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Idioma estoniu - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Vocales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Vocales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_vocálicu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_vocálicu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Sistema vocálicu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_vocálicu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Consonantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_consonánticu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_consonánticu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Sistema consonánticu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_consonánticu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escritura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escritura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Escritura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escritura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Escritura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Escritura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sistema_d&#039;escritura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sistema_d&#039;escritura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carauterístiques xenerales del sistema d'escritura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sistema_d&#039;escritura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustantivu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustantivu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sustantivu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustantivu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axetivu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axetivu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Axetivu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axetivu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintagma_verbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintagma_verbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sintagma verbal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sintagma_verbal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Sintagma verbal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sintagma_verbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sintagma_verbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sintagma_verbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Carauterístiques xenerales del sintagma verbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sintagma_verbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peculiaridaes_del_paradigma_verbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peculiaridaes_del_paradigma_verbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Peculiaridaes del paradigma verbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peculiaridaes_del_paradigma_verbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historia_de_la_llingua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_de_la_llingua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historia de la llingua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_de_la_llingua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usu_y_distribución_xeográfica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usu_y_distribución_xeográfica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Usu y distribución xeográfica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usu_y_distribución_xeográfica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialeutoloxía_y_variantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialeutoloxía_y_variantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dialeutoloxía y variantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialeutoloxía_y_variantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_tamién" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_tamién"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ver tamién</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_tamién-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaces_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaces_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Enllaces esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaces_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Idioma estoniu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 156 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аестон бызшәа – abkhazianu" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аестон бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esties" title="Esties – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Esties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estnische_Sprache" title="Estnische Sprache – alemán de Suiza" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Estnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán de Suiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ኤስቶንኛ – amháricu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤስቶንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amháricu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_estonio" title="Idioma estonio – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma estonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisc_gereord" title="Estisc gereord – inglés antiguu" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Estisc gereord" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglés antiguu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإستونية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإستونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه استونى – árabe d’Exiptu" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه استونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="árabe d’Exiptu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_dili" title="Eston dili – azerbaixanu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eston dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaixanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="استون دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استون دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эстон теле – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эстон теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estu_kalba" title="Estu kalba – samogitianu" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Estu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эстонская мова – bielorrusu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстонская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эстонская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстонская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Естонски език – búlgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="এস্তোনীয় ভাষা – bengalín" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এস্তোনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoneg" title="Estoneg – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Estoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonski_jezik" title="Estonski jezik – bosniu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Estonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni%C3%A0" title="Estonià – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estonià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эстонийн мотт – chechenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эстонийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Estonyo" title="Pinulongang Estonyo – cebuanu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Estonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەستۆنی – kurdu