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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-思想传统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#思想传统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>思想传统</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-思想传统-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关思想传统子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-思想传统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-现实主义传统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现实主义传统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>现实主义传统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现实主义传统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理性主义传统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理性主义传统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>理性主义传统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理性主义传统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命主义传统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命主义传统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>革命主义传统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命主义传统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>发展历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发展历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一战后到二战前夕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一战后到二战前夕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>一战后到二战前夕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一战后到二战前夕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自第四次范式间争论至今" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自第四次范式间争论至今"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>自第四次范式间争论至今</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自第四次范式间争论至今-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要流派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要流派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>主要流派</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要流派-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关主要流派子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要流派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-现实主义_(英：Realism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现实主义_(英：Realism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>现实主义 (英：Realism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现实主义_(英：Realism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自由主义_(英：Liberalism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由主义_(英：Liberalism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>自由主义 (英：Liberalism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由主义_(英：Liberalism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建构主义_(英：Constructivism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建构主义_(英：Constructivism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>建构主义 (英：Constructivism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建构主义_(英：Constructivism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究对象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究对象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>研究对象</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究对象-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究对象子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究对象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主权国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主权国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>主权国家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主权国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>国际组织</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-学科前沿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#学科前沿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>学科前沿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-学科前沿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">國際關係學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。79种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_verhoudinge" title="Internasionale verhoudinge – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale verhoudinge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Beziehungen" title="Internationale Beziehungen – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationale Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علاقات دولية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاقات دولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellaciones_internacionales" title="Rellaciones internacionales – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rellaciones internacionales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99r" title="Beynəlxalq münasibətlər – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq münasibətlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Міжнародныя адносіны – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародныя адносіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Міжнародныя дачыненьні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародныя дачыненьні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международни отношения – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международни отношения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_odnosi" title="Međunarodni odnosi – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni odnosi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacions_internacionals" title="Relacions internacionals – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relacions internacionals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дуьненайукъара йукъаметтигаш – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьненайукъара йукъаметтигаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیوەندییە نێونەتەوەیییەکان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییە نێونەتەوەیییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_vztahy" title="Mezinárodní vztahy – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní vztahy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysylltiadau_rhyngwladol" title="Cysylltiadau rhyngwladol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cysylltiadau rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Beziehungen" title="Internationale Beziehungen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiyay%C4%B1%C5%9F%C3%AA_Miyan%C5%9Faran" title="Bestiyayışê Miyanşaran – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bestiyayışê Miyanşaran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Διεθνείς σχέσεις – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνείς σχέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="International relations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciaj_rilatoj" title="Internaciaj rilatoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internaciaj rilatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Internacionales" title="Relaciones Internacionales – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Internacionales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvahelised_suhted" title="Rahvusvahelised suhted – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvahelised suhted" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_harremanak" title="Nazioarteko harremanak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko harremanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84" title="روابط بین‌الملل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط بین‌الملل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_internationales" title="Relations internationales – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations internationales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidreamh_idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Caidreamh idirnáisiúnta – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidreamh idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3ns_internacionais" title="Relacións internacionais – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relacións internacionais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יחסים בין-לאומיים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסים בין-לאומיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_odnosi" title="Međunarodni odnosi – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni odnosi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջազգային հարաբերություններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0asamskipti" title="Alþjóðasamskipti – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðasamskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazioni_internazionali" title="Relazioni internazionali – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relazioni internazionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="国際関係 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hubungan internasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Халықаралық қатынастарды демократизациялау – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық қатынастарды демократизациялау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="국제 관계 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAkiliy%C3%AAn_navnetewey%C3%AE" title="Têkiliyên navneteweyî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têkiliyên navneteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эл аралык мамилелер – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл аралык мамилелер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomamawanga" title="Essomamawanga – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomamawanga" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautiniai_santykiai" title="Tarptautiniai santykiai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautiniai santykiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81s_attiec%C4%ABbas" title="Starptautiskās attiecības – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskās attiecības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Меѓународни односи – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународни односи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബന്ധങ്ങൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബന്ധങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Олон улсын харилцаа – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон улсын харилцаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_antarabangsa" title="Hubungan antarabangsa – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hubungan antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="နိုင်ငံတကာ ဆက်ဆံရေးပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံတကာ ဆက်ဆံရေးပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_betrekkingen" title="Internationale betrekkingen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationale betrekkingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonal_politikk" title="Internasjonal politikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internasjonal politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonale_studier" title="Internasjonale studier – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internasjonale studier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacions_internacionalas" title="Relacions internacionalas – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Relacions internacionalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_mi%C4%99dzynarodowe" title="Stosunki międzynarodowe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stosunki międzynarodowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%8A%DA%A9%DB%90" title="نړيوالې اړيکې – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړيوالې اړيکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_internacionais" title="Relações internacionais – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações internacionais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bii_interna%C8%9Bionale" title="Relații internaționale – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relații internaționale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международные отношения – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международные отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_odnosi" title="Međunarodni odnosi – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni odnosi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සබඳතා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සබඳතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International relations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9_vz%C5%A5ahy" title="Medzinárodné vzťahy – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodné vzťahy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABniet_nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare" title="Marrëdhëniet ndërkombëtare – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marrëdhëniet ndërkombëtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Међународни односи – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни односи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_relationer" title="Internationella relationer – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella relationer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafungamano_ya_kimataifa" title="Mafungamano ya kimataifa – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafungamano ya kimataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னாட்டு உறவுகள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு உறவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Равобити байналмилалӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Равобити байналмилалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_ili%C5%9Fkiler" title="Uluslararası ilişkiler – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası ilişkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Міжнародні відносини – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародні відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_siyosat" title="Xalqaro siyosat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro siyosat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%82asion_internasiona%C5%82i" title="Rełasion internasionałi – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rełasion internasionałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Quan hệ quốc tế – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="国际关系学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际关系学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8-koan-h%C4%93-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kok-chè-koan-hē-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè-koan-hē-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="國際關係 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際關係" 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:政治">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ededed;padding-bottom:0;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="投票箱" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/70px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/105px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/140px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">基本主题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="政治史">政治史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="世界政治史">世界政治史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治学基本主题列表（页面不存在）">各国政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="政体">政治体系</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="联盟制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联盟制（页面不存在）">联盟制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" class="extiw" title="en:Federacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federacy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁政体">独裁制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="委员会制">委员会制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="精英政治">精英政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="神权政治">神权政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">学术门类</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="政治学家">政治学家</a>）</small></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">國際關係學</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">理论</a>）</small></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="比较政治学">比较政治学</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制">官僚制</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%82%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="基层官僚">基层</a>）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灵活组织机构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adhocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灵活组织机构（页面不存在）">灵活组织机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Adhocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adhocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共政策原则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public policy doctrine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共政策原则（页面不存在）">原则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Public policy doctrine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public policy doctrine</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="公眾利益">公共利益</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="外交政策">外交政策</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">政府机构</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="權力分立">权力分立</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机构</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="司法機關">司法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="選舉委員會">选举机构</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">相关主题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治行为理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of political behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治行为理论（页面不存在）">政治行为理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of political behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of political behavior</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生理与政治导向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biology and political orientation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生理与政治导向（页面不存在）">生理与政治导向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" class="extiw" title="en:Biology and political orientation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biology and political orientation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="政治組織">政治組織</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">下属系列</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">选举制度</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="选举">选举</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a>）</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党">政党</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Politics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Politics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>国际关系学</b>（<span lang="en">International relations, IR</span>）也称<b>国际研究</b>（<span lang="en">International studies, IS</span>）、<b>國際政治</b>(international politics)、<b>国际事务</b>（<span lang="en">International affairs, IA</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a>的一个分支学科，主要研究领域为<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平">和平</a>、合作、一体化、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a>等国际体系层面的政治现象。国际关系既是学术的领域，也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a>的领域。作为政治学的一部分，国际关系也和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">历史学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a>研究紧密联系。从<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E7%BA%A0%E7%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="领土纠纷">领土纠纷</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核危机（页面不存在）">核危机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="恐怖主义">恐怖主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a>，都是国际关系学研究的议题。国际关系的思想雏形散见于古典<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="政治哲學家">政治哲学家</a>们，但专门探讨过国际關係问题的很少。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>可以视作国际關係创立的直接原因，1919年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="亞伯大學">阿伯斯威大学</a>设立国际關係教席被视为学科初步创立的标志。1927年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="倫敦政治經濟學院">伦敦政治经济学院</a>的国际政治院系<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%85%E7%93%A6%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="日内瓦高级国际关系及发展学院">日内瓦高级国际关系学院</a><sup id="cite_ref-#2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同时建立。1928年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="芝加哥大學">芝加哥大學</a>建立國際關係委員會，成為美國第一個提供國際關係研究生課程的學校，学科逐渐成熟。学科发展一百年以来，经过四次范式间争论，目前学界形成了三大主要流派：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义">现实主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a> 、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="建構主義">建构主义</a>。国际关系学的研究对象包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="主权国家">主权国家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="非国家行为体">非国家行为体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a>等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="思想传统"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F"></span>思想传统</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：思想传统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/150px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/225px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/300px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>修昔底德胸像，收藏于多伦多皇家安大略博物館。修昔底德被认为是国际关系学的鼻祖</figcaption></figure> <p>国际关系学虽然起源于第一次世界大战之后，但这绝不意味这前人从未思考过国际關係问题，正如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·勒博" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Ned Lebow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·勒博（页面不存在）">理查德·勒博</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ned_Lebow" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Ned Lebow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Ned Lebow</span></a></span>）</span></span>指出的那样，“国际政治思想与世界上最早出现的独立政治共同体一样古老”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是，关于国际關係的思想并不为我们所熟知，主要是因为它们的数量很少：当我们仔细查阅政治思想的经典著作时，我们会发现专门谈论国际關係问题的微乎其微<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。