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electrodes</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: grounding electrodes"> <meta name="keywords" content="grounding electrodes"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="grounding electrodes"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 522</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: grounding electrodes</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">522</span> Optimal Analysis of Grounding System Design for Distribution Substation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thong%20Lantharthong">Thong Lantharthong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nattchote%20Rugthaicharoencheep"> Nattchote Rugthaicharoencheep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Att%20Phayomhom"> Att Phayomhom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the electrical effect of two neighboring distribution substation during the construction phase. The size of auxiliary grounding grid have an effect on entire grounding system. The bigger the size of auxiliary grounding grid, the lower the GPR and maximum touch voltage, with the exception that when the two grids are unconnected, i.e. the bigger the size of auxiliary grounding grid, the higher the maximum step voltage. The results in this paper could be served as design guideline of grounding system, and perhaps remedy of some troublesome grounding grids in power distribution’s system. Modeling and simulation is carried out on the Current Distribution Electromagnetic interference Grounding and Soil structure (CDEGS) program. The simulation results exhibit the design and analysis of power system grounding and perhaps could be set as a standard in grounding system design and modification in distribution substations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding%20system" title="grounding system">grounding system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=touch%20voltage" title=" touch voltage"> touch voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=step%20voltage" title=" step voltage"> step voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20criteria" title=" safety criteria"> safety criteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14242/optimal-analysis-of-grounding-system-design-for-distribution-substation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">521</span> Optimal Design of Substation Grounding Grid Based on Genetic Algorithm Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Z.%20Gabr">Ahmed Z. Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Helal"> Ahmed A. Helal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20E.%20Said"> Hussein E. Said</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the incessant increase of power systems capacity and voltage grade, the safety of grounding grid becomes more and more prominent. In this paper, the designing substation grounding grid is presented by means of genetic algorithm (GA). This approach purposes to control the grounding cost of the power system with the aid of controlling grounding rod number and conductor lengths under the same safety limitations. The proposed technique is used for the design of the substation grounding grid in Khalda Petroleum Company “El-Qasr” power plant and the design was simulated by using CYMGRD software for results verification. The result of the design is highly complying with IEEE 80-2000 standard requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title="genetic algorithm">genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20grounding%20grid%20design" title=" optimum grounding grid design"> optimum grounding grid design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20analysis" title=" power system analysis"> power system analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20protection" title=" power system protection"> power system protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20layer%20model" title=" single layer model"> single layer model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substation" title=" substation"> substation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818/optimal-design-of-substation-grounding-grid-based-on-genetic-algorithm-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">535</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">520</span> Framework for Implementation of National Electrical Safety Grounding Standards for Communication Infrastructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atif%20Mahmood">Atif Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Inayatullah%20Khan%20Babar"> Mohammad Inayatullah Khan Babar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Communication infrastructure has been installed, operated, and maintained all over the world according to defined electrical safety standards for separate or joint structures. These safety standards have been set for the safeguard of public, utility workers (employees and contractors), utility facilities, electrical communication equipment’s connected to the utility facilities and other facilities or premise adjacent to utility facilities. Different communication utilities in Pakistan use standards of different countries due to the absence of Common National Electrical Safety Standards of Pakistan. It is really important to devise a framework for implementation of a uniform standard for strict compliance. In this context, it is important to explore the compliance of safety standards for communication conductors and equipment for separate or joint structures for which NESC standards are taken as reference. Specific reference to grounding techniques including grounding AC/DC systems and its frames, leaving Fences, Messenger wires and special circuits used for the protection for lightning etc, ungrounded so recommendations are also given after in-depth analysis of current technical practices for the installation and maintenance of communication infrastructure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utility%20facilities" title="utility facilities">utility facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding%20electrodes" title=" grounding electrodes"> grounding electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20circuits" title=" special circuits"> special circuits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding%20conductor" title=" grounding conductor"> grounding conductor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50493/framework-for-implementation-of-national-electrical-safety-grounding-standards-for-communication-infrastructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50493.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">519</span> A Proper Design of Wind Turbine Grounding Systems under Lightning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Abd-Allah">M. A. Abd-Allah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20N.%20Ali"> Mahmoud N. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Said"> A. Said</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lightning Protection Systems (LPS) for wind power generation is becoming an important public issue. A serious damage of blades, accidents where low-voltage and control circuit breakdowns frequently occur in many wind farms. A grounding system is one of the most important components required for appropriate LPSs in wind turbines WTs. Proper design of a wind turbine grounding system is demanding and several factors for the proper and effective implementation must be taken into account. This paper proposed procedure of proper design of grounding systems for a wind turbine was introduced. This procedure depends on measuring of ground current of simulated wind farm under lightning taking into consideration the soil ionization. The procedure also includes the Ground Potential Rise (GPR) and the voltage distributions at ground surface level and Touch potential. In particular, the contribution of mitigating techniques, such as rings, rods and the proposed design were investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WTs" title="WTs">WTs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lightning%20Protection%20Systems%20%28LPS%29" title=" Lightning Protection Systems (LPS)"> Lightning Protection Systems (LPS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPR" title=" GPR"> GPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding%20system" title=" grounding system"> grounding system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigating%20techniques" title=" mitigating techniques"> mitigating techniques</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16300/a-proper-design-of-wind-turbine-grounding-systems-under-lightning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">518</span> Conductivity and Selection of Copper Clad Steel Wires for Grounding Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Eduful">George Eduful</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kingsford%20J.