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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ensaluti</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Pliaj agordoj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personaj iloj" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personaj iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menuo de uzanto" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=eo.wikipedia.org&uselang=eo"><span>Donaci</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Krei_konton&returnto=Birdaro" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi kreu uzantokonton kaj ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas deviga"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krei konton</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Ensaluti&returnto=Birdaro" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas devige. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ensaluti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paĝoj por elsalutitaj redaktistoj <a href="/wiki/Helpo:Enkonduko" aria-label="Lernu pli pri redaktado"><span>Lernu pli</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Miaj_kontribuoj" title="Listo de redaktoj faritaj el ĉi tiu IPa adreso [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribuoj</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Mia_diskutpa%C4%9Do" title="Diskuto pri redaktoj sub tiu ĉi IP adreso [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retejo"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Enhavo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Enhavo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referencoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referencoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Enhavtabelo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birdaro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 30 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سرب — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Sürü — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sürü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Зграя — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зграя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ято — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ято" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandada" title="Bandada — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejno" title="Hejno — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hejno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A6rm" title="Sværm — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sværm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds) — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flock (birds)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandada" title="Bandada — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parv_(bioloogia)" title="Parv (bioloogia) — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parv (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="گله (پرندگان) — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گله (پرندگان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%A9e_(oiseaux)" title="Nuée (oiseaux) — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nuée (oiseaux)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandada" title="Bandada — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jato" title="Jato — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jato" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanan_(burung)" title="Kawanan (burung) — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kawanan (burung)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esamo" title="Esamo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Esamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormo" title="Stormo — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stormo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Јато — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwerm" title="Zwerm — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwerm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bando" title="Bando — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bando" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Стая птиц — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стая птиц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jato" title="Jato — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jato" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm" title="Swarm — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swarm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jata" title="Jata — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jata" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumha" title="Bumha — ŝona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bumha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ŝona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Јато — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81)" title="ฝูง (นก) — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝูง (นก)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Зграя — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зграя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%BE%A4" title="鸟群 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸟群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E7%BE%A4" title="雀群 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birdaro" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuto:Birdaro&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuto pri la artikolo (paĝo ne ekzistas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝanĝi lingvan varianton" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Esperanto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vidoj"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birdaro"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=history" title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Iloj" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Iloj</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Pliaj opcioj" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Agoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birdaro"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=history"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ĝenerale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kio_ligas_%C4%89i_tien%3F/Birdaro" title="Listo de ĉiuj vikiaj paĝoj kiuj ligas ĉi tien [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ligiloj ĉi tien</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Rilataj_%C5%9Dan%C4%9Doj/Birdaro" rel="nofollow" title="Lastaj ŝanĝoj en paĝoj kiuj ligas al ĉi tiu paĝo [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Rilataj ŝanĝoj</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eo" title="Alŝuti dosierojn [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Alŝuti dosieron</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&oldid=8418477" title="Porĉiama ligilo al ĉi versio de la paĝo"><span>Konstanta ligilo</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=info" title="Pli da informo pri ĉi tiu paĝo"><span>Informoj pri la paĝo</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Citi&page=Birdaro&id=8418477&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informoj pri kiel citi ĉi tiun paĝon"><span>Citi ĉi tiun artikolon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feo.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBirdaro"><span>Akiri mallongigitan URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feo.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBirdaro"><span>Elŝutu QR-kodon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Presi/elporti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Birdaro"><span>Krei libron</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:DownloadAsPdf&page=Birdaro&action=show-download-screen"><span>Elŝuti kiel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&printable=yes" title="Presebla versio de tiu ĉi paĝo [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Presebla versio</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En aliaj projektoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flocks_of_birds" hreflang="en"><span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120997" title="Ligilo al konektita datuma ero [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ero en Vikidatumoj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspekto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspekto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/300px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/450px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/600px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Ru%C4%9Dbeka_teks-birdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruĝbeka teks-birdo">Ruĝbeka teks-birdo</a> formas enormajn birdarojn; foje de dekoj da miloj.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/320px-seek%3D6-Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="240" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Dosiero:Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv/Flock_of_birds_at_Rome.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Birdaro ĉe Romo.