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colspan="5">Negative states </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="9">Positive states </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </th> <th style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </th> <th style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </th> <th style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </th> <th style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </th> <th style="background:#e0ffff">0 </th> <th style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </th> <th style="background:#ffdead">+2 </th> <th style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </th> <th style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </th> <th style="background:#cccc98">+5 </th> <th style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </th> <th style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </th> <th style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </th> <th style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="1"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">H </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="2"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">He </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="3"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Li </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="4"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Be </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">B </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="6"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">C </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="7"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">N </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="8"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">O </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="9"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">F </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="10"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ne </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="11"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Na </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="12"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="13"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="14"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Si </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin-22">[22]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="15"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">P </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="16"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="17"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="18"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="19"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">K </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-neg_metals-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="20"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ca </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-West-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="21"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1991-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Smith-30">[30]</a> <a href="#cite_note-McGuire-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="22"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ti </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="23"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">V </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="24"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cr </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="25"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="26"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="27"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Co </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-greenwood-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="28"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ni </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="29"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="30"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="31"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ga </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Colture-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Colture-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Colture-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="32"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ge </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-germanides-57">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-germanides-57">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-germanides-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-58">[58]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="33"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">As </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">34 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="34"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Se </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="35"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Br </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="36"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Kr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="37"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="38"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">39 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="39"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="40"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ma-75">[75]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">41 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="41"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-lehrbuch-77">[77]</a> <a href="#cite_note-lehrbuch-77">[77]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="42"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mo </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="43"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">44 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="44"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ru </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="45"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="46"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">47 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="47"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ag </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="48"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-89">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="49"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">In </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="50"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sn </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-98">[98]</a> <a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="51"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-sbanion-101">[101]</a> <a href="#cite_note-sbanion-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="52"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Te </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="53"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">I </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">54 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="54"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Xe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Harding-2002-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="55"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-caeside2-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">56 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="56"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ba </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="57"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">La </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="58"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ce </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">59 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="59"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="60"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="61"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">62 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="62"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">63 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="63"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Eu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="64"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Gd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="65"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-112">[112]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="66"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Dy </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">67 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="67"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ho </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">68 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="68"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Er </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="69"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="70"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">71 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="71"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="72"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="73"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ta </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="74"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">W </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="75"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Re </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="76"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Os </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="77"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ir </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-IrIX-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="78"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="79"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Au </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="80"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Brauer-1936-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="81"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tl </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="82"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pb </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="83"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="84"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Po </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-129">[129]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="85"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">At </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="86"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="87"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="88"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ra </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">89 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="89"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ac </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="90"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Th </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">[130]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="91"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="92"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">U </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">[130]</a> <a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="93"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Np </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-132">[132]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">94 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="94"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a>, <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="95"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Am </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">96 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="96"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> <a href="#cite_note-CmO3-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">97 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="97"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bk </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">98 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="98"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="99"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Es </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="100"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">101 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="101"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Md </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">102 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="102"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">No </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">103 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="103"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">104 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="104"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="105"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Db </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">106 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="106"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">107 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="107"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">108 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="108"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="109"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">110 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="110"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ds </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">111 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="111"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">112 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="112"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">113 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="113"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">114 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="114"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="115"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">116 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="116"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lv </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p83-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">117 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="117"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ts </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">118 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="118"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Og </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> <a href="#cite_note-hydride-138">[138]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kaldor-139">[139]</a> <a 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href="/wiki/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc" title="Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/doc">view</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/doc">edit</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc" title="Special:PageHistory/Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/doc">history</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:Purge/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="Special:Purge/Template:List of oxidation states of the elements">purge</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Documentation">edit</a>]</div> See {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data/doc" title="Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data/doc">Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data/doc</a>}} for an overview. This list pulls data from {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data" title="Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data">Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data</a>}} for each element then formats the result with {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-row" title="Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-row">Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-row</a>}} <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also:_oxidation_states_in_{{infobox_element}}">See also: oxidation states in {{infobox element}}</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: See also: oxidation states in {{infobox element}}">edit</a>]</div> The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-oxidation-state" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state">Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state</a>}} <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Technical subtemplates</dt></dl> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/row" title="Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/row">List of oxidation states of the elements/row</a>}}</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chemical_element_data_sets1014" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: White; background: RoyalBlue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--navbox" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: White">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_element/symbol-to--navbox" title="Template talk:Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: White">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: White">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chemical_element_data_sets1014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemical element data sets</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ID</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-name" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-name">Infobox element/symbol-to-name</a>}} · <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-IDs" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-IDs">ID overview</a></li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-Z" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-Z">Infobox element/symbol-to-Z</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/Z-to-symbol" title="Template:Infobox element/Z-to-symbol">Infobox element/Z-to-symbol</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-QID" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-QID">Infobox element/symbol-to-QID</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol">Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol</a>}} (symbol self-check, formatting)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodic table</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-group" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group">Infobox element/symbol-to-group</a>}} 1–18 · <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-group/doc#Overview_groups" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/doc">overview</a></li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-period" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-period">Infobox element/symbol-to-period</a>}} ① –⑧ · <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-period/doc#Overview_groups" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-period/doc">overview</a></li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-block" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-block">Infobox element/symbol-to-block</a>}} s-p-d-f-g</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW">Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW</a>}} (neighbours in the PT)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-properties" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-properties">overview</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-metal-moid-nonmetal" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-metal-moid-nonmetal">Infobox element/symbol-to-metal-moid-nonmetal</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-occurrence" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence">Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-phase" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-phase">Infobox element/symbol-to-phase</a>}} (state of matter)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-allotropes" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes">Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes</a>}} IB · overview</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration">Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration</a>}} (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">overview</a>)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-term-symbol" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol">Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol</a>}} · (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">overview</a>)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-oxidation-state" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state">Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-valence-group" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group">Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group</a>}}</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etymology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology">Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology</a>}} (11x, non-trivial, <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology">overview</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">enwiki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pagename" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pagename">Infobox element/symbol-to-pagename</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-shyphen-name" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-shyphen-name">Infobox element/symbol-to-shyphen-name</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pronunciation" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation">Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation</a>}} · <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview">overview</a></li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-article-quality" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-article-quality">Infobox element/symbol-to-article-quality</a>}} (not in mainspace)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-odd-even" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-odd-even">Infobox element/symbol-to-odd-even</a>}} (Z; to alternate table background)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-top-image/caption" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/caption">caption</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-top-image/alt" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/alt">alt text</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image">Infobox element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-zh" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-zh">Infobox element/symbol-to-zh</a>}} (not mainspace) · <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-IDs" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-IDs">ID overview</a></li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pymol-color" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pymol-color">Infobox element/symbol-to-pymol-color</a>}} · {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pymol-color" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pymol-color">PyMOL color</a>}} (not in mainspace)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: Khaki; color:black;">Isotopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw">saw</a>}} (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview">overview</a>, WD:<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata">s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata</a>)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed">Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope">Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope</a>}} (when not stable only)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg/15px-Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg/23px-Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></a> Wikidata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration">Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration</a>}} (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">overview</a>) [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P8000" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P8000">electron configuration (P8000)</a>]</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-term-symbol" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol">Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol</a>}} · (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">Overview</a>)</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-oxidation-state" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state">Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state</a>}} [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P1121" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P1121">oxidation state (P1121)</a>]</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw">Infobox element/symbol-to-saw</a>}} standard atomic weight (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview">overview</a>; <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata">s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata</a>) [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P2067" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P2067">mass (P2067)</a>]</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-IDs" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-IDs">IDs</a>}} · {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview">Pronunciation</a>}} [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P487" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P487">Unicode character (P487)</a>]</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">elconfig</a>}} [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P8000" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P8000">electron configuration (P8000)</a>]</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-zh" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-zh">Infobox element/symbol-to-zh</a>}} · (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-IDs" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-IDs">ID overview</a>) [WD:<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P487" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P487">Unicode character (P487)</a>] — not in mainspace</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: White; color:black;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-IDs" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-IDs">IDs</a>}} · {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation/overview">Pronunciation</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-properties" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-properties">Properties</a>}}</li><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview">elconfig</a>}}</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview">s.a.w. overview</a> · (<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview-compare-wikidata">s.a.w. compare enwiki–wikidata</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/period-8-elements/overview" title="Template:Infobox element/period-8-elements/overview">period 8 overview</a> (E119; theoretical element pages)</li><li>{{<a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of oxidation states of the elements</a>}}</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview-infobox-formats" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-infobox-formats">Infobox formatting</a> overview: group, period, block</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data hardcoded (not using these datalists)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Element_cell" title="Template:Element cell">element cell</a>}} etc., in articles: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AElement+cell&namespace=0">element cell articles</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AElement+cell-named&namespace=0">cell-linked</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AElement+cell-large&namespace=0">cell-large</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AElement+cell+property&namespace=0">cell-property</a></li><li>articles: {{<a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_chemical_elements" title="Template:List of chemical elements">List of elements</a>}}</li><li>infobox references: <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">List of References</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">m.p.