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<span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Known rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_(pre-A.D._629)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(pre-A.D._629)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history (pre-A.D. 629)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(pre-A.D._629)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Founding and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-629:_Aligned_to_Tikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#629:_Aligned_to_Tikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>629: Aligned to Tikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-629:_Aligned_to_Tikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-648:_Aligned_to_Calakmul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#648:_Aligned_to_Calakmul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>648: Aligned to Calakmul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-648:_Aligned_to_Calakmul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-672:_Recovered_by_Tikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#672:_Recovered_by_Tikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>672: Recovered by Tikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-672:_Recovered_by_Tikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-677:_Restored_to_Calakmul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#677:_Restored_to_Calakmul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>677: Restored to Calakmul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-677:_Restored_to_Calakmul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-695:_Victory_of_Tikal_over_Calakmul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#695:_Victory_of_Tikal_over_Calakmul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>695: Victory of Tikal over Calakmul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-695:_Victory_of_Tikal_over_Calakmul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-705:_Tikal_defeated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#705:_Tikal_defeated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>705: Tikal defeated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-705:_Tikal_defeated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_of_aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_of_aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Campaigns of aggression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_of_aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_and_abandonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_and_abandonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Collapse and abandonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_and_abandonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rediscovery and exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The site</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_site-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The site subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Main Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Duende_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Duende_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>El Duende group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Duende_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bat_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bat_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The Bat Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bat_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Pilas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ডস পিলাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডস পিলাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Dos_Pilas" title="Sitio Arqueológico Dos Pilas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sitio Arqueológico Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="도스 필라스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도스 필라스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilasas" title="Dos Pilasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dos Pilasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ドス・ピラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドス・ピラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Дос-Пилас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дос-Пилас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Dos_Pilas" title="Sitio Arqueológico Dos Pilas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sitio Arqueológico Dos Pilas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Дос-Пілас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дос-Пілас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dos_Pilas&params=16_26_45_N_90_17_45_W_type:city(10000)_region:GT-PE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°26′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°17′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.44583°N 90.29583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.44583; -90.29583</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Maya settlement</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dos_Pilas&params=16_26_45_N_90_17_45_W_type:city(10000)_region:GT-PE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°26′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°17′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.44583°N 90.29583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.44583; -90.29583</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names">Dos Pilas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">629–761</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Dos Pilas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 648–692 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 698–726 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Itzamnaaj_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil">Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 727–741 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ucha%CA%BCan_K%CA%BCin_B%CA%BCalam" title="Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam">Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 741–761 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil_Chan_K%CA%BCinich" title="Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich">Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Classic">Late Classic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">629</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by Calakmul </div></th><td class="infobox-data">648</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Seibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Seibal (page does not exist)">Subjugated Seibal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">735</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Site abandoned </div></th><td class="infobox-data">761</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dos_Pilas_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dos_Pilas_1.jpg/350px-Dos_Pilas_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dos_Pilas_1.jpg/525px-Dos_Pilas_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dos_Pilas_1.jpg/700px-Dos_Pilas_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The Central Plaza of Dos Pilas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dos Pilas</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> site of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> located in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Departments of Guatemala">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Department" title="Petén Department">Petén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. It dates to the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Late Classic Period</a>, and was founded by an offshoot of the dynasty of the great city of <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> in AD 629 in order to control <a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">trade routes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Petexbat%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Petexbatún">Petexbatún</a> region, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pasi%C3%B3n_River" title="Pasión River">Pasión River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SKM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 648 Dos Pilas broke away from Tikal and became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>, although the first two kings of Dos Pilas continued to use the same <a href="/wiki/Maya_script#Emblem_glyphs" title="Maya script">emblem glyph</a> that Tikal did.<sup id="cite_ref-Web263_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web263-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Web275_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web275-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a predator state from the beginning, conquering <a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a>. Dos Pilas and a nearby city, <a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a>, eventually became the twin capitals of a single ruling dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom as a whole has been named as the Petexbatun Kingdom, after <a href="/wiki/Petexbat%C3%BAn_Lake" title="Petexbatún Lake">Petexbatún Lake</a>, a body of water draining into the Pasión River.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dos Pilas gives an important glimpse into the great rivalries and political strife that characterised the Late Classic. Much of the history of Dos Pilas can now be reconstructed, with a level of detail which is almost unparalleled in the Maya area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 12, 1970, the site was declared a National Monument according to Article 1210 of the Guatemalan Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-F680_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F680-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼʼDos Pilasʼʼ is <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan Spanish</a> for ʼʼtwo wellsʼʼ (or water containers), and this is the generally accepted meaning of the name, even though early investigator Pierre Ivanoff stated that it meant ʼʼtwo stelaeʼʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emblem glyph for the site and/or the polity of Dos Pilas is the same as that of <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, Mutal.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its exact meaning is obscure but the drawing suggests a hair knot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dos Pilas is located in the <a href="/wiki/Petexbat%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Petexbatún">Petexbatún</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén Basin</a>, in the southwest of the department of Petén, in northern Guatemala. It lies between the <a href="/wiki/Pasi%C3%B3n_River" title="Pasión River">Pasión</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salinas_River_(Guatemala)" title="Salinas River (Guatemala)">Salinas</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has an elevation of 160 metres (525 ft) above mean sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-F680_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F680-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dos Pilas falls within the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Sayaxch%C3%A9" title="Sayaxché">Sayaxché</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-F680_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F680-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a town on the banks of the Pasión River. Dos Pilas lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of the border with Mexico, 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the southwest of the Maya ruins of Tikal,<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p383-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Petexbatún and the Pasión River form a part of the drainage of the <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of its power the kingdom covered an area of some 1,500 square miles (3,885 square km). </p><p>The local landscape consists of heavily <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">forested</a> ridges interspersed with low lying wetlands, rivers and lakes. The area is subject to high annual rainfall, averaging 2,500 mm (98.