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Birdaro</b> estas grupo de <a href="/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj">birdoj</a> kiuj sekvas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ari%C4%9Do_(kutimo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ariĝo (kutimo) (paĝo ne ekzistas)">ariĝan</a> konduton dumfluge aŭ dum manĝado. La termino similas al <a href="/wiki/Grego" title="Grego">grego</a> inter <a href="/wiki/Mamulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamulo">mamuloj</a>. Profito de ariĝo varias kaj la aroj kaj formoj de ariĝo okazas por specifaj celoj. Ariĝo ankaŭ kostas, ĉefe ĉe socie subulaj birdoj, kiu estas ĉikanataj de hegemoniaj birdoj; birdaraj birdoj povas ankaŭ malprofiti je manĝefiko ŝanĝe al akiri aliajn profitojn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ĉefa profito estas sekureco laŭ nombroj kaj plialtigita mangefiko. Defendo kontraŭ predantoj gravegas ĉe fermitaj habitatoj kiaj <a href="/wiki/Arbaro" title="Arbaro">arbaroj</a> kie predado oftas kaj ĉefe averto havigita de multaj okuloj gravas; tio estas kialo por disvolvigo de <a href="/wiki/Miksitaj_kunman%C4%9Dantaroj" class="mw-redirect" title="Miksitaj kunmanĝantaroj">miksitaj kunmanĝantaroj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiuj multaspeciaj aroj estas kutime komponitaj de malgrandaj nombroj de multaj specioj, pliigante la profitojn pro nombro sed malpliigante la manĝodisponeblon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Referencoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hutto R (1988). "Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks". <i>Oikos</i> <b>51</b>(1): 79–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Terborgh J (2005). "Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: Costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys". <i>American Journal of Primatology</i> <b>21</b>(2): 87–100.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flocks_of_birds?uselang=eo">Kategorio Birdaro en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span> </li></ul> </div> <table class="navbox" style=";margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible {{{stato}}}" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit; border-collapse:separate;;"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Birdoj" title="Ŝablono:Birdoj"><span title="Rigardu ĉi tiun ŝablonon" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Birdoj" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Birdoj"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Diskuto pri ĉi tiu ŝablono">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono:Birdoj&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Vi povas redakti ĉi tiun ŝablonon. Konservonte la paĝon bonvolu uzi la antaŭrigardan butonon.">r</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj">Birdoj</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"> Regno: <a href="/wiki/Animalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalo">Animalo</a>  •  Filumo: <a href="/wiki/%C4%A4orduloj" title="Ĥorduloj">Ĥorduloj</a>  •  Subfilumo: <a href="/wiki/Vertebruloj" title="Vertebruloj">Vertebruloj</a>  •  Infrafilumo: <a href="/wiki/Makzeluloj" class="mw-redirect" title="Makzeluloj">Makzeluloj</a>  •  Superklaso: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodoj" title="Tetrapodoj">Tetrapodoj</a>  •  Klaso: <a href="/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj">Birdoj</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;; text-align:center;" colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%; ; border-collapse:collapse;;"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><span class="" style="font-size:100%;">Birdoj laŭ ordoj <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><i>(alfabete)</i></span></span></small></span></th></tr><tr><td style="width:100%;padding:0;;background:transparent;color:inherit;;; text-align:center;" colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;"></table></div></td></tr><tr> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;; text-align:center;" colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%; ; border-collapse:collapse;;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:100%;padding:0;;background:transparent;color:inherit;;; text-align:center;" colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;"></table></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;">Ordoj de</th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%; ;margin:-2px auto; border-collapse:separate;;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;;;; text-align:center;" colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akcipitroformaj_birdoj" title="Akcipitroformaj birdoj">akcipitroformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Anseroformaj_birdoj" title="Anseroformaj birdoj">anseroformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Apodoformaj_birdoj" title="Apodoformaj birdoj">apodoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Cikonioformaj_birdoj" title="Cikonioformaj birdoj">cikonioformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Falkoformaj_birdoj" title="Falkoformaj birdoj">falkoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Fenikopteroformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenikopteroformaj birdoj">fenikopteroformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Gavioformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavioformaj birdoj">gavioformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Gruoformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruoformaj birdoj">gruoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/%C4%A4aradrioformaj_birdoj" title="Ĥaradrioformaj birdoj">ĥaradrioformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Kaprimulgoformaj_birdoj" title="Kaprimulgoformaj birdoj">kaprimulgoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Kokoformaj_birdoj" title="Kokoformaj birdoj">kokoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Kolomboformaj_birdoj" title="Kolomboformaj birdoj">kolomboformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Koracioformaj_birdoj" title="Koracioformaj birdoj">koracioformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Kukoloformaj_birdoj" title="Kukoloformaj birdoj">kukoloformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Paseroformaj_birdoj" title="Paseroformaj birdoj">paseroformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Pegoformaj_birdoj" title="Pegoformaj birdoj">pegoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Pelikanoformaj_birdoj" title="Pelikanoformaj birdoj">pelikanoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Podicipoformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Podicipoformaj birdoj">podicipoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Procelarioformaj_birdoj" title="Procelarioformaj birdoj">procelarioformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Psitakoformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Psitakoformaj birdoj">psitakoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Pterokloformaj_birdoj" title="Pterokloformaj birdoj">pterokloformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Sfeniskoformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfeniskoformaj birdoj">sfeniskoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Strigoformaj_birdoj" title="Strigoformaj birdoj">strigoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Strutoformaj_birdoj" title="Strutoformaj birdoj">strutoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Tinamoformaj_birdoj" title="Tinamoformaj birdoj">tinamoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Trogonoformaj_birdoj" title="Trogonoformaj birdoj">trogonoformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Trokiloformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Trokiloformaj birdoj">trokiloformaj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Turnicoformaj_birdoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnicoformaj birdoj">turnicoformaj</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="text-align:center;width:100%;;" colspan="2"> Rilataj artikoloj: <a href="/wiki/Birdomigrado" title="Birdomigrado">Birdomigrado</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Birdoprotektado" title="Birdoprotektado">Birdoprotektado</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Birdnestoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdnestoj">Birdnestoj</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Birdkanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdkanto">Birdkanto</a><br /><small>Vidu ankaŭ: <a href="/wiki/Arkosa%C5%ADroj" title="Arkosaŭroj">Dinosaŭraj birdoj</a></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&oldid=8418477">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birdaro&oldid=8418477</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kategorioj" title="Specialaĵo:Kategorioj">Kategorio</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Birdoj" title="Kategorio:Birdoj">Birdoj</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ĉi tiu paĝo estis lastafoje redaktita je 08:05, 28 okt. 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">La teksto disponeblas laŭ la permesilo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eo">Krea Komunaĵo Atribuite-Samkondiĉe 4.0 Neadaptita</a>; eble aldonaj kondiĉoj aplikeblas. 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