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">b.p.</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: White; background: RoyalBlue;">nav</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;unbulleted list"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to--overview1" title="Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1">Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_element_data_sets" title="Category:Infobox element data sets">Category:Infobox element data sets</a> (46) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_element_data_sets_overviews" title="Category:Infobox element data sets 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Add categories to the <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/doc" title="Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/doc">/doc</a> subpage. <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/">Subpages of this template</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e−)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDongOganovGoncharovStavrou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Xiao; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Lobanov, Sergey; Saleh, Gabriele; Qian, Guang-Rui; Zhu, Qiang; Gatti, Carlo; Deringer, Volker L.; Dronskowski, Richard; Zhou, Xiang-Feng; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana; Popov, Ivan A.; Boldyrev, Alexander I.; Wang, Hui-Tian (6 February 2017). "A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure". <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a>. 9 (5): 440–445. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.3827">1309.3827</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCh...9..440D">2017NatCh...9..440D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2716">10.1038/nchem.2716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28430195">28430195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20459726">20459726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+stable+compound+of+helium+and+sodium+at+high+pressure&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20459726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCh...9..440D&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1309.3827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28430195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2716&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Oganov%2C+Artem+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+Alexander+F.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+Elissaios&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Qian%2C+Guang-Rui&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Gatti%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Deringer%2C+Volker+L.&rft.au=Dronskowski%2C+Richard&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xiang-Feng&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+Vitali+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana&rft.au=Popov%2C+Ivan+A.&rft.au=Boldyrev%2C+Alexander+I.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hui-Tian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Li(–1) has been observed in the gas phase; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._H._SloaneH._M._Love1947" class="citation journal cs1">R. H. Sloane; H. M. Love (1947). "Surface Formation of Lithium Negative Ions". Nature. 159: 302–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F159302a0">10.1038/159302a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Surface+Formation+of+Lithium+Negative+Ions&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F159302a0&rft.au=R.+H.+Sloane&rft.au=H.+M.+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCWABe(I)-3"><a href="#cite_ref-BCWABe(I)_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoronskiCrumptonWalesAldridge2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boronski, Josef T.; Crumpton, Agamemnon E.; Wales, Lewis L.; Aldridge, Simon (2023-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh4419">"Diberyllocene, a stable compound of Be(I) with a Be–Be bond"</a>. Science. 380 (6650): 1147–1149. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...380.1147B">2023Sci...380.1147B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adh4419">10.1126/science.adh4419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37319227">37319227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259166086">259166086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Diberyllocene%2C+a+stable+compound+of+Be%28I%29+with+a+Be%E2%80%93Be+bond&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6650&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1147-%3C%2Fspan%3E1149&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259166086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...380.1147B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adh4419&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37319227&rft.aulast=Boronski&rft.aufirst=Josef+T.&rft.au=Crumpton%2C+Agamemnon+E.&rft.au=Wales%2C+Lewis+L.&rft.au=Aldridge%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adh4419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrowsmith-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmithBraunschweigCelikDellermann2016" class="citation journal cs1">Arrowsmith, Merle; Braunschweig, Holger; Celik, Mehmet Ali; Dellermann, Theresa; Dewhurst, Rian D.; Ewing, William C.; Hammond, Kai; Kramer, Thomas; Krummenacher, Ivo (2016). "Neutral zero-valent s-block complexes with strong multiple bonding". Nature Chemistry. 8 (9): 890–894. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCh...8..890A">2016NatCh...8..890A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2542">10.1038/nchem.2542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27334631">27334631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Neutral+zero-valent+s-block+complexes+with+strong+multiple+bonding&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E890-%3C%2Fspan%3E894&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27334631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCh...8..890A&rft.aulast=Arrowsmith&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft.au=Braunschweig%2C+Holger&rft.au=Celik%2C+Mehmet+Ali&rft.au=Dellermann%2C+Theresa&rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+Rian+D.&rft.au=Ewing%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Kai&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Krummenacher%2C+Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimferrer-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimferrer_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimferrerDanésVosYildiz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gimferrer, Martí; Danés, Sergi; Vos, Eva; Yildiz, Cem B.; Corral, Inés; Jana, Anukul; Salvador, Pedro; Andrada, Diego M. (2022-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9172369">"The oxidation state in low-valent beryllium and magnesium compounds"</a>. Chemical Science. 13 (22): 6583–6591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD2SC01401G">10.1039/D2SC01401G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-6539">2041-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9172369">9172369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35756523">35756523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.atitle=The+oxidation+state+in+low-valent+beryllium+and+magnesium+compounds&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6583-%3C%2Fspan%3E6591&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9172369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35756523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD2SC01401G&rft.aulast=Gimferrer&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%AD&rft.au=Dan%C3%A9s%2C+Sergi&rft.au=Vos%2C+Eva&rft.au=Yildiz%2C+Cem+B.&rft.au=Corral%2C+In%C3%A9s&rft.au=Jana%2C+Anukul&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Andrada%2C+Diego+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9172369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Be(I) is known in CpBeBeCp.<a href="#cite_note-BCWABe(I)-3">[3]</a> While Be(0) is claimed to exist in bis(carbene) compounds,<a href="#cite_note-Arrowsmith-4">[4]</a> its existence has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Gimferrer-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schroeder, Melanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/995006210/34">"Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden"</a> (in German). p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eigenschaften+von+borreichen+Boriden+und+Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F995006210%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> B(−1) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">magnesium diboride</a> (MgB2), see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelerWothers2014" class="citation book cs1">Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199604135" title="Special:BookSources/9780199604135"><bdi>9780199604135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199604135&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wothers%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunschweigDewhurstHammondMies2012" class="citation journal cs1">Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1420B">2012Sci...336.1420B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1221138">10.1126/science.1221138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700924">22700924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206540959">206540959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ambient-Temperature+Isolation+of+a+Compound+with+a+Boron-Boron+Triple+Bond&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6087&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1420-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1221138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206540959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22700924&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1420B&rft.aulast=Braunschweig&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+K.&rft.au=Mies%2C+J.&rft.au=Radacki%2C+K.