%20A.%20Atanga"> Kingsford J. A. Atanga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Copper clad steel wire (CCS) is primarily used for grounding applications to reduce the high incidence of copper ground conductor theft in electrical installations. The cross sectional area of the CCS is selected by relating the diameter equivalence to a copper conductor. The main difficulty is how to use a simple analytical relation to determine the right conductivity of CCS for a particular application. The use of Eddy-Current instrument for measuring conductivity is known but in most cases, the instrument is not readily available. The paper presents a simplified approach on how to size and determine CCS conductivity for a given application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20clad%20steel%20wire" title="copper clad steel wire">copper clad steel wire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductivity" title=" conductivity"> conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding" title=" grounding"> grounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skin%20effect" title=" skin effect"> skin effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70671/conductivity-and-selection-of-copper-clad-steel-wires-for-grounding-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">517</span> Reduction of the Microbial Load of Biocontaminated Bovine Milk Using Grounding with Copper Wire</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudivan%20Costa%20de%20Lima">Claudivan Costa de Lima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelo%20da%20Silva%20Monteiro"> Angelo da Silva Monteiro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the aim of evaluating the effects of grounding with copper wire on the reduction of the microbial load of biocontaminated milk samples and on their acidification over time, two complementary experiments were carried out. In the first, the treatments consisted of: i) raw milk sample (control), ii) slow pasteurization, iii) grounding with copper wire and, iv) contact with copper ring. Analyzes of total, thermoresistant and mesophilic coliforms were performed 30 minutes after the application of these treatments. In the second experiment, under the same conditions as the first, measurements of pH and Dornic acidity were performed at 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h from the installation of the experiment. Pasteurization eliminated almost all groups of bacteria present in the milk samples while grounding only allowed reductions in the population of thermotolerant coliforms and mesophiles, both greater than 95%, maintaining, however, unchanged the amounts of total coliforms. The copper ring, in turn, had no effect on the microbiological parameters studied. The reduction in the population of mesophiles in grounded milk samples, contrary to what happened with pasteurized milk, was not enough to inhibit the acidification process over the experimental period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pasteurization" title="pasteurization">pasteurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20frequency%20electric%20current" title=" low frequency electric current"> low frequency electric current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermotolerant%20coliforms" title=" thermotolerant coliforms"> thermotolerant coliforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesophiles%20in%20bovine%20milk" title=" mesophiles in bovine milk"> mesophiles in bovine milk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161087/reduction-of-the-microbial-load-of-biocontaminated-bovine-milk-using-grounding-with-copper-wire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">516</span> Porous Ni Electrodes Modified with Au Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20P%C3%A9rez-Herranz">V. Pérez-Herranz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Gonz%C3%A1lez-Buch"> C. González-Buch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20M.%20Ortega"> E. M. Ortega</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mestre"> S. Mestre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work new macroporous Ni electrodes modified with Au nanoparticles for hydrogen production have been developed. The supporting macroporous Ni electrodes have been obtained by means of the electrodeposition at high current densities. Then, the Au nanoparticles were synthesized and added to the electrode surface. The electrocatalytic behaviour of the developed electrocatalysts was studied by means of pseudo-steady-state polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and hydrogen discharge curves. The size of the Au synthetized nanoparticles shows a monomodal distribution, with a very sharp band between 10 and 50 nm. The characteristic parameters d10, d50 and d90 were 14, 20 and 31 nm respectively. From Tafel polarization data has been concluded that the Au nanoparticles improve the catalytic activity of the developed electrodes towards the HER respect to the macroporous Ni electrodes. EIS permits to obtain the electrochemically active area by means of the roughness factor value. All the developed electrodes show roughness factor values in the same order of magnitude. From the activation energy results it can be concluded that the Au nanoparticles improve the intrinsic catalytic activity of the macroporous Ni electrodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Au%20nano%20particles" title="Au nano particles">Au nano particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20evolution%20reaction" title=" hydrogen evolution reaction"> hydrogen evolution reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20Ni%20electrodes" title=" porous Ni electrodes"> porous Ni electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20impedance%20spectroscopy" title=" electrochemical impedance spectroscopy "> electrochemical impedance spectroscopy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27355/porous-ni-electrodes-modified-with-au-nanoparticles-for-hydrogen-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">622</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">515</span> Strategies for the Optimization of Ground Resistance in Large Scale Foundations for Optimum Lightning Protection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oibar%20Martinez">Oibar Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clara%20Oliver"> Clara Oliver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Miguel%20Miranda"> Jose Miguel Miranda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we discuss the standard improvements which can be made to reduce the earth resistance in difficult terrains for optimum lightning protection, what are the practical limitations, and how the modeling can be refined for accurate diagnostics and ground resistance minimization. Ground resistance minimization can be made via three different approaches: burying vertical electrodes connected in parallel, burying horizontal conductive plates or meshes, or modifying the own terrain, either by changing the entire terrain material in a large volume or by adding earth-enhancing compounds. The use of vertical electrodes connected in parallel pose several practical limitations. In order to prevent loss of effectiveness, it is necessary to keep a minimum distance between each electrode, which is typically around five times larger than the electrode length. Otherwise, the overlapping of the local equipotential lines around each electrode reduces the efficiency of the configuration. The addition of parallel electrodes reduces the resistance and facilitates the measurement, but the basic parallel resistor formula of circuit theory will always underestimate the final resistance. Numerical simulation of equipotential lines around the electrodes overcomes this limitation. The resistance of a single electrode will always be proportional to the soil resistivity. The electrodes are usually installed with a backfilling material of high conductivity, which increases the effective diameter. However, the improvement is marginal, since the electrode diameter counts in the estimation of the ground resistance via a logarithmic function. Substances that are used for efficient chemical treatment must be environmentally friendly and must feature stability, high hygroscopicity, low corrosivity, and high