Topics | NIST

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/topics","20230204021139","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1675476699"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6900:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";let n;if(r.d(t,{H:()=>i}),r(2374).il){const e=document.createElement("div");e.innerHTML="\x3c!--[if lte IE 6]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 7]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 8]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 9]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e",n=e.getElementsByTagName("div").length}var i;i=4===n?6:3===n?7:2===n?8:1===n?9:0},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>h,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>d,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>B,lF:()=>V,Yu:()=>A,Dg:()=>p,CX:()=>l,GE:()=>y,sU:()=>M});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>O,match:()=>_,version:()=>S});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)(`"${e}" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ${t}. It will have no effect.`),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error(`Info for ${e} was never set`);return u[e]}function l(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const f={allow_bfcache:!1,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},g={};function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!g[e])throw new Error(`Configuration for ${e} was never set`);return g[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");g[e]=new s(t,f),(0,i.Qy)(e,g[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error(`LoaderConfig for ${e} was never set`);return b[e]}function y(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const A=(0,i.mF)().o;var x=r(6900),E=r(2053),O=null,S=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var D=navigator.userAgent,j=D.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);j&&-1===D.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===D.indexOf("Chromium")&&(O="Safari",S=j[1])}function _(e,t){if(!O)return!1;if(e!==O)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!S)return!1;for(var r=S.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var k=r(5526),T=r(2374);const P="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function C(){if(!T.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(P))&&(e=(0,k.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(P,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var I=T._A?.XMLHttpRequest,N=I&&I.prototype;const R={};function B(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!R[e])throw new Error(`Runtime for ${e} was never set`);return R[e]}function M(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");var r;R[e]=new s(t,(r=e,{customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,features:{},isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:6===x.H?2e3:3e4,offset:(0,E.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+T._A?.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(r,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?C():null,xhrWrappable:I&&N&&N.addEventListener&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),userAgent:n})),(0,i.Qy)(e,R[e],"runtime")}function V(e){return function(e){try{const t=d(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1223.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function l(){return new d}function f(){(u.backlog.api||u.backlog.feature)&&(u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={})}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},g={},h=!1;try{h=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:w,emit:m,get:A,listeners:y,context:v,buffer:x,abort:f,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:h?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=y(e),d=s.length,l=0;l<d;l++)s[l].apply(a,r);var f=O()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([p,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=y(e).concat(t)}function w(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function y(e){return n[e]||[]}function A(t){return g[t]=g[t]||e(p,t)}function x(e,t){var r=O();p.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function E(e){return!!O()[c[e]]}function O(){return p.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374),i=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){i=!0}});n._A?.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),n._A?.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(e){}function a(e){return i?{passive:!0,capture:!!e}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>o});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>c,os:()=>u,yf:()=>s,zO:()=>a});var n=r(7145),i=(new Date).getTime(),o=i;function a(){return n.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-o}function s(){return i}function c(e){o=e}function u(){return o}},7145:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>n});const n=void 0!==r(2374)._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart},6625:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>c,v:()=>u});var n=r(8283),i=r(9071),o=r(2053),a=r(7145),s=r(2374);let c=!0;function u(e){var t=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(a.G)return c=!1,s._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,o.nb)(t))}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(2053),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],s=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},9548:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>i});var n=r(2374);const i={isFileProtocol:function(){let e=Boolean("file:"===(0,n.lW)()?.location?.protocol);e&&(i.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn(`New Relic: ${e}`),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error("New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like `self` and `window`.")})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},9226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$c:()=>u,Ng:()=>d,RR:()=>c});var n=r(6562),i=r(9557),o=r(9548),a=r(8610),s={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"};class c extends i.w{constructor(e){super(e)}shouldObfuscate(){return u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0}obfuscateString(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return e;for(var t=u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),r=e,n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n].regex,o=t[n].replacement||"*";r=r.replace(i,o)}return r}}function u(e){var t=[],r=(0,n.Mt)(e,"obfuscate")||[];return t=t.concat(r),o.T.isFileProtocol()&&t.push(s),t}function d(e){for(var t=!1,r=!1,n=0;n<e.length;n++){"regex"in e[n]?"string"!