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<span>Notable bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master_founders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_founders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Master founders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_founders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&params=51_31_1_N_0_4_2_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°31′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°4′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.51694°N 0.06722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.51694; -0.06722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct bell foundry in London, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/220px-Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/330px-Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/440px-Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="5057" /></a><figcaption>Street entrance to Whitechapel Bell Foundry in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Whitechapel Bell Foundry</b> was a business in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a>. At the time of the closure of its <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> premises, it was the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">bell foundry</a> primarily made <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> and their fittings and accessories, although it also provided single tolling <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> bells and <a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">handbells</a>. The foundry was notable for being the original manufacturer of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, a famous symbol of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, and for re-casting <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben#Great_Bell" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>, which rings from the north clock tower (the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> in London. </p><p>The Whitechapel premises are a Grade II*<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>. The foundry closed on 12 June 2017, after nearly 450 years of bell-making and 250 years at its Whitechapel site,<sup id="cite_ref-sl2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the final bell cast given to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a> along with other artefacts used in the manufacturing process,<sup id="cite_ref-wharf2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wharf2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the building has been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-gua2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gua2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SoLong_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoLong-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the sale of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, the bell patents were sold to the bell-hanging company <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Oxfordshire#White's_of_Appleton" title="Appleton, Oxfordshire">Whites of Appleton</a> in Oxfordshire, with which the foundry had a business relationship for 197 years. The rights to tower bell production are now under the ownership of Westley Group Ltd. Production of presentation and hand bells continues under the name Bells of Whitechapel Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-wbfnews2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbfnews2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bell founding industry around Aldgate and Whitechapel can be traced back to at least 1360, and a few years later, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, living in a room in the Aldgate itself, described the presence of a bell founding industry in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Master Founders (bell makers) of <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, can be traced back to 1420. </p><p>The Whitechapel Bell Foundry company began in 1570. The last premises at 32–34 <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Road" title="Whitechapel Road">Whitechapel Road</a>, backing on to Plumbers Row, dates from 1670 and was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">coaching inn</a> called "The Artichoke" which had been damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tel2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Artichoke ceased trading in 1738 and the following year the Whitechapel Bell Foundry moved into the premises. The foundry remained at the site until May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-sl2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WINN201_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WINN201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of only two bell foundries left in the UK and had been in continuous production for almost 450 years.<sup id="cite_ref-gua2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gua2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three bells <a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">manufacturer's mark</a> can be seen on the bells and the three bells sign hung over the door of the Whitechapel site.<sup id="cite_ref-ft2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to previous owners Alan and Kathryn Hughes, the foundry had been a family-owned company throughout its history continuing when Alan Hughes's grandfather bought the company in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-tel2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until its sale to Westley group in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-wbfnews2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbfnews2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The business had to adapt throughout the centuries and in modern times, with new churches being built less frequently, produced handbells and doorbells. It responded to a surge in orders for table bells, following the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (TV channel)">ITV</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Period drama">period drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a></i>, with a third of its sales going overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-tel22016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel22016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the foundry launched an online shop selling house bells, musical instruments and personalised merchandise.<sup id="cite_ref-tel22016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel22016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large bell business has been largely unaffected by periods of financial depression, partly because from enquiry to completion an order takes on average 11 years.<sup id="cite_ref-tel2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the foundry was used as a munitions production line, making casings for the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ft2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The government not only guaranteed the orders. They guaranteed good prices and they also guaranteed quick payment, which is something that the Church of England has never managed to do with us.