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Web275_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web275-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_rulers">Known rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Known rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DosPilas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DosPilas1.jpg/220px-DosPilas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DosPilas1.jpg/330px-DosPilas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DosPilas1.jpg/440px-DosPilas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>Panel 10 from Dos Pilas was originally a stela from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a> that was moved to Dos Pilas and re-erected after Dos Pilas conquered that city.<sup id="cite_ref-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dos_Pilas" title="List of kings of Dos Pilas">List of kings of Dos Pilas</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name (or nickname)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Ruled</th> <th>Alternative Names </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil </td> <td>ʼʼcʼʼ. 648–695 </td> <td>Ruler 1, Flint Sky, Flint Sky God K, Lightning Sky, Malah Chan Kʼawil </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itzamnaaj Bʼalam </td> <td>ʼʼcʼʼ. 695 </td> <td>Shield Jaguar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil </td> <td>24 March 698 – 22 October 726 </td> <td>Ruler 2, Shield God K </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam </td> <td>6 January 727 – 28 May 741 </td> <td>Master of Sun Jaguar, Ruler 3, Scroll-head God K, Spangle-head, Jewelled Head </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich </td> <td>23 June 741 – 761 </td> <td>Ruler 4, God K Sky, Mahkʼina </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a> (Ruler 1) (c. 648–692+<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was born on 15 October AD 625.<sup id="cite_ref-SKM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed to be a member of the Tikal royal line. On Dos Pilas Panel 6 he names a king of Tikal as his father. He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne and defected from Tikal in AD 648 to found Dos Pilas as a rival kingdom under the overlordship of Calakmul.<sup id="cite_ref-Web275_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web275-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MG56_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG56-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is known to have taken two wives, <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">one</a> of them from the nearby Petexbatún kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MG57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Muwaan_Jol_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kʼinich Muwaan Jol II (page does not exist)">Kʼinich Muwaan Jol II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Muwaan_Jol_II" class="extiw" title="id:Kʼinich Muwaan Jol II">id</a>]</span>, who was either the 23rd or 24th ruler in Tikalʼs dynastic line.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A daughter of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, <a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a>, left Dos Pilas to found a dynasty at <a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Itzamnaaj_B%CA%BCalam" title="Itzamnaaj Bʼalam">Itzamnaaj Bʼalam</a> (c. 697<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) had a short reign. He was the son of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil and his wife from Itzan.<sup id="cite_ref-MG58_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Itzamnaaj_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil">Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil</a> (Ruler 2) (698–726<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), another son of Bʼalaj Chan Kawiil, was born in AD 673, probably in Calakmul during his familyʼs exile after Dos Pilas was defeated by Tikal. His birth abroad seems to have been cause for embarrassment, with discrepancies in the calendar dates recorded on monuments likely to be the result of attempts to show that he was born in Dos Pilas itself. He reigned for 28 years.<sup id="cite_ref-MG58_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on October 726. A <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> erected by his successor records that he was buried four days later, at night and within Dos Pilas. A tomb believed to be that of this king was found under Structure L5-1 in the site core.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ucha%CA%BCan_K%CA%BCin_B%CA%BCalam" title="Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam">Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam</a> (Ruler 3, "Master of Sun Jaguar") (727–741<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) seems not to have been a direct heir to the throne but rather a regent providing strong leadership while the heir was still a child. Twenty years before his rise to the throne he was already a prominent figure in Dos Pilas, responsible for the capture of the lord of Tikal in AD 705 and being closely involved in rituals performed by the previous king.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam took a <a href="/w/index.php?title=GI-K%CA%BCawiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GI-Kʼawiil (page does not exist)">wife</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cancu%C3%A9n" title="Cancuén">Cancuén</a>, a city that controlled the upper reaches of the Pasión River.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Master of Sun Jaguar" died in May 741, his death is recorded on Stela 1 at his twin capital of <a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a> where it is believed that he was buried, although his tomb has not yet been found.<sup id="cite_ref-MG62_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG62-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil_Chan_K%CA%BCinich" title="Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich">Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich</a> (Ruler 4) (741–761+<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was installed on the throne of Dos Pilas in June of AD 741, 26 days after the death of "Master of Sun Jaguar".<sup id="cite_ref-MG62_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG62-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known when he died but he was forced to flee Dos Pilas in AD 761 and was never mentioned again after that.<sup id="cite_ref-MG63_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikalemblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tikalemblem.jpg/200px-Tikalemblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Tikalemblem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The ʼʼMutalʼʼ emblem glyph shared by Dos Pilas and Tikal.<sup id="cite_ref-Web263_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web263-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(pre-A.D._629)"><span id="Early_history_.28pre-A.D._629.29"></span>Early history (pre-A.D. 629)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history (pre-A.D. 629)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early history of the Dos Pilas site is unclear; there are traces of an earlier indigenous dynasty predating the arrival of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil from Tikal.<sup id="cite_ref-Web275_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web275-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Early Classic</a> the Petexbatún region had been dominated by a Maya kingdom centred on the sites of <a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a>. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil founded Dos Pilas within the territory of this pre-existing kingdom and the new city quickly came to dominate the region.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_consolidation">Founding and consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding and consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interactions between Classic Period Maya city-states were deeply linked to the long-running power struggle between the two Maya "superpowers", Tikal and Calakmul, and the history of Dos Pilas is no exception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="629:_Aligned_to_Tikal">629: Aligned to Tikal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 629: Aligned to Tikal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 629, the Tikal king Kʼinich Muwaan Jol II installed his son Balaj Chan K’awiil, aged four, as ruler of Dos Pilas.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p383-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the establishment of the new kingdom, Dos Pilas advertised its origin by adopting the emblem glyph of Tikal as its own.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p383-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next two decades he fought loyally for his brother and overlord at Tikal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="648:_Aligned_to_Calakmul">648: Aligned to Calakmul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 648: Aligned to Calakmul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 648, king <a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a> ("Yuknoom the Great") of Calakmul attacked and defeated Dos Pilas, capturing Balaj Chan K’awiil. At about the same time, the king of Tikal was killed. Yuknoom Cheʼen II then reinstated Balaj Chan Kʼawiil upon the throne of Dos Pilas as his vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an extraordinary act of treachery for someone claiming to be of the Tikal royal family, he thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul, Tikalʼs sworn enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact methods used by Calakmul to induce Balaj Chan Kʼawiil to switch sides are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p387_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="672:_Recovered_by_Tikal">672: Recovered by Tikal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 672: Recovered by Tikal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Nuun_Ujol_Chaak" title="Nuun Ujol Chaak">Nuun Ujol Chaak</a> of Tikal attacked and captured Dos Pilas in AD 672, driving Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil into a five-year exile, probably in Calakmul.