=typeof e[n].regex&&e[n].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),r=!0):((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),r=!0);var i=e[n].replacement;i&&"string"!=typeof i&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),t=!0)}return!t&&!r}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",r);function r(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.metrics},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),d=r(2053),l=r(4329),f=r(2650),g=r(2374);function h(e,t,n){n||(0,l.R)(e,"api"),function(e){function t(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((r=>{e[r]=function(){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new Array(e),i=0;i<e;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return t(r,...n)}}))}(t);var h=u.ee.get(e),p=h.get("tracer"),v="api-",m="api-ixn-";function b(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=y(v,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=y(v,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=y(v,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/http://custom.transaction")+t,y(v,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),y(v,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new b).get()};var w=b.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)("api-ixn-tracer",[(0,d.zO)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,h),function(){if(p.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,d.zO)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,d.zO)()],r)}}}};function y(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,h),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,d.zO)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,h),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(692).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,l.L)(e,"api")}))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){w[t]=y(m,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,h),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,d.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,h)},g.v6?A():(0,f.b)((()=>A()),!0)}var p=r(6797);const v={stn:o.D.sessionTrace,err:o.D.jserrors,ins:o.D.pageAction,spa:o.D.spa};function m(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,v[e],r);t&&!b[e]&&((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,v[e],r),b[e]=!0)})),(0,l.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}const b={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:i,info:o,loader_config:s,runtime:c={loaderType:r},exposed:u=!0}=t;const d=(0,p.gG)();let l={};return o||(i=d.init,o=d.info,s=d.loader_config,l=d),g.v6&&(o.jsAttributes={...o.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,o),(0,a.Dg)(e,i||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,s||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,c),h(e,l,n),(0,p.Qy)(e,d,"api"),(0,p.Qy)(e,u,"exposed"),g.v6||((0,p.EZ)("activatedFeatures",b),(0,p.EZ)("setToken",(t=>m(t,e)))),l}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}},4992:(e,t,r)=>{var n={"./ajax/aggregate":[960,779,960],"./jserrors/aggregate":[6112,779,112],"./metrics/aggregate":[4325,779,325],"./page_action/aggregate":[6817,779,817],"./page_view_event/aggregate":[4823,779,823],"./page_view_timing/aggregate":[8785,779,785],"./session_trace/aggregate":[1307,779,307],"./spa/aggregate":[9378,779,378]};function i(e){if(!r.o(n,e))return Promise.resolve().then((()=>{var t=new Error("Cannot find module '"+e+"'");throw t.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",t}));var t=n[e],i=t[0];return Promise.all(t.slice(1).map(r.e)).then((()=>r(i)))}i.keys=()=>Object.keys(n),i.id=4992,e.exports=i}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>e+"."+i.h().slice(0,8)+"-1223.js",i.h=()=>"215647de1097144af948",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var f=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={55:0,308:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,`${e}.enabled`)}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9557),u=i(7022);class d extends c.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,u.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=l(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,u.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=l(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=f(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=l(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=g(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function l(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=f(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function f(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function g(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,u.D)(e,h)}function h(e,t){return t}var p=i(6797),v=i(5526),m=i(8610);var b=i(9252),w=i(2053),y=i(8283),A=i(6625),x=i(4329),E=i(1509),O=i(2650),S=i(2374);class D extends E.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.completed=new Promise(((e,t)=>{this.resolve=e,this.reject=t})),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,n&&(0,x.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){try{if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{Aggregate:e}=await i(4992)(`./${this.featureName}/aggregate`);new e(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator),this.resolve()}catch(e){(0,m.Z)(`Failed to import aggregator class for ${this.featureName}`,e)}};S.v6?e():(0,O.b)((()=>e()),!0)}catch(e){this.reject(e)}}}var j,_,k,T=i(2484);class P extends D{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,T.t,r),S.il&&((0,A.v)(e),(0,y.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,w.yf)()),(0,O.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,O.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator())}measureWindowLoaded(){var t=(0,w.zO)();(0,y.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",t+(0,w.os)()),(0,b.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,y.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,w.zO)()+(0,w.os)())}}j=P,_="featureName",k=T.t,_ in j?Object.defineProperty(j,_,{value:k,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):j[_]=k;var C=i(6998),I=i(8544),N=i(6382);class R extends D{constructor(t,r){var n;let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(t,r,N.t,i),n=this,S.