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alan Hughes<sup id="cite_ref-ft2016_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> The foundry was particularly busy after the war, replacing bells lost or damaged by fire in <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">bombing raids across London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bel2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bel2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hughes said "Our business runs counter to the national economy. If the economy goes down and unemployment rises, we start to get busy. Last year was our busiest in thirty years, an increase of 27% on the previous year. Similarly, the nineteen twenties were very busy." Hughes also tells a story of an order requested of his grandfather in the 1890s which his father quoted again for in the 1950s and he himself gave a quote for in the 1970s. The order was finally completed in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-sl2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2017 a consortium of heritage groups, including <a href="/wiki/Save_Britain%27s_Heritage" title="Save Britain's Heritage">Save Britain's Heritage</a>, the East End Preservation Society, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_Society" title="Ancient Monuments Society">Ancient Monuments Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> attempted to have the foundry's Grade II*<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> premises re-listed as a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Asset_of_community_value" title="Asset of community value">asset of community value</a> to preserve the historical importance of the building within the wider east end community.<sup id="cite_ref-to2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slmarch2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slmarch2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundry was sold to US investor Raycliff who proposed their intention to convert the site into a 100<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 108<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> room hotel at the rear of the building with a bell themed cafe<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while maintaining space for the production of smaller bells including hand bells.<sup id="cite_ref-stuff2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raycliff hired local architectural practice 31/44 for the design.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan has the support of Historic England,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described by one journalist as “a public body which gives paid advice to property developers to encourage them to get through the existing planning systems.”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application has been controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application was called in by the government on 22 January 2020, preventing the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a> from proceeding with the planning application pending the outcome of further public inquiry. The London Bell Foundry, a not for profit company dedicated to saving the historic foundry as a working enterprise, made an offer to purchase the site in November 2022. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerycaption">Whitechapel Bell Foundry - Bells cast by Mears & Stainbank for All Saints, Rothbury, Northumberland, c. 1893<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cast Bells by Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 1893 State Library of New South Wales"><img alt="Bells for Rothbury Church, Northumberland, c. 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg/231px-Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg/346px-Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg/461px-Cast_Bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 134px"><div class="gallerytext"><i>Cast Bells by Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 1893 State Library of New South Wales</i></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 273.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church Bells in the workshop at Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 1893"><img alt="Moulds for the bells at Rothbury, Northumberland, 1893." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/410px-Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/615px-Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/820px-Church_Bells_in_the_workshop_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 254px"><div class="gallerytext">Church Bells in the workshop at Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 1893</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moulds for church bells in the workshop at Whitechapel Bell Foundry"><img alt="Moulds for church bells in the workshop at Whitechapel Bell Foundry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/379px-Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/569px-Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/758px-Moulds_for_church_bells_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 233px"><div class="gallerytext">Moulds for church bells in the workshop at Whitechapel Bell Foundry</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_bells">Notable bells</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg/240px-Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg/360px-Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg/480px-Liberty_Bell_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many churches across the world have bells cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, but arguably its two best-known examples are not in places of worship. In 1752 the foundry (known at the time as Lester and Pack)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cast the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, which was commissioned to celebrate the 50th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s 1701 <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Privileges">Charter of Privileges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>'s original constitution. </p><p>As a result of damage sustained during its stormy passage across the Atlantic, the bell cracked when it was first rung, and after repeated repairs cracked again in 1846 when rung to mark the birthday of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. Since 2003, the bell has been housed at the Liberty Bell Center near <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WINN201_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WINN201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Palace_of_Westminster#Bells" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster">Big Ben</a>, which tolls the hour at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, was cast in 1858 and rung for the first time on 31 May 1859. "Big Ben" weighs 13½ tons and is the largest bell ever cast at the foundry.