&rft.au=Vargas%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-128">dy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-129">dz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-130">ea</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-131">eb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-132">ec</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-133">ed</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-134">ee</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-135">ef</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-136">eg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-137">eh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-138">ei</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-139">ej</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-140">ek</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-141">el</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-142">em</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-143">en</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-144">eo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-145">ep</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-146">eq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-147">er</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-148">es</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-149">et</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-150">eu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-151">ev</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-152">ew</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-153">ex</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-154">ey</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-155">ez</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-156">fa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-157">fb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-158">fc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-159">fd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-160">fe</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-161">ff</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-162">fg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-163">fh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-164">fi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-165">fj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-166">fk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-167">fl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-168">fm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-169">fn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-170">fo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-171">fp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-172">fq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-173">fr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-174">fs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-175">ft</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-176">fu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-177">fv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-178">fw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-179">fx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-180">fy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-181">fz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-182">ga</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-183">gb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-184">gc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-185">gd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-186">ge</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-187">gf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-188">gg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_K.Q.Guo,_B.Braun,_V.Dulick,_M.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf">"Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF"</a> (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JMoSp.170...82Z">1995JMoSp.170...82Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058">10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Infrared+Emission+Spectroscopy+of+BF+and+AIF&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JMoSp.170...82Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.Q.&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Braun%2C+V.&rft.au=Dulick%2C+M.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazole" title="Tetrazole">Tetrazoles</a> contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryFinnegan1954" class="citation journal cs1">Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01630a086">10.1021/ja01630a086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Improved+Procedure+for+the+Deamination+of+5-Aminotetrazole&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01630a086&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft.au=Finnegan%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerutzTurner1975" class="citation journal cs1">Perutz, Robin N.; Turner, James J. (August 1975). "Photochemistry of the Group 6 hexacarbonyls in low-temperature matrices. III. Interaction of the pentacarbonyls with noble gases and other matrices". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (17): 4791–4800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00850a001">10.1021/ja00850a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Photochemistry+of+the+Group+6+hexacarbonyls+in+low-temperature+matrices.+III.+Interaction+of+the+pentacarbonyls+with+noble+gases+and+other+matrices&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4791-%3C%2Fspan%3E4800&rft.date=1975-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00850a001&rft.aulast=Perutz&rft.aufirst=Robin+N.&rft.au=Turner%2C+James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The compound <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometries</a> under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangOganovGoncharovZhu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7674">1310.7674</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1502Z">2013Sci...342.1502Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244989">10.1126/science.1244989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357316">24357316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15298372">15298372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Unexpected+Stable+Stoichiometries+of+Sodium+Chlorides&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6165&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1502-%3C%2Fspan%3E1505&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15298372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1502Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.7674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24357316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1244989&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Q.&rft.au=Boulfelfel%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+A.+O.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+E.&rft.au=Somayazulu%2C+M.&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+V.+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöschGentnerEyseleinLanger2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.592..717R">2021Natur.592..717R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w">10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33911274">33911274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233447380">233447380</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Strongly+reducing+magnesium%280%29+complexes&rft.volume=592&rft.issue=7856&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E721&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233447380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33911274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.592..717R&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Gentner%2C+T.+X.&rft.au=Eyselein%2C+J.&rft.au=Langer%2C+J.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Harder%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernath,_P._F.Black,_J._H.Brault,_J._W.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/24.pdf">"The spectrum of magnesium hydride"</a> (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ApJ...298..375B">1985ApJ...298..375B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F163620">10.1086/163620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+spectrum+of+magnesium+hydride&rft.volume=298&rft.pages=375&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F163620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985ApJ...298..375B&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Black%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Brault%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988">. See also <a href="/wiki/Low_valent_magnesium_compounds" title="Low valent magnesium compounds">Low valent magnesium compounds</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWemdorffRöhr2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001">10.1515/znb-2007-1001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94972243">94972243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+B&rft.atitle=Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Eine+Zintl-Phase+mit+isolierten+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+und+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-Anionen+%2F+Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+A+Zintl+Phase+with+Isolated+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+and+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94972243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wemdorff&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Al(–1) has been reported in Na5Al5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaopeng_WangXinxing_ZhangYeon_Jae_KoAndrej_Grubisic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Haopeng Wang; Xinxing Zhang; Yeon Jae Ko; Andrej Grubisic; Xiang Li; Gerd Ganteför; Hansgeorg Schnöckel; Bryan W. Eichhorn; Mal-Soon Lee; P. Jena; Anil K. Kandalam; Boggavarapu Kiran; Kit H. Bowen (2014). "Aluminum Zintl anion moieties within sodium aluminum clusters". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 140 (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4862989">10.1063/1.4862989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Zintl+anion+moieties+within+sodium+aluminum+clusters&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4862989&rft.au=Haopeng+Wang&rft.au=Xinxing+Zhang&rft.au=Yeon+Jae+Ko&rft.au=Andrej+Grubisic&rft.au=Xiang+Li&rft.au=Gerd+Gantef%C3%B6r&rft.au=Hansgeorg+Schn%C3%B6ckel&rft.au=Bryan+W.+Eichhorn&rft.au=Mal-Soon+Lee&rft.au=P.+Jena&rft.au=Anil+K.+Kandalam&rft.au=Boggavarapu+Kiran&rft.au=Kit+H.+Bowen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of <a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethylaluminum">Al2(CH3)6</a> with carbon monoxide; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchezArringtonArrington_Jr.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. 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Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja807828t">10.1021/ja807828t</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937460">18937460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Carbene-Stabilized+Diphosphorus&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14970-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja807828t&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18937460&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=King%2C+R.+Bruce&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Iii&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+Paul+v.+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMacDonald2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic060186o">10.1021/ic060186o</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16903744">16903744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Phosphorus%28I%29+Iodide%3A+A+Versatile+Metathesis+Reagent+for+the+Synthesis+of+Low+Oxidation+State+Phosphorus+Compounds&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6864-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic060186o&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16903744&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bobby+D.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Charles+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ar(0) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">argon fluorohydride</a> (HArF) and ArCF22+, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyearDouglasPriceKarwowska2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. 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Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West-28"><a href="#cite_ref-West_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieckGörlsWesterhausen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja105534w">10.1021/ja105534w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20718434">20718434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Mechanistic+Elucidation+of+the+Formation+of+the+Inverse+Ca%28I%29+Sandwich+Complex+%5B%28thf%293Ca%28%CE%BC-C6H3-1%2C3%2C5-Ph3%29Ca%28thf%293%5D+and+Stability+of+Aryl-Substituted+Phenylcalcium+Complexes&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12492-%3C%2Fspan%3E12501&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja105534w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20718434&rft.aulast=Krieck&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=G%C3%B6rls%2C+Helmar&rft.au=Westerhausen%2C+Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1991-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1991_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke,_F._Geoffrey_N.Khan,_KarlPerutz,_Robin_N.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC39910001372">10.1039/C39910001372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=%CE%B7-Arene+complexes+of+scandium%280%29+and+scandium%28II%29&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1372-%3C%2Fspan%3E1373&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC39910001372&rft.au=Cloke%2C+F.+Geoffrey+N.&rft.au=Khan%2C+Karl&rft.au=Perutz%2C+Robin+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973RSPSA.332..113S">1973RSPSA.332..113S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1973.0015">10.1098/rspa.1973.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96908213">96908213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%2C+Mathematical+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Diatomic+Hydride+and+Deuteride+Spectra+of+the+Second+Row+Transition+Metals&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=1588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96908213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1973.0015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973RSPSA.332..113S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire-31"><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireKempter,_Charles_P.1960" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960JChPh..33.1584M">1960JChPh..33.1584M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1731452">10.1063/1.1731452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+Properties+of+Scandium+Dihydride&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1584-%3C%2Fspan%3E1585&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1731452&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960JChPh..33.1584M&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft.au=Kempter%2C+Charles+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ti(-2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJilekTripepiUrneziusBrennessel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB700808B">10.1039/B700808B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579764">17579764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Zerovalent+titanium%E2%80%93sulfur+complexes.