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="677:_Restored_to_Calakmul">677: Restored to Calakmul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 677: Restored to Calakmul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This exile was only ended in AD 677, on the same day that Calakmul celebrated a success over Tikal, revealing Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiilʼs obvious dependency on his foreign overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-MG57_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tikal and Dos Pilas went to battle again in AD 679 and Tikal suffered a humiliating defeat by its smaller rival. Although Dos Pilas celebrated this as the victorious conclusion of the war, neither side had gained any real advantage over the other. For Dos Pilas, this battle represented the consolidation of its kingdom and the failure of Tikal to crush its splinter state before it gained a foothold.<sup id="cite_ref-MG57_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hieroglyphic texts at Dos Pilas describe the victory in graphic terms, recording "pools of blood" and "piles of heads" as the result of a major battle between the two cities, with Dos Pilas very likely having received military aid from Calakmul.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p387_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil consolidated his power with marriage alliances. He took at least two wives; his main wife was a noblewoman from <a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a>, another city in the Pasión drainage. Their marriage produced Balaj Chan Kʼawiilʼs heirs, Itzamnaaj Balam and Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balaj Chan Kʼawiil had a famous daughter with a second wife, this daughter was <a href="/wiki/Lady_Six_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Six Sky">Lady Six Sky</a> who was despatched to <a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a> to refound its obliterated dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balaj Chan Kʼawiil is known to have made several further visits to Calakmul; in 682 he celebrated a period ending ceremony there under Yuknoom the Great and in 686 he attended the enthroning of his successor, Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼakʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p403_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p403-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="695:_Victory_of_Tikal_over_Calakmul">695: Victory of Tikal over Calakmul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 695: Victory of Tikal over Calakmul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calakmul and its allies suffered after the defeat of Calakmul by Tikal in 695, shifting the balance of power in the Maya lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time Balaj Chan Kʼawiil died and was succeeded by one of his sons, Itzamnaaj Balam, although the exact year is not clear from the hieroglyphic texts.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itzamnaaj Balam did not reign for long and he was replaced by his brother Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil in 698.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="705:_Tikal_defeated">705: Tikal defeated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 705: Tikal defeated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war with Tikal continued under the new king and in AD 705 Tikal was again defeated and its lord captured.<sup id="cite_ref-MG58_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory was overseen by Itzamnaaj Kʼaawiilʼs general Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam, who would later become king himself.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this victory Dos Pilas benefitted from tribute in the form of labour and wealth, resulting in the rapid expansion of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil ordered the building of the El Duende group centred on a sizeable temple on a hilltop east of the Main Group.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victories over unknown, presumably minor, enemies are recorded to have taken place in AD 717 and 721.<sup id="cite_ref-MG58_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil raised five stelae in the El Duende group to celebrate his military victories.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itzamnaaj Kʼawiilʼs died in 726 and was buried four days later, as recorded on Stela 8. A royal tomb excavated under Structure 5-1 is probably that of this ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_of_aggression">Campaigns of aggression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campaigns of aggression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, 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astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam was enthroned in 727, probably as regent for Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich, Itzamnaaj Kʼawiilʼs young son and heir.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th century AD, Dos Pilas was powerful enough <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Seibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Seibal (page does not exist)">to attack the much larger city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seibal" title="Seibal">Seibal</a> on the Pasión River. In AD 735 the Lord of Dos Pilas (Ruler 3, "Master of Sun Jaguar") attacked the city, capturing <a href="/wiki/Yich%CA%BCaak_B%CA%BCalam" title="Yichʼaak Bʼalam">Yichʼaak Bʼalam</a>, its king. The captive king was not executed but rather became a vassal under the lord of Dos Pilas.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about this time, the nearby site at <a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a> became a twin capital of the Dos Pilas kingdom, with victory monuments being erected simultaneously in both cities.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 743 <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil_Chan_K%CA%BCinich" title="Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich">Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich</a>, went to war against the sites of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahkul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahkul (page does not exist)">Ahkul</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Chorro_(Mesoamerican_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Chorro (Mesoamerican site) (page does not exist)">El Chorro</a>. Two years later, in AD 745, he went to war against the distant cities of <a href="/wiki/Yaxchil%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaxchilán">Yaxchilán</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motul_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Motul de San José">Motul de San José</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pet%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Lake Petén Itzá">Lake Petén Itzá</a>. The capture of the lords of both cities, and also the lord of El Chorro, is depicted on Hieroglyphic Stairway 3.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dos Pilas continued to exert control over Seibal even after the death of "Master of Sun Jaguar", with his successor Kʼawiil Chan Kinich presiding over rituals performed at the vassal site in AD 745–7.<sup id="cite_ref-MG63_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_and_abandonment">Collapse and abandonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Collapse and abandonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ongoing conflict in the Maya region soon destabilised the whole area following the defeat of Dos Pilasʼ patron Calakmul and in 761 the city was dramatically abandoned after Tamarindito and other Petexbatún centres rebelled against their Dos Pilas overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hieroglyphic stairway at Tamarindito mentions the enforced flight of Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich, who was never mentioned again. The Dos Pilas royal family probably transported itself to the more defensible <a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a>, which lies only 10 km to the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-MG63_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Web277_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web277-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violent end of Dos Pilas is evident from the smashed remains of a royal throne recovered from the Bat Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire Petexbatún region was engulfed by <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">warfare</a> in the late 8th century AD until almost all the settlements of the former Dos Pilas kingdom were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monuments of <a href="/wiki/Ixlu" title="Ixlu">Ixlú</a> in the central Petén lakes region bear some hieroglyphic texts that closely resemble texts from Dos Pilas, suggesting that the lords of Ixlú may have been refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">collapse</a> of the Petexbatún region.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small group of refugees occupied Dos Pilas after its abandonment, throwing up hastily built defensive walls constructed from stone stripped from the deserted temples and palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Web277_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web277-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drew283_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drew283-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These palisaded walls formed concentric patterns with no regard for the pre-existing architecture at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This village was overrun and itself abandoned in the early years of the 9th century AD, at which point the history of Dos Pilas as a settlement ends.<sup id="cite_ref-Web277_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web277-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of the Dos Pilas state seems to have benefited other sites in the region, such as Itzan, Cancuén and <a href="/wiki/Machaquila" title="Machaquila">Machaquila</a>, which all demonstrate renewed strength coincident with the fall of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery_and_exploration">Rediscovery and exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rediscovery and exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ruins of Dos Pilas were first reported in 1953–4 by two brothers from Sayaxché, José and Lisandro Flores,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but local residents probably already knew of their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Ivanoff lead an expedition to the site in 1960. He described the ruins, which he called ʼʼDos Pozosʼʼ (ʼʼtwo wellsʼʼ in Spanish) in his 1973 book ʼʼMonuments of a Civilization: Mayaʼʼ, in which he claimed to have discovered the ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly1646_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly1646-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Demarest" title="Arthur Demarest">Arthur Demarest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> and Juan Antonio Valdés of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="University of San Carlos of Guatemala">University of San Carlos of Guatemala</a> started excavations at Dos Pilas in 1989. Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 was discovered in 1990 and a year later the tomb of Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil was excavated. The project continued through to 1994, supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto de Antropología e Historia">Instituto de Antropología e Historia</a> (IDAEH - Institute of Anthropology and History), Vanderbilt University and several other organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly1646_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly1646-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_site">The site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dos Pilas is a modest sized site, covering about 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in an area with little previous occupation at a distance of only 4 km from the pre-existing settlement at <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a>. The general preservation of the site is poor due to the desperate stripping of stone from the principal buildings in order to build defensive walls immediately prior to the complete abandonment of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drew283_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drew283-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the site have been identified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Chʼolan Maya language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site is laid out around three monumental complexes aligned upon an east-west axis, in a form that is reminiscent of the Preclassic layouts at <a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakbe" title="Nakbe">Nakbe</a> in the far north of Petén.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Main Group is the westernmost of the monumental complexes, while the El Duende group is the easternmost.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of concentric rubble walls were built immediately before the cityʼs abandonment, surrounding the Main Group and the El Duende Group.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hastily built fortifications were topped with a wooden palisade.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Group">Main Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Main Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Main Group was laid out around a central plaza by Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil.<sup id="cite_ref-MG57_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a> 1 and 2 are located in the centre of the plaza. Stela 1 depicts an elaborately attired Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil and dates to AD 706. It records the defeat of a Tikal lord and contains the last known reference to that city so far recovered from inscriptions at Dos Pilas. Stela 2 is badly damaged and depicts the defeat of Yichʼaak Bʼalam of Seibal by "Master of Sun Jaguar".<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly162_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly162-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaza is enclosed on all four sides by structures; at least two of the surrounding structures were accessed via hieroglyphic stairways.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of the main plaza are a series of smaller elevated plazas with more restricted access, bordered by multi-roomed buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further two hieroglyphic stairways have been found in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ʼʼʼL4-35ʼʼʼ is a structure located on the west side of the plaza. At its base is Hieroglyphic Stairway 1, which records events during the life of Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DospilasSt5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DospilasSt5.jpg/200px-DospilasSt5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DospilasSt5.jpg/300px-DospilasSt5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DospilasSt5.jpg/400px-DospilasSt5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Stela 5, Detail showing a Jaguar Skin.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>ʼʼʼLD-49ʼʼʼ (also referred to as L5-49) is a large pyramid to the south of the plaza and is topped by three temple sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-MG57_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fahsen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahsen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly163_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pyramid is the largest structure in the site core and rises about 20 meters over the plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly163_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pyramidʼs main stairway (known as Hieroglyphic Stairway 2) contains at least eighteen hieroglyphic steps, describing the arrival and life of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil. The discovery of eight new hieroglyphic steps in 2001–2002 and their interpretation lead to a complete reevaluation of the early history of the site, throwing light upon the wider Maya politics involved with the break from Tikal, formerly seen as an internal affair. The steps currently ʼʼin situʼʼ are replicas put in place after looters stole a section of Step 6 containing four glyphs in January 2003. The original steps were removed to a secure location.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahsen_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahsen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flanking the stairway at the east and west ends are Panel 6 and Panel 7, both bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly163_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well-preserved Panel 10 is located part of the way up the east side of the pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly163_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panel 10 was originally a stela at Arroyo de Piedra, it was moved and re-erected here after Dos Pilas conquered its neighbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ʼʼʼLD-25ʼʼʼ is a temple pyramid built by Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich. Hieroglyphic Stairway 3 is located 120 meters south of the southeast corner of the plaza, it is a part of this structure and describes some of this kingʼs victories in AD 743 and 745.<sup id="cite_ref-MG62_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG62-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly163_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Structure ʼʼʼL5-1ʼʼʼ is a ruined building on the east side of the plaza containing a vaulted crypt 9 meters beneath its summit. Inside were found the remains of an individual wearing a heavy jade collar and wristlets accompanied by offerings of fine painted ceramics and almost 400 pieces of shell mosaic that once formed a headdress. Due to the nearby Stela 8, positioned in front of this structure and containing a text relating the life, death and burial of king Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil, the tomb is presumed to be that of this king.<sup id="cite_ref-MG59_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG59-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ʼʼʼpalaceʼʼʼ of Bʼalaj Chan K’awiil was torn down by the last inhabitants of Dos Pilas in order to build defensive walls immediately prior to the abandonment of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly164_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly164-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies about 100 meters south of the plaza, behind Structure LD-49.<sup id="cite_ref-MG54_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG54-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 is located on the east side of the destroyed palace and was discovered when the defensive wall that crosses it was being excavated. Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 details the history of Bʼalaj Chan K’awiil and the founding of the Dos Pilas dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly164_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly164-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A ʼʼʼ<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballcourt" title="Mesoamerican ballcourt">ball court</a>ʼʼʼ lies at the northeast corner of the plaza. The structures forming its sides are designated as L4-16 and L4-17. These structures bear the heavily eroded Panel 11 and Panel 12, both of which show a standing lord wielding a spear.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly164_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly164-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MG54_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG54-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Duende_group">El Duende group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: El Duende group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The El Duende group lies about 1 km to the east of the site core.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly162_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly162-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MG54_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG54-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group was built by Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil after his victory over Tikal in 705.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Duende is the largest pyramid in the city, built by enlarging and terracing a natural hill some way from the site core, giving the impression of a single massive structure. The terraces supported five stelae and altar pairs,<sup id="cite_ref-MG58_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coe209_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe209-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commissioned by Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil in the early 8th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During excavations in 1991, a sinkhole near the western limit of the El Duende complex discovered a 1.5 km long cave that passes directly under the temple, which was named ʼʼCueva de Río El Duendeʼʼ (River Cave of El Duende) by archaeologists. Within the cave were found abundant artifacts and human bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller buildings flank the main platform.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bat_Palace">The Bat Palace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Bat Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bat Palace (also known as the Murciélagos Group, from ʼʼmurciélagoʼʼ, Spanish for "bat") lies halfway between the site core and the El Duende group, being 0.5 km to the east of the main plaza and 0.5 km to the west of the El Duende pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-MG54_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG54-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bat Palace was the political centre of Dos Pilas from AD 725 until the city was abandoned in AD 761.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of the Bat Palace revealed that it was an exclusive, closed elite compound with ritual significance, with a cave entrance emerging within the palace and being marked by a shrine with offerings over the buried entrance. The Bat Palace is believed to have been the most important elite area of Dos Pilas during the reigns of the last two rulers of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady606_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady606-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrance to the palace complex was flanked by two small temples built of masonry, leading to two courtyards.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courtyards were enclosed by masonry buildings with perishable roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smashed royal throne was found in the Bat Palace, evidence of the violent conquest of the city in the Late Classic.