refusals">Field sobriety test refusals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Field sobriety test refusals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all US jurisdictions, participation in a Field Sobriety Test is voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref-long_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-long-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent#Driving_while_intoxicated" title="Implied consent">implied consent</a> requirements are considered mandatory.)<sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A suspect requested to participate in a Field Sobriety Test is likely to be told that the purpose is to determine whether the suspect is impaired;<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_refresher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaa_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, FST tests are widely regarded as having, as their primary purpose, gaining tangible evidence for use against the suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-findlawFST_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlawFST-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-idahoman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idahoman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence is important in the establishment of probable cause for arrest. Since 'probable cause' is necessary under US law (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4th Amendment</a>) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent" title="Implied consent">implied consent law</a>, it is important that the police document 'probable cause'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""HGN_first""><span id=".22HGN_first.22"></span>"HGN first"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "HGN first""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NHTSA recommends administering the HGN test as the first of the SFSTs,<sup id="cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTSA_refresher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does not state the reason. FSTs are voluntary, so consideration is given to encourage suspects to comply with requests to participate in the tests. The HST is characterized by the tester performing a visible activity, so the suspect is less likely to decline at that stage. The completion of one test increases the likelihood that the suspect will participate in follow-up FSTs. The suspect may also perceive the HGN (as administered) as having a scientific foundation. </p><p>In cases in which a PBT (or PAS) is administered first, the HGN may be administered after completion of other SFSTs, as the purpose of administering the HGN first is obviated by the PBT/PAS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_procedures">National procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>FSTs</i> are primarily used in national states that require the police establish <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause for arrest</a> (<i>reasonable grounds</i> in Canada) as a prerequisite for requiring a chemical blood alcohol test. FSTs are generally regarded as a curiosity elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To determine impairment in countries such as Australia, a simple breath or urine test is often taken. If police suspect that a driver is under the influence of a substance such as alcohol, then the driver will undergo a breath test.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If over the legal limit of 0.05g per 100 millilitres of blood, then a second breath test will be taken and used as evidence against the driver when charged with the offence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person is suspected to be under the influence of an illegal drug, they will be required to supply a urine sample.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the urine sample is positive, then the urine is sent for more testing to determine the exact drug taken (confirmation of being illegal or prescribed).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar process to being over the legal BAC level is undertaken using the evidence to penalise the user.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impaired_driving_in_Canada#Field_sobriety_tests" title="Impaired driving in Canada">Impaired driving in Canada § Field_sobriety_tests</a></div> <p>Commentary varies on taking SFSTs in Canada. Some sources, especially official ones, indicate that the SFSTs are mandatory,<sup id="cite_ref-sfj_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfj-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breathalyzer_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breathalyzer-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rcmp_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcmp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and required under § 254(2)(a) of the Criminal code, whereas other sources are silent on FST testing.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assertion regarding mandatory compliance with SFSTs is based on "failure to comply with a demand", as an offence under § 254(5) of the Criminal Code, but it is unclear how refusal of SFSTs under § 254(2)(a) are treated (provided the suspect agrees to take a chemical test). <i><b>N.B.:</b></i> There are some reports that refusal to submit to an SFST can result in the same penalties as impaired driving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, it is unclear whether there has ever been a prosecution under this interpretation of "failure to comply with a demand" as applied to SFSTs. Canada Criminal Code § 254(1) and (5) addresses this, but only with respect to chemical testing (breath, blood, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-C-46_254_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-46_254-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United States law on DUI primarily falls under state law, but is still subject to federal Constitutional requirements. Thus, in all jurisdictions, participation in FSTs is voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref-long_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-long-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, the legal procedure is 'police stop' (Police stop requiring "reasonable suspicion" or another qualified reason for a police stop), 'probable cause', and 'arrest'. FSTs are requested in the 'police stop' phase, and are used to provide tangible evidence sufficient to meet the requirements for 'probable cause' for an arrest. Evidential tests are performed in the 'arrest' stage, although the terminology may vary.<sup id="cite_ref-aclu_orsherif_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aclu_orsherif-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the terminology, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidential tests, 'probable cause' must be shown (or the suspect must volunteer to take the evidential test without implied consent requirements being invoked).<sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolo_ref-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_sobriety_testing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Alonso, Pastor, Montoro & Esteban, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/Impaired">"Impaired Driving | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)"</a>. <i>www.nhtsa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhtsa.gov&rft.atitle=Impaired+Driving+%7C+National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration+%28NHTSA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhtsa.gov%2FImpaired&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Between_bail,_court,_insurance_and_attorney's_fees,_the_true_cost_of_DUI_is_more_like_$10,000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Between_bail,_court,_insurance_and_attorney's_fees,_the_true_cost_of_DUI_is_more_like_$10,000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111115411/http://www.abcactionnews.com/news/region-tampa/between-bail-court-insurance-and-attorneys-fees-the-true-cost-of-dui-is-more-like-10000">"Between bail, court, insurance and attorney's fees, the true cost of DUI is more like $10,000"</a>. ABCActionNews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/region-tampa/between-bail-court-insurance-and-attorneys-fees-the-true-cost-of-dui-is-more-like-10000">the original</a> on 2014-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Between+bail%2C+court%2C+insurance+and+attorney%27s+fees%2C+the+true+cost+of+DUI+is+more+like+%2410%2C000&rft.pub=ABCActionNews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcactionnews.com%2Fnews%2Fregion-tampa%2Fbetween-bail-court-insurance-and-attorneys-fees-the-true-cost-of-dui-is-more-like-10000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Act Defining Motor Vehicles and Providing for the Registration of Same, 1906 N.J. Laws ch. 113, §§ 19, 35, p. 177, 186 (April 12, 1906)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Gurney, Jon D. (12 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/9677"><i>Walking the Line: Understanding the History and Development of the NHTSA Standardized Field Sobriety Tests</i></a> (Thesis). University of Southern Florida Tampa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Walking+the+Line%3A+Understanding+the+History+and+Development+of+the+NHTSA+Standardized+Field+Sobriety+Tests&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F9677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurnsDisposition-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurnsDisposition_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDichterKapsack" class="citation book cs1">Dichter, Jonathan; Kapsack, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nebula.wsimg.com/b8b352a17bff42c715f7eb02abefed97?AccessKeyId=E97CA1D591EA7F8FBF9F&disposition=0&alloworigin=1"><i>Innovative DUI Trial Tools</i></a>. James Publishing. Appendix B. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-949517-37-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-949517-37-8"><bdi>978-1-949517-37-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovative+DUI+Trial+Tools&rft.pages=Appendix+B&rft.pub=James+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-949517-37-8&rft.aulast=Dichter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Kapsack%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnebula.wsimg.com%2Fb8b352a17bff42c715f7eb02abefed97%3FAccessKeyId%3DE97CA1D591EA7F8FBF9F%26disposition%3D0%26alloworigin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scri_report_1977-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1977_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfst.us/NHTSA/1977.pdf">M. Burns & H. Moskowitz, <i>Psychophysical Tests for DWI Arrest</i></a>, NHTSA report <i>DOT HS 802 424</i>, Jun-1977, (Contract No. DOT-HS-5-01242) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/97131NCJRS.pdf">(<i>alt. link</i>)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ct_olr_report-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ct_olr_report_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ct_olr_report_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/2000/rpt/2000-R-0873.htm">Connecticut OLR report, <i>The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement</i></a>, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scri_report_1981-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scri_report_1981_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugdetection.net/NHTSA%20docs/Burns%20Developement%20&%20Field%20Test%20of%20Psychophysical%20Tests%20for%20DWI%20Arrest.pdf">V. Tharp, M. Burns, H. Moskowitz, <i>Development and field test of psychophysical tests for DWI arrest</i></a>, NHTSA report <i>DOT HS-805 864</i>, Mar-1981 (Contract No. DOT-HS-8-01970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1325/dot_1325_DS1.pdf">(<i>alt. link</i>)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStusterBurns1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stuster, Jack; Burns, Marcelline (March 1999). Anacapa Sciences, inc (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://one.nhtsa.gov/portal/site/NHTSA/menuitem.554fad9f184c9fb0cc7ee21056b67789/?vgnextoid=1e2fcd8c4e7bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&vgnextchannel=d8274dc9e66d5210VgnVCM100000656b7798RCRD&vgnextfmt=default">"Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Validated at BACS Below .10 g/dL"</a>. <i>NHTSA</i>. U.S. Department of Transportation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NHTSA&rft.atitle=Standardized+Field+Sobriety+Test+%28SFST%29+Validated+at+BACS+Below+.10+g%2FdL&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Stuster&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Burns%2C+Marcelline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fone.nhtsa.gov%2Fportal%2Fsite%2FNHTSA%2Fmenuitem.554fad9f184c9fb0cc7ee21056b67789%2F%3Fvgnextoid%3D1e2fcd8c4e7bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD%26vgnextchannel%3Dd8274dc9e66d5210VgnVCM100000656b7798RCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Ddefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://one.nhtsa.gov/About-NHTSA/Traffic-Techs/current/ci.Standardized-Field-Sobriety-Test-(SFST)-Validated-at-BACS-Below-0.10-Percent.print">(<i>unframed "print" format</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731071531/https://one.nhtsa.gov/About-NHTSA/Traffic-Techs/current/ci.Standardized-Field-Sobriety-Test-(SFST)-Validated-at-BACS-Below-0.10-Percent.print">Archived</a> 2020-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhtsa_SFST_1998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhtsa_SFST_1998_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugdetection.net/nhtsa%20docs/burns%20validation%20of%20sfst%20at%20bac%20below%200.10%20percent%20san%20diego.pdf">J. Stuster, M. Burns, <i>Validation of the standardized field sobriety test battery at BACs below 0.10 percent</i></a>, NHTSA report <i>DOT HS-808 839</i>, Aug-1998 (Contract No. DTNH22-95-C-05192) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/197439NCJRS.pdf">(<i>alt. link, photocopy</i>)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHTSA_refresher-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_refresher_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/sfst_ig_refresher_manual.pdf">Instructor