<sup id="cite_ref-WINN201_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WINN201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bell also cracked because a too heavy hammer was initially used. The crack and the subsequent retuning gives Big Ben its present distinctive tone. A profile <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">template</a> of Big Ben surrounds the entrance door of the Whitechapel Foundry, while the original moulding gauge is retained near the furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final bill for Big Ben came to £572.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitechapel has supplied bells to several cathedrals. <a href="/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral" title="Guildford Cathedral">Guildford Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> had a peal of 10 bells (later augmented to 12),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> augmented its bells to a peal of 14 in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundry produced <a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom of Lincoln">"Great Tom"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Clock Bells" at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, the bells of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a><sup id="cite_ref-WINN202_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WINN202-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the construction of its tower between 1924 and 1942, the foundry cast 14 bells for the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a> which all include psalm texts engravings.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bells are notable for being the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a> <a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">peal</a> of bells in the world. The foundry's bellfounder at that time, Albert Hughes, is commemorated in a <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass window">stained glass window</a> in the nave.<sup id="cite_ref-WINN202_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WINN202-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg/280px-Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg/420px-Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg/560px-Big_Ben_2001-06-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> has the best-known chime in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Churches with bells from Whitechapel include ones as near as <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a> and as far as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Church,_Chennai" title="Armenian Church, Chennai">Armenian Church, Chennai</a>, India. English examples include <a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan%27s,_Stepney" title="St Dunstan's, Stepney">St Dunstan's, Stepney</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan%27s,_Mayfield" class="mw-redirect" title="St Dunstan's, Mayfield">St Dunstan's, Mayfield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels,_Beckwithshaw" title="Church of St Michael and All Angels, Beckwithshaw">St Michael's, Beckwithshaw</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-More,_Wallingford" title="St Mary-le-More, Wallingford">St Mary-le-More, Wallingford</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Apostle,_Killinghall" title="Church of St Thomas the Apostle, Killinghall">Church of St Thomas the Apostle, Killinghall</a>; and St Michael and All Angels, Leaden Roding. American churches in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Michael's Church</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. Australian churches include <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Burnley" title="St Bartholomew's Church, Burnley">St Bartholomew's Church, Burnley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Stephen's Anglican Church, <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_New_South_Wales" title="Newtown, New South Wales">Newtown</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Church,_Sydney" title="St Philip's Church, Sydney">St Philip's Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney" title="St James' Church, Sydney">St James' Church, Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dove_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dove-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the towers of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre-Dame Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> house one of the world's largest bells and a ten-bell carillon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bells not in churches include civic focal points such as a <a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">clock tower</a>; Thomas Mears II cast the bell for <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Herne_Bay" title="Clock Tower, Herne Bay">Herne Bay Clock Tower</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Post Office in Washington, D.C., USA, has a ring of 10 bells in the key of D (tenor 26 cwt) that were cast by the Whitechapel Foundry in 1976, installed in 1982, and dedicated in 1983. The bells range in weight from 581 to 2953 pounds. These bells, referred to as The Congress Bells, were a gift to the US Congress from Britain's <a href="/wiki/Ditchley_Foundation" title="Ditchley Foundation">Ditchley Foundation</a> to celebrate the bicentennial of American independence. </p><p>The sterling silver bell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205160198">silver ships bell</a> on post WW II HMS Ark Royals <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R09)">(4 - 1955)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">(5 - 1985)</a> is said (<a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">by Taylor's of Loughborough</a> to have been cast by Whitechapel Foundry) </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States in 2001, the company made a tribute bell, the Bell of Hope, as a gift from the people of London to the city of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-tel22016_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tel22016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rung at 08:46 each year on the anniversary of the tragedy, the time the first plane hit the first tower.