+Novel+dithiocarbamato+derivatives+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22avoidwrap%22+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3B%22%3ETi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A%5BTi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%28S%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ECNR%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%5D%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2639-%3C%2Fspan%3E2641&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB700808B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17579764&rft.aulast=Jilek&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Tripepi%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Urnezius%2C+Eugenijus&rft.au=Brennessel%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Young%2C+Victor+G.+Jr.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson,_N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.3543A">2003JChPh.118.3543A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1539848">10.1063/1.1539848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Emission+spectra+of+TiH+and+TiD+near+938+nm&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=10543&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1539848&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChPh.118.3543A&rft.au=Andersson%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> V(–3) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">V(CO)3−5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> V(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">V(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Cr(–4) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na4Cr(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Cr(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cr(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Mn(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn(cod)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamBernath2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMoSp.221..261R">2003JMoSp.221..261R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2852%2803%2900225-X">10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Fourier+transform+emission+spectroscopy+of+the+g%3Csup%3E4%3C%2Fsup%3E%CE%94%26ndash%3Ba%3Csup%3E4%3C%2Fsup%3E%CE%94+system+of+FeCl&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-2852%2803%2900225-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMoSp.221..261R&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemazeauBuffatPouchardHagenmuller1982" class="citation journal cs1">Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19824910109">10.1002/zaac.19824910109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+und+allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+the+field+of+high+oxidation+states+of+transition+elements+in+oxides+stabilization+of+six-coordinated+Iron%28V%29&rft.volume=491&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19824910109&rft.aulast=Demazeau&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Buffat%2C+B.&rft.au=Pouchard%2C+M.&rft.au=Hagenmuller%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuJianHuangLin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PCCP...1831125L">2016PCCP...1831125L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6CP06753K">10.1039/C6CP06753K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812577">27812577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Experimental+and+theoretical+identification+of+the+Fe%28VII%29+oxidation+state+in+FeO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31125-%3C%2Fspan%3E31131&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27812577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC6CP06753K&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PCCP...1831125L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Jian%2C+J.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.&rft.au=Lin%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Zhou%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Co(–3) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na3Co(CO)3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-44"><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 1117–1119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1117-%3C%2Fspan%3E1119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ni(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(COD)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Ni(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfirrmannLimbergHerwigStößer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200805862">10.1002/anie.200805862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19322853">19322853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Dinuclear+Nickel%28I%29+Dinitrogen+Complex+and+its+Reduction+in+Single-Electron+Steps&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3357-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200805862&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19322853&rft.aulast=Pfirrmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Limberg%2C+Christian&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Christian&rft.au=St%C3%B6%C3%9Fer%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Ziemer%2C+Burkhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnesBuccellaChenRamirez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200804435">10.1002/anie.200804435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19021174">19021174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Stable+Tetraalkyl+Complex+of+Nickel%28IV%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200804435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19021174&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Buccella%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Chen%2C+Judy+Y.-C.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Arthur+P.&rft.au=Turro%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Nuckolls%2C+Colin&rft.au=Steigerwald%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Cu(−2) have been observed as dimeric anions [Cu4]2– in La2Cu2In; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E444-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretZhangPeters2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/37931/">"A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja4006578">10.1021/ja4006578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418750">23418750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc&rft.atitle=A+Polar+Copper%E2%80%93Boron+One-Electron+%CF%83-Bond&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3792-%3C%2Fspan%3E3795&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja4006578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23418750&rft.aulast=Moret&rft.aufirst=Marc-Etienne&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Limei&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jonas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F37931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Zn(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in Ca5Zn3 (structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E444-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Zn(I) has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">decamethyldizincocene</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResa,_I.Carmona,_E.Gutierrez-Puebla,_E.Monge,_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 305 (5687): 1136–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1136R">2004Sci...305.1136R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101356">10.1126/science.1101356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326350">15326350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38990338">38990338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Decamethyldizincocene%2C+a+Stable+Compound+of+Zn%28I%29+with+a+Zn-Zn+Bond&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5687&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1136-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38990338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15326350&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1136R&rft.au=Resa%2C+I.&rft.au=Carmona%2C+E.&rft.au=Gutierrez-Puebla%2C+E.&rft.au=Monge%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colture-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann,_Patrick1997" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann, Patrick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf">Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden</a> (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893">10.3929/ethz-a-001859893</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F143357">20.500.11850/143357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3728125972" title="Special:BookSources/978-3728125972"><bdi>978-3728125972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colture.+Ein+Programm+zur+interaktiven+Visualisierung+von+Festk%C3%B6rperstrukturen+sowie+Synthese%2C+Struktur+und+Eigenschaften+von+bin%C3%A4ren+und+tern%C3%A4ren+Alkali-+und+Erdalkalimetallgalliden&rft.inst=PhD+Thesis%2C+ETH+Zurich&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F143357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893&rft.isbn=978-3728125972&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Fupress%2Fonline%2Ffrei%2F978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürrBauerRöhr2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znaturforsch.com/s66b/s66b1107.pdf">"Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen"</a> (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Naturforsch.&rft.atitle=Lanthan-Triel%2FTetrel-ide+La%28Al%2CGa%29%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3E%28Si%2CGe%29%3Csub%3E1-x%3C%2Fsub%3E.+Experimentelle+und+theoretische+Studien+zur+Stabilit%C3%A4t+intermetallischer+1%3A1-Phasen&rft.volume=66b&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1107-%3C%2Fspan%3E1121&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Britta&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znaturforsch.com%2Fs66b%2Fs66b1107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ga(−1) has been observed in LiGa; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1185&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ga(0) is known in <a href="/wiki/Gallium_monoiodide" title="Gallium monoiodide">gallium monoiodide</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddifieldJurcaRichesonBryce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Widdifield, Cory M.; Jurca, Titel; Richeson, Darrin S.; Bryce, David L. (2012-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277538712000101">"Using 69/71Ga solid-state NMR and 127I NQR as probes to elucidate the composition of "GaI""</a>. Polyhedron. 35 (1): 96–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.poly.2012.01.003">10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-5387">0277-5387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polyhedron&rft.atitle=Using+69%2F71Ga+solid-state+NMR+and+127I+NQR+as+probes+to+elucidate+the+composition+of+%22GaI%22&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.poly.2012.01.003&rft.issn=0277-5387&rft.aulast=Widdifield&rft.aufirst=Cory+M.&rft.au=Jurca%2C+Titel&rft.au=Richeson%2C+Darrin+S.&rft.au=Bryce%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277538712000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-germanides-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-germanides_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-germanides_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-germanides_57-2">c</a> Ge(−1), Ge(−2), Ge(−3), and Ge(–4) have been observed in <a href="/wiki/Germanide" title="Germanide">germanides</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Germanium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–959. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012641-9"><bdi>978-3-11-012641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E953-%3C%2Fspan%3E959&rft.edition=101&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012641-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin2_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> As(−2) has been observed in CaAs; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> As(−1) has been observed in LiAs; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard_Nesper1990" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhard Nesper (1990). "Structure and chemical bonding in zintl-phases containing lithium". Progress in Solid State Chemistry (1): 1–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-6786%2890%2990006-2">10.1016/0079-6786(90)90006-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Solid+State+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Structure+and+chemical+bonding+in+zintl-phases+containing+lithium&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0079-6786%2890%2990006-2&rft.au=Reinhard+Nesper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamWangXieWei2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200902840">10.1002/chem.200902840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19937872">19937872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Carbene+Stabilization+of+Diarsenic%3A+From+Hypervalency+to+Allotropy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.200902840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19937872&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Mariham+Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=Shaefer+III%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+P.