central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەستۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdu central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston%C5%A1tina" title="Estonština – checu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Эстон чĕлхи – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эстон чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoneg" title="Estoneg – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estoneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisk_(sprog)" title="Estisk (sprog) – danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Estisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estnische_Sprache" title="Estnische Sprache – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Estnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonki" title="Estonki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estni%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Estnišćina – baxu sorbiu" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Estnišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baxu sorbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Εσθονική γλώσσα – griegu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσθονική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="griegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Estonian language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estona_lingvo" title="Estona lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_estonio" title="Idioma estonio – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma estonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_keel" title="Eesti keel – estoniu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eesti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniera" title="Estoniera – vascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estoniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="vascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_est%C3%B3nia" title="Luenga estónia – estremeñu" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga estónia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremeñu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان استونیایی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان استونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viron_kieli" title="Viron kieli – finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viron kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_kiil" title="Eesti kiil – voro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eesti kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="voro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Estiskt mál – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Estiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonien" title="Estonien – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estonien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestnisk_spriak" title="Eestnisk spriak – frisón del norte" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eestnisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón del norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estysk" title="Estysk – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Estysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_East%C3%B3inis" title="An Eastóinis – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eastóinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastoinis" title="Eastoinis – gaélicu escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eastoinis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélicu escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_estoniana" title="Lingua estoniana – gallegu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua estoniana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoinish" title="Estoinish – manés" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Estoinish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia-ng%C3%AE" title="Estonia-ngî – chinu hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Estonia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chinu hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BBEsetonia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻEsetonia – hawaianu" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻEsetonia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אסטונית – hebréu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebréu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनियाई भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्टोनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_bhasa" title="Estonian bhasa – hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Estonian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonski_jezik" title="Estonski jezik – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Estišćina – altu sorbiu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Estišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="altu sorbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szt_nyelv" title="Észt nyelv – húngaru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észt nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Էստոներեն – armeniu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էստոներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Estonia" title="Jaku Estonia – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Estonia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Estonia" title="Bahasa Estonia – indonesiu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Estonio" title="Pagsasao nga Estonio – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Estonio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniana_linguo" title="Estoniana linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estoniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eistneska" title="Eistneska – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eistneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_estone" title="Lingua estone – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua estone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="エストニア語 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エストニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ესტონური ენა – xeorxanu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტონური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_tili" title="Eston tili – kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eston tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tis%E1%B9%ADunit" title="Tisṭunit – kabileñu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tisṭunit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabileñu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Estonia" title="Bahasa Estonia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Estonia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Эстон тілі – kazaquistanín" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстон тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាអេស្តូនី – ḥemer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអេស្តូនី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ḥemer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="에스토니아어 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스토니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эст кыв – komi-permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эст кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эстон тил – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эстон тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_eston%C3%AE" title="Zimanê estonî – curdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê estonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эст кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эст кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniek" title="Estoniek – córnicu" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Estoniek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnicu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Эстон тили – kirguistanín" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эстон тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Estonica" title="Lingua Estonica – llatín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Estonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Эстон маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эстон маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esti_(lingua)" title="Esti (lingua) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Esti (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisch" title="Estisch – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Estisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_estun" title="Lengua estun – lombardu" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua estun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C5%B3_kalba" title="Estų kalba – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igau%C5%86u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Igauņu volūda – latgalianu" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Igauņu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igau%C5%86u_valoda" title="Igauņu valoda – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igauņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эстинь кяль – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эстинь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_est%C3%B4niana" title="Fiteny estôniana – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny estôniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Эстон йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эстон йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Естонски јазик – macedoniu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="എസ്തോണിയൻ ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്തോണിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эстони хэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эстони хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनियन भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एस्टोनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Эстон йӹлмӹ – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эстон йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Estonia" title="Bahasa Estonia – malayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эстэнь кель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эстэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="استونیایی – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استونیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestnisch" title="Eestnisch – baxu alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eestnisch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baxu alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esties" title="Esties – baxu saxón" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Esties" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baxu saxón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनियाली भाषा – nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एस्टोनियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्तोनियन भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एस्तोनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisch" title="Estisch – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Estisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisk" title="Estisk – noruegu Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegu Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estisk" title="Estisk – noruegu Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegu Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian" title="Estonian – occitanu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estonian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestin_kieli" title="Eestin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Eestin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Эстойнаг æвзаг – oséticu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эстойнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="oséticu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – punyabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punyabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonyan" title="Estonyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Estonyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_esto%C5%84ski" title="Język estoński – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język estoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Estonian" title="Lenga Estonian – piamontés" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Estonian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piamontés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اسٹونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسٹونی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېستونيايي ژبه – pashtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېستونيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_estoniana" title="Língua estoniana – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua estoniana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istunya_simi" title="Istunya simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istunya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_eston%C4%83" title="Limba estonă – rumanu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba estonă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эстонский язык – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстонский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Естоньскый язык – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Естоньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyesitoniya" title="Icyesitoniya – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyesitoniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эстон тыла – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстон тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱮᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_%C3%A8stone" title="Limba èstone – sardu" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba èstone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonie_leid" title="Estonie leid – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Estonie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esttegiella" title="Esttegiella – sami del norte" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Esttegiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami del norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonski_jezik" title="Estonski jezik – serbo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estonian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3n%C4%8Dina" title="Estónčina – eslovacu" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Estónčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Estonščina – eslovenu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virokiel%C3%A2" title="Virokielâ – inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Virokielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_estoneze" title="Gjuha estoneze – albanu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha estoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Естонски језик – serbiu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estniska" title="Estniska – suecu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estniska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiestonia" title="Kiestonia – suaḥili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiestonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaḥili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="எசுத்தோனிய மொழி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுத்தோனிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони эстонӣ – taxiquistanín" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони эстонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxiquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาเอสโตเนีย – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอสโตเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Estonyo" title="Wikang Estonyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Estonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonca" title="Estonca – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эстон теле – tártaru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эстон теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Эстон кыл – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эстон кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئېستون تىلى – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېستون تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Естонська мова – ucraín" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естонська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استونیائی زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استونیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_tili" title="Eston tili – uzbequistanín" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eston tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbequistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_%C3%A8stona" title="Łéngua èstona – venecianu" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua èstona" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estin_kel%27" title="Estin kel&#039; – vepsiu" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Estin kel&#039;" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Estonia" title="Tiếng Estonia – vietnamín" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestiy" title="Lestiy – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lestiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonyin_(lingaedje)" title="Estonyin (lingaedje) – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Estonyin (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonyo" title="Estonyo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱沙尼亚语 – chinu wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱沙尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinu wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ესტონური ნინა – mingrelianu" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესტონური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9" title="עסטיש – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עסטיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱沙尼亚语 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱沙尼亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="愛沙尼亞語 – chinu lliterariu" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛沙尼亞語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinu lliterariu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia-g%C3%AD" title="Estonia-gí – chinu min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Estonia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chinu min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="愛沙尼亞文 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛沙尼亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9072#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d&#039;interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nome"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Idioma_estoniu" title="Ver la páxina de conteníu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páxina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ast" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox_v2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="media" colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; background-color: #dddddd;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png/40px-Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="45" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <big>Estoniu</big> <br /><i>eesti keel</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Faláu en</b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia">Letonia</a> <p><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Rexón</b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mar_B%C3%A1lticu" title="Mar Bálticu">Mar Bálticu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Falantes</b> </td> <td>1.110.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Families_de_lling%C3%BCes" class="mw-redirect" title="Families de llingües">Familia</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ur%C3%A1liques" title="Llingües uráliques">Urálicu</a><br /> <p>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ugrofineses" title="Llingües ugrofineses">Llingües finoúgrias</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_finu-p%C3%A9rmicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües finu-pérmicas">Llingües finu-pérmicas</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_finu-volgaicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües finu-volgaicas">Llingües finu-volgaicas</a><br /> &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_finu-b%C3%A1ltiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües finu-báltiques">Llingües finu-báltiques</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<b>idioma estoniu</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; text-align:center;">Estatus oficial </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Oficial en</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Xunión Europea">Xunión Europea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Reguláu por</b></span> </td> <td>Institutu del Idioma Estoniu / Eesti Keele Instituut (semioficial) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; text-align:center;">Códigos </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><code>et</code> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructureest"> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></b></td> <td><code>est</code> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructureest"> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></b></td> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/est">est</a></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Idioma_estonio.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Idioma_estonio.PNG/250px-Idioma_estonio.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Idioma_estonio.