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼʼʼStela 8ʼʼʼ was raised in front of Structure L5-1. Its text describes the principal events of king Itzamnaaj Kʼawiilʼs life, and mentions his death and burial in AD 726.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caves">Caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG/220px-Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG/330px-Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG/440px-Dos_Pilas_1006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cave entrance near El Duende</figcaption></figure> <p>During excavations, a total of 22 caves were located in the immediate vicinity of the Dos Pilas, totaling over 11 km in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five major caves; Cueva de El Duende, Cueva de Río El Duende, Cueva de Río Murciélagos, Cueva de Sangre and Cueva de Kaxon Pec.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady610_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady610-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only these major caves were excavated and the offerings recovered from these caves included a sizeable amount of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Preclassic</a> pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe209_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe209-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brady610_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady610-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong Preclassic traces found in the caves would imply that the caves were important long before the warlike Dos Pilas state was founded in the Late Classic. All the major architecture at Dos Pilas dates from the Late Classic and is aligned with important cave systems, showing that the builders of the city incorporated a thousand-year-old sacred landscape into the design of their city.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brady610_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady610-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the hill forming the base of the El Duende group were erected several stelae containing toponym glyphs. One of these glyphs refers to water and the cave contains an underground lake directly underneath the hill, making it likely that the toponym is referring to this particular body of water. The fact that the El Duende group were originally named after this subterranean water source demonstrates how important this cave was to the ancient inhabitants of Dos Pilas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entrance to the ʼʼʼCave of Batsʼʼʼ (Cueva de Río Murciélagos) lies 75 meters to the northwest of the Bat Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady605_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although relatively dry in the dry season, after rainfall water can pour out through the cave mouth at a rate of 8m³/second, creating enough noise to be heard in the main plaza 500 meters away.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady606_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady606-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the seasonal flow of water has washed away almost all archaeological remains from the cave, archaeologists consider that the Cave of Bats was of ceremonial importance to the inhabitants of Dos Pilas due to the dramatic torrent that flows through it in the wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady606_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady606-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigation of the various caves at Dos Pilas revealed that all of the larger caves were part of a single drainage system and that the Cave of Bats is the drainage outlet for the system, this cave therefore being connected to the Cueva de Río El Duende. A continuation of the Cave of Bats was found to emerge inside the Bat Palace, where it was marked by a shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady606_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady606-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plaza group directly overlies the principal chamber of the ʼʼʼCueva de El Duendeʼʼʼ (not to be confused with the similarly named Cueva de Río El Duende), which lies just southwest of the El Duende pyramid. A 2 meter deep midden was discovered in this cave showing heavy use during the Preclassic and Classic periods. A ceramic vessel bearing the earliest dynastic text yet recovered from Dos Pilas was found in this midden.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thick cap of sterile yellow clay covers much of the floor of the main chamber, it appears to have been deliberately deposited in order to cover the entrance to the caveʼs longest tunnel, which passes underneath the El Duende pyramid and connects with the Cueva de Río El Duende. In the entrance of the cave were found large quantities of rubble, much of it consisting of finely dressed stone that had been stripped from nearby buildings and used to block the cave entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James E. Brady believes that the blocking of this sacred cave was a part of a termination ritual carried out by the conquerors of Dos Pilas, who also blocked the entrances of the Cueva de Sangre (Cave of Blood) and possibly the western entrance of the Cueva de Río El Duende, suggesting that the caves were enormously important.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady609_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady609-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ʼʼʼCueva de Sangreʼʼʼ (Cave of Blood) is located about 2 km east of the El Duende group, it has more than 3 km of tunnel running underneath a small hill. The cave has four entrances, two of which had been blocked with rubble as at Cueva de El Duende. The west entrance appears to have been the principal entrance used by the ancient inhabitants of Dos Pilas. A small building was built above this entrance, the function of this building must have been linked to the use of the cave itself. A stone wall enclosed both the cave entrance and the building itself. Preclassic ceramic fragments were found inside the Cueva de Sangre.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady609_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady609-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="List of Mesoamerican pyramids">List of Mesoamerican pyramids</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston & Mathews 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKM_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKM_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Web263-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Web263_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web263_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster 2002, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Web275-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Web275_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web275_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web275_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web275_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster 2002, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinGrube-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p386-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p386_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F680-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F680_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F680_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F680_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahsen et al. 2003, p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivanoff 1975, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinGrube2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MartinGrube2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p383-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p383_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demarest_2006,_pp._139–140_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demarest 2006, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.384-5. Martin & Grube 2000 pp.56-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG56-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MG56_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG57_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG57_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG57_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG57_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG57_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer &Traxler 2006, pp.383-384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 57, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG58-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG58_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG58_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG58_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG58_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG58_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG62-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG62_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG62_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG62_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG63-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG63_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG63_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG63_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002. Martin & Grube 2000, p. 108. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p387-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p387_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p387_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster 2002, p. 276. Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 42, 57–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387. Martin & Grube 2000, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.387, 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p403-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p403_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p405-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p405_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p406-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p406_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe 1999, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OʼMansky & Dunning 2005, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Web277-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Web277_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web277_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Web277_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster 2002, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drew 1999, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schele & Freidel 1990, pp. 389–390, 505n20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drew283-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drew283_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drew283_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drew 1999, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1999, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston 1993, p. 15; Vinson 1960, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston 1993, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly1646-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly1646_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly1646_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1996, pp. 