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,C.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,I.iz)(e,(function(){return n.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),(0,C.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,w.zO)(),(0,b.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,I.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,b.p)("winPagehide",[(0,w.zO)()],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(t,r){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{"first-paint"===t.name?(0,b.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,b.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(t,r){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var i=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<i.startTime)return;var o=[i],a=this.addConnectionAttributes({});a&&o.push(a),(0,b.p)("lcp",o,void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(t){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{t.hadRecentInput||(0,b.p)("cls",[t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(r){if(r instanceof t.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var n=Math.round(r.timeStamp),i={type:r.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(i),n<=(0,w.zO)()?i.fid=(0,w.zO)()-n:n>(0,w.os)()&&n<=Date.now()?(n-=(0,w.os)(),i.fid=(0,w.zO)()-n):n=(0,w.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,b.p)("timing",["fi",n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}!function(e,t,r){t in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(R,"featureName",N.t);var B=i(4045),M="React",V="Angular",q="AngularJS",L="Backbone",z="Ember",W="Vue",$="Meteor",F="Zepto",G="Jquery";function Z(){if(!S.il)return[];var e=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(e){return!1}})()&&e.push(M),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(q),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(V),window.Backbone&&e.push(L),window.Ember&&e.push(z),window.Vue&&e.push(W),window.Meteor&&e.push($),window.Zepto&&e.push(F),window.jQuery&&e.push(G)}catch(e){}return e}var U=i(9548),H=i(9226),X=i(8226);const Q=Boolean(S._A?.Worker),K=Boolean(S._A?.SharedWorker),J=Boolean(S._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let Y,ee,te;var re=i(6034);class ne extends D{constructor(e,t){var r;let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,re.t,i),r=this,this.PfFeatStatusEnum=n,this.singleChecks(),this.eachSessionChecks(),(0,B.X)("record-supportability",(function(){return r.recordSupportability(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),(0,B.X)("record-custom",(function(){return r.recordCustom(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),this.importAggregator()}recordSupportability(e,t){var r=["sm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,b.p)("storeMetric",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}recordCustom(e,t){var r=["cm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,b.p)("storeEventMetrics",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}singleChecks(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Version/${X.q}/Detected`);const{loaderType:e}=(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);e&&this.recordSupportability(`Generic/LoaderType/${e}/Detected`),S.il&&(0,O.K)((()=>{Z().forEach((e=>{this.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),U.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),U.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);const r=(0,H.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);r.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),r.length>0&&!(0,H.Ng)(r)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"),S.il&&this.reportPolyfillsNeeded(),function(e){if(!Y){if(Q){Y=Worker;try{S._A.Worker=r(Y,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(K){ee=SharedWorker;try{S._A.SharedWorker=r(ee,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(J){te=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{S._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=te,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){S.v6||e(`Workers/${t}/Unavailable`)}function i(t,r){e("module"===r?`Workers/${t}/Module`:`Workers/${t}/Classic`)}function o(t,r){e(`Workers/${r}/SM/Unsupported`),(0,m.Z)(`NR Agent: Unable to capture ${r} workers.`,t)}}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this))}reportPolyfillsNeeded(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/Promise/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.PROMISE}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ArrayIncludes/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.ARRAY_INCLUDES}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectAssign/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ASSIGN}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectEntries/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ENTRIES}`)}eachSessionChecks(){S.il&&(0,I.bP)("pageshow",(e=>{e.persisted&&this.recordCustom("Custom/BFCache/PageRestored")}))}}!function(e,t,r){t in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ne,"featureName",re.t);new class{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,v.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new d({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=t.features||[],this.desiredFeatures.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){try{const e=n(this.agentIdentifier);this.desiredFeatures.forEach((t=>{if(e[t.featureName]){const r=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName);r.every((t=>e[t]))||(0,m.Z)(`${t.featureName} is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (${JSON.stringify(r)}). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...`),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,p.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,"features")}catch(e){return(0,m.Z)("Failed to initialize instrument classes",e),!1}}}({features:[P,R,ne],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {cookie_flags: 'SameSite=None;Secure'});gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Topics","node_id":"1565126","content_type":"Landing page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/topics"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/node/1565126"/> <meta name="description" content="Most content on the NIST web site is "tagged" with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area."