对于国际關係的思想传统的梳理，英国学派的国际关系学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·怀特">马丁·怀特</a>曾经提出了三分法，并广为学界所接受：现实主义传统、理想主义传统、革命主义传统<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现实主义传统"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E5.AE.9E.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F"></span>现实主义传统</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：现实主义传统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现实主义传统又称马基雅维利传统，其代表人物有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="马基雅维利">马基雅维利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E4%B8%B9" title="让·博丹">让·博丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="霍布斯">霍布斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔">黑格尔</a>等。在他们看来，国际关系处于一种无政府状态，众多的主权独立国家都不承认有高于自己本国政治权威的存在，所以最后国际问题的最终解决方案是战争<sup id="cite_ref-#3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。现实主义传统的鼻祖是著有《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%B2" title="伯罗奔尼撒战争史">伯罗奔尼撒战争史</a>》的修昔底德，而现实主义传统的核心人物是霍布斯，他提出的自然状态思想便是国际社会处于<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="无政府状态">无政府状态</a>的雏形。霍布斯认为在一个社会内由于自然状态会陷入“每个人对每个人的战争”，所以产生了社会契约来保障和平，人民把一部分权力让渡给主权者。但他指出这种社会契约在国家这种政治单元之间是不可能达成的：“每一个共和国都拥有绝对的自由，对于那些有利于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="国家利益">国家利益</a>的事情，他们就可为所欲为”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理性主义传统"><span id=".E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F"></span>理性主义传统</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：理性主义传统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理性主义传统又称格劳秀斯传统，代表人物有<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF" title="胡果·格老秀斯">格劳秀斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="边沁">边沁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B" title="埃德蒙·伯克">埃德蒙·伯克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">伍德罗·威尔逊</a>。他们共同指出，国际关系首先是一种国际交易，主权国家之间政治被一种制度的、持续的、有组织的外交和贸易关系所主导和制约<sup id="cite_ref-#4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以格老秀斯和约翰·洛克为代表的理性主义坚持，自然状态并不像霍布斯认为的那样必然导致战争<sup id="cite_ref-#4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。格老秀斯在《战争与和平法》中指出，人的本性中有群居的需要，这种需要要求人们与他们的同类共同过和平而符合理性的生活，而战争实际上是一种非理性的表现<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而在洛克看来，「自然状态尽管是一种自由状态，但绝对不是一种放任状态」<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="革命主义传统"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F"></span>革命主义传统</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：革命主义传统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>革命主义传统，又称康德传统。这种传统的代表人物是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">卢梭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>者和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>者。尽管他们意识形态起点不同，但他们都有一个信念：国际关系首先处于一个“国际大家庭”之中。尽管不存在超越国家的权威，但所有的国家组成了一个道德和文化整体，并且指定了某种基于道德和文化的规则和法律义务<sup id="cite_ref-#3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。革命主义传统总是运用规范性的语言探讨国际關係，并期望一种“大同世界”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="论永久和平">《论永久和平》</a>中便认为“在理性的推动下，各种政治实体的无法相容的个性反而会推动他们走出战争状态，并进入一个“国际联盟”的时代<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。马克思则以一种历史主义的观点看待国际關係，在他看来国际關係只是世界共同体历史进程中一个需要辩证看待的时期，在未来的历史运动和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="阶级斗争">阶级斗争</a>中，国家将不复存在，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="无产阶级">无产阶级</a>所代表的全人类将建立一个消灭了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="资产阶级">资产阶级</a>连带它自己的“无阶级性的全球社会”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发展历史"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>发展历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：发展历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一战后到二战前夕"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E6.88.98.E5.90.8E.E5.88.B0.E4.BA.8C.E6.88.98.E5.89.8D.E5.A4.95"></span>一战后到二战前夕</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：一战后到二战前夕"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberystwyth_University,_East_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg/220px-Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg/330px-Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg/440px-Aberystwyth_University%2C_East_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>阿伯斯威大学西门，阿伯斯威大学是第一个引入国际关系课程的大学</figcaption></figure> <p>在第一次世界大战结束后，国际关系学才作为一门独立的学科受到承认，进入到现代大学学术体系之中：在1919年，英国威尔士<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿伯斯威大学">阿伯斯威大学</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴维·戴维斯 ( 第一代戴维斯男爵)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Davies, 1st Baron Davies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF_(_%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴维·戴维斯 ( 第一代戴维斯男爵)（页面不存在）">戴维·戴维斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davies,_1st_Baron_Davies" class="extiw" title="en:David Davies, 1st Baron Davies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Davies, 1st Baron Davies</span></a></span>）</span></span>教授首次将“国际關係”课程引入大学讲坛<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。亚伯大学是世界上第一所建立国际关系学系的大学<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。随后在1927年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="伦敦政治经济学院">伦敦政治经济学院</a>成立了国际关系学系<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同年欧洲大陆上创建了世界上第一所专注国际关系的高等院校<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%85%E7%93%A6%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="日内瓦高级国际关系及发展学院">日内瓦高级国际关系学院</a><sup id="cite_ref-#2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第一次世界大战可以说是国际关系学创立的直接原因。 </p><p>西方大学的领导们由于一战所呈现出的空前残酷的屠杀与杀戮，在疑惑和惊恐中设置了第一批有关国际关系研究的科系，他们并将“为促进各国间和平寻找最佳手段”作为这一新生学科的研究使命<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是这个手段是那些十九世纪奉行“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E5%8B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="均勢">均势</a>”与“权力政治”的欧洲贵族外交家所无法找到的，因为在首批真正意义的国际關係学家看来，正是这种陈旧而灾难性的政策才导致了一战的爆发<sup id="cite_ref-#5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。作为阿伯斯威大学国际政治讲席的第一主讲人的国际关系理论家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="齐默恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Eckhard Zimmern"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齐默恩（页面不存在）">齐默恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Eckhard_Zimmern" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Eckhard Zimmern"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Eckhard Zimmern</span></a></span>）</span></span>指出，从修昔底德到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="克劳塞维茨">克劳塞维茨</a>，有关“人永远是自私的和有攻击性的”推论就是“鹦鹉学舌”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。对于初期的国际關係学家来说，战争并非源于本能。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉尔贝特·默里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gilbert Murray"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉尔贝特·默里（页面不存在）">吉尔贝特·默里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" class="extiw" title="en:Gilbert Murray"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gilbert Murray</span></a></span>）</span></span>强调，“战争只是国家行为的一种表现形式，它并不是个人本能的一部分，而是一个政治计划。战争就如同颁布所得税法一样，既不出于人的本能，也非来自人的天性”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一战后的早期国际政治学者也被学界称为自由国际主义者或者理想主义者，其思想具有强烈的规范性。作为自由国际主义者的早期国际关系学者推断，战争是可以被制止的，只要这个世界的人民能够意识到以下事实：在这个相互依赖的世界中，动用武力是毫无意义的、破坏性的，因为国民的福祉、国家的力量并非来自武装力量，而是体现在与之有关的生产和交换活动中<sup id="cite_ref-#5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="赫德利·布尔">赫德利·布尔</a>指出自由国际主义的突出特点在于他们都相信曾经引发第一次世界大战的国际体系可能转变为一个更加和平、更加公正的国际秩序；他们也相信在新兴民主思想、国际联盟的发展、和平人士的不懈努力及其广泛智慧传播的等因素的共同作用下，这一体系正在发生变化；他们更加相信国际关系学研究者的责任就是见证这一进步战胜无知、伤害、恶意和蝇头小利的过程————这些因素仍然在阻碍着这一体系的转变进程“<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E6.AC.A1.E8.8C.83.E5.BC.8F.E9.97.B4.E4.BA.89.E8.AE.BA.EF.BC.9A.E7.90.86.E6.83.B3.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E8.88.87.E7.8F.BE.E5.AF.A6.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：第一次范式间争论：理想主義與現實主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_des_nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_des_nations.jpg/220px-Palais_des_nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_des_nations.jpg/330px-Palais_des_nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_des_nations.jpg/440px-Palais_des_nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>国际联盟会址</figcaption></figure> <p>国际关系学发展初期理想主义者理论中的强烈的规范性特征后来备受指责。尤其，到了20世纪30年代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际联盟">国际联盟</a>的集体安全体系的衰败迹象已经十分明显。一些不民主的政权获得了相當成功，再加上当时的全球经济危机<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛雷德里克·舒曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederick L. Schuman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛雷德里克·舒曼（页面不存在）">佛雷德里克·舒曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_L._Schuman" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick L. Schuman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederick L. Schuman</span></a></span>）</span></span>等学者开始挑战自由国际主义，提出一种新研究途经以代替旧的研究途经。新的研究途经的关注重点主要是实力层面而不是法律层面，其中的核心是权力关系：“一切政治都是对权力的争夺，权力才是国际政治领域所追求的目标”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第二次世界大战爆发前夕，英国历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华·卡尔">爱德华·卡尔</a>对国际政治成为权力政治的构想进行了系统阐述。爱德华·卡尔对自由国际主义的批评道，在1914~1918年混乱状况下问世的自由国际主义，其初始目标就是为了制止“国际政治团体的通病”——战争。然而，正是这一源头导致了它的缺陷，其中最大的问题在于它常常会把愿望当成现实：「同其他处于初始阶段的科学一样，国际政治学曾经承担了自己的乌托邦色彩：愿望重于思想；所做的观察流于泛泛；从来不注意对事实进行批判性分析」<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由爱德华·卡尔撰写的于1946年出版的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%EF%BC%8C1919~1939" class="mw-redirect" title="二十年危机，1919~1939">二十年危机，1919~1939</a>》可以被看作是国际政治学的第一个转折点：它宣布了自由国际主义乌托邦的死亡，也标志着现实主义理论的兴起。以爱德华·卡尔为代表的现实主义者坚信国际关系学可以为未来建立公正合理的国际秩序的乌托邦思想是错误的，他们还接受了一个他们所认为非常重要的事实，即“政治，从某种意义上来说，始终是实力政治”<sup id="cite_ref-#6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由此，现实主义者也设定了自己的发展目标：也就是分析权力政治现象中的“前因后果”<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第一次范式间争论以第二次世界大战后崛起的现实主义者战胜了第一次世界大战和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>的理想主义而告终，甚至到后来，“理想主义”变为了一个充满贬义的语汇<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1948年，权力政治学派的学者<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%A2" title="漢斯·摩根索">汉斯·摩根索</a>出版了传世作品《国家间政治：权力斗争与和平》并在书中提出了六个“国际政治学公设”，这标志着古典现实主义国际关系理论的成熟<sup id="cite_ref-#6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.BA.8C.E6.AC.A1.E8.8C.83.E5.BC.8F.E9.97.B4.E4.BA.89.E8.AE.BA.EF.BC.9A.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E8.88.87.E8.A1.8C.E7.82.BA.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：第二次范式间争论：傳統主義與行為主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>正当现实主义（古典现实主义）理论走向成熟之际，美国主流社会科学界打着“所有科学方法必须统一”的旗号的「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="行为主义政治学">行为主义革命</a>」不可避免的影响到了国际关系学<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。行为主义者认为，摩根索的古典现实主义理论与欧洲外交史和古典政治哲学之间充满著千丝万缕的联系，但他们认为国际关系学作为一门社会科学必须与传统的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a>”决裂。