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly162-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly162_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly162_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1996, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1996, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahsen-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fahsen_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahsen_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahsen 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly163-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly163_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly163_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly163_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly163_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly163_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1996, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG59-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MG59_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly164-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly164_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly164_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly164_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1996, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG54-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG54_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG54_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG54_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG54_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin & Grube 2000, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 405-406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe209-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coe209_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe209_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe 1999, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady605-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady605_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady606-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady606_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady606_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady606_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady606_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady610-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady610_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady610_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady610_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, p. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, pp. 604–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, pp. 608–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady609-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady609_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady609_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady 1997, p. 609.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrady,_James_E.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brady, James E. (September 1997). "Settlement Configuration and Cosmology: The Role of Caves at Dos Pilas". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>99</b> (3). Oxford/Arlington, VA: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>: <span class="nowrap">602–</span>618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1997.99.3.602">10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Settlement+Configuration+and+Cosmology%3A+The+Role+of+Caves+at+Dos+Pilas&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E602-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1997.99.3.602&rft.au=Brady%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe,_Michael_D.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1999). <i>The Maya</i>. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5"><bdi>0-500-28066-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59432778">59432778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places+series&rft.edition=6th+edition%2C+fully+revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59432778&rft.isbn=0-500-28066-5&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest,_Arthur_A.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Demarest" title="Arthur Demarest">Demarest, Arthur A.</a> (2006). <i>The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Maya Collapse</i>. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology series, vol. 1. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1520-9"><bdi>978-0-8265-1520-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63178772">63178772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petexbatun+Regional+Archaeological+Project%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Maya+Collapse&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.series=Vanderbilt+Institute+of+Mesoamerican+Archaeology+series%2C+vol.+1&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63178772&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1520-9&rft.au=Demarest%2C+Arthur+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew,_David1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Drew_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Drew (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Drew, David</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchroniclesof0000drew_j2y5"><i>The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81699-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81699-3"><bdi>0-297-81699-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43401096">43401096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Chronicles+of+the+Maya+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43401096&rft.isbn=0-297-81699-3&rft.au=Drew%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchroniclesof0000drew_j2y5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahsen,_Federico2002" class="citation web cs1">Fahsen, Federico (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/01098/index.html">"Rescuing the Origins of Dos Pilas Dynasty: A Salvage of Hieroglyphic Stairway #2, Structure L5-49"</a>. <i>The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Mesoamerican_Studies" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies">Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Foundation+Granting+Department%3A+Reports+Submitted+to+FAMSI&rft.atitle=Rescuing+the+Origins+of+Dos+Pilas+Dynasty%3A+A+Salvage+of+Hieroglyphic+Stairway+%232%2C+Structure+L5-49&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Fahsen%2C+Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Freports%2F01098%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahsen,_FedericoJorge_Mario_OrtizJeannette_CastellanosLuis_Fernando_Luin2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fahsen, Federico; Jorge Mario Ortiz; Jeannette Castellanos; Luis Fernando Luin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707175830/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/58.02%20-%20Fahsen%20y%20Ortiz%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf">"La Escalinata 2 de Dos Pilas, Petén: Los nuevos escalones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002 (edited by J. P. Laporte, B. Arroyo, H. Escobedo and H. Mejía), pp. 679–692.</i> (in Spanish). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/58.02%20-%20Fahsen%20y%20Ortiz%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF online publication)</span> on 2011-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XVI+Simposio+de+Investigaciones+Arqueol%C3%B3gicas+en+Guatemala%2C+2002+%28edited+by+J.+P.+Laporte%2C+B.+Arroyo%2C+H.+Escobedo+and+H.+Mej%C3%ADa%29%2C+pp.+679%E2%80%93692.&rft.atitle=La+Escalinata+2+de+Dos+Pilas%2C+Pet%C3%A9n%3A+Los+nuevos+escalones.&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Fahsen%2C+Federico&rft.au=Jorge+Mario+Ortiz&rft.au=Jeannette+Castellanos&rft.au=Luis+Fernando+Luin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asociaciontikal.com%2Fpdf%2F58.02%2520-%2520Fahsen%2520y%2520Ortiz%2520-%2520en%2520PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuenter,_Stanley_Paul" class="citation web cs1">Guenter, Stanley Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/features/guenter/DosPilas.pdf">"The Inscriptions of Dos Pilas Associated with Bʼajlaj Chan Kʼawiil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> online publication)</span>. <i>Mesoweb articles</i>. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mesoweb.com/features/guenter/DosPilas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mesoweb+articles&rft.atitle=The+Inscriptions+of+Dos+Pilas+Associated+with+B%CA%BCajlaj+Chan+K%CA%BCawiil&rft.au=Guenter%2C+Stanley+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Ffeatures%2Fguenter%2FDosPilas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston,_Stephen_D.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a> (1993). <i>Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73855-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73855-2"><bdi>0-292-73855-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25507968">25507968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hieroglyphs+and+History+at+Dos+Pilas%3A+Dynastic+Politics+of+the+Classic+Maya&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25507968&rft.isbn=0-292-73855-2&rft.au=Houston%2C+Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston,_Stephen_D.Peter_Mathews1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathews_(archaeologist)" title="Peter Mathews (archaeologist)">Peter Mathews</a> (April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/monographs/01/Monograph1-print.pdf">"The Dynastic Sequence of Dos Pilas, Guatemala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/monographs/01/Monograph1-print.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dynastic+Sequence+of+Dos+Pilas%2C+Guatemala&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Pre-Columbian+Art+Research+Institute&rft.date=1985-04&rft.au=Houston%2C+Stephen+D.&rft.au=Peter+Mathews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fpari%2Fpublications%2Fmonographs%2F01%2FMonograph1-print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanoff,_Pierre1975" class="citation book cs1">Ivanoff, Pierre (1975). <i>Monuments of civilization: Maya</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29434-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29434-9"><bdi>0-304-29434-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314587253">314587253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+civilization%3A+Maya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314587253&rft.isbn=0-304-29434-9&rft.au=Ivanoff%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly,_Joyce1996" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joyce (1996). <i>An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2858-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2858-5"><bdi>0-8061-2858-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34658843">34658843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+Guide+to+Northern+Central+America%3A+Belize%2C+Guatemala%2C+Honduras%2C+and+El+Salvador&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34658843&rft.isbn=0-8061-2858-5&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_SimonNikolai_Grube2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Martin_(Mayanist)" title="Simon Martin (Mayanist)">Martin, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Grube" title="Nikolai Grube">Nikolai Grube</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart"><i>Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya</i></a>. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05103-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05103-8"><bdi>0-500-05103-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47358325">47358325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Maya+Kings+and+Queens%3A+Deciphering+the+Dynasties+of+the+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47358325&rft.isbn=0-500-05103-8&rft.au=Martin%2C+Simon&rft.au=Nikolai+Grube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofmayak00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews,_PeterGordon_R._Willey1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathews_(archaeologist)" title="Peter Mathews (archaeologist)">Mathews, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willey" title="Gordon Willey">Gordon R. Willey</a> (1991). "Prehistoric polities of the Pasion region: hieroglyphic texts and their archaeological settings". In T. Patrick Culbert (ed.). <i>Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence</i>. School of American Research advanced seminar series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39210-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39210-1"><bdi>0-521-39210-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20931118">20931118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+polities+of+the+Pasion+region%3A+hieroglyphic+texts+and+their+archaeological+settings&rft.btitle=Classic+Maya+Political+History%3A+Hieroglyphic+and+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=School+of+American+Research+advanced+seminar+series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20931118&rft.isbn=0-521-39210-1&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Peter&rft.au=Gordon+R.+Willey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Mary_Ellen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ellen Miller">Miller, Mary Ellen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill"><i>Maya Art and Architecture</i></a>. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X"><bdi>0-500-20327-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41659173">41659173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41659173&rft.isbn=0-500-20327-X&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayaartarchitect00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mansky,_MattNicholas_P._Dunning2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Mansky, Matt; Nicholas P. Dunning (2005). "Settlement and Late Classic Political Disintegration in the Petexbatun Region, Guatemala". In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Demarest" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur A. Demarest">Arthur A. Demarest</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prudence_M._Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prudence M. Rice (page does not exist)">Prudence M. Rice</a>; Don Stephen Rice (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth/page/83"><i>The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation</i></a></span>. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87081-822-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87081-822-8"><bdi>0-87081-822-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61719499">61719499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settlement+and+Late+Classic+Political+Disintegration+in+the+Petexbatun+Region%2C+Guatemala&rft.btitle=The+Terminal+Classic+in+the+Maya+lowlands%3A+Collapse%2C+Transition%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61719499&rft.isbn=0-87081-822-8&rft.au=O%27Mansky%2C+Matt&rft.au=Nicholas+P.+Dunning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterminalclassici00arth%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury,_DavidMimi_KoumenalisBarbara_Moffett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102134600/http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf">"Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Exploration: The Online Research Journal of Vanderbilt University</i>. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50324967">50324967</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF online publication)</span> on 2 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exploration%3A+The+Online+Research+Journal+of+Vanderbilt+University&rft.atitle=Newly+revealed+hieroglyphs+tell+story+of+superpower+conflict+in+the+Maya+world&rft.date=2002-09-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50324967&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+David&rft.au=Mimi+Koumenalis&rft.au=Barbara+Moffett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.vanderbilt.edu%2Fprint%2Fpdfs%2Fnews%2Fnews_dospilas_feature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchele,_LindaDavid_Freidel1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a>; David Freidel (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche"><i>A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8"><bdi>0-688-11204-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24501607">24501607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forest+of+Kings%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24501607&rft.isbn=0-688-11204-8&rft.au=Schele%2C+Linda&rft.au=David+Freidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforestofkingsunt0034sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharer,_Robert_J.Loa_P._Traxler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharer" title="Robert Sharer">Sharer, Robert J.</a>; Loa P. Traxler (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar"><i>The Ancient Maya</i></a></span> (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9"><bdi>0-8047-4817-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57577446">57577446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=6th+%28fully+revised%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57577446&rft.isbn=0-8047-4817-9&rft.au=Sharer%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Loa+P.+Traxler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinson,_George_L.1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vinson, George L. (1960). "Las ruinas mayas de Petexbatún". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia_de_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (page does not exist)">Antropología e Historia de Guatemala</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>12</b> (2). Guatemala City: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia_de_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala">Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala</a>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6102">0003-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2444876">2444876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia+de+Guatemala&rft.atitle=Las+ruinas+mayas+de+Petexbat%C3%BAn&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2444876&rft.issn=0003-6102&rft.au=Vinson%2C+George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster,_David_L.2002" class="citation book cs1">Webster, David L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs"><i>The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05113-5"><bdi>0-500-05113-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48753878">48753878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Ancient+Maya%3A+Solving+the+Mystery+of+the+Maya+Collapse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48753878&rft.isbn=0-500-05113-5&rft.au=Webster%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofancientmay0000webs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest,_ArthurKim_MorganClaudia_WolleyHéctor_Escobedo2003" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Arthur; Kim Morgan; Claudia Wolley; Héctor Escobedo (2003). "The Political Acquisition of Sacred Geography: The Murciélagos Complex at Dos Pilas". In Jessica Joyce Christie (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri"><i>Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i></a></span>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri/page/n132">120</a>–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71244-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71244-8"><bdi>0-292-71244-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469539994">469539994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Acquisition+of+Sacred+Geography%3A+The+Murci%C3%A9lagos+Complex+at+Dos+Pilas&rft.btitle=Maya+Palaces+and+Elite+Residences%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=120-153&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469539994&rft.isbn=0-292-71244-8&rft.au=Demarest%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Kim+Morgan&rft.au=Claudia+Wolley&rft.au=H%C3%A9ctor+Escobedo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayapalaceselite00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADos+Pilas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Pilas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dos_Pilas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dos Pilas">Dos Pilas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_sites232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_sites" title="Template:Maya sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_sites" title="Template talk:Maya sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_sites232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Maya sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actun_Tunichil_Muknal" title="Actun Tunichil Muknal">Actun Tunichil Muknal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Ha" title="Altun Ha">Altun Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking_Pot" title="Baking Pot">Baking Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Creek_Cave" title="Barton Creek Cave">Barton Creek Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahal_Pech" title="Cahal Pech">Cahal Pech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracol" title="Caracol">Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerros" title="Cerros">Cerros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaa_Creek" title="Chaa Creek">Chaa Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colha,_Belize" title="Colha, Belize">Colha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuello" title="Cuello">Cuello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pilar" title="El Pilar">El Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BCKabish" title="KaʼKabish">KaʼKabish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCaxob" title="Kʼaxob">Kʼaxob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Milpa" title="La Milpa">La Milpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanai" title="Lamanai">Lamanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Belize" title="Louisville, Belize">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dover" title="Lower Dover">Lower Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubaantun" title="Lubaantun">Lubaantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Gonzalez" title="Marco Gonzalez">Marco Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minanha" title="Minanha">Minanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_Li_Punit" title="Nim Li Punit">Nim Li Punit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohmul" title="Nohmul">Nohmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohoch_Che%CA%BCen" title="Nohoch Cheʼen">Nohoch Cheʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacbitun" title="Pacbitun">Pacbitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusilha" title="Pusilha">Pusilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Estevan_(Maya_site)" title="San Estevan (Maya site)">San Estevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rita,_Corozal" title="Santa Rita, Corozal">Santa Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu,_Belize" title="Tipu, Belize">Tipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbenka" title="Uxbenka">Uxbenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xnaheb" title="Xnaheb">Xnaheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunantunich" title="Xunantunich">Xunantunich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1,_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza"><img alt="Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/150px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/225px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/300px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_de_Sacrificios" title="Altar de Sacrificios">Altar de Sacrificios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balberta" title="Balberta">Balberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejucal_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Bejucal (Mesoamerican site)">Bejucal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancu%C3%A9n" title="Cancuén">Cancuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Quiac" title="Cerro Quiac">Cerro Quiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_(Maya_site)" title="Chama (Maya site)">Chama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitinamit" title="Chitinamit">Chitinamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocol%C3%A1" title="Chocolá">Chocolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutixtiox" title="Chutixtiox">Chutixtiox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotzumalhuapa" title="Cotzumalhuapa">Cotzumalhuapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dos Pilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%BAl" title="El Baúl">El Baúl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Chal" title="El Chal">El Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Per%C3%BA_(Maya_site)" title="El Perú (Maya site)">El Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porvenir_(Maya_site)" title="El Porvenir (Maya site)">El Porvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Temblor" title="El Temblor">El Temblor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tintal" title="El Tintal">El Tintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Zotz" title="El Zotz">El Zotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayt%C3%A1n" title="Guaytán">Guaytán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmul" title="Holmul">Holmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtun" title="Holtun">Holtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iximche" title="Iximche">Iximche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixkun" title="Ixkun">Ixkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixlu" title="Ixlu">Ixlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtonton" title="Ixtonton">Ixtonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtutz" title="Ixtutz">Ixtutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminaljuyu" title="Kaminaljuyu">Kaminaljuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinal" title="Kinal">Kinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatepan" title="Kʼatepan">Kʼatepan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amelia" title="La Amelia">La Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Blanca,_Peten" title="La Blanca, Peten">La Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corona" title="La Corona">La Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Joyanca" title="La Joyanca">La Joyanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Muerta" title="La Muerta">La Muerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaquila" title="Machaquila">Machaquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixco_Viejo" title="Mixco Viejo">Mixco Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Montana (Mesoamerican site)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motul_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Motul de San José">Motul de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naachtun" title="Naachtun">Naachtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakbe" title="Nakbe">Nakbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakum" title="Nakum">Nakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajaral" title="Pajaral">Pajaral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Chimino" title="Punta de Chimino">Punta de Chimino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1" title="Quiriguá">Quiriguá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj" title="Qʼumarkaj">Qʼumarkaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Azul" title="Río Azul">Río Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacul,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Sacul, El Petén">Sacul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="San Clemente, El Petén">San Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seibal" title="Seibal">Seibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayasal_(archaeological_site)" title="Tayasal (archaeological site)">Tayasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoxte" title="Topoxte">Topoxte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_Islas" title="Tres Islas">Tres Islas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxactun" title="Uaxactun">Uaxactun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucanal" title="Ucanal">Ucanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajxaklajun" title="Wajxaklajun">Wajxaklajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzna" title="Witzna">Witzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxha" title="Yaxha">Yaxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacpeten" title="Zacpeten">Zacpeten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaculeu" title="Zaculeu">Zaculeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapote_Bobal" title="Zapote Bobal">Zapote Bobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puente_(Maya_site)" title="El Puente (Maya site)">El Puente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanceh" title="Acanceh">Acanceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguada_F%C3%A9nix" title="Aguada Fénix">Aguada Fénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ake" title="Ake">Aké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamku" title="Balamku">Balamku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balankanche" title="Balankanche">Balankanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becan" title="Becan">Becan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chacchoben" title="Chacchoben">Chacchoben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chact%C3%BAn" title="Chactún">Chactún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicann%C3%A1" title="Chicanná">Chicanná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinkultic" title="Chinkultic">Chinkultic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunchucmil" title="Chunchucmil">Chunchucmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunhuhub" title="Chunhuhub">Chunhuhub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunlim%C3%B3n" title="Chunlimón">Chunlimón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coba" title="Coba">Coba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comalcalco_(archaeological_site)" title="Comalcalco (archaeological site)">Comalcalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibanche" title="Dzibanche">Dzibanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibilchaltun" title="Dzibilchaltun">Dzibilchaltun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edzna" title="Edzna">Edzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek%CA%BC_Balam" title="Ekʼ Balam">Ekʼ Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormiguero,_Mexico" title="Hormiguero, Mexico">Hormiguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izamal" title="Izamal">Izamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolja%CA%BC" title="Joljaʼ">Joljaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabah_(Maya_site)" title="Kabah (Maya site)">Kabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiuic" title="Kiuic">Kiuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohunlich" title="Kohunlich">Kohunlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komchen" title="Komchen">Komchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labna" title="Labna">Labna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mar" title="La Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%AD,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Maní, Yucatán">Maní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Reforma" title="Moral Reforma">Moral Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyil" title="Muyil">Muyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocomt%C3%BAn" title="Ocomtún">Ocomtún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxkintok" title="Oxkintok">Oxkintok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla_(Maya_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Ayutla (Maya site)">Plan de Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona,_Tabasco" title="Pomona, Tabasco">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Sur" title="Punta Sur">Punta Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bec" title="Río Bec">Río Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gervasio_(Maya_site)" title="San Gervasio (Maya site)">San Gervasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamchen" title="Tamchen">Tamchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Toniná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxul" title="Uxul">Uxul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriana_(archaeological_site)" title="Valeriana (archaeological site)">Valeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcaret" title="Xcaret">Xcaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xelha" title="Xelha">Xelha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlapak" title="Xlapak">Xlapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xpuhil" title="Xpuhil">Xpuhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtampak" title="Xtampak">Xtampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxun%C3%A1" title="Yaxuná">Yaxuná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yula" title="Yula">Yula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCokop" title="Yoʼokop">Yoʼokop </a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_sites_in_Mexico" title="Category:Maya sites in Mexico">for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cara_Sucia_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cara Sucia (Mesoamerican site)">Cara Sucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Blanca,_El_Salvador" title="Casa Blanca, El Salvador">Casa Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuat%C3%A1n" title="Cihuatán">Cihuatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Joya de Cerén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_El_Salvador" title="San Andrés, El Salvador">San Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazumal" title="Tazumal">Tazumal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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