+von+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMacDonald2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic049281s">10.1021/ic049281s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360247">15360247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilized+Arsenic%28I%29+Iodide%3A+A+Ready+Source+of+Arsenic+Iodide+Fragments+and+a+Useful+Reagent+for+the+Generation+of+Clusters&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5981-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic049281s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15360247&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bobby+D.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Charles+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> As(IV) has been observed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic(IV)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic(IV) hydroxide (page does not exist)">arsenic(IV) hydroxide</a> (As(OH)4) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HAsO−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKläningBielskiSehested1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00313a007">10.1021/ic00313a007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28IV%29.+A+pulse-radiolysis+study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2717-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00313a007&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Bielski%2C+Benon+H.+J.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Se2−2, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disodium_diselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disodium diselenide (page does not exist)">disodium diselenide</a> (Na2Se2); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._FöpplE._BusmannF.-K._Frorath1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">H. Föppl; E. Busmann; F.-K. Frorath (1962). "Die Kristallstrukturen von α-Na2S2 und K2S2, β-Na2S2 und Na2Se2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 314 (1): 12–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19623140104">10.1002/zaac.19623140104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+und+allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Die+Kristallstrukturen+von+%CE%B1-Na2S2+und+K2S2%2C+%CE%B2-Na2S2+und+Na2Se2&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19623140104&rft.au=H.+F%C3%B6ppl&rft.au=E.+Busmann&rft.au=F.-K.+Frorath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCargneluttiLangPiquiniAbram2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003">10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-7003">1387-7003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+Communications&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+structure+of+%5BReOSe%282-Se-py%293%5D%3A+A+rhenium%28V%29+complex+with+selenium%280%29+as+a+ligand&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003&rft.issn=1387-7003&rft.aulast=Cargnelutti&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Lang%2C+Ernesto+S.&rft.au=Piquini%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Abram%2C+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauNeumüllerVyboishchikovFrenking1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108">10.1002/chem.19960021108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENBr%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+New+Nitride+Halides+of+Selenium%28III%29+and+Selenium%28IV%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1393-%3C%2Fspan%3E1396&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Neum%C3%BCller%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Vyboishchikov%2C+Sergei+F.&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Dehnicke%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Herker%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100382a032">Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Rb(–1) is known in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidides (page does not exist)">rubidides</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColarussoGuoZhangBernath1996" class="citation journal cs1">Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf">"High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride"</a> (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMoSp.175..158C">1996JMoSp.175..158C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019">10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Infrared+Emission+Spectrum+of+Strontium+Monofluoride&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMoSp.175..158C&rft.aulast=Colarusso&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.-Q.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_71-13">n</a> Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Zr(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zr(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calderazzo-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderazzoPampaloni1992" class="citation journal cs1">Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022328X92831263">"Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower"</a>. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3">10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Organometallics+of+groups+4+and+5%3A+Oxidation+states+II+and+lower&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3&rft.aulast=Calderazzo&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rft.au=Pampaloni%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022328X92831263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Ma_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaHerbertSenanayakeYildiz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/106/10/101603/236409/Non-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium">"Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation"</a>. Applied Physics Letters. 106 (10). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.106j1603M">2015ApPhL.106j1603M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4914180">10.1063/1.4914180</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F104888">1721.1/104888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6951">0003-6951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Non-equilibrium+oxidation+states+of+zirconium+during+early+stages+of+metal+oxidation&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F104888&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4914180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApPhL.106j1603M&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Herbert%2C+F.+William&rft.au=Senanayake%2C+Sanjaya+D.&rft.au=Yildiz%2C+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fapl%2Farticle%2F106%2F10%2F101603%2F236409%2FNon-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Nb(–3) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cs3Nb(CO)5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3322-%3C%2Fspan%3E3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehrbuch-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lehrbuch_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lehrbuch_77-1">b</a> Nb(0) and Nb(I) has been observed in Nb(bpy)3 and CpNb(CO)4, respectively; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1554&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Mo(–4) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na4Mo(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3322-%3C%2Fspan%3E3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Mo(0) occurs in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">molybdenum hexacarbonyl</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3322-%3C%2Fspan%3E3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 1140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1140&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva_SantosStükerFlachAblyasova2022" class="citation journal cs1">Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544489">"The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+"</a>. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202207688">10.1002/anie.202207688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544489">9544489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818987">35818987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=The+Highest+Oxidation+State+of+Rhodium%3A+Rhodium%28VII%29+in+%5BRhO3%5D%2B&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=e202207688&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9544489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35818987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202207688&rft.aulast=Da+Silva+Santos&rft.aufirst=Mayara&rft.au=St%C3%BCker%2C+Tony&rft.au=Flach%2C+Max&rft.au=Ablyasova%2C+Olesya+S.&rft.au=Timm%2C+Martin&rft.au=von+Issendorff%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Zamudio%E2%80%90Bayer%2C+Vicente&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Lau%2C+J.+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9544489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Pd(I) is known in [Pd2]2+ compounds; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_FrickeTheresa_SpergerMarvin_MendelFranziska_Schoenebeck2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christoph Fricke; Theresa Sperger; Marvin Mendel; Franziska Schoenebeck (2020). "Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202011825">10.1002/anie.202011825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Catalysis+with+Palladium%28I%29+Dimers&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202011825&rft.au=Christoph+Fricke&rft.au=Theresa+Sperger&rft.au=Marvin+Mendel&rft.au=Franziska+Schoenebeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Pd(III) has been observed; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersRitter2011" class="citation book cs1">Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">"Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis"</a> (PDF). Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011hoso.book..129P">2011hoso.book..129P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5"><bdi>978-3-642-17428-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066514">3066514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21461129">21461129</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palladium%28III%29+in+Synthesis+and+Catalysis&rft.btitle=Higher+Oxidation+State+Organopalladium+and+Platinum+Chemistry&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011hoso.book..129P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21461129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-17428-5&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ritter%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.harvard.edu%2Fgroups%2Fritter%2Fpdf%2F2011-129t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimadaLiChoeTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">"Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104">10.1073/pnas.0700450104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">1876520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17470819">17470819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multinuclear+palladium+compounds+containing+palladium+centers+ligated+by+five+silicon+atoms&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7758-%3C%2Fspan%3E7763&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17470819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft.au=Li%2C+Yong-Hua&rft.au=Choe%2C+Yoong-Kee&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masato&rft.au=Bao%2C+Ming&rft.au=Uchimaru%2C+Tadafumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ag(−2) have been observed as dimeric and monomeric anions in Ca5Ag3, (structure (Ca2+)5(Ag–Ag)4−Ag2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranLagowski2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000333x">10.1021/ic000333x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Metal+Ammonia+Solutions%3A+Solutions+Containing+Argentide+Ions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1067-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic000333x&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Lagowski%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshOzin1976" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00427a018">10.1021/ja00427a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+using+metal+vapors.+Silver+carbonyls.+Matrix+infrared%2C+ultraviolet-visible%2C+and+electron+spin+resonance+spectra%2C+structures%2C+and+bonding+of+silver+tricarbonyl%2C+silver+dicarbonyl%2C+silver+monocarbonyl%2C+and+disilver+hexacarbonyl&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3167-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00427a018&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ozin%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-89"><a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_89-0">^</a> Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Cd(I) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium(I)_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate">cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate</a> (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadmium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1056-%3C%2Fspan%3E1057&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuloyCorbett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic951378e">10.1021/ic951378e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666477">11666477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis%2C+Structure%2C+and+Bonding+of+Two+Lanthanum+Indium+Germanides+with+Novel+Structures+and+Properties&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2616-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic951378e&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666477&rft.aulast=Guloy&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false">[1]</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> In(−1) has been observed in NaIn; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1185&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony-Downs-2/publication/6589844_Development_of_the_Chemistry_of_Indium_in_Formal_Oxidation_States_Lower_than_3/links/5a82db2a0f7e9bda869fb52c/Development-of-the-Chemistry-of-Indium-in-Formal-Oxidation-States-Lower-than-3.pdf?origin=publication_detail">[2]</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapoianHoffmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12379848">"Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks"</a>. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820000717%2939%3A14%3C2408%3A%3Aaid-anie2408%3E3.0.co%3B2-u">10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10941096">10941096</a>. Retrieved 2015-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Hypervalent+Bonding+in+One%2C+Two%2C+and+Three+Dimensions%3A+Extending+the+Zintl%E2%80%93Klemm+Concept+to+Nonclassical+Electron-Rich+Networks&rft.volume=2000&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2408-%3C%2Fspan%3E2448&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820000717%2939%3A14%3C2408%3A%3Aaid-anie2408%3E3.0.co%3B2-u&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10941096&rft.aulast=Papoian&rft.aufirst=Garegin+A.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Roald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F12379848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sn(−2) has been observed in SrSn; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1007&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Sn(−1) has been observed in CsSn; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1007&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-98"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin3_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C13940255&Units=SI">"HSn"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=HSn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DC13940255%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B1001467&Units=SI">"SnH3"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=SnH3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DB1001467%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbanion-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbanion_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbanion_101-1">b</a> Sb(−2) and Sb(−1) has been observed in [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−, respectively; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossPetriPickhardZönnchen2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (in German). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200400546">10.1002/zaac.200400546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Neue+Barium-Antimonid-Oxide+mit+den+Zintl-Ionen+%5BSb%5D%3Csup%3E3%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+%5BSb%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+und+%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E%E2%88%9E%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BSb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3En%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%2F+New+Barium+Antimonide+Oxides+containing+Zintl+Ions+%5BSb%5D%3Csup%3E3%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+%5BSb%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E%E2%88%9E%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BSb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3En%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=631&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1181-%3C%2Fspan%3E1190&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200400546&rft.aulast=Boss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Petri%2C+Denis&rft.au=Pickhard%2C+Frank&rft.au=Z%C3%B6nnchen%2C+Peter&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastas_Sidiropoulos2019" class="citation news cs1">Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf">"Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements"</a> (PDF). p. 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60">10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132399530">132399530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+N-heterocyclic+Carbene+%28NHC%29+Complexes+of+the+Main+Group+Elements&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132399530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anastas+Sidiropoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8817%2F39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sb(I) have been observed in <a href="/wiki/Organoantimony_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoantimony compounds">organoantimony compounds</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimonde_ProftJamborRůžička2010" class="citation journal cs1">Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201002209">10.1002/anie.201002209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20602393">20602393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Monomeric+Organoantimony%28I%29+and+Organobismuth%28I%29+Compounds+Stabilized+by+an+NCN+Chelating+Ligand%3A+Syntheses+and+Structures&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5468-%3C%2Fspan%3E5471&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201002209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20602393&rft.aulast=%C5%A0imon&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=de+Proft%2C+Frank&rft.au=Jambor%2C+Roman&rft.au=R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka%2C+Ale%C5%A1&rft.au=Dost%C3%A1l%2C+Libor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sb(IV) has been observed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[SbCl6]2−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobuyoshi_ShinoharaMasaaki_Ohsima2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246%2Fbcsj.73.1599">10.1246/bcsj.73.1599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Chemical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Production+of+Sb%28IV%29+Chloro+Complex+by+Flash+Photolysis+of+the+Corresponding+Sb%28III%29+and+Sb%28V%29+Complexes+in+CH3CN+and+CHCl3&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1599-%3C%2Fspan%3E1604&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1246%2Fbcsj.73.1599&rft.au=Nobuyoshi+Shinohara&rft.au=Masaaki+Ohsima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikitin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RuCRv..77..739N">2008RuCRv..77..739N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788">10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250898175">250898175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Halogen+monoxides&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E749&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250898175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RuCRv..77..739N&rft.aulast=Nikitin&rft.aufirst=I+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Xe(0) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonogold(II)" title="Tetraxenonogold(II)">tetraxenonogold(II)</a> (AuXe42+). </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-2002-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding-2002_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding,_CharlieJohnson,_David_ArthurJanes,_Rob2002" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA93">Elements of the p block</a>. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9"><bdi>0-85404-690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+p+block&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85404-690-9&rft.au=Harding%2C+Charlie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David+Arthur&rft.au=Janes%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0HW8wgmQQsC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-caeside2-108"><a href="#cite_ref-caeside2_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDye1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" title="Angewandte Chemie">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a>. 18 (8): 587–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197905871">10.1002/anie.197905871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Compounds+of+Alkali+Metal+Anions&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E598&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197905871&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuLerner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Wei; Lerner, Michael M. (2018). "A New and Facile Route Using Electride Solutions to Intercalate Alkaline Earth Ions into Graphite". Chemistry of Materials. 30 (19): 6930–6935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemmater.8b03421">10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:105295721">105295721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+of+Materials&rft.atitle=A+New+and+Facile+Route+Using+Electride+Solutions+to+Intercalate+Alkaline+Earth+Ions+into+Graphite&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6930-%3C%2Fspan%3E6935&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemmater.8b03421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A105295721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnI-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-3">d</a> La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChenChenLi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9">10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">8578558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753931">34753931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Monovalent+lanthanide%28I%29+in+borozene+complexes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6467&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34753931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan-Lu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jia&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30543295">30543295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56148031">56148031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lanthanides+with+Unusually+Low+Oxidation+States+in+the+PrB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+PrB%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Boride+Clusters&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56148031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30543295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Xin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanthanides-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_112-4">e</a> All the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html">Lanthanides Topple Assumptions</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201311325">10.1002/anie.201311325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24616202">24616202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=All+the+Lanthanides+Do+It+and+Even+Uranium+Does+Oxidation+State+%2B2&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3550-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201311325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24616202&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988">. Additionally, all the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> SmB6− cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulXinxingTyrelKit2017" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247#">"SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals"</a>. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,? 121,? 8,? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247">10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28182423">28182423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3723987">3723987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.+A+2017%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+121%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+8%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+1849%E2%80%931854&rft.atitle=SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Cluster+Anion%3A+Covalency+Involving+f+Orbitals&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1849-%3C%2Fspan%3E1854&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3723987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28182423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J.+Robinson&rft.au=Xinxing%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Tyrel%2C+McQueen&rft.au=Kit%2C+H.+Bowen&rft.au=Anastassia%2C+N.+Alexandrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Hf(–2) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Hf(CO)62−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3322-%3C%2Fspan%3E3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Hf and [(η5-C5R5Hf(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarekTroyanovTsirel'nikov1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917">"Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium"</a>. Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%2F+Russian+Journal+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+Crystal+structure+and+thermodynamic+characteristics+of+monobromides+of+zirconium+and+hafnium&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E890-%3C%2Fspan%3E893&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft.au=Troyanov%2C+S.I.&rft.au=Tsirel%27nikov%2C+V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finis.iaea.