/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Topics"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="Most content on the NIST web site is "tagged" with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area."/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2019-05-17T16:00-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/topics"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2019-05-17T16:00-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2019-07-03T16:23-04:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Topics | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/topics"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Topics"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Most content on the NIST web site is "tagged" with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area."/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-05-17T16:00-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-07-03T16:23-04:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Most content on the NIST web site is "tagged" with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Topics"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/topics"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2019-07-03T16:23:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Topics | NIST", "description": "\u003Cp\u003EMost content on the NIST web site is \u0022tagged\u0022 with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area.\u003C/p\u003E", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True" }, "datePublished": "2019-05-17T16:00-04:00", "dateModified": "2019-07-03T16:23-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="landing"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Topics | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230204021139cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_lGQm9zm1USKY2I9mUiKP_48ZhJOAuVaxPyAL__x39hk.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230204021139cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230204021139cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230204021139cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230204021139cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_e5DuZ68Yk6jKDRZI89Dctp-TrIyhXrRYettD_yNTSPA.css"/> <script src="/web/20230204021139js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1565126"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here鈥檚 how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here鈥檚 how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you鈥檝e safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/topics</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Topics</h1> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>Most content on the NIST web site is "tagged" with a research area or other program topic. Below are the top-level topic areas. Each topic links to a landing page where you can find out more about what NIST is doing in that research or programmatic area.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 js-view-dom-id-85c6de520a7110316ab80c60ca744f5d31e0f4273e42cefda9490a9f0df7899a"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/advanced-communications" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2022/05/23/nbitanechoicchamber.jpg?itok=Vl3pycB4" width="720" height="360" alt="AnechoicChamber" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications"><span>Advanced communications</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST promotes the development and deployment of advanced communications technologies by advancing the measurement science underlying wireless technologies.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/artificial-intelligence" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2019/07/02/composite_hero.jpg?itok=m0LCg1ja" width="720" height="360" alt="Illustration that shows an outline of a face and then icons to represent different areas of AI including heart (health), lock (cyber), windmills (energy), steering wheel (cars) and manufacturing arm" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence"><span>Artificial intelligence</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming our world. Remarkable surges in AI capabilities have led to a wide range of innovations including autonomous vehicles and connected Internet of</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/bioscience" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2017/03/03/17mml003_nih_mouse_fibroblast_cells_hr.jpg?itok=jjzTFO_P" width="720" height="360" alt="A fluorescent microscope image of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience"><span>Bioscience</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST provides measurement assurance through the development of quantitative analytical measurement tools to aid industry in the deployment of innovative biotechnologies and advanced biomaterials.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/buildings-construction" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2018/05/02/18el001_hurricane-maria-damage-in-puerto-rico-by-fema-and-a_booher_2mb.jpg?itok=yn34jv6Y" width="720" height="360" alt="A home in the mountains of Puerto Rico lies in ruins as a result of the extreme force winds of Hurricane Maria." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction"><span>Buildings & Construction</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST develops safety standards for construction and studies ways to better protect buildings from hazards like earthquakes and windstorms.</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/chemistry" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2019/11/06/chemical_processing_ionic_liquids.jpg?itok=zegpXp4f" width="720" height="360" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry"><span>Chemistry</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST develops the technology, measurement methods and standards to address the needs of the chemical industry.