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因而第二次范式间争论便在20世纪50~60年代兴起，争论双方分别为古典现实主义者和形势分析或定量分析法的支持者<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自从1954年美国国际关系学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·斯奈德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard C. Snyder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·斯奈德（页面不存在）">理查德·斯奈德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Snyder" class="extiw" title="en:Richard C. Snyder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard C. Snyder</span></a></span>）</span></span>首先运用行为主义将“决策过程”引入国际关系学之后，许多非国际关系学科班出身的行为主义学者纷纷被吸引到国际关系学中来——经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81" title="肯尼思·博尔丁">肯尼斯·博尔丁</a>、数学家阿<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尔伯特沃尔斯泰特（页面不存在）">尔伯特沃尔斯泰特</a>、生物学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿纳托尔·拉波拉特（页面不存在）">阿纳托尔·拉波拉特</a>、物理学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫曼·卡恩（页面不存在）">赫曼·卡恩</a>等等<sup id="cite_ref-#7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这也导致了一些国际关系理论史上划时代著作的问世：1957年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="卡普兰">卡普兰</a>所著之《国际政治的系统与过程》对国际政治学科中的概念进行了严谨的规定；斯莫尔、辛格提出的“战争相关计划”理论对战争与和平进行了深入的定量分析<sup id="cite_ref-#7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；1957年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%87" title="卡尔·多伊奇">卡尔·多伊奇</a>运用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>的研究路径在《政治共同体与北大西洋区域》中提出了安全共同体的概念<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在争论期间，现实主义者一面维护自身“源于哲学、历史和法律”的研究方法，另一方面吸收了行为主义的各种分析方法，接受了行为主义者对国际关系学的各种批评<sup id="cite_ref-#8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而行为主义者最终也承认，“行为主义分析方法本身存在着许多局限，而指望单靠行为主义对世界政治形成完全正面的认识，是一个永远无法企及的目标”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。20世纪50、60年代出现的国际关系理论第二次范式间争论，在70年代逐渐减弱，最終，国际政治学接受行为主义的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="定量分析">定量分析法</a>和形式分析法，同时仍保有传统「富含政治哲学」气息的研究方法<sup id="cite_ref-#8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E6.AC.A1.E8.8C.83.E5.BC.8F.E9.97.B4.E4.BA.89.E8.AE.BA.EF.BC.9A.E6.96.B0.E7.8F.BE.E5.AF.A6.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E3.80.81.E6.96.B0.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E8.88.87.E6.96.B0.E9.A6.AC.E5.85.8B.E6.80.9D.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：第三次范式间争论：新現實主義、新自由主義與新馬克思主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第三次范式间争论发生在奉行“国家中心”的现实主义者与“非国家中心”的跨国主义（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%EF%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义（国际关系）">新自由主义</a>）和新马克思主义之间<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其原因主要是20世纪60年代出现的一些国际政治现象令现实主义者感到错愕：作為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a>的美国在与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="越南共产党">越南共产党</a>游击队的战争中遭受挫折（现实主义者一直将军事實力作为国家实力的最终标准）；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼克松">尼克松</a>在欧洲与日本经济增长的压力下放弃了<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8D" title="金本位">金本位制</a>，令现实主义者认为经济在国际关系中作用有限观点无法自圆其说；而推翻阿连德总统的智利政变中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国中央情报局">美国中央情报局</a>（CIA）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="国际电话电报公司">国际电话电报公司</a>（ITT）都发挥了重要作用，则推翻了现实主义者“国家是国际关系唯一行为体”的推论<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>争论始于国际关系<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%EF%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义（国际关系）">新自由主义</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E6%AD%90%E6%BC%A2" title="羅伯特·基歐漢">罗伯特·基欧汉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·奈">约瑟夫·奈</a>在《权力与相互依赖》中对现实主义进行的批评<sup id="cite_ref-#9_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#9-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而新马克思主义的国际关系学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="沃勒斯坦">沃勒斯坦</a>则依据依附理论和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="布罗代尔">布罗代尔</a>的思想创立了世界体系分析理论，他认为“没有任何经济现象能和政治和社会现象分开”，质疑现实主义忽视经济的作用<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1979年<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%B2" title="肯尼思·沃爾茲">肯尼斯·沃尔兹</a>在《国际政治理论》中为回应这些挑战而提出的新现实主义体系层次理论，他强调了国家受国际体系和权力结构的制约，但国家仍是国际关系的主要行为体<sup id="cite_ref-#9_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#9-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p> 不过从某种意义上说，第三次范式间争论中现实主义、新自由主义、新马克思主义关注的“国际政治要素”并不一致：现实主义关注的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a>，新自由主义关注的是资本主义国家之间的经济关系，新马克思主义则强调全球性的贫富差距和不平等对国际关系的影响。但随着中国的经济自由化改革和共产主义苏联的崩溃，使得新马克思主义的声誉受到损伤<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而新自由主义和新现实主义则出现了一种合流趋势，新现实主义承认了跨国行为体的重要性，而新自由主义接受了现实主义有关国家利益的假定。最后第三次范式间争论以新自由主义和新现实主义的和解告终<sup id="cite_ref-#10_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林墙">柏林墙</a>的倒塌，1989年。东欧剧变和苏联解体对国际关系理论形成了重大的挑战</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自第四次范式间争论至今"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.AC.AC.E5.9B.9B.E6.AC.A1.E8.8C.83.E5.BC.8F.E9.97.B4.E4.BA.89.E8.AE.BA.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A"></span>自第四次范式间争论至今</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：自第四次范式间争论至今"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>到20世纪80年代末90年代初，无论是现实主义还是自由主义，都没有预言到冷战格局的结束<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国际关系理论对政治现实的无力导致了第四次范式间争论：这场争论在实证主义（自由主义、现实主义、马克思主义都遵从现代社会科学的理性主义原则）和后实证主义（反思主义）之间展开<sup id="cite_ref-#10_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。后实证主义运用后现代主义和女权主义作为自己的理论武器，否定国际关系学作为科学的可能性，致力于解构国际关系学的知识框架<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但国际关系学者批评后实证主义在进行批判既存理论时却无法提出自己的实质性的理论，因为他们忽视经验性的研究<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>第四次范式间争论也被称为聋子间对话：因为双方的基本信念有着根本的差异<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但在第四次范式间争论中形成了现在可与现实主义和自由主义相抗衡的新学派：建构主义学派。1989年，尼古拉斯·奥努夫第一次提出建构主义的概念<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·温特">亚历山大·温特</a>撰写的建构主义巨著《国际政治的社会理论》令建构主义受到了学界广泛的关注<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自2000年后开始，国际关系理论领域形成了自由主义、现实主义、建构主义三强并举的局面<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要流派"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.B5.81.E6.B4.BE"></span>主要流派</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：主要流派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">國際關係理論</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现实主义_(英：Realism)"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E5.AE.9E.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89_.28.E8.8B.B1.EF.BC.9ARealism.29"></span>现实主义 (英：Realism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：现实主义 (英：Realism)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissinger_Mao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg/250px-Kissinger_Mao.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg/375px-Kissinger_Mao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>奉行国际关系现实主义的基辛格与<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5" title="周恩来">周恩来</a>进行会晤</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係現實主義">國際關係現實主義</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係現實主義">國際關係現實主義</a>是國際關係理论中历史最悠久，影响最深远的理论范式之一。今天，现实主义仍然占据<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">国际关系理论</a>研究的核心地位，其他理论范式往往是对在现实主义的挑战中得以确立和获得承认。现实主义的理论渊源可以上溯到两千五百年前的修昔底德时代<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该学派的主要代表人物有爱德华·卡尔、雷蒙·阿隆、汉斯·摩根索。现实主义并不是一个单一的理论体系，而是由众多的国际关系学家共同构筑的理论群，不同国际关系学家的思想特征和理论风格往往不同<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥利·霍尔斯蒂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ole Holsti"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥利·霍尔斯蒂（页面不存在）">奥利·霍尔斯蒂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Holsti" class="extiw" title="en:Ole Holsti"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ole Holsti</span></a></span>）</span></span>对各种现实主义理论的共同假设和前提进行了简明扼要的概括： </p> <ol><li>国际关系的核心问题是战争的原因与和平的条件；</li> <li>体系结构是解释国际关系现象的重要因素；</li> <li>国家是国际关系的主要行为体；</li> <li>国家行为是理性的；</li> <li>民族国家是单一行为体（unitary actor），也就是不考虑国内政治，而设想民族国家具有给定的行为和偏好<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自由主义_(英：Liberalism)"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89_.28.E8.8B.B1.EF.BC.9ALiberalism.29"></span>自由主义 (英：Liberalism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：自由主义 (英：Liberalism)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg/220px-1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg/330px-1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/1st_BRIC_summit_leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2009年<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%A0%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="金砖国家">金砖国家</a>領導人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%8D%A1%E6%8D%B7%E7%90%B3%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="叶卡捷琳堡">叶卡捷琳堡</a>出席第一次峰會。国际组织在自由制度主义者看来是国际制度的重要组成部分</figcaption></figure> <p>国际关系<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主义理论</a>是受到西方自由主义政治哲学强大的影响力产生的，尽管自由主义在传统上接受<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="民族国家">民族国家</a>非常重要，但他们也非常强调国际合作和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="自由贸易">自由贸易</a>等超国家关系的意义<sup id="cite_ref-#11_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自由主义认为战争对于对抗双方都是没有益处的，对于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="集体安全">集体安全</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a>怀有强烈的信念<sup id="cite_ref-#11_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。二十世纪七十年代以来，自由主义关注在无政府状态下，合作能否成为可能以及在何种程度上制度可以促成合作。自由主义也借用了经济学中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理性選擇理論">理性选择理论</a>和新自由制度主义作为自己的思想支撑，重视<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际机制（页面不存在）">国际机制</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相互依赖（页面不存在）">相互依赖</a>对国际政治的作用<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自由主义指出了国际关系的本质是合作，但合作并不必然导致和谐；和谐指的是利益完全一致，而合作指的是双方在处于利益冲突时进行政策调整从而相互妥协的行为<sup id="cite_ref-#12_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而保证国家间相互合作的有效机制是国际制度<sup id="cite_ref-#12_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国际制度是指持续的相互关联的正式的和非正式的规则体系，这些体系可以规范国际行为体行为、使行为体之间的活动可以预期<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国际制度被新自由制度主义学者分为三种形式：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>；国际机制，由政府之间协商同意的明确规则，如国际法；非正式的国际惯例，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="外交豁免">外交豁免</a>、相互给予最惠国待遇<sup id="cite_ref-#13_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建构主义_(英：Constructivism)"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E6.9E.84.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89_.28.E8.8B.B1.EF.BC.9AConstructivism.29"></span>建构主义 (英：Constructivism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：建构主义 (英：Constructivism)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="建構主義 (國際關係)">建构主义 (国际关系)</a></div> <p>建构主义理论是在冷战结束后兴起的国际关系理论，尽管存在时间不长，但有着复杂而深厚的理论根基。建构主义与发生认知论、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a>、共同体理论和后现代哲学都有着紧密联系<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。