<sup id="cite_ref-gua22016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gua22016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Paul_Byard" title="Paul Byard">Paul Byard</a> and was rung for the first time on American soil by the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York" title="Episcopal Diocese of New York">Bishop of New York</a>, the Rt. Rev. <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Sisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark S. Sisk">Mark S. Sisk</a>. The bell resided at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church (Manhattan)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wbf2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbf2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Chapel" title="St. Paul's Chapel">St. Paul's Chapel</a>. In 2005 it was rung again four times for the people killed in the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg/290px-Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg/435px-Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg/580px-Bradley_Wiggins_2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins" title="Bradley Wiggins">Bradley Wiggins</a> began the <a href="/wiki/2012_London_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 London Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a> opening ceremony by ringing the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Whitechapel Bell Foundry designed the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a> seen at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">opening ceremony for the London 2012 Olympic Games</a>, although it was not cast on the premises. The furnaces at Whitechapel could not provide the 23 tons of molten metal required to make the bell, so it was manufactured at a factory in the Netherlands which normally produces ship's propellers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Olympic Bell is the largest harmonically tuned bell in the world and the widest bell in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now hangs in the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a>, but is not rung because it is deemed too loud to be rung without disturbing local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Foundry cast the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jubilee_Bells" title="Royal Jubilee Bells">Royal Jubilee Bells</a> used on the lead barge for the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Diamond_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant">Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant</a> the same summer,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which now hang in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_James_Garlickhythe" title="St James Garlickhythe">St James Garlickhythe</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a> had three bells cast from the foundry for "<a href="/wiki/On_Melancholy_Hill" title="On Melancholy Hill">On Melancholy Hill</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Gorillaz" title="Gorillaz">Gorillaz</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Beach" title="Plastic Beach">Plastic Beach</a></i>, although they were not used on the final song. These were cast in the notes D, A and C-sharp. However one of the bells is often used on live versions of "<a href="/wiki/We_Got_the_Power_(Gorillaz_song)" title="We Got the Power (Gorillaz song)">We Got the Power</a>". </p><p>The last bell to be cast at the foundry was on 22 March 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-wbfnews2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbfnews2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was given to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a> along with historical artefacts from the premises. The manufacturing patents for the Whitechapel bells have been sold to the bell-hanging company, <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Oxfordshire#White's_of_Appleton" title="Appleton, Oxfordshire">Whites of Appleton</a> in Oxfordshire, with whom the foundry has had a business relationship for 197 years.<sup id="cite_ref-wharf2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wharf2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wbfnews2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbfnews2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Master_founders"><span class="anchor" id="Master_founders_at_Whitechapel"></span>Master founders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Master founders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names on this list are those that are cast into the surface of Whitechapel bells of different dates. Prior to Robert Mot, in 1574, the <i>sign of three bells</i> was often cast to indicate that it was a Whitechapel (or Aldgate) bell.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1420 Robert Chamberlain of Aldgate</li> <li>1426 William Chamberlain</li> <li>1456 John Daniel</li> <li>1470 John Daniel's Successor</li> <li>1487 IW</li> <li>1500–1515 Thomas Bullisdon</li> <li>1506–1522 William Culverden</li> <li>1523 Thomas Lawrence</li> <li>1538 John Owen</li> <li>1553 Thomas Kempe</li> <li>1574 Robert Mot</li> <li>1606 Joseph Carter</li> <li>1610 William Carter</li> <li>1616 Thomas Bartlet</li> <li>1632 John Clifton</li> <li>1640 Anthony Bartlet</li> <li>1675 James Bartlet</li> <li>1700 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li>1735 Phelps and Lester</li> <li>1738 Thomas Lester</li> <li>1752 Lester and Pack</li> <li>1769 Lester, Pack and Chapman</li> <li>1769 Pack and Chapman<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1781 Chapman and Mears</li> <li>1784 William Mears</li> <li>1787 William and Thomas Mears</li> <li>1791 Thomas Mears I</li> <li>1805 Mears and Son</li> <li>1810 Thomas Mears II</li> <li>1844 Charles and George Mears</li> <li>1861 George Mears and Co</li> <li>1865 Mears and Stainbank</li> <li>1873 Robert Stainbank</li> <li>1884 Alfred Lawson</li> <li>1904 Arthur Hughes</li> <li>1916 Albert Hughes</li> <li>1945 Albert and William Hughes</li> <li>1950 Albert, William and Douglas Hughes</li> <li>1964 William and Douglas Hughes</li> <li>1972 William, Douglas and Alan Hughes</li> <li>1993 Douglas and Alan Hughes</li> <li>1997 Alan and Kathryn Hughes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jessen_Bell,_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church,_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jessen Bell (1814), St. John's Anglican Church (Lunenburg), Nova Scotia, Canada"><img alt="The Jessen Bell (1814), St. John's Anglican Church (Lunenburg), Nova Scotia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/90px-The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/135px-The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/180px-The_Jessen_Bell%2C_St._John%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dettlieb_Christopher_Jessen" title="Dettlieb Christopher Jessen">Jessen Bell</a> (1814), <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Anglican_Church_(Lunenburg)" title="St. John's Anglican Church (Lunenburg)">St. John's Anglican Church (Lunenburg)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell makers' memorial inside the foundry"><img alt="Bell makers' memorial inside the foundry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/120px-Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/180px-Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/240px-Bell_makers%27_memorial_wall_inside_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell makers' memorial inside the foundry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bells of St Bees Priory shown in the "up" position. Cast by Charles & George Mears in 1857"><img alt="The bells of St Bees Priory shown in the "up" position. Cast by Charles & George Mears in 1857" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg/120px-St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg/180px-St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg/240px-St_Bees_bells_in_up_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bells of <a href="/wiki/St_Bees_Priory" title="St Bees Priory">St Bees Priory</a> shown in the "up" position. Cast by Charles & George Mears in 1857</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Robert Stainbank tenor bell from Todmorden Unitarian Church, West Yorkshire, during overhaul in 2014. The bell was cast in 1868."