electrical conductivity. A number of earth enhancement materials are commercially available. Many are comprised of carbon-based materials or clays like bentonite. These materials can also be used as backfilling materials to reduce the resistance of an electrode. Chemical treatment of soil has environmental issues. Some products contain copper sulfate or other copper-based compounds, which may not be environmentally friendly. Carbon-based compounds are relatively inexpensive and they do have very low resistivities, but they also feature corrosion issues. Typically, the carbon can corrode and destroy a copper electrode in around five years. These compounds also have potential environmental concerns. Some earthing enhancement materials contain cement, which, after installation acquire properties that are very close to concrete. This prevents the earthing enhancement material from leaching into the soil. After analyzing different configurations, we conclude that a buried conductive ring with vertical electrodes connected periodically should be the optimum baseline solution for the grounding of a large size structure installed on a large resistivity terrain. In order to show this, a practical example is explained here where we simulate the ground resistance of a conductive ring buried in a terrain with a resistivity in the range of 1 kOhm·m. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding%20improvements" title="grounding improvements">grounding improvements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20scale%20scientific%20instrument" title=" large scale scientific instrument"> large scale scientific instrument</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightning%20risk%20assessment" title=" lightning risk assessment"> lightning risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightning%20standards" title=" lightning standards"> lightning standards</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109485/strategies-for-the-optimization-of-ground-resistance-in-large-scale-foundations-for-optimum-lightning-protection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">514</span> Effect of Electrodes Spacing on Energy Consumption of Electrocoagulation Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim">Khalid S. Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Al-Khaddar"> Rafid Al-Khaddar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montserrat%20Ortoneda%20Pedrola"> Montserrat Ortoneda Pedrola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In spite of the acknowledged advantages of the electrocoagulation (EC) method to remove a wide range of pollutants from waters and wastewaters, its efficiency is limited by several operational parameters (such as electrolysis time, current density, electrode material, distance between electrodes, and water temperature). Hence, optimizing these key operating parameters is considered a vital step to remove a pollutant efficiently. In this context, the present study has been carried out to explore the influence of electrodes spacing on energy consumption, temperature of the water being treated, and iron removal from water. To achieve this target, iron containing synthetic water samples were electrolysed for 20 min, using a new flow column electrocoagulation reactor (FCER), at three different gaps between electrodes (5, 10, and 20 mm). These batch experiments were commenced at a constant current density of 1.5 mA/cm² and initial pH of 6. The obtained results demonstrated that increasing gap between electrodes negatively influenced the performance of the EC method. It was found that increasing the gap between electrodes from 5 to 20 mm increased the energy consumption from about 3.3 to 7.3 kW.h/m³, and water temperature from 20.2 to 22 °C, respectively. In addition, it has been found, after 20 min of electrolysing, that increasing the gap between electrodes from 5 to 20 mm increased the residual iron concentration from 0.05 to 1.01 mg/L, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title="electrocoagulation">electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodes" title=" electrodes"> electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron" title=" iron"> iron</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72173/effect-of-electrodes-spacing-on-energy-consumption-of-electrocoagulation-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">513</span> Characterization of Graphene Oxide Coated Gold Electrodes for Bioimpedance Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20G%C3%BClden%20%C5%9Ei%CC%87m%C5%9Fek">Fatma Gülden Şi̇mşek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osman%20Meli%CC%87h%20Can"> Osman Meli̇h Can</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Yumak"> Mehmet Yumak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bora%20Gari%CC%87pcan"> Bora Gari̇pcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yekta%20%C3%9Clgen"> Yekta Ülgen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the impedance spectroscopy is used as a detection tool in order to characterize surface coating with graphene oxide. Gold electrodes are produced by standard lithography procedures and then coated with graphene oxide using self-assembly method. The impedance of redox solution through bare gold electrodes and graphene oxide coated gold electrodes is measured in the low and high frequency range. The graphene oxide coating reduces the impedance value of the gold electrode and this reduction is distinguishable in the low-frequency range. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioimpedance" title="bioimpedance">bioimpedance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode%20characterization" title=" electrode characterization"> electrode characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene%20oxide" title=" graphene oxide"> graphene oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20electrodes" title=" gold electrodes"> gold electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance%20spectroscopy" title=" impedance spectroscopy"> impedance spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47355/characterization-of-graphene-oxide-coated-gold-electrodes-for-bioimpedance-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">512</span> Depth of Penetration and Nature of Interferential Current in Cutaneous, Subcutaneous and Muscle Tissues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Beatti">A. Beatti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Chipchase"> L. Chipchase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Rayner"> A. Rayner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Souvlis"> T. Souvlis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aims of this study were to investigate the depth of interferential current (IFC) penetration through soft tissue and to investigate the area over which IFC spreads during clinical application. Premodulated IFC and ‘true’ IFC at beat frequencies of 4, 40 and 90Hz were applied via four electrodes to the distal medial thigh of 15 healthy subjects. The current was measured via three Teflon coated fine needle electrodes that were inserted into the superficial layer of skin, then into the subcutaneous tissue (≈1 cm deep) and then into muscle tissue (≈2 cm deep). The needle electrodes were placed in the middle of the four IFC electrodes, between two channels and outside the four electrodes. Readings were taken at each tissue depth from each electrode during each treatment frequency then digitized and stored for analysis. All voltages were greater at all depths and locations than baseline (p < 0.01) and voltages decreased with depth (P=0.039). Lower voltages of all currents were recorded in the middle of the four electrodes with the highest voltage being recorded outside the four electrodes in all depths (P=0.000).For each frequency of ‘true’ IFC, the voltage was higher in the superficial layer outside the electrodes (P ≤ 0.01).Premodulated had higher voltages along the line of one circuit (P ≤ 0.01). Clinically, IFC appears to pass through skin layers to depth and is more efficient than premodulated IFC when targeting muscle tissue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrotherapy" title="electrotherapy">electrotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interferential%20current" title=" interferential current"> interferential current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interferential%20therapy" title=" interferential therapy"> interferential therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medium%20frequency%20current" title=" medium frequency current"> medium frequency current</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20986/depth-of-penetration-and-nature-of-interferential-current-in-cutaneous-subcutaneous-and-muscle-tissues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">511</span> Enhanced Performance of an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Employing Graphene Modified Carbon Paper Electrodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barun%20Chakrabarti">Barun Chakrabarti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dan%20Nir"> Dan Nir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Yufit"> Vladimir Yufit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20V.