建构主义内部的派别纷繁复杂，按照<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·鲁杰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Ruggie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%9D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·鲁杰（页面不存在）">约翰·鲁杰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruggie" class="extiw" title="en:John Ruggie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Ruggie</span></a></span>）</span></span>的划分法，建构主义分为新古典建构主义（neo-classical constructivism）、后现代建构主义（post-modernist constructivism）和自然建构主义（natural constructivism）<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>建构主义不关注传统理性主义所关注的因果关系，而是更加关注社会建构关系。传统理性主义模式总关注为什么，而建构主义关注“如何可能”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而社会建构的关系主要依赖观念的力量。建构主义的主要研究对象是国际政治的观念结构，并强调国际政治是行为体持有的一系列共有观念<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。亚历山大·温特指出，这些观念的主要表现形式为文化，文化在国际社会发挥着各种各样的功能（比如塑造国家的身份和利益。观念在某种意义上更是权力的化身，这与现实主义仅仅强调物质性权力不同<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究对象"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.AF.B9.E8.B1.A1"></span>研究对象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：研究对象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/200px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/300px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/400px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="威斯特伐利亚和约">威斯特伐利亚和约</a>的签订。条约的签订代表着第一个国际关系学意义上的国际外交体系的诞生</figcaption></figure> <p>对于国际关系学的研究对象，各学派都有自己的见解。现实主义学派认为，国际关系研究的就是国家间关系，主权国家是国际政治的首要行为体<sup id="cite_ref-#14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而自由主义认为，国际组织等非国家行为体也应该被纳入研究对象之中<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。美国国际关系学者赖特和苏联的伊诺泽姆采夫院士甚至认为国际关系学理论是包罗万象的知识体系，将宗教、阶级、社会运动、意识形态纳入研究对象<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主权国家"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E6.9D.83.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6"></span>主权国家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：主权国家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>主权概念起源自法国政治哲学家让·布丹，他将主权定义为“在一个国家中进行的永恒的绝对的权力”，它是“超乎臣民与公民之上的，不受法律限制的最高权力”<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。虽然古希腊、罗马中世纪时都有人探讨过最高权力，但是是布丹首次将其与国家联系起来，而不是与某个具体统治者联系<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在经过三十年战争之后，欧洲各国签订的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="威斯特伐利亚和约">威斯特伐利亚和约</a>》确立了国家主权原则和各国的法律上平等关系，宣告了近代主权国家的诞生<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>现实主义认为国家是单一的、理性的、最重要的国际行为体。国家是单一的行为体，意思是将国家内部看做是铁板一块，政策高度一致，可以独立于国内政治进行追求利益和权力的活动<sup id="cite_ref-#14_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国家是理性的行为体，国家被认为愿意将对方的国际交往行为视作是有意而为，从而通过因果逻辑推导寻求解决路径<sup id="cite_ref-#14_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国家是最重要的国际行为体，国家是最好的安全保障，其他任何行为体都无法为社会提供安全保障，所以都不如国家重要<sup id="cite_ref-#14_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而自由主义认为国家所进行的外交决策必须由确定的具体对象做出，国内政治决定了国家的行为<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而国家的权力正在被跨国公司、地方政府、各种利益集团所获得，国家权力和运用武力的意志正在萎缩<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自由制度主义者同样认为国家是理性和自私的，但并不意味着国家之间必然发生冲突<sup id="cite_ref-#12_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国际组织"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87"></span>国际组织</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：国际组织"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>苏联领导人<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·谢尔盖耶维奇·戈尔巴乔夫">米哈伊尔·谢尔盖耶维奇·戈尔巴乔夫</a>于1988年12月在联合国大会上发言</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a></div> <p>国际组织是旨在规范、制约国际行为体行为，确保相互合作的在国际社会层面进行活动的组织<sup id="cite_ref-#13_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国际组织的类型多种多样，按照国际组织的目标或宗旨的性质、成员的范围和地位可以可以分为三种类型：一般性国际组织（国际联盟、联合国）和专门性国际组织（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="国际法庭">国际法庭</a>）；区域性国际组织（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="非洲联盟">非洲联盟</a>）和全球性国际组织；政府间组织和非政府组织（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%A6%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" class="mw-redirect" title="大赦国际">大赦国际</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85" title="无国界记者">无国界记者</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不同的国际组织有不同的功能，根据国际组织理论的研究，国际组织的功能主要体现在：服务功能，国际组织提倡提高外交政策透明度保证对相互的行为预期，以此促进合作的达成；制约功能，国际组织帮助确立很多国际规则，规范各国际行为体的行为，如果违反规则需要付出代价；惩罚功能，惩罚的条件和措施一般写在国际组织的章程和条款中，惩罚的效果与国际组织的威望和参与成员对惩罚措施的支持力度相关；示范功能，国际组织鼓励多边互惠，支持各国际行为体追求长远利益，而不是违反国际规则的短期利益，从而引导各主权国家在国际规则范围内定义国家利益<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>对于国际组织在国际社会的意义，不同学术流派有其自己的见解。结构现实主义认为，国际组织在不涉及安全领域方面可以发挥一定的作用，但是由于在安全领域各国都是追求相对收益而不是绝对收益，安全困境无法解决，国际组织的作用有限<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由制度主义（页面不存在）">自由制度主义</a>认为，国际组织的存在降低了各主权国家的交易成本，克服交往互动中的欺骗现象<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。建构主义认为，国际组织有助于建构国家的利益和身份，使国际交往实践中的一些有益规则纳入共同的认知背景<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="学科前沿"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E7.A7.91.E5.89.8D.E6.B2.BF"></span>学科前沿</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：学科前沿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>国际关系与其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a>分支之间的界限并非清晰分明，其常与<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="冲突理论">冲突</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="制度">制度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a>、政治行为等研究领域对话<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鉴于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="比较政治学">比较政治学</a>并不像国际关系学那样分门别类为各种“主义”<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，比较政治学和国际关系学被人为划分开来，但实际上却紧密联系。因为国家内部的进程决定了国际进程，而国际进程又决定了国家内部的进程<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以一些学者呼吁整合这些领域<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>国际关系研究中有关键学者探索了国际关系作为一门学术学科的制度化与各国政府对其需求之间的关系。Robert Vitalis的著作《白人世界秩序，黑人权力政治》（White World Order, Black Power Politics）详述了国际关系在历史上与<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民管理</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>的联系<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而其他学者则追溯了国际关系学的出现与其帮助<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>等亚非拉新独立的民族国家如何站稳脚跟的关系<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">国际关系主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E6%BB%A5%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糧食權力滥用（页面不存在）">糧食權力滥用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%86%9B" title="裁军">裁军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="条约">条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="缓和政策">缓和政策</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-#1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IR_Department">IR Department</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718062839/http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/study/academicdepartments/mia/programme.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-07-28</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/study/academicdepartments/mia/programme.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-07-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraduateinstitute.ch%2Fhome%2Fstudy%2Facademicdepartments%2Fmia%2Fprogramme.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#R.N.Lebow">R.N.Lebow (2008)</a>，43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin_wight">Martin wight (1992)</a>，3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#3_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thomas_Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes (1651)</a>，227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#4_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#4_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hugo_Grotius">Hugo Grotius (1625)</a>，9~10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#John_Locke">John Locke (1690)</a>，174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#A.Linklater">A.Linklater (1990)</a>，159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emmanuel_Kant">Emmanuel Kant (1784)</a>，74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Karl_Marx">Karl Marx (1848)</a>，462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Aberystwyth_University">Aberystwyth University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brian_Schmidt">Brian Schmidt (1998)</a>，155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#5_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#5_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#A.Zimmern">A.Zimmern (1936)</a>，202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#G.Murray">G.Murray (1929)</a>，29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hedley_Bull">Hedley Bull (1972)</a>，181~211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frederick_Schumann">Frederick Schumann (1937)</a>，491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#E.H.Carr">E.H.Carr (1946)</a>,8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#6_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#6_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#E.H.Carr">E.H.Carr (1946)</a>,97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#John_Ikenberry">John Ikenberry (2001)</a>，157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#E.Nagel">E.Nagel (1961)</a>，1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B.Korany">B.Korany (1987)</a>，267~294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#7_30-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#7_30-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Karl_Deutsch">Karl Deutsch (1957)</a>，3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#8_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#8_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#M.Nicholson">M.Nicholson (1983)</a>，235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#9-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#9_36-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#9_36-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#10-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#10_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#10_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#张亚中">张亚中（2007）</a>，118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Robert_Keohane">Robert Keohane (1995)</a>，279~307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dario_Battistella">Dario Battistella (2009)</a>，67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ole_Holsti">Ole Holsti (2004)</a>，36~37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#11-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#11_50-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#11_50-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Highwood">Highwood (2005)</a>，121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#12-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#12_52-0"><sup><b>52.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#12_52-1"><sup><b>52.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#12_52-2"><sup><b>52.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#13-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#13_54-0"><sup><b>54.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#13_54-1"><sup><b>54.