Guide - DWI Detection and SFST Refresher</a>, NHTSA (rev. 10/2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaa_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://duijusticelink.aaa.com/issues/detection/standard-field-sobriety-test-sfst-and-admissibility/">Standardized Field Sobriety Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111012/https://duijusticelink.aaa.com/issues/detection/standard-field-sobriety-test-sfst-and-admissibility/">Archived</a> 2018-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AAA (US) "DUI Justice Link"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/2000/rpt/2000-R-0873.htm">Connecticut OLR report, <i>The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement</i></a>, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000); <i>see "Phase III—Pre-arrest Screening and Administration of Field Sobriety Tests"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-findlawFST-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-findlawFST_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-findlawFST_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dui.findlaw.com/dui-arrests/field-sobriety-tests.html">Field Sobriety Tests</a>, findlaw.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idahoman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idahoman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idahoman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>accord, p. 29</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SFST_Handout.pdf">Field Sobriety Tests Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083259/http://www.nlelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SFST_Handout.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Idaho Prosecuting Attorneys Association (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter et al. v. Southam Inc at p. 114, 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca_exclusionary-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ca_exclusionary_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icclr.law.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ES-paper-exclusionary-evidence-rule.pdf">Improperly or Illegally Obtained Evidence: The Exclusionary Evidence Rule in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401172733/https://icclr.law.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ES-paper-exclusionary-evidence-rule.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (12-2005) (.pdf)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGN_APRI-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HGN_APRI_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndaa.org/pdf/admissibility%20of%20hgn_april_2003.pdf">Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919003208/http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/admissibility%20of%20hgn_april_2003.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Prosecutors Research Institute (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHTSA_pp-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHTSA_pp_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncids.org/Defender%20Training/2017SpringConf/SFSTandDWI.pdf">NHTSA: Standardized Field Sobriety Tests Powerpoint slides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125217/http://www.ncids.org/Defender%20Training/2017SpringConf/SFSTandDWI.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Defender Training" 2017 Spring Conference</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061500/https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1647">"Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: The Science and the Law"</a>. <i>Department of Transportation</i>. American Prosecutors Research Institute. July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1647">the original</a> on 23 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Horizontal+Gaze+Nystagmus%3A+The+Science+and+the+Law&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosap.ntl.bts.gov%2Fview%2Fdot%2F1647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span> (link to <b>.pdf</b> document)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHTSA" class="citation cs2">NHTSA, "Session VIII", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065423if_/https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/2009-sfst-participant-manual.pdf#page=100"><i>DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Participant Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, pp. 18–19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Session+VIII&rft.btitle=DWI+Detection+and+Standardized+Field+Sobriety+Test+%28SFST%29+Participant+Manual&rft.pages=18-19&rft.au=NHTSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210720065423if_%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhtsa.gov%2Fsites%2Fnhtsa.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2009-sfst-participant-manual.pdf%23page%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810831.pdf">The Robustness of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018153845/http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810831.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (September, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frye-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frye_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Frye_standard" title="Frye standard"><i>Frye</i> standard</a> for test results "generally accepted as reliable".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJ_card-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NJ_card_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration_(NHTSA)" class="citation web cs1">The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.gov/oag/hts/downloads/SFST_Procedures.pdf">"Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Procedures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Jersey (US) police reference card<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standardized+Field+Sobriety+Testing+Procedures&rft.pub=New+Jersey+%28US%29+police+reference+card&rft.au=The+National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration+%28NHTSA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Foag%2Fhts%2Fdownloads%2FSFST_Procedures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4511.19">"Traffic laws - Operation of motor vehicles"</a>. <i>Ohio Laws and Rules</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Laws+and+Rules&rft.atitle=Traffic+laws+-+Operation+of+motor+vehicles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodes.ohio.gov%2Forc%2F4511.