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="203" /></a></span><br /><small>Estensión del estoniu</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>idioma estoniu</b> (<i>eesti keel</i>) ye una llingua <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ugrofineses" title="Llingües ugrofineses">finu-ugria</a> falada per alredor de 1.100.000 persones que, na so gran mayoría, viven n'<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. Tamién hai pequeñes comunidaes d'estoniu falantes en <a href="/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia">Letonia</a> y <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificación"><span id="Clasificaci.C3.B3n"></span>Clasificación</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar seición: Clasificación" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Clasificación"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estoniu nun ta emparentáu coles llingües autóctones de los otros dos estaos bálticos, <a href="/wiki/Idioma_let%C3%B3n" title="Idioma letón">letón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia">Letonia</a>) y <a href="/wiki/Idioma_lituanu" title="Idioma lituanu">lituanu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>), que son <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_b%C3%A1ltiques" title="Llingües báltiques">llingües báltiques</a> (tamién llamaes baltoeslaves), sinón coles llingües del grupu fínico, sobremanera col <a href="/wiki/Fin%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Finés">finés</a>, faláu al otru llau del <a href="/wiki/Golfu_de_Finlandia" title="Golfu de Finlandia">golfu de Finlandia</a>, o en menor midida coles <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_saami" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües saami">llingües saami</a> de <a href="/wiki/Laponia" title="Laponia">Laponia</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Idioma_komi" title="Idioma komi">komi</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Idioma_udmurto" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioma udmurto">udmurto</a> o les llingües autóctones de <a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a>, según, bien lejanamente, col grupu ugárico, que'l so principal miembru ye'l <a href="/wiki/Idioma_h%C3%BAngaru" title="Idioma húngaru">húngaru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonoloxía"><span id="Fonolox.C3.ADa"></span>Fonoloxía</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar seición: Fonoloxía" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Fonoloxía"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carauterístiques_fonolóxiques_xenerales"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques_fonol.C3.B3xiques_xenerales"></span>Carauterístiques fonolóxiques xenerales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques fonolóxiques xenerales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques fonolóxiques xenerales"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocales">Vocales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar seición: Vocales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Vocales"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">Anterior </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">Posterior </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Arredondiada |Non <p>arrondada |Arrondada </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>align="center" |i </p> </td> <td align="center">y (ü) </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semicerrada </td> <td align="center">y | <p>align="center" |ø (ö) </p> </td> <td align="center">ɤ (õ) </td> <td align="center">o </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>align="center" |æ (ä) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">ɑ (a) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sistema_vocálicu"><span id="Sistema_voc.C3.A1licu"></span>Sistema vocálicu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar seición: Sistema vocálicu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Sistema vocálicu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El sistema vocálicu estoniu tien 9 fonemes con cantidá curtia o llarga (esto ye, 9x2=18 fonemes vocálicos), que se correspuenden coles siguientes grafíes: <i>a</i>, <i>ä</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>ü</i>, <i>õ</i>. </p><p><i>õ</i> ye un soníu vocálicu non arrondáu, posterior y baxu. (pal falante d'español, suena como una <i>o</i> na que nun s'arredondien los llabios. Nun se paez a la mesma lletra en <a href="/wiki/Idioma_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma portugués">portugués</a>, ye paecíu al <a href="/wiki/Idioma_vietnamita" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioma vietnamita">vietnamita</a> <i>o-horn</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonantes">Consonantes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar seición: Consonantes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Consonantes"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="&#124;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_llabial" title="Consonante llabial">Llabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_alveolar" title="Consonante alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonante_postalveolar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonante postalveolar (la páxina nun esiste)">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonante_dosal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonante dosal (la páxina nun esiste)">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_glotal" title="Consonante glotal">Glotal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small> plana </small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Palatalización">palatalizada</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_nasal" title="Consonante nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">n</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">nʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_oclusiva" title="Consonante oclusiva">Oclusiva</a> </th> <th><small style="line-height:130%">corta</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">tʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">k</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small style="line-height:130%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeminaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xeminación (la páxina nun esiste)">geminada</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">pː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">tː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">tʲː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">kː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_fricativa" title="Consonante fricativa">Fricativa</a> </th> <th><small style="line-height:130%">curtia sorda</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">f</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">s</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">sʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">ʃ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small style="line-height:130%">curtia sonora</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">v</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small style="line-height:130%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeminaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xeminación (la páxina nun esiste)">geminada</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">fː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">sː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">sʲː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">ʃː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_aproximante" title="Consonante aproximante">Aproximante</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">l</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">lʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">j</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_vibrante" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonante vibrante">Vibrante</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sistema_consonánticu"><span id="Sistema_conson.C3.A1nticu"></span>Sistema consonánticu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar seición: Sistema consonánticu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Sistema consonánticu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les consonantes /f, ʃ/ solo apaecen n'emprestamos llingüísticos. Una de les carauterístiques distintives del estoniu ye que'l so sistema consonánticu tien tres graos