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.aspx%3Forig_q%3DRN%3A11520917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Ta(–3) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ta(CO)53−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3322-%3C%2Fspan%3E3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Ta(0) is known in Ta(CNDipp)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhetpakorn_ChakarawetZachary_W._Davis-GilbertStephanie_R._HarstadVictor_G._Young_Jr.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khetpakorn Chakarawet; Zachary W. Davis-Gilbert; Stephanie R. Harstad; Victor G. Young Jr.; Jeffrey R. Long; John E. Ellis (2017). "Ta(CNDipp)6: An Isocyanide Analogue of Hexacarbonyltantalum(0)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (35): 10577–10581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201706323">10.1002/anie.201706323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Ta%28CNDipp%296%3A+An+Isocyanide+Analogue+of+Hexacarbonyltantalum%280%29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10577-%3C%2Fspan%3E10581&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201706323&rft.au=Khetpakorn+Chakarawet&rft.au=Zachary+W.+Davis-Gilbert&rft.au=Stephanie+R.+Harstad&rft.au=Victor+G.+Young+Jr.&rft.au=Jeffrey+R.+Long&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> Additionally, Ta(0) has also been previously reported in Ta(bipy)3, but this has been proven to contain Ta(V). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Ta(I) has been observed in CpTa(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1554&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> W(−4) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">W(CO)4−4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> W(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">W(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Re(0) is known in <a href="/wiki/Dirhenium_decacarbonyl" title="Dirhenium decacarbonyl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Re2(CO)10</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrIX-123"><a href="#cite_ref-IrIX_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZhouGoettelSchrobilgen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..475W">2014Natur.514..475W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13795">10.1038/nature13795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341786">25341786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4463905">4463905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+an+iridium-containing+compound+with+a+formal+oxidation+state+of+IX&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7523&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E475-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4463905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25341786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..475W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guanjun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Goettel%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Schrobilgen%2C+Gary+G.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Schl%C3%B6der%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMézailleAvarvariMaigrotRicard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10556900">10556900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Gold%28I%29+and+Gold%280%29+Complexes+of+Phosphinine%E2%80%90Based+Macrocycles&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3194-%3C%2Fspan%3E3197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556900&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9zaille&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Avarvari%2C+Narcis&rft.au=Maigrot%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Ricard%2C+Louis&rft.au=Mathey%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Le+Floch%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Berclaz%2C+Th%C3%A9o&rft.au=Geoffroy%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brauer-1936-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Brauer-1936_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauerHaucke1936" class="citation journal cs1">Brauer, G.; Haucke, W. (1936-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-1936-3327/html">"Kristallstruktur der intermetallischen Phasen MgAu und MgHg"</a>. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 33B (1): 304–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327">10.1515/zpch-1936-3327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-7156">2196-7156</a>. <q>MgHg then lends itself to an oxidation state of +2 for Mg and -2 for Hg because it consists entirely of these polar bonds with no evidence of electron unpairing. (translated)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physikalische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Kristallstruktur+der+intermetallischen+Phasen+MgAu+und+MgHg&rft.volume=33B&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=1936-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327&rft.issn=2196-7156&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Haucke%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongCorbett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic960014z">10.1021/ic960014z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666505">11666505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Na%3Csub%3E23%3C%2Fsub%3EK%3Csub%3E9%3C%2Fsub%3ETl%3Csub%3E15.3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+An+Unusual+Zintl+Compound+Containing+Apparent+Tl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E8%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+and+Tl%3Csup%3E5%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3107-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic960014z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666505&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Z.-C.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingQiang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1834915">"Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon"</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 122 (3): 34505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JChPh.122c4505J">2005JChPh.122c4505J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1834915">10.1063/1.1834915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">0021-9606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740207">15740207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics.+122+%283%29%3A+034505&rft.atitle=Observation+of+the+lead+carbonyls+Pb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3ECO+%28n%3D1%E2%80%934%29%3A+Reactions+of+lead+atoms+and+small+clusters+with+carbon+monoxide+in+solid+argon&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34505&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15740207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JChPh.122c4505J&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft.au=Qiang%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Bi(0) state exists in a <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">N-heterocyclic carbene</a> complex of dibismuthene; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekaOrthaber2022" class="citation journal cs1">Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (May 9, 2022). "Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects". Royal Society of Chemistry. 51 (22): 8540–8556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j">10.1039/d2dt00755j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578901">35578901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248675805">248675805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Carbene+chemistry+of+arsenic%2C+antimony%2C+and+bismuth%3A+origin%2C+evolution+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8540-%3C%2Fspan%3E8556&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248675805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35578901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Orthaber%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer_p78-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_p78_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-9974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Th(-1),_U(-1)_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Th(-1),_U(-1)_130-1">b</a> Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoxianSudipJiayeLuyan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">0947-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%28Weinheim+an+der+Bergstrasse%2C+Germany%29.+25+%2850%29%3A+11772%E2%80%9311784&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%29%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%2B%2F%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11772-%3C%2Fspan%3E11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chaoxian&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft.au=Sudip%2C+Pan&rft.au=Jiaye%2C+Jin&rft.au=Luyan%2C+Meng&rft.au=Mingbiao%2C+Luo&rft.au=Lili%2C+Zhao&rft.au=Mingfei%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Gernot%2C+Frenking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorss,_L.R.Edelstein,_N.M.Fuger,_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048131464" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048131464"><bdi>978-9048131464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9048131464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutkiewicz2017_132-0">^</a> Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutkiewiczApostolidisWalterArnold2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">"Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding"</a>. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7SC00034K">10.1039/C7SC00034K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">5431675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28553487">28553487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Reduction+chemistry+of+neptunium+cyclopentadienide+complexes%3A+from+structure+to+understanding&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2553-%3C%2Fspan%3E2561&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28553487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7SC00034K&rft.aulast=Dutkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82+S.&rft.au=Apostolidis%2C+Christos&rft.au=Walter%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Polly+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovács2018-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovácsDauMarçaloGibson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1631597">1631597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040397">30040397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51717837">51717837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Curium%2C+Berkelium%2C+and+Californium+in+Nitrate+Complexes%3A+Extending+Actinide+Chemistry+and+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9453-%3C%2Fspan%3E9467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30040397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51717837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1631597%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Dau%2C+Phuong+D.&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7alo%2C+Joaquim&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CmO3-134"><a href="#cite_ref-CmO3_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomanovLobanov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1066362211050018">10.1134/S1066362211050018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98052484">98052484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochemistry&rft.atitle=Formation+of+volatile+curium%28VI%29+trioxide+CmO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1066362211050018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98052484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Domanov&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yu.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 1265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haire-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transactinides+and+the+future+elements&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Darleane+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Diana+M.&rft.au=Pershina%2C+Valeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer_p83-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_p83_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-9974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydride-138"><a href="#cite_ref-hydride_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanBaeSonLee2000" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JChPh.112.2684H">2000JChPh.112.2684H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.480842">10.1063/1.480842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Spin%E2%80%93orbit+effects+on+the+transactinide+p-block+element+monohydrides+MH+%28M%3Delement+113%E2%80%93118%29&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2684&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.480842&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JChPh.112.2684H&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Young-Kyu&rft.au=Bae%2C+Cheolbeom&rft.au=Son%2C+Sang-Kil&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yoon+Sup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AList+of+oxidation+states+of+the+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldor-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldorWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xcAM5BzS-wC&q=element+118+properties">Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements</a>. Springer. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402013713" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402013713"><bdi>978-1402013713</bdi></a>. 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