%20Aravind"> P. V. Aravind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigel%20Brandon"> Nigel Brandon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel cell grade gas-diffusion layer carbon paper (CP) electrodes are subjected to electrophoresis in N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF) consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO modified electrodes are compared with CP in a single asymmetric all-vanadium redox battery system (employing a double serpentine flow channel for each half-cell). Peak power densities improved by 4% when the rGO deposits were facing the ion-exchange membrane (cell performance was poorer when the rGO was facing the flow field). Cycling of the cells showed least degradation of the CP electrodes that were coated with rGO in comparison to pristine samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all-vanadium%20redox%20flow%20batteries" title="all-vanadium redox flow batteries">all-vanadium redox flow batteries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paper%20electrodes" title=" carbon paper electrodes"> carbon paper electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrophoretic%20deposition" title=" electrophoretic deposition"> electrophoretic deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20graphene%20oxide" title=" reduced graphene oxide"> reduced graphene oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71118/enhanced-performance-of-an-all-vanadium-redox-flow-battery-employing-graphene-modified-carbon-paper-electrodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">510</span> Electrochemical Studies of Nickel Nanoparticles Decorated the Surface of Some Conducting Polymers for Glucose Oxidation in Biofuel Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Khalifa">Z. Khalifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Hassan"> K. M. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abdel%20Azzem"> M. Abdel Azzem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Potential strategies for deriving useful forms of renewable high density energy from abundant energy stored in carbohydrates is direct conversion of glucose (GLU) to electrical power. A three novel versatile modified electrodes, synthesized by electrochemical polymerization of organic monomers on glassy carbon electrodes (GC), have been developed for biofuel cells results in stable and long-term power production. Electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution on conducting polymers electrodes modified by incorporation of Ni nanoparticles (NiNPs) onto poly(1,5-aminonaphthalene) (1,5-PDAN), poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene) (1,8-PDAN) and poly(1-amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone) (PAMAQ) was investigated. The electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose at NiNPs-modified 1,5-PDAN/GC, 1,8-PDAN/GC and PAMAQ/GC electrodes has been studied using voltammetry technique. The PDAN electrodes show a slight activity in the potential of interest. The prepared NiNPs/PAMAQ/GC catalyst showed a very interesting catalytic activity that was nicely comparable to the NiNPs/1,5-PDAN/GC, NiNPs/1,8-PDAN/GC modified electrodes. In advance, both shows a significant more catalytic activity compared to the reported data for electrodes for glucose electrocatalytic oxidation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel%20cells" title="biofuel cells">biofuel cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucose%20oxidation" title=" glucose oxidation"> glucose oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocatalysis" title=" electrocatalysis"> electrocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles%20and%20modified%20electrodes" title=" nanoparticles and modified electrodes"> nanoparticles and modified electrodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48325/electrochemical-studies-of-nickel-nanoparticles-decorated-the-surface-of-some-conducting-polymers-for-glucose-oxidation-in-biofuel-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">509</span> Developing Biocompatible Iridium Oxide Electrodes for Bone-Guided Extra-Cochlear Implant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yung-Shan%20Lu">Yung-Shan Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Fone%20Lee"> Chia-Fone Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shang-Hsuan%20Li"> Shang-Hsuan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Hao%20Liu"> Chien-Hao Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, various bioelectronic devices have been developed for neurologic disease treatments via electro-stimulations such as cochlear implants and retinal prosthesis. Since the electric signal needs electrodes to be transmitted to an organism, electrodes play an important role of stimulations. The materials of stimulation electrodes affect the efficiency of the delivered currents. The higher the efficiency of the electrodes, the lower the threshold current can be used to stimulate the organism which minimizes the potential damages to the adjacent tissues. In this study, we proposed a biocompatible composite electrode composed of high-charge-capacity iridium oxide (IrOₓ) film for a bone-guide extra-cochlear implant. IrOₓ was exploited to decrease the threshold current due to its high capacitance and low impedance. The IrOₓ electrode was fabricated via microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) photolithography and examined with in-vivo tests with guinea pigs. Based on the measured responses of brain waves to sound, the results demonstrated that IrOₓ electrodes have a lower threshold current compared with the Platinum (Pt) electrodes. The research results are expected to be beneficial for implantable and biocompatible electrodes for electrical stimulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cochlear%20implants" title="cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode" title=" electrode"> electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20stimulation" title=" electrical stimulation"> electrical stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iridium%20oxide" title=" iridium oxide"> iridium oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100114/developing-biocompatible-iridium-oxide-electrodes-for-bone-guided-extra-cochlear-implant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">508</span> Effects of Array Electrode Placement on Identifying Localised Muscle Fatigue</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20R.%20Al-Mulla">Mohamed R. Al-Mulla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bader%20Al-Bader"> Bader Al-Bader</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firouz%20K.%20Ghaaedi"> Firouz K. Ghaaedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Sepulveda"> Francisco Sepulveda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface electromyography (sEMG) is utilised in numerous studies on muscle activity. In the beginning, single electrodes were utilised; however, the newest approach is to use an array of electrodes or a grid of electrodes to improve the accuracy of the recorded reading. This research focuses on electrode placement on the biceps brachii, using an array of electrodes placed longitudinal and diagonally on the muscle belly. Trials were conducted on four healthy males, with sEMG signal acquisition from fatiguing isometric contractions. The signal was analysed using the power spectrum density. The separation between the two classes of fatigue (non-fatigue and fatigue) was calculated using the Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). Results show that higher separability between the fatigue content of the sEMG signal when placed longitudinally, in the same direction as the muscle fibers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=array%20electrodes" title="array electrodes">array electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biceps%20brachii" title=" biceps brachii"> biceps brachii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode%20placement" title=" electrode