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/climate" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/climate" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2021/04/08/Climate%26Energy-1200x248.jpg?itok=GJQmC4fy" width="720" height="360" alt="Blue sky. Green grass. Wind mill. To the right: solar panels" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/climate"><span>Climate</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to research and tools to build more resilient communities and alternative energy</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/cybersecurity" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2019/03/27/cloud_computing.jpg?itok=9oHv1MXf" width="720" height="360" alt="Computer scientist Murugiah Souppaya investigates security techniques for protecting virtuallized computing environments and cloud computing systems. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"><span>Cybersecurity</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S. industry, federal agencies and the broader public. Our activities range from producing</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/electronics" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2017/01/26/bp_phantom_closeup_1000.png?itok=5EFoiN88" width="720" height="360" alt="fake wrist" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/electronics"><span>Electronics</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST provides the standards, develops the instruments and performs the calibrations necessary to keep both the smallest electronic components and the largest power grids running smoothly and safely.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/energy" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/energy" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/smartgrid/11do007_bonneville_powerlines_lr.jpg?itok=o_lSBx4g" width="720" height="360" alt="The first 10 miles of the McNary - John Day Transmission Line" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/energy"><span>Energy</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST develops the testing, measurements, and reference materials needed to ensure the quality of energy-related products and services and ensure fairness in the marketplace.</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/environment" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/environment" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/hero/ghg_adv_meas_standards_graphic_herothumb_web_flat_2.png?itok=_qlcd8tF" width="720" height="360" alt="GHG Measurement Program" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/environment"><span>Environment</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST is helping to advance measurements and tools for environmental science.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/fire" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/fire" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/el/fire_research/waldo-canyon-wildland.jpg?itok=whWCL3rs" width="720" height="360" alt="Waldo Canyon wildland" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/fire"><span>Fire</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST's fire research develops, verifies and utilizes measurements and predictive methods to quantify the behavior of fire and means to reduce its impact.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/forensic-science" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/11/30/16mml028_matthew_staymates_9-12-13_lr.jpg?itok=DPf7KCFN" width="720" height="360" alt="Odor Detection with An Artificial Dog Nose" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science"><span>Forensic Science</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Bringing together experts from the forensic, research, legal and law enforcement communities to strengthen forensic science and create a safer, more just society.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/health" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/health" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2018/10/18/healthy_human_t_cell_blog_image.jpg?itok=gdW-bctT" width="720" height="360" alt="black background. Bright blue t-cell" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/health"><span>Health</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST provides measurement assurance for biomedical stakeholders through the development of measurement tools for medical devices, clinical diagnostics, imaging tools and the characterization of</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/information-technology" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2019/07/24/cloud_blog_post.jpg?itok=Sp9P9AKa" width="720" height="360" alt="IT door illustration" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology"><span>Information Technology</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST advances the state-of-the-art in IT in such applications as cybersecurity and biometrics.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/infrastructure" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2017/01/26/smithfield_bridge_credit_brook_ward_cc2.jpg?itok=YgZl58rj" width="720" height="360" alt="Smithfield Bridge" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure"><span>Infrastructure</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p><span><span><span><span><span>NIST supports the safety, interoperability, and resilience of the Nation鈥檚 core infrastructure, including <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/el/smart-grid">power</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs?k&a%5B0%5D=249396&tag">transportation</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/water-measurement-science">water</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications">telecommunications</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>NIST develops <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2017/04/move-over-superman-nist-spectral-fingerprinting-sees-through-concrete-0">new measurement</a></span></span></span></span></span></p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/manufacturing" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/10/07/digital_thread_screen_shot_for_hero.png?itok=qDK6ubse" width="720" height="360" alt="Screenshot from an animation in a video about the Digital Thread" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing"><span>Manufacturing</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST provides technical support to the nation's manufacturing industry as they strive to out-innovate and outperform the competition.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/materials" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/materials" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2017/06/26/17mml008_silk_fiber_fluorescing.jpg?itok=Z_02Rami" width="720" height="360" alt="Examples聽of the silk used in experiments to detect damage in聽composites, shown under聽black light." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/materials"><span>Materials</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST develops testbeds, defines benchmarks and develops formability measurements and models for a variety of emerging materials.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/mathematics-statistics" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/hero/digital_library_of_math_functions.png?itok=tbno1bXI" width="720" height="360" alt="DLMF illustration" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics"><span>Mathematics & Statistics</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST researchers use the latest mathematics approaches and computational methods to help tackle some of the most difficult scientific, technical and engineering problems and tasks.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/metrology" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2018/05/16/kg-on-table-2.png?itok=N3vokOiw" width="720" height="360" alt="kilograms under glass jars" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/metrology"><span>Metrology</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>Metrology is the science of measurement and its application. NIST's work in metrology focuses on advancing measurement science to enhance economic security and improve quality of life.聽</p> <p>Almost all</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/nanotechnology" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2017/07/13/17cnst009_illustration_peem_graphene_cap.jpg?itok=wV45tEcc" width="720" height="360" alt="Graphene-capped Liquids" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology"><span>Nanotechnology</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">From leading cutting-edge research to coordinating standards development, NIST's nanotechnology programs directly impact priorities important to the nation's economy and well being.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/neutron-research" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/pml/div682/grp03/neutronmicroscope-500.png?itok=DuIO9LcU" width="720" height="360" alt="Dan Hussey in shielded cave" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research"><span>Neutron research</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST is at the forefront of basic research with neutrons, and the NIST Center for Neutron Research is a national resource for industry, universities and government agencies.</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/performance-excellence" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/09/06/Award_Artwork_home_Final.jpg?itok=l6KgSI8S" width="720" height="360" alt="Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award medallion with Award recipients photos in background." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence"><span>Performance excellence</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The Baldrige Performance Excellence Program offers criteria, assessments, tools, training and a community for those dedicated to helping organizations improve.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/physics" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/physics" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/11/23/16pml015_ytterbium_clock_n_phillips_hr.jpeg?itok=oumAA_6P" width="720" height="360" alt="Ytterbium Clock" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/physics"><span>Physics</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST provides the measurements, standards, and technical expertise scientists and industries need to push the limits of the fundamental properties of nature.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/public-safety" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/09/06/pscr-slide3.png?itok=39tc85Jj" width="720" height="360" alt="PSCR Public Safety Division User Needs" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety"><span>Public safety</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/resilience" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2016/12/05/fema_steve_zumwalt_featured.jpg?itok=7oUv4P16" width="720" height="360" alt="Homeowner looks at the Remain of His Neighborhood" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/resilience"><span>Resilience</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">NIST's聽resilience research focuses on the impact of hazards on buildings and communities and on post-disaster studies that provide the basis for improved standards, codes and practices.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/standards" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/standards" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/images/2020/01/24/03ts001_peanutbsrm_cs-cropped.jpg?itok=bw10Yw0Z" width="720" height="360" alt="Peanut butter standard reference material." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/standards"><span>Standards</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST develops and disseminates the standards that allow technology to work seamlessly and business to operate smoothly.</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <article role="article" about="/transportation" class="nist-teaser nist-teaser--grid"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/720w_x_360h/public/documents/lightweighting/Xform_head.jpg?itok=2B0axZZn" width="720" height="360" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/transportation"><span>Transportation</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"><p>NIST develops standards and technology to support the next generation of aerospace, automotive and rail transport.</p></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230204021139im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/topics" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1565126","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230204021139js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204021139js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230204021139js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_c0hecns0CAftnzmCOwBYLxRa48pqi1xWMZwQH4JQ1gU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":55,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Topics | NIST