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ruggie">Ruggie (1998)</a>，881</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Checkel">Checkel (1998)</a>，324~348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，175~176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#14-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#14_60-0"><sup><b>60.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#14_60-1"><sup><b>60.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#14_60-2"><sup><b>60.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#14_60-3"><sup><b>60.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#王帆">王帆（2013）</a>，81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reiter, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-053013-041156">Should We Leave Behind the Subfield of International Relations?</a>. 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Annual Review of Political Science. 2001-06, <b>4</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1094-2939</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.4.1.391"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.391</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027063215/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.391">存档</a>于2022-10-27） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=T+AKING+S+TOCK+%3A+The+Constructivist+Research+Program+in+International+Relations+and+Comparative+Politics&rft.au=Sikkink%2C+Kathryn&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.date=2001-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.volume=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.4.1.391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.4.1.391&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hurrell, Andrew; Menon, Anand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402389608425139">Politics like any other? Comparative politics, international relations and the study of the EU</a>. West European Politics. 1996-04, <b>19</b> (2) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2382"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0140-2382</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402389608425139"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/01402389608425139</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202113939/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402389608425139">存档</a>于2022-12-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Politics+like+any+other%3F+Comparative+politics%2C+international+relations+and+the+study+of+the+EU&rft.au=Menon%2C+Anand&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Hurrell&rft.date=1996-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0140-2382&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01402389608425139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402389608425139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pollack, Mark A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104858">THEORIZING THE EUROPEAN UNION: International Organization, Domestic Polity, or Experiment in New Governance?</a>. 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International Organization. 1998-10, <b>52</b> (4) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-5088"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1531-5088</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002081898550743"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1162/002081898550743</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202113949/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/rationalizing-politics-the-emerging-synthesis-of-international-american-and-comparative-politics/38BE8BA519640613B88B261C90E857E1">存档</a>于2022-12-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Rationalizing+Politics%3A+The+Emerging+Synthesis+of+International%2C+American%2C+and+Comparative+Politics&rft.aufirst=Helen+V.&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.date=1998-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1531-5088&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.volume=52&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Frationalizing-politics-the-emerging-synthesis-of-international-american-and-comparative-politics%2F38BE8BA519640613B88B261C90E857E1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002081898550743&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nadkarni, Vidya; Williams, J. 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International Relations and Comparative Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-408">Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies</a>. 2010-03-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-084662-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-084662-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-084662-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.408"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.408</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=International+Relations+and+Comparative+Politics&rft.au=Williams%2C+J.+Michael&rft.aufirst=Vidya&rft.aulast=Nadkarni&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+International+Studies&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084662-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Finternationalstudies%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190846626-e-408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.408&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vitalis, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927444487">White world order, black power politics : the birth of American international relations</a>. Ithaca. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-5017-0188-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-5017-0188-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-5017-0188-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/927444487"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 927444487</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Vitalis&rft.btitle=White+world+order%2C+black+power+politics+%3A+the+birth+of+American+international+relations&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0188-7&rft.place=Ithaca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F927444487&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F927444487&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">ALEJANDRO, AUDREY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1145913401">WESTERN DOMINANCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? : the internationalisation of ir in brazil and india.</a>. London: ROUTLEDGE. 2020: 59–65. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-367-54010-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-367-54010-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-367-54010-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1145913401"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1145913401</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.aufirst=AUDREY&rft.aulast=ALEJANDRO&rft.btitle=WESTERN+DOMINANCE+IN+INTERNATIONAL+RELATIONS%3F+%3A+the+internationalisation+of+ir+in+brazil+and+india.&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-367-54010-4&rft.pages=59-65&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ROUTLEDGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1145913401&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145913401&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bilgin, Pinar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953735190">The international in security, security in the international</a>. New York, NY. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-317-40730-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-317-40730-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-317-40730-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/953735190"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 953735190</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.aufirst=Pinar&rft.aulast=Bilgin&rft.btitle=The+international+in+security%2C+security+in+the+international&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40730-0&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F953735190&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953735190&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">国际关系主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="Dario_Battistella" class="citation book">巴蒂斯特拉（Dario Battistella）. 国际关系理论. 潘革平译第三版修订增补本. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5097-1593-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5097-1593-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5097-1593-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%EF%BC%88Dario+Battistella%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E5%A2%9E%E8%A1%A5%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5097-1593-2&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Aberystwyth_University" class="citation web">Aberystwyth University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.aber.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-politics-degree/">Why study International Politics at Aberystwyth?</a>. Undergraduate Courses - International Politics L241-BA. International Politics (L241). <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-02-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054217/https://courses.aber.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-politics-degree/">存档</a>于2020-11-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Why+study+International+Politics+at+Aberystwyth%3F&rft.au=Aberystwyth+University&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Undergraduate+Courses+-+International+Politics+L241-BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.aber.ac.uk%2Fundergraduate%2Finternational-politics-degree%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="IR_Department" class="citation web">International Relations (IR) Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/aboutthedepartment/welcomehod.aspx">A welcome from the Head of Department</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-12-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810005148/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/aboutthedepartment/welcomehod.aspx">存档</a>于2017-08-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=International+Relations+%28IR%29+Department&rft.btitle=A+welcome+from+the+Head+of+Department&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FinternationalRelations%2Faboutthedepartment%2Fwelcomehod.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Martin_wight" class="citation book">Martin Wight. International Theory: The Three Traditions. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 1992 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Martin+Wight&rft.btitle=International+Theory%3A+The+Three+Traditions&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Brian_Schmidt" class="citation book">Brian Schmidt. The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations. New York: University Press of America. 