placement"> electrode placement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMG" title=" EMG"> EMG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isometric%20contractions" title=" isometric contractions"> isometric contractions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20fatigue" title=" muscle fatigue"> muscle fatigue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63793/effects-of-array-electrode-placement-on-identifying-localised-muscle-fatigue" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">507</span> Studies on the Feasibility of Cow Dung as a Non-Conventional Energy Source</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raj%20Kumar%20Rajak">Raj Kumar Rajak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharat%20Mishra"> Bharat Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bio-batteries represent an entirely new long-term, reasonable, reachable and ecofriendly approach to produce sustainable energy. In the present experimental work, we have studied the effect of generation of power by bio-battery using different electrode pairs. The tests show that it is possible to generate electricity using cow dung as an electrolyte. C-Mg electrode pair shows maximum voltage and SCC (Short Circuit Current) while C-Zn electrode pair shows less OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) and SCC. We have chosen C-Zn electrodes because Mg electrodes are not economical. By the studies of different electrodes and cow dung, it is found that C-Zn electrode battery is more suitable. This result shows that the bio-batteries have the potency to full fill the need of electricity demand for lower energy equipment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-batteries" title="bio-batteries">bio-batteries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity" title=" electricity"> electricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cow-dung" title=" cow-dung"> cow-dung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodes" title=" electrodes"> electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-conventional" title=" non-conventional"> non-conventional</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82579/studies-on-the-feasibility-of-cow-dung-as-a-non-conventional-energy-source" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">506</span> Hydrogen Production Using Solar Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20M.%20Sakr">I. M. Sakr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20M.%20Abdelsalam"> Ali M. Abdelsalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Ibrahim"> K. A. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20A.%20El-Askary"> W. A. El-Askary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an experimental study for hydrogen production using alkaline water electrolysis operated by solar energy. Two methods are used and compared for separation between the cathode and anode, which are acrylic separator and polymeric membrane. Further, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation, and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are investigated. It is found that the rate of hydrogen production increases using the polymeric membrane installed between the electrodes. The experimental results show also that, the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes are demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen with higher system efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title="hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20electrolysis" title=" water electrolysis"> water electrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration" title=" concentration"> concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62050/hydrogen-production-using-solar-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">505</span> Flow Measurement Using Magnetic Meters in Large Underground Cooling Water Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humanyun%20Zahir">Humanyun Zahir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irtsam%20Ghazi"> Irtsam Ghazi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This report outlines the basic installation and operation of magnetic inductive flow velocity sensors on large underground cooling water pipelines. Research on the effects of cathodic protection as well as into other factors that might influence the overall performance of the meter are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out on an immersion type magnetic meter specially used for flow measurement of cooling water pipeline. An attempt has been made in this paper to outline guidelines that can ensure accurate measurement related to immersion type magnetic meters on underground pipelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20induction" title="magnetic induction">magnetic induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20meter" title=" flow meter"> flow meter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraday%27s%20law" title=" Faraday's law"> Faraday's law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immersion" title=" immersion"> immersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathodic%20protection" title=" cathodic protection"> cathodic protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anode" title=" anode"> anode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode" title=" cathode"> cathode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flange" title=" flange"> flange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding" title=" grounding"> grounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20information%20management%20system" title=" plant information management system"> plant information management system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodes" title=" electrodes"> electrodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23671/flow-measurement-using-magnetic-meters-in-large-underground-cooling-water-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">504</span> Reduction of Wear via Hardfacing of Rotavator Blades</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurjinder%20Singh%20Randhawa">Gurjinder Singh Randhawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonny%20Garg"> Jonny Garg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukhraj%20Singh"> Sukhraj Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurmeet%20Singh%20Cheema"> Gurmeet Singh Cheema</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A major problem related to the use of rotavator is wear of rotavator blades due to abrasion by soil hard particles, as it seriously affects tillage quality and agricultural production economy. The objective of this study was to increase the wear resistance by covering the rotavator blades with two different hard facing electrodes. These blades are generally produced from low carbon or low alloy steel. During the field work i.e. preparing land for the cultivation these blades are subjected to severe wear conditions. Comparative wear tests on a regular rotavator blade and two kinds of hardfacing with electrodes were conducted in the field. These two different hardfacing electrodes, which are designated HARD ALLOY-400 and HARD ALLOY-650, were used for hardfacing. The wear rate in the field tests was found to be significantly different statistically. When the cost is taken into consideration; HARD ALLOY-650 and HARD ALLOY-400 have been found to be the best hardfacing electrodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardfacing" title="hardfacing">hardfacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotavator%20blades" title=" rotavator blades"> rotavator blades</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20alloy-400" title=" hard alloy-400"> hard alloy-400</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abrasive%20wear" title=" abrasive wear"> abrasive wear</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52466/reduction-of-wear-via-hardfacing-of-rotavator-blades" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">503</span> Study of Electrocoagulation on the Elimination of Chromium in Waste Water From an Electroplating Bath Using Aluminium Electrodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salim%20Ahmed">Salim Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrocoagulation has proven its effectiveness in industrial effluent treatment by eliminating pollutants, particularly metallic ones. The electrochemical processes that occur at aluminium electrodes give excellent performance. In this work, electrocoagulation tests were carried out on an industrial effluent from an electroplating bath located in Casablanca (Morocco). The aim was to remove