d'estensión: fonemes curtios, llongures y extralargos. La diferencia ente los fonemes llargos y los extralargos mora tantu na so acentuación como na so duración. Les llongures y los extralargos nun s'estremen ortográficamente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escritura">Escritura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar seición: Escritura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Escritura"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sistema_d'escritura"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques_xenerales_del_sistema_d.27escritura"></span>Carauterístiques xenerales del sistema d'escritura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques xenerales del sistema d&#039;escritura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques xenerales del sistema d&#039;escritura"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estoniu emplega los calteres del alfabetu llatín. Sicasí, el so alfabetu escarez de les lletres <i>c, q, w, x</i> y <i>y</i> (tan solo empléguense pa escribir nomes y estranxerismos crudos) y contién les lletres <i>š, ž, </i>õ, <i>ä, ö </i>y<i> ü</i>. Les lletres <i>f, š, z</i> y <i>ž</i> empléguense solamente en préstamos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustantivu">Sustantivu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar seición: Sustantivu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Sustantivu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanto los sustantivos, como los pronomes nun presenten xéneru gramatical. Sicasí tantu los nomes como los axetivos tornar con 14 casos: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominativu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominativu (la páxina nun esiste)">nominativu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenitivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenitivu">xenitivu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partitivu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Partitivu (la páxina nun esiste)">partitivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casu_ilativo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu ilativo">ilativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casu_inesivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu inesivo">inesivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casu_elativo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu elativo">elativo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casu_alativo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Casu alativo (la páxina nun esiste)">alativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casu_adesivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu adesivo">adesivo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caso_ablativu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caso ablativu (la páxina nun esiste)">ablativu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casu_translativo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Casu translativo (la páxina nun esiste)">translativo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casu_terminativu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Casu terminativu (la páxina nun esiste)">terminativu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casu_esivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Casu esivo (la páxina nun esiste)">esivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casu_abesivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu abesivo">abesivo</a> y <a href="/wiki/Casu_comitativo" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu comitativo">comitativo</a>. Una de la particularidaes del sistema flexivo del estoniu ye l'ausencia del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acusativu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acusativu (la páxina nun esiste)">acusativu</a>, que suplir o bien col <a href="/wiki/Xenitivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenitivu">xenitivu</a> (pa oxetos totales) o col <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partitivu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Partitivu (la páxina nun esiste)">partitivu</a> (pa oxetos parciales). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axetivu">Axetivu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar seición: Axetivu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Axetivu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'axetivu concuerda en casu y en númberu col sustantivu al qu'acompaña. Por casu: nominativu: <i>väike kollane maya</i> ("una casa mariella") ilativo (llugar escontra dientro del cual): <i>väikesesse kollasesse majja</i> (Reparar que <i>majja</i> presenta'l grau extralargo de la consonante <i>j</i>, anque ortográficamente represéntese como una consonante doble.) L'axetivu en función predicativa tamién concuerda en númberu y casu col sustantivu antecedente. Por casu: <i>Uus maya on kollane.</i> ("La casa nueva ye mariella.") <i>Uued mayái on kollased.</i> ("Les cases nueves son marielles.") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sintagma_verbal">Sintagma verbal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar seición: Sintagma verbal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Sintagma verbal"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carauterístiques_xenerales_del_sintagma_verbal"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques_xenerales_del_sintagma_verbal"></span>Carauterístiques xenerales del sintagma verbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques xenerales del sintagma verbal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques xenerales del sintagma verbal"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estoniu nun ye una llingua de suxetu obligatoriu na oración afirmativa non marcada (esto ye, la presencia o ausencia del suxetu ye más o menos como nel español, anque la presencia del suxetu ye muncho más frecuente que nel español). Sicasí, l'estoniu (como'l finlandés) escarez d'alverbiu negativu y constrúi la negación con un verbu auxiliar (<i>ei</i>) y el raigañu del verbu. L'auxiliar negativu (a diferencia del finlandés) tien la mesma forma en toles persones, polo que la oración negativa esixe la presencia del suxetu. Por casu: <i>Lähen.</i> ("Voi."). Pero: <i>Ma ei lähe</i> ("Nun voi." Lliteralmente: "Yo nun dir.") <i>Kui me ei leia, siis saame alati üksteisele ka helistada</i> ("Si nun atopamos, siempres podemos llamanos l'unu al otru." Lliteralmente: "Si nós nun atopar, entós podemos siempres l'unu al otru tamién llamar." Nótese la presencia de "nós" (<i>me</i>) na oración negativa y la so nun guarda na afirmativa.) </p><p>L'orde ensin marcar de la oración enunciativa ye SVO: <i>Mina elan Pärnus.</i> (<i>Yo vivu en Pärnu.</i>) </p><p>L'orde ensin marcar de la oración subordinada ye SOV, como, por casu, nel alemán: Asturianu: <i>Si te interesa, podríemos quedar dalgún día.</i> Estoniu: <i>Kui Sul huvi on, siis võiksime millalgi kokku saada.</i> (Lliteralmente: "Si a ti interesante ye, entós podríamos dalgún día xuntos atopanos.") Alemán: <i>Wenn du Interesse hast, dann könnten wir uns irgendwann mal zusammen treffen.</i> (Lliteralmente: "Si tu interés tienes, entós podríamos nós dalgún día vegada xuntos atopanos.") </p><p>La oración interrogativa total marcar por aciu la presencia d'una partícula (<i>kes</i>) de primeres de la oración. La entonación nun camuda con al respeutive de la entonación afirmativa. <i>Oled kodus.</i> (<i>Tas en casa</i>) <i>Kes oled kodus?</i> (<i>¿Tas en casa?</i>) Ente otros, el finlandés (magar con una partícula enclítica, <i>-ko/-kö</i>) y el letón (<i>vai</i>) comparten esta carauterística. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peculiaridaes_del_paradigma_verbal">Peculiaridaes del paradigma verbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar seición: Peculiaridaes del paradigma verbal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Peculiaridaes del paradigma verbal"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Una de les sos peculiaridaes ye l'ausencia del tiempu futuru. Cuando un eventu inda nun asocedió, emplégase'l presente atemporal. El verbu presenta delles formes sustantives ("infinitivos" pa la tradición gramatical occidental) y delles formes axetives ("participios" pa la tradición gramatical occidental). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales"><span id="Aspeutos_hist.C3.B3ricos.2C_sociales_y_culturales"></span>Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar seición: Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historia_de_la_llingua">Historia de la llingua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar seición: Historia de la llingua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Historia de la llingua"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La primer trescripción conocida d'una pallabra n'idioma estoniu remóntase probablemente al <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_VIII" title="Sieglu VIII">sieglu VIII</a>. Na obra <i>Cosmografía</i>, el protagonista (Aethicus Ister) menta una islla denomada Taraconta (Tharaconta). Dellos autores piensen que podría referise a <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> o a la so islla más grande, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saaremaa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saaremaa (la páxina nun esiste)">Saaremaa</a>. Nel so orixe, Taraconta puede venir de les pallabres <i>Taara</i> y <i>kond</i>. Según dellos autores, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taara (la páxina nun esiste)">Taara</a> yera unu de los principales dioses de los antiguos estonios. El sufixu <i>–kond</i> puede referise a una comunidá de persones, como na pallabra <i>perekond</i> (familia), o a una entidá territorial, como en <i>maakond</i> (provincia). Taraconta podría faer alusión a los estonios como adoradores de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taara (la páxina nun esiste)">Taara</a>. </p><p>A partir del <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XIII" title="Sieglu XIII">sieglu XIII</a>, una gran cantidá de fontes escrites dexáronnos tener una mayor conocencia del desenvolvimientu de la llingua. Nesta dómina, los <a href="/wiki/Cruzaes" title="Cruzaes">cruciaos</a> alemanes y escandinavos llegaron a Estonia, una de les últimes tierres <a href="/wiki/Paganu" title="Paganu">paganes</a> d'Europa. Les cruzaes contra los estonios fueron narraes mientres la primer metá del <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XIII" title="Sieglu XIII">sieglu XIII</a> na crónica llatina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%B3nica_d%27Enrique_de_Livonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crónica d&#39;Enrique de Livonia (la páxina nun esiste)">Crónica d'Enrique de Livonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idioma_llat%C3%ADn" title="Idioma llatín">llatín</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae</i></span>), que'l so testu contién pallabres y fragmentos de frases n'estoniu. </p><p>Dempués de les <a href="/wiki/Cruzaes" title="Cruzaes">cruzaes</a>, una parte de la nobleza y la burguesía alemanes establecer nel territoriu de l'antigua <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> que cubría les actuales <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> y <a href="/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia">Letonia</a>. Anque Estonia, nel intre de siete siglos, foi ocupada por delles naciones estranxeres (<a href="/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca">Dinamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia">Suecia</a> y <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>), l'idioma estoniu tuvo sobremanera influyíu pol <a href="/wiki/Baxu_alem%C3%A1n" title="Baxu alemán">baxu alemán y</a> el <a href="/wiki/Altu_alem%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Altu alemán">altu alemán</a>, según pol dialeutu alemán del <a href="/wiki/Rex%C3%B3n_b%C3%A1ltica" title="Rexón báltica">Bálticu</a> que se desenvolvió a partir d'estos. Concretamente, el vocabulariu estoniu rellacionáu cola ciudá y la modernidá inspírase considerablemente nel <a href="/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán">alemán</a>. </p><p>El primer testu n'estoniu calteníu ye'l manuscritu de Kullamaa, datáu nos años 1524-1528. Trátase d'una traducción de los principales rezos católicos como'l Padre Nuesu o'l Credo. Cuando la Reforma establecer n'Estonia, la predicación en llingua vernácula fixo necesaria la traducción de los testos relixosos n'estoniu del norte y estoniu del sur. </p><p>Les primeres gramátiques y los primeros diccionarios fueron redactaos nel <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XVII" title="Sieglu XVII">sieglu XVII</a>. A partir d'esi momentu disponemos d'un gran númberu de testos calteníos. </p><p>Mientres el “espertar” nacional que se produció a mediaos del <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XIX" title="Sieglu XIX">sieglu XIX</a>, l'idioma estoniu, qu'hasta esi momentu namái yera la llingua de los llabradores, convirtióse rápido nuna llingua de cultura, sobremanera gracies a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universid%C3%A1_de_Tartu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidá de Tartu (la páxina nun esiste)">Universidá de Tartu</a>, unu de los principales nucleos intelectuales. Empezó a ser utilizáu na lliteratura y les ciencies. Nesa mesma dómina fueron publicaos los primeros estudios llingüísticos n'estoniu. En 1884, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_August_Hermann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl August Hermann (la páxina nun esiste)">Karl August Hermann</a> publicó la primer gramática estonia n'estoniu, fechu que contribuyó de manera importante a la estandarización de la llingua. </p><p>Na segunda metá del <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XX" title="Sieglu XX">sieglu XX</a>, los intelectuales estonios propunxéronse como oxetivu'l desenvolver la so llingua p'afaela a la cultura europea moderna. El llingüista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Aavik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Aavik (la páxina nun esiste)">Johannes Aavik</a> tuvo un papel importante nesti procesu, esforciándose n'arriquecer y enguapecer la llingua lliteraria. Utilizó abondosamente los recursos proporcionaos pol <a href="/wiki/Idioma_fin%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioma finés">idioma finlandés</a> y los dialeutos, y creó tamién pallabres y morfemes gramaticales artificiales. Paralelamente a esta renovación llingüística” (<i>keeleuuendus</i>) impulsada por Aavik, otra corriente, dirixida por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Voldemar_Veski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Voldemar Veski (la páxina nun esiste)">Johannes Voldemar Veski</a>, concentrar na ellaboración de normes y nel desenvolvimientu de la terminoloxía. Dellos miles de términos, en toles árees del saber y de la vida, fueron creaos mientres esti periodu. A lo llargo del <a href="/wiki/Sieglu_XX" title="Sieglu XX">sieglu XX</a> los diccionarios normativos tuvieron un papel importante na fixación de la llingua estándar. El primeru d'ellos apaeció en 1918. </p><p>Mientres el réxime <a href="/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Xunión Soviética">soviéticu</a> (1940-1991), la estandarización de la