><img alt="The Robert Stainbank tenor bell from Todmorden Unitarian Church, West Yorkshire, during overhaul in 2014. The bell was cast in 1868." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg/90px-Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg/135px-Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg/180px-Tod_Uni_Church_Bells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Robert Stainbank tenor bell from Todmorden Unitarian Church, West Yorkshire, during overhaul in 2014. The bell was cast in 1868.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handbells on the workbench at the foundry"><img alt="Handbells on the workbench at the foundry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/80px-Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/120px-Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg/160px-Handbells_at_Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handbells on the workbench at the foundry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Template for Big Ben which hangs at the foundry"><img alt="Template for Big Ben which hangs at the foundry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg/120px-Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg/180px-Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg/240px-Big_Ben_at_the_foundry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1288308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Template for <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a> which hangs at the foundry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The oldest bell in Barbados (1696)"><img alt="The oldest bell in Barbados (1696)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bell-wiki.jpg/102px-Bell-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bell-wiki.jpg/153px-Bell-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bell-wiki.jpg/204px-Bell-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The oldest bell in Barbados (1696)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guildford Cathedral bell cast at Whitechapel"><img alt="Guildford Cathedral bell cast at Whitechapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg/90px-Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg/135px-Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg/180px-Guildford_Cathedral_Bell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral" title="Guildford Cathedral">Guildford Cathedral</a> bell cast at Whitechapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James_Church,_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mears Bell, St James' Church, Sydney waiting to be re-hung after repairs in 2011"><img alt="Mears Bell, St James' Church, Sydney waiting to be re-hung after repairs in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg/120px-St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg/180px-St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg/240px-St_James_Church%2C_Sydney_-_Mears_Bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mears Bell, <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney" title="St James' Church, Sydney">St James' Church, Sydney</a> waiting to be re-hung after repairs in 2011</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitechapelbellfoundry.co.uk/foundry.htm">"500 Years of History"</a> Whitechapel Bell Foundry website, accessed 26 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1357529" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1357529?section=official-list-entry">"Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 32-34 Whitechapel Road, 2 Fieldgate Street and workshops to the rear (1357529)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry%2C+32-34+Whitechapel+Road%2C+2+Fieldgate+Street+and+workshops+to+the+rear+%281357529%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1357529%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sl2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sl2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Gentle_Author" class="citation web cs1">The Gentle Author. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spitalfieldslife.com/2016/12/02/so-long-whitechapel-bell-foundry/">"So Long, Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>Spitalfields Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spitalfields+Life&rft.atitle=So+Long%2C+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.au=The+Gentle+Author&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspitalfieldslife.com%2F2016%2F12%2F02%2Fso-long-whitechapel-bell-foundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wharf2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wharf2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wharf2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnfield" class="citation web cs1">Enfield, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharf.co.uk/news/business/silence-falls-whitechapel-bell-foundry-12819814">"Silence falls at Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>The Wharf</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wharf&rft.atitle=Silence+falls+at+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.aulast=Enfield&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharf.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fsilence-falls-whitechapel-bell-foundry-12819814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gua2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gua2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gua2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2016" class="citation news cs1">Farrell, Sean (2 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/dec/02/whitechapel-bell-foundry-to-ring-in-new-era-as-owner-sells-site">"Whitechapel Bell Foundry to ring in new era as owner sells site"</a>. <i>Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry+to+ring+in+new+era+as+owner+sells+site&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fdec%2F02%2Fwhitechapel-bell-foundry-to-ring-in-new-era-as-owner-sells-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoLong-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoLong_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spitalfieldslife.com/2016/12/02/so-long-whitechapel-bell-foundry/">"So Long, Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>Spitalfields Life</i>. 