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC254-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC254_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-254.html#docCont">'Criminal Code', RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4279/can-a-person-refuse-a-breathalyser-test-and-other-.aspx">Refusing a Breath Test in Western Australia</a>, gotocourt.com.au</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slp.wa.gov.au/statutes/swans.nsf/(DownloadFiles)/Road+Traffic+Act+1974.pdf/$file/Road+Traffic+Act+1974.pdf">Road Traffic Act 1974</a> (.pdf) <i>search for "preliminary test</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hum_behav-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hum_behav_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hum_behav_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hum_behav_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hum_behav_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102322/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/532d/9532d8755b5903930f8166dc9d8264935fc2.pdf">Rubenzer, <i>The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A Review of Scientific and Legal Issues</i></a>, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 293-313 (Aug., 2008) <i>see, e.g., p. 295</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isba.org/sections/trafficlaw/newsletter/2010/08/backtothebasicschallengingtheaccuracyoffieldsobriet">Hess, <i>Back to the basics: Challenging the accuracy of field sobriety tests</i></a>, Illinois State Bar Assn., Section on Traffic Laws & Courts (vol. 20, no. 1, 8-2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barone-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barone_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barone_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319155941/http://www.capwayne.org/2005/handouts/2005-10-07_barone.pdf">Standardized Field Sobriety Testing</a>, Patrick T. Barone</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaneKane2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kane, Greg; Kane, Elizabeth (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfst.us/httpdocs/KanePDF/KaneHighAccuracySFST_AOV.pdf">"The high reported accuracy of the standardized field sobriety test is a property of the statistic not of the test"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Law, Probability and Risk</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flpr%2Fmgab004">10.1093/lpr/mgab004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law%2C+Probability+and+Risk&rft.atitle=The+high+reported+accuracy+of+the+standardized+field+sobriety+test+is+a+property+of+the+statistic+not+of+the+test&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flpr%2Fmgab004&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Kane%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfst.us%2Fhttpdocs%2FKanePDF%2FKaneHighAccuracySFST_AOV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolo_ref-long-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref-long_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref-long_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dui.drivinglaws.org/resources/dui-refusal-blood-breath-urine-test.htm">DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test</a>, NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolo_ref-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nolo_ref_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dui.drivinglaws.org/resources/dui-refusal-blood-breath-urine-test.htm">DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test</a>, NOLO Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416152514/http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/bac">"Blood alcohol concentration"</a>. <i>DrugInfo</i>. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/bac">the original</a> on 2015-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugInfo&rft.atitle=Blood+alcohol+concentration&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druginfo.adf.org.au%2Ftopics%2Fbac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416152001/http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/drug-testing">"Drug testing"</a>. <i>DrugInfo</i>. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/drug-testing">the original</a> on 2015-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugInfo&rft.atitle=Drug+testing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druginfo.adf.org.au%2Ftopics%2Fdrug-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+sobriety+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfj-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfj_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stepstojustice.ca/common-question-step/1-do-roadside-standardized-field-sobriety-test">What are my rights if the police think I’ve been taking drugs and driving?</a>, Steps to Justice (advises that FST is mandatory)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breathalyzer-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breathalyzer_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalline.ca/legal-answers/breathalyzer-and-roadside-tests/Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer and roadside tests (Ont.)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, legalline.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcmp-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcmp_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ts-sr/aldr-id-cfa-aldr-eng.htm">Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driving - Tests, Criminal Charges, Penalties, Suspensions and Prohibitions</a> - RCMP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gm-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gm_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/what-must-i-legally-do-when-police-pull-me-over/article25829415/">What must I legally do when police pull me over?</a>, <i>Globe and Mail</i>, 4-Aug-2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-46_254-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C-46_254_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-254.html">Canada Code §254</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/FullText.html">(full text of criminal code)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-46.pdf">(full text, .pdf)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aclu_orsherif-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aclu_orsherif_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/ALPR/oregon/Washington%20County%20Sheriff%27s%20Office/30012-30050%20Search%20and%20Seizure%20Field%20Guide.pdf">Search and Seizure Field Guide, Wash. Cty., OR (2008)</a>, distributed by ACLU as <i>Stops and Arrests - American Civil Liberties Union</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a><br /> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related<br /> crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">Drunk driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prison alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1jaro_verde" title="Pájaro verde">Pájaro verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">Public intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">Alcoholism in rural Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane"><i>Beer Street</i> and <i>Gin Lane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect" title="Gateway drug effect">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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