chromium and reuse the purified water for other purposes within the company. To this end, we have optimised the operating parameters that affect the efficiency of electrocoagulation, such as electrical voltage, electrode material, stirring speed and distance between electrodes. We also evaluated these parameters. The effect on pH, conductivity, turbidity and chromium concentration. The tests were carried out in a perfectly stirred reactor on an industrial solution rich in chromium. The effluent concentration was 1000 mg/L of Cr6+. Chromium removal efficiency was determined for the following operating conditions: aluminium electrodes, regulated voltage of 6 volts and 12 volts, optimum stirring speed of 600 rpm and distance between electrodes of 2 cm. The sludge produced by electrocoagulation was characterised by X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title=" chromium"> chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title=" electrocoagulation"> electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium" title=" aluminium"> aluminium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20hydroxide" title=" aluminium hydroxide"> aluminium hydroxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171096/study-of-electrocoagulation-on-the-elimination-of-chromium-in-waste-water-from-an-electroplating-bath-using-aluminium-electrodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">502</span> A Virtual Electrode through Summation of Time Offset Pulses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Cassar">Isaac Cassar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Davis"> Trevor Davis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Kai%20Lo"> Yi-Kai Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wentai%20Liu"> Wentai Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Retinal prostheses have been successful in eliciting visual responses in implanted subjects. As these prostheses progress, one of their major limitations is the need for increased resolution. As an alternative to increasing the number of electrodes, virtual electrodes may be used to increase the effective resolution of current electrode arrays. This paper presents a virtual electrode technique based upon time-offsets between stimuli. Two adjacent electrodes are stimulated with identical pulses with too short of pulse widths to activate a neuron, but one has a time offset of one pulse width. A virtual electrode of twice the pulse width was then shown to appear in the center, with a total width capable of activating a neuron. This can be used in retinal implants by stimulating electrodes with pulse widths short enough to not elicit responses in neurons, but with their combined pulse width adequate to activate a neuron in between them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20stimulation" title="electrical stimulation">electrical stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuroprosthesis" title=" neuroprosthesis"> neuroprosthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retinal%20implant" title=" retinal implant"> retinal implant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retinal%20prosthesis" title=" retinal prosthesis"> retinal prosthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20electrode" title=" virtual electrode"> virtual electrode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14443/a-virtual-electrode-through-summation-of-time-offset-pulses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14443.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">501</span> Transparent and Solution Processable Low Contact Resistance SWCNT/AZONP Bilayer Electrodes for Sol-Gel Metal Oxide Thin Film Transistor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su%20Jeong%20Lee">Su Jeong Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Il%20Lee"> Tae Il Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%20Han%20Kim"> Jung Han Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chul-Hong%20Kim"> Chul-Hong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gee%20Sung%20Chae"> Gee Sung Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Min%20Myoung"> Jae-Min Myoung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The contact resistance between source/drain electrodes and semiconductor layer is an important parameter affecting electron transporting performance in the thin film transistor (TFT). In this work, we introduced a transparent and the solution prossable single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/Al-doped ZnO nano particle (AZO NP) bilayer electrodes showing low contact resistance with indium-oxide (In2O3) sol gel thin film. By inserting low work function AZO NPs into the interface between the SWCNTs and the In2O3 which has a high energy barrier, we could obtain an electrical Ohmic contact between them. Finally, with the SWCNT-AZO NP bilayer electrodes, we successfully fabricated a TFT showing a field effect mobility of 5.38 cm2/V∙s at 250 °C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-walled%20carbon%20nanotube%20%28SWCNT%29" title="single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)">single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-doped%20ZnO%20%28AZO%29%20nanoparticle" title=" Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanoparticle"> Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20resistance" title=" contact resistance"> contact resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin-film%20transistor%20%28TFT%29" title=" thin-film transistor (TFT) "> thin-film transistor (TFT) </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19325/transparent-and-solution-processable-low-contact-resistance-swcntazonp-bilayer-electrodes-for-sol-gel-metal-oxide-thin-film-transistor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">500</span> Numerical Study on the EHD Pump with a Recirculating Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Sik%20Cho">Dong Sik Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Kweon%20Suh"> Yong Kweon Suh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical study has been conducted on the electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) pumping method in terms of a recirculating channel. The method relies on the principle of EHD generated by the electric-field dependent electrical conductivity (Onsager effect). Before considering the full three-dimensional simulation, we solved the two-dimensional problem of EHD flow in a circular channel like a doughnut shape. We observed that when dc voltage was applied a fast and regular flow was produced around electrodes, which is then used as a driving force for the fluid pumping. In this parametric study, the diameters of circular electrodes are varied in the range 0.3mm~3mm and the gap between the electrodes pair is varied in the range 0.3mm~2mm. We found that both the volume flow rate and the pumping efficiency are increased as the distance between the electrodes is decreased. Finally, we also performed the numerical simulation for the three-dimensional channel and found that the averaged flow velocity is in the same order of magnitude as the two-dimensional one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro-hydrodynamic" title="electro-hydrodynamic">electro-hydrodynamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric-field" title=" electric-field"> electric-field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=onsager%20effect" title=" onsager effect"> onsager effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20voltage" title=" DC voltage"> DC voltage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5046/numerical-study-on-the-ehd-pump-with-a-recirculating-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">499</span> A Study on the Improvement of Mobile Device Call Buzz Noise Caused by Audio Frequency Ground Bounce</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jangje%20Park">Jangje Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=So%20Young%20Kim"> So Young Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The market demand for audio quality in mobile devices continues to increase, and audible buzz noise generated in time division communication is a chronic problem that goes against the market demand. In the case of time division type communication, the RF Power Amplifier (RF PA) is driven at the audio frequency cycle, and it makes various influences on the audio signal. In this paper, we measured the ground bounce noise generated by the peak current flowing through the ground network in the RF PA with the audio frequency; it was confirmed that the noise is the cause of the audible buzz noise during a call. In addition, a grounding method of the microphone device that can improve the buzzing noise was proposed. Considering that the level of the audio signal generated by the microphone device is -38dBV based on 94dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL), even ground bounce noise of several hundred uV will fall within the range of audible noise if it is induced by the audio amplifier. Through the grounding method of the microphone device proposed in this paper, it was confirmed that the audible buzz noise power density at the RF PA driving frequency was improved by more than 5dB under the conditions of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) used in the experiment. A fundamental improvement method was presented regarding the buzzing noise during a mobile phone call. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audio%20frequency" title="audio frequency">audio frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buzz%20noise" title=" buzz noise"> buzz noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20bounce" title=" ground bounce"> ground bounce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microphone%20grounding" title=" microphone grounding"> microphone grounding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150713/a-study-on-the-improvement-of-mobile-device-call-buzz-noise-caused-by-audio-frequency-ground-bounce" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">498</span> In Situ Laser-Induced Synthesis of Copper Microstructures with High Catalytic Properties and Sensory Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxim%20Panov">Maxim Panov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgenia%20Khairullina"> Evgenia Khairullina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Ermakov"> Sergey Ermakov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20Gundobin"> Oleg Gundobin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Kochemirovsky"> Vladimir Kochemirovsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The continuous in situ laser-induced catalysis proceeding via generation and growth of nano-sized copper particles was discussed. Also, the simple and lost-cost method for manufacturing of microstructural copper electrodes was proposed. The electrochemical properties of these electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The surface of the deposited copper structures (electrodes) was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. These microstructures are highly conductive and porous with a dispersion of pore size ranging from 50 nm to 50 μm. An analytical response of the fabricated copper electrode is 30 times higher than those observed for a pure bulk copper with similar geometric parameters. A study of sensory characteristics for hydrogen peroxide determination showed that the value of Faraday current at the fabricated copper electrode is 2-2.5 orders of magnitude higher than for etalon one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser-induced%20deposition" title="laser-induced deposition">laser-induced deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20electrodes" title=" electrochemical electrodes"> electrochemical electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-enzymatic%20sensors" title=" non-enzymatic sensors"> non-enzymatic sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59323/in-situ-laser-induced-synthesis-of-copper-microstructures-with-high-catalytic-properties-and-sensory-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">497</span> A Polyimide Based Split-Ring Neural Interface Electrode for Neural Signal Recording</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ning%20Xue">Ning Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srinivas%20Merugu"> Srinivas Merugu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ignacio%20Delgado%20Martinez"> Ignacio Delgado Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Sun"> Tao Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Tsang"> John Tsang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Cheng%20Yen"> Shih-Cheng Yen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We have developed a polyimide based neural interface electrode to record nerve signals from the sciatic nerve of a rat. The neural interface electrode has a split-ring shape, with four protruding gold electrodes for recording, and two reference gold electrodes around the split-ring. The split-ring electrode can be opened up to encircle the sciatic nerve. The four electrodes can be bent to sit on top of the nerve and hold the device in position, while the split-ring frame remains flat. In comparison, while traditional cuff electrodes can only fit certain sizes of the nerve, the developed device can fit a variety of rat sciatic nerve dimensions from 0.6 mm to 1.0 mm, and adapt to the chronic changes in the nerve as the electrode tips are bendable. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement was conducted. The gold electrode impedance is on the order of 10 kΩ, showing excellent charge injection capacity to record neural signals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance" title="impedance">impedance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20interface" title=" neural interface"> neural interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=split-ring%20electrode" title=" split-ring electrode"> split-ring electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20signal%20recording" title=" neural signal recording"> neural signal recording</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6287/a-polyimide-based-split-ring-neural-interface-electrode-for-neural-signal-recording" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">496</span> Multiscale Entropy Analysis of Electroencephalogram (EEG) of Alcoholic and Control Subjects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lal%20Hussain">Lal Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wajid%20Aziz"> Wajid Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imtiaz%20Ahmed%20Awan"> Imtiaz Ahmed Awan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharjeel%20Saeed"> Sharjeel Saeed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multiscale entropy analysis (MSE) is a useful technique recently developed to quantify the dynamics of physiological signals at different time scales. This study is aimed at investigating the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to analyze the background activity of alcoholic and control subjects by inspecting various coarse-grained sequences formed at different time scales. EEG recordings of alcoholic and control subjects were taken from the publically available machine learning repository of University of California (UCI) acquired using 64 electrodes. The MSE analysis was performed on the EEG data acquired from all the electrodes of alcoholic and control subjects. Mann-Whitney rank test was used to find significant differences between the groups and result were considered statistically significant for p-values<0.05. The area under receiver operator curve was computed to find the degree separation between the groups. The mean ranks of MSE values at all the times scales for all electrodes were higher control subject as compared to alcoholic subjects. Higher mean ranks represent higher complexity and vice versa. The finding indicated that EEG signals acquired through electrodes C3, C4, F3, F7, F8, O1, O2, P3, T7 showed significant differences between alcoholic and control subjects at time scales 1 to 5. Moreover, all electrodes exhibit significance level at different time scales. Likewise, the highest accuracy and separation was obtained at the central region (C3 and C4), front polar regions (P3, O1, F3, F7, F8 and T8) while other electrodes such asFp1, Fp2, P4 and F4 shows no significant results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroencephalogram%20%28EEG%29" title="electroencephalogram (EEG)">electroencephalogram (EEG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiscale%20sample%20entropy%20%28MSE%29" title=" multiscale sample entropy (MSE)"> multiscale sample entropy (MSE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mann-Whitney%20test%20%28MMT%29" title=" Mann-Whitney test (MMT)"> Mann-Whitney test (MMT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Receiver%20Operator%20Curve%20%28ROC%29" title=" Receiver Operator Curve (ROC)"> Receiver Operator Curve (ROC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complexity%20analysis" title=" complexity analysis"> complexity analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11282/multiscale-entropy-analysis-of-electroencephalogram-eeg-of-alcoholic-and-control-subjects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11282.