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.atitle=UK%27s+oldest+manufacturing+company+has+cast+its+final+tower+bells+at+its+Whitechapel+Road+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitechapelbellfoundry.co.uk%2Fnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Bell foundry history <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thelondonbellfoundry.co.uk/the-past">https://www.thelondonbellfoundry.co.uk/the-past</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tel2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tel2016_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tel2016_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tel2016_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley2016" class="citation news cs1">Harley, Nicola (2 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/02/britains-oldest-bell-foundry-cast-big-ben-close/">"Bell tolls for world's oldest foundry"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spitalfields+Life&rft.atitle=Save+The+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.aulast=Author&rft.aufirst=The+Gentle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspitalfieldslife.com%2F2017%2F03%2F11%2Fsave-the-whitechapel-bell-foundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3144architects.com/project/foundry-hotel/">"Foundry Hotel"</a>. <i>31/44 Architects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=31%2F44+Architects&rft.atitle=Foundry+Hotel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3144architects.com%2Fproject%2Ffoundry-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2019" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Richard (15 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/richard-morrison-ring-the-changes-and-allow-development-of-a-historic-bell-foundry-pzk6w2ltn">"Ring the changes and allow development of a historic bell foundry"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Ring+the+changes+and+allow+development+of+a+historic+bell+foundry&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Frichard-morrison-ring-the-changes-and-allow-development-of-a-historic-bell-foundry-pzk6w2ltn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3144architects.com/project/the-bell-foundry/">"The Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>31/44 Architects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=31%2F44+Architects&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Foundry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3144architects.com%2Fproject%2Fthe-bell-foundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuff2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stuff2018_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley" class="citation web cs1">Morley, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/world/106032664/dingdong-battle-to-save-foundry-that-made-big-ben">"Ding-dong battle to save foundry that made Big Ben"</a>. <i>Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Ding-dong+battle+to+save+foundry+that+made+Big+Ben&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fbusiness%2Fworld%2F106032664%2Fdingdong-battle-to-save-foundry-that-made-big-ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Rowan (3 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/03/whitechapel-bell-foundry-plans-royal-college-of-pathologists">"Ringing the changes at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. Guardian News & Media Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Raycliff have also hired the local architectural practice 31/44 to design scrupulously sensitive adjustments to the old buildings and a dignified form for the hotel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Ringing+the+changes+at+the+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Fmar%2F03%2Fwhitechapel-bell-foundry-plans-royal-college-of-pathologists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3144architects.com/project/the-bell-foundry/">"The Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>31/44 Architects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=31%2F44+Architects&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Foundry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3144architects.com%2Fproject%2Fthe-bell-foundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3144architects.com/project/foundry-hotel/">"Foundry Hotel"</a>. <i>31/44 Architects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=31%2F44+Architects&rft.atitle=Foundry+Hotel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3144architects.com%2Fproject%2Ffoundry-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickford2019" class="citation news cs1">Pickford, James (25 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a0e45906-21bd-11ea-92da-f0c92e957a96">"Battle over Britain's historic bell foundry far from over"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. The Financial Times Ltd. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a0e45906-21bd-11ea-92da-f0c92e957a96">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Raycliff plan also has the support of Historic England, the statutory body, which has pointed to its inclusion of a small bell production unit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Battle+over+Britain%27s+historic+bell+foundry+far+from+over&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft.aulast=Pickford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa0e45906-21bd-11ea-92da-f0c92e957a96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaumarez_Smith2021" class="citation web cs1">Saumarez Smith, Charles (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/whitechapel-bell-foundry-decision-boutique-hotel/">"The sad, shameful demise of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>Apollo Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+sad%2C+shameful+demise+of+the+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Saumarez+Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollo-magazine.com%2Fwhitechapel-bell-foundry-decision-boutique-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2019" class="citation news cs1">White, Bella (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2019/10/whitechapel-bell-foundry-owner-hits-back-at-anti-redevelopment-campaign/">"Whitechapel Bell Foundry owner hits back at anti-redevelopment campaign"</a>. <i>EastLondonLines</i>. Journalism Students at Goldsmiths, University of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>The owner of Whitechapel Bell Foundry has told EastLondonLines that campaigners objecting to the redevelopment of the site have 'misled the public'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EastLondonLines&rft.atitle=Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry+owner+hits+back+at+anti-redevelopment+campaign&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastlondonlines.co.uk%2F2019%2F10%2Fwhitechapel-bell-foundry-owner-hits-back-at-anti-redevelopment-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambetta2019" class="citation news cs1">Gambetta, Georgina (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2019/11/not-saved-by-the-bell-whitechapel-bell-foundry-to-be-transformed/">"Not saved by the bell:Whitechapel Bell Foundry plan approved despite anger"</a>. <i>EastLondonLines</i>. Journalism Students at Goldsmiths, University of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Plans to transform the five-hundred-year-old Whitechapel Bell Foundry into a boutique hotel and multi-purpose space were approved last night despite strong opposition from local residents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EastLondonLines&rft.atitle=Not+saved+by+the+bell%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry+plan+approved+despite+anger&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Gambetta&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastlondonlines.co.uk%2F2019%2F11%2Fnot-saved-by-the-bell-whitechapel-bell-foundry-to-be-transformed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2019" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Richard (15 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/richard-morrison-ring-the-changes-and-allow-development-of-a-historic-bell-foundry-pzk6w2ltn">"Ring the changes and allow development of a historic bell foundry"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. Times Newspapers Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>[T]he choice is between a properly financed scheme that will preserve this uniquely evocative site (and resuscitate it as a working foundry), or a vague and financially unsustainable plan from well-meaning people who don't even own the building.