llingua y el siguimientu estrictu de les normes convertir nuna forma de resistencia nacional. Yera una manera d'oponese a la ideoloxía soviética, simbolizada pola <a href="/wiki/Idioma_rusu" title="Idioma rusu">llingua rusa</a>. La llingua yera unu de los elementos fundamentales de la identidá estonia. Les autoridaes nun prohibieron nin l'estudiu científicu del estoniu nin el so emplegu na mayoría de les árees de la vida pública (incluyida la educación), lo que dexó a los estonios y a la so llingua aguantar a la <a href="/wiki/Rusificaci%C3%B3n" title="Rusificación">rusificación</a> y a la <a href="/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n" title="Colonización">colonización</a>. </p><p>El 1 de mayu de 2004, l'estoniu convertir nuna de les venti <a href="/wiki/Idioma_oficial" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioma oficial">llingües oficiales</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Xunión Europea">Xunión Europea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usu_y_distribución_xeográfica"><span id="Usu_y_distribuci.C3.B3n_xeogr.C3.A1fica"></span>Usu y distribución xeográfica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar seición: Usu y distribución xeográfica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Usu y distribución xeográfica"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estoniu cunta con alredor de 1.000.000 falantes. Les comunidaes más numberoses tán na mesma <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, con 920.000 y en <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>, con 40.000. Esisten unos miles más de falantes ente les comunidaes de la diáspora estonia n'<a href="/wiki/Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" class="mw-redirect" title="Estaos Xuníos">Estaos Xuníos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a> y <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, principalmente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialeutoloxía_y_variantes"><span id="Dialeutolox.C3.ADa_y_variantes"></span>Dialeutoloxía y variantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar seición: Dialeutoloxía y variantes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Dialeutoloxía y variantes"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La llingua estonia estremóse tradicionalmente en dos grupos colos sos respeutivos dialeutos: </p><p>El grupu del norte o de <a href="/wiki/Tallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallin">Tallin</a>, base de la llingua lliteraria (<i>tallinna keel</i>) que tien tres dialeutos: </p> <ul><li>El de los condaos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cond%C3%A1u_de_P%C3%A4rnu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Condáu de Pärnu (la páxina nun esiste)">Pärnu</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cond%C3%A1u_de_L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Condáu de Lääne (la páxina nun esiste)">Lääne</a> (<i>läänemurre</i>), paecíu al <a href="/wiki/Idioma_livoniu" title="Idioma livoniu">livoniu</a></li> <li>L'insular (<i>saarte murre</i>), en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saaremaa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saaremaa (la páxina nun esiste)">Saaremaa</a>, influyíu pol <a href="/wiki/Idioma_suecu" title="Idioma suecu">suecu</a></li> <li>El d'orellar noroeste del <a href="/wiki/Llagu_Peipus" title="Llagu Peipus">llagu Peipus</a> (<i>idamurre</i>)</li></ul> <p>El grupu del sur o Tartu (<i>tartu keel</i>), que caltién l'harmonía vocálica que tien tres dialeutos: </p> <ul><li>El võru (võro), na mariña septentrional, más similar al <a href="/wiki/Idioma_finland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma finlandés">finlandés</a></li> <li>El setu (sebe), faláu en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setomaa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Setomaa (la páxina nun esiste)">Setomaa</a> y en <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_de_Pskov" title="Óblast de Pskov">óblast de Pskov</a>, bien rusificado y xeneralmente consideráu una variante del võru</li> <li>El mulgi, consideráu dacuando, colos dos anteriores, como variante del <a href="/wiki/Estoniu_meridional" title="Estoniu meridional">estoniu meridional</a></li></ul> <p>Calcúlase que'l 95% de los estonios tienen como llingua materna l'estoniu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_tamién"><span id="Ver_tami.C3.A9n"></span>Ver tamién</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar seición: Ver tamién" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Ver tamién"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lliteratura_n%27estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lliteratura n&#39;estoniu (la páxina nun esiste)">Lliteratura n'estoniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%B5ro" title="Idioma võro">Idioma võro</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaces_esternos">Enllaces esternos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar seición: Enllaces esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_estoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Enllaces esternos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span> Consulta la edición de <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <b><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="et:">n'idioma estoniu</a></b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226222857/http://www40.brinkster.com/celtiberia/eurolenguas.html">¿Cuálos son les llingües más antigües d'Europa?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=est">Ethnologue report (n'inglés)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614021757/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=est">Archiváu</a> 2012-06-14 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annaabi.com/hispaania-eesti/">Diccionarios Estoniu-Español y Español-Estoniu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310054922/http://www.annaabi.com/hispaania-eesti/">Archiváu</a> 2013-03-10 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2260362">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;background-color:#eaecf0;color:#222222}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control navigation-not-searchable"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4075543">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_d&amp;#039;autoridaes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_d&amp;#039;autoridaes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Control_d%27autoridaes" title="Ayuda:Control d&#39;autoridaes">Control d'autoridaes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyeutos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9072" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9072">Q9072</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Estonian_language">Estonian language</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931289v">11931289v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931289v">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120175-9">4120175-9</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044985">sh85044985</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562052">00562052</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph135296">ph135296</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300388283">300388283</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedies</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estonian-language">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9072" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9072">Q9072</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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