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">495</span> Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of RuO2-TiO2 Electrodes with Improved Chlorine and Oxygen Evolutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Le%20Luu">Tran Le Luu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeyong%20Yoon"> Jeyong Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> RuO2-TiO2 electrode now becomes popular in the chlor-alkali industry because of high electrocatalytic and stability with chlorine and oxygen evolutions. Using alternative green method for preparation RuO2-TiO2 electrode is necessary to reduce the cost, time. In addition, it is needed to increase the electrocatalyst performance, stability, and environmental compatibility. In this study, the Ti/RuO2-TiO2 electrodes were synthesized using sol-gel method under microwave irradiation and investigated for the anodic chlorine and oxygen evolutions. This method produced small size and uniform distribution of RuO2-TiO2 nanoparticles with mean diameter of 8-10 nm on the big crack size surface which contributes for the increasing of the outer active surface area. The chlorine, oxygen evolution efficiency and stability comparisons show considerably higher for microwave-assisted coated electrodes than for those obtained by the conventional heating method. The microwave-assisted sol-gel route has been identified as a novel and powerful method for quick synthesis of RuO2–TiO2 electrodes with excellent chlorine and oxygen evolution performances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RuO2" title="RuO2">RuO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro-catalyst" title=" electro-catalyst"> electro-catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title=" chlorine"> chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20evolution" title=" oxygen evolution"> oxygen evolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47602/microwave-assisted-synthesis-of-ruo2-tio2-electrodes-with-improved-chlorine-and-oxygen-evolutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">494</span> Multi-Size Continuous Particle Separation on a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidics Chip</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20Dalili">Arash Dalili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20%20Tahmouressi"> Hamed Tahmouressi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mina%20%20Hoorfar"> Mina Hoorfar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Advances in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices have led to significant advances in the manipulation, separation, and isolation of particles and cells. Among the different active and passive particle manipulation methods, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been proven to be a versatile mechanism as it is label-free, cost-effective, simple to operate, and has high manipulation efficiency. DEP has been applied for a wide range of biological and environmental applications. A popular form of DEP devices is the continuous manipulation of particles by using co-planar slanted electrodes, which utilizes a sheath flow to focus the particles into one side of the microchannel. When particles enter the DEP manipulation zone, the negative DEP (nDEP) force generated by the slanted electrodes deflects the particles laterally towards the opposite side of the microchannel. The lateral displacement of the particles is dependent on multiple parameters including the geometry of the electrodes, the width, length and height of the microchannel, the size of the particles and the throughput. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics® modeling along with experimental studies are used to investigate the effect of the aforementioned parameters. The electric field between the electrodes and the induced DEP force on the particles are modelled by COMSOL Multiphysics®. The simulation model is used to show the effect of the DEP force on the particles, and how the geometry of the electrodes (width of the electrodes and the gap between them) plays a role in the manipulation of polystyrene microparticles. The simulation results show that increasing the electrode width to a certain limit, which depends on the height of the channel, increases the induced DEP force. Also, decreasing the gap between the electrodes leads to a stronger DEP force. Based on these results, criteria for the fabrication of the electrodes were found, and soft lithography was used to fabricate interdigitated slanted electrodes and microchannels. Experimental studies were run to find the effect of the flow rate, geometrical parameters of the microchannel such as length, width, and height as well as the electrodes’ angle on the displacement of 5 um, 10 um and 15 um polystyrene particles. An empirical equation is developed to predict the displacement of the particles under different conditions. It is shown that the displacement of the particles is more for longer and lower height channels, lower flow rates, and bigger particles. On the other hand, the effect of the angle of the electrodes on the displacement of the particles was negligible. Based on the results, we have developed an optimum design (in terms of efficiency and throughput) for three size separation of particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COMSOL%20Multiphysics" title="COMSOL Multiphysics">COMSOL Multiphysics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dielectrophoresis" title=" Dielectrophoresis"> Dielectrophoresis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Microfluidics" title=" Microfluidics"> Microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Particle%20separation" title=" Particle separation"> Particle separation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124656/multi-size-continuous-particle-separation-on-a-dielectrophoresis-based-microfluidics-chip" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">493</span> Selective Electrooxidation of Ammonia to Nitrogen Gas on the Crystalline Cu₂O/Ni Foam Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Han%20Tsai">Ming-Han Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chihpin%20Huang"> Chihpin Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrochemical oxidation of ammonia (AEO) is one of the highly efficient and environmentally friendly methods for NH₃ removal from wastewater. Recently, researchers have focused on non-Pt-based electrodes (n-PtE) for AEO, aiming to evaluate the feasibility of these low-cost electrodes for future practical applications. However, for most n-PtE, NH₃ is oxidized mainly to nitrate ion NO₃⁻ instead of the desired nitrogen gas N₂, which requires further treatment to remove excess NO₃⁻. Therefore, developing a high N₂ conversion electrode for AEO is highly urgent. In this study, we fabricated various Cu₂O/Ni foam (NF) electrodes by electrodeposition of Cu on NF. The Cu plating bath contained different additives, including cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyamide acid (PAA), and sodium alginate (SA). All the prepared electrodes were physically and electrochemically investigated. Batch AEO experiments were conducted for 3 h to clarify the relation between electrode structures and N₂ selectivity. The SEM and XRD results showed that crystalline platelets-like Cu₂O, particles-like Cu₂O, cracks-like Cu₂O, and sheets-like Cu₂O were formed in the Cu plating bath by adding CTAC, SDS, PAA, and SA, respectively. For electrochemical analysis, all Cu₂O/NF electrodes revealed a higher current density (2.5-3.2 mA/cm²) compared to that without additives modification (1.6 mA/cm²). At a constant applied potential of 0.95 V (vs Hg/HgO), the Cu₂O sheet (51%) showed the highest N₂ selectivity, followed by Cu₂O cracks (38%), Cu₂O particles (30%), and Cu₂O platelet (18%) after 3 h reaction. Our result demonstrated that the selectivity of N₂ during AEO was surface structural dependent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia" title="ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrooxidation" title=" electrooxidation"> electrooxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selectivity" title=" selectivity"> selectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cuprous%20oxide" title=" cuprous oxide"> cuprous oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20foam" title=" Ni foam"> Ni foam</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155711/selective-electrooxidation-of-ammonia-to-nitrogen-gas-on-the-crystalline-cu2oni-foam-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary 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