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Ring+the+changes+and+allow+development+of+a+historic+bell+foundry&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Frichard-morrison-ring-the-changes-and-allow-development-of-a-historic-bell-foundry-pzk6w2ltn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthor2018" class="citation web cs1">Author, The Gentle (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spitalfieldslife.com/2018/06/21/hope-for-the-whitechapel-bell-foundry/">"Hope For The Whitechapel Bell Foundry"</a>. <i>Spitalfields Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spitalfields+Life&rft.atitle=Hope+For+The+Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.aulast=Author&rft.aufirst=The+Gentle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspitalfieldslife.com%2F2018%2F06%2F21%2Fhope-for-the-whitechapel-bell-foundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spitalfieldslife.com/2019/12/04/the-secretary-of-state-steps-in/">"The Secretary Of State Steps In"</a>. <i>Spitalfields Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mayor of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen+Elizabeth+Olympic+Park&rft.atitle=London+2012+opening+ceremony+bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2F2015%2F8%2Flondon-2012-opening-ceremony-bell-to-return-to-queen-elizabeth-olympic-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhetstone2016" class="citation web cs1">Whetstone, Sean (30 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claretandhugh.info/olympic-bell-re-installed-next-to-west-hams-new-home/">"Olympic Bell re-installed next to Iron's new home"</a>. <i>Claret and Hugh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Claret+and+Hugh&rft.atitle=Olympic+Bell+re-installed+next+to+Iron%27s+new+home&rft.date=2016-05-30&rft.aulast=Whetstone&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claretandhugh.info%2Folympic-bell-re-installed-next-to-west-hams-new-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9321258/Thank-you-one-and-all-the-people-who-helped-make-the-Jubilee-happen.html">"Thank you one and all: the people who helped make the Jubilee happen"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Thank+you+one+and+all%3A+the+people+who+helped+make+the+Jubilee+happen&rft.date=2012-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fthe_queens_diamond_jubilee%2F9321258%2FThank-you-one-and-all-the-people-who-helped-make-the-Jubilee-happen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitechapelbellfoundry.co.uk/identify.htm">Whitechapel Bell foundry <i>Identifying bells</i></a> accessed 21 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tower-bridge.org.uk/bells.htm">John Rennie – <i>Bells that tolled across the world</i></a> accessed 21 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahlschmidt1887" class="citation book cs1">Stahlschmidt, John Charles Lett (1887). <i>The Church Bells of Kent, their Inscriptions, Founders, Uses and Traditions</i>. London: Elliot Stock. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Bells+of+Kent%2C+their+Inscriptions%2C+Founders%2C+Uses+and+Traditions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Elliot+Stock&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Stahlschmidt&rft.aufirst=John+Charles+Lett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForemanForeman2005" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, Lewis; Foreman, Susan (2005). <i>London: A Musical Gazetteer</i>. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10402-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+A+Musical+Gazetteer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10402-8&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Foreman%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2007" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Christopher (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ineverknewthatab0000winn_e8h7"><i>I Never Knew That About London</i></a></span>. London: Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194319-6"><bdi>978-0-09-194319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Never+Knew+That+About+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-194319-6&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fineverknewthatab0000winn_e8h7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/155/detail/">"Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 32–34 Whitechapel Road"</a>. <i>Survey of London</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Survey+of+London&rft.atitle=Whitechapel+Bell+Foundry%2C+32%E2%80%9334+Whitechapel+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurveyoflondon.org%2Fmap%2Ffeature%2F155%2Fdetail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitechapel+Bell+Foundry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927065800/https://www.thebellfoundry.co.uk/">thebellfoundry.co.uk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 September 2021), website created by Raycliff Whitechapel LLP who bought the site in 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/whitechapel-bell-foundry/query/music">British Pathé 1966 film of inside Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towerbells.org/data/IXfoundryWhitechapel.html">Index to carillons and chimes by Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukhbpt.org/uploads/images/factum-foudation-definitive-proposal-the-resurrection-of-the-whitechapel-bell-foundry-screen-double-page.pdf">Factum architects' proposal to preserve the foundry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hibberts.co.uk/mearshist.htm">The Sound of Bells—Mears and Stainbank Catalogue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry&params=51_31_1_N_0_4_2_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°31′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°4′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.51694°N 0.06722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.51694; -0.06722</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174855#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174855#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174855#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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