1998 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Brian+Schmidt&rft.btitle=The+Political+Discourse+of+Anarchy%3A+A+Disciplinary+History+of+International+Relations&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="A.Zimmern" class="citation book">A. Zimmern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsr0000zimm">The League of Nations and the Rule of Law, 1918-1935</a>. Basingstoke: Press of McMillan. 1936 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=A.+Zimmern&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations+and+the+Rule+of+Law%2C+1918-1935&rft.date=1936&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Press+of+McMillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleagueofnationsr0000zimm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="G.Murray" class="citation book">G. Murray. The Ordeal of This Genertion. London: Harper Press. 1929 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=G.+Murray&rft.btitle=The+Ordeal+of+This+Genertion&rft.date=1929&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Hedley_Bull" class="citation book">James Der Derian. International Theory. Critical Ivestigation. Theory of International Relations (1919-1969), 1972. London: McMillan. 1995 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=James+Der+Derian&rft.btitle=International+Theory.+Critical+Ivestigation.+Theory+of+International+Relations+%281919-1969%29%2C+1972&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=McMillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Frederick_Schumann" class="citation book">Frederick Schumann. International Politics. New York: PressMcGraw-Hill. 1937 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Frederick+Schumann&rft.btitle=International+Politics&rft.date=1937&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PressMcGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="E.H.Carr" class="citation book">E. H. Carr. Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1946 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=E.+H.+Carr&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years%27+Crisis%2C+1919-1939&rft.date=1946&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="John_Ikenberry" class="citation book">John Ikenberry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftervictoryinst0000iken">After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2001 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=John+Ikenberry&rft.btitle=After+Victory%3A+Institutions%2C+Strategic+Restraint%2C+and+the+Rebuilding+of+Order+After+Major+Wars&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftervictoryinst0000iken&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="B.Korany" class="citation book">B.Korany. Analyse Des Relations Internationales: Approches, Concepts et Données. Montreal: G. 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Paris: Sirey. 1651.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Thomas+Hobbes&rft.btitle=Leviathan+or+The+Matter%2C+Forme+and+Power+of+a+Common+Wealth+Ecclesiastical+and+Civil&rft.date=1651&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Sirey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="A.Linklater" class="citation book">A. Linklater. Men and Citizen in the Theory of International Relations. 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Paris: Garnier Flammarion. 1984 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=John+Lock+e&rft.btitle=Two+Treatises+of+Government&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Garnier+Flammarion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Karl_Marx" class="citation book">Karl Marx. The Communist Manifesto. East Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 1981 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.place=East+Berlin&rft.pub=Dietz+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Emmanuel_Kant" class="citation book">Emmanuel Kant. Qpuscule sur l'histoire. 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January 1998, <b>50</b> (2) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=The+Constructivist+Tum+in+International+Relations+Theory&rft.au=Jeffey+Checkel&rft.date=1998-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.volume=50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Highwood" class="citation book">海伍德（Andrew Highwood）. 政治学. 由张立鹏翻译第二版. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787300074238" title="Special:网络书源/9787300074238"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787300074238</a>.</cite><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代建构主义（页面不存在）">现代建构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代建构主义（页面不存在）">后现代建构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实建构主义">现实建构主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女权主义_(國際關係)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminism_in_international_relations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女权主义 (國際關係)（页面不存在）">女权主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" class="extiw" title="en:Feminism in international relations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminism_in_international_relations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马克思主义国际关系理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marxist_international_relations_theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克思主义国际关系理论（页面不存在）">马克思主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Marxist international relations theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marxist_international_relations_theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="世界體系理論">世界體系理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" title="依附理论 (国际政治经济学)">依赖理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="批判理论 (国际关系)">批判理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新葛兰西主义">新葛兰西学派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="政府間主義">政府间主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由政府间主义">自由政府间主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能主义 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">功能主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新功能主义（页面不存在）">新功能主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后现代主义 (国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postmodernism_(international_relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">后现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodernism (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postmodernism_(international_relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后殖民主义(国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postcolonialism_(international_relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后殖民主义(国际关系)（页面不存在）">后殖民主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialism_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Postcolonialism (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postcolonialism_(international_relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="發展主義">發展主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="国际政治经济学">国际政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%9D%83%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="霸权稳定论">霸权稳定论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绿色理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Green theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绿色理论（页面不存在）">绿色理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Green theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Green theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哥本哈根学派 (国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥本哈根学派 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">哥本哈根学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Copenhagen School (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="政治安全">政治安全</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="英国学派">英国学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="中國學派 (國際關係)">中國學派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实证主义 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">实证主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性主义国际关系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rationalism_(international_relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性主义国际关系（页面不存在）">理性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Rationalism (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rationalism_(international_relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="后实证主义 (国际关系)">后实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反思主義">反思主义</a></li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="大辩论 (国际关系)">大辩论</a>」</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际伦理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International_ethics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际伦理（页面不存在）">国际伦理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:International ethics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International_ethics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="历史社会学">历史社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="制度理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regime_theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="制度理论（页面不存在）">制度理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Regime theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regime_theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国家垄断理论（页面不存在）">国家垄断理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%BC%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="地缘政治学">地缘政治学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="大战略">大战略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="外交政策分析">外交政策分析</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="战略现实主义（页面不存在）">战略现实主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%89%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道义现实主义">道义现实主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE" title="愛德華·霍列特·卡爾">愛德華·霍列特·卡爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·卡岑斯坦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter_J._Katzenstein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B2%91%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·卡岑斯坦（页面不存在）">彼得·卡岑斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" class="extiw" title="en:Peter J. Katzenstein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter_J._Katzenstein</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="戴维·赫尔德">戴维·赫尔德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹尼尔·多德尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Daniel_Deudney"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼尔·多德尼（页面不存在）">丹尼尔·多德尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Deudney"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Daniel_Deudney</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%B1%B1" title="法蘭西斯·福山">弗朗西斯·福山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%A2" title="漢斯·摩根索">漢斯·摩根索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="赫德利·布尔">赫德利·布尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="亨利·基辛格">亨利·基辛格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯·布思 (学者)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ken_Booth_(academic)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%80%9D_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯·布思 (学者)（页面不存在）">肯·布思</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Booth_(academic)" class="extiw" title="en:Ken Booth (academic)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ken_Booth_(academic)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%B2" title="肯尼思·沃爾茲">肯尼思·沃爾茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" title="肯尼思·W·汤普森">肯尼思·W·汤普森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%9A" title="理查德·内德·勒博">理查德·内德·勒博</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·J·阿特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert_J._Art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·J·阿特（页面不存在）">罗伯特·J·阿特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Art" class="extiw" title="en:Robert J. Art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert_J._Art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E6%AD%90%E6%BC%A2" title="羅伯特·基歐漢">羅伯特·基歐漢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B3" title="羅伯特·吉爾平">羅伯特·吉爾平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF" title="羅伯特·傑維斯">羅伯特·傑維斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迈克尔·W·多伊尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michael_W._Doyle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·W·多伊尔（页面不存在）">迈克尔·W·多伊尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" class="extiw" title="en:Michael W. Doyle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michael_W._Doyle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%8D%97" title="乔治·凯南">喬治·凱南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BB%B7%E9%A0%93" title="塞繆爾·P·亨廷頓">塞繆爾·P·亨廷頓</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯蒂芬·克拉斯纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stephen_D._Krasner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯蒂芬·克拉斯纳（页面不存在）">斯蒂芬·克拉斯纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" class="extiw" title="en:Stephen D. Krasner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stephen_D._Krasner</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="斯蒂芬·M·沃尔特">斯蒂芬·M·沃尔特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E5%A5%87" title="苏珊·斯特兰奇">苏珊·斯特兰奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%BA%AB%E7%89%B9" title="亚历山大·溫特">亚历山大·溫特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦">伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="約翰·米爾斯海默">約翰·米爾斯海默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE" title="約瑟夫·奈爾">約瑟夫·奈伊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%83%AD%E6%B4%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基">兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9" title="安德鲁·林克莱特">安德鲁·林克莱特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%9D%E6%80%9D%E6%82%8C" title="郝思悌">郝思悌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="诺林·里普斯曼">诺林·里普斯曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%92" title="秦亚青">秦亚青</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%8E%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%9A" title="阎学通">阎学通</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="國際關係" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="Category:國際關係">國際關係</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="Category:國際關係">国际关系分类</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="国际关系" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Template:国际关系"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Template talk:国际关系"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:国际关系"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="国际关系" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">国际关系</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%A0%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="金砖国家">金砖国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="集体安全条约组织">集体安全条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="国际刑事法院">国际刑事法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="國際聯盟">國際聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="上海合作组织">上海合作组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2" title="外交史">外交历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际关系 (1648年－1814年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International relations, 1648–1814"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB_(1648%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1814%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际关系 (1648年－1814年)（页面不存在）">1648年－1814年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations,_1648%E2%80%931814" class="extiw" title="en:International relations, 1648–1814"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International relations, 1648–1814</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际关系 (1814年－1919年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB_(1814%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1919%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际关系 (1814年－1919年)（页面不存在）">1814年－1919年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="extiw" title="en:International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="戰間期國際外交關係">戰間期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2" title="第二次世界大戰外交史">二战期间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战时代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际关系 (1989年迄今)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International relations since 1989"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB_(1989%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%84%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际关系 (1989年迄今)（页面不存在）">1989年迄今</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" class="extiw" title="en:International relations since 1989"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International relations since 1989</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A5%E9%9D%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="绥靖主义">绥靖主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="集体安全">集体安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灰色地带 (国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grey-zone (international relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%A6_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灰色地带 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">模糊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Grey-zone (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grey-zone (international relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%AC%8A" title="霸權">霸权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="制度主义 (国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutionalism (international relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="制度主义 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">制度主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Institutionalism (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutionalism (international relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="国际社会">国际社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平">和平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="权力 (国际关系)">权力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="權力平衡">均勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="宗主权">宗主权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="条约">条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">相关理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="建構主義 (國際關係)">建构主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由主义 (国际关系)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liberalism (international relations)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由主义 (国际关系)（页面不存在）">自由主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" class="extiw" title="en:Liberalism (international relations)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liberalism (international relations)</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="新自由主義 (國際關係)">新自由主義</a>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马克思国际关系理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marxist international relations theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克思国际关系理论（页面不存在）">马克思国际关系理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Marxist international relations theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marxist international relations theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="現實主義 (國際關係)">现实主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="外交政策分析">外交政策分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%BC%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="地缘政治学">地缘政治学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社会科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:社會科學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:社會科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:社會科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社会科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">國際關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="微观经济学">微观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪學">犯罪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="鄉村社會學">鄉村</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="社會人類學">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="文化人类学">文化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="历史的辅助科学">历史的辅助科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="文化史">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="经济史">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会历史学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">環境</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">人類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">心理</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨學科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="教育学">教育学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科學研究</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="经济哲学">經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="科技與社會">科技與社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></li> <li>規劃 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地使用規畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A6%8F%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地使用規畫（页面不存在）">土地使用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="环境规划">環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">都市</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態政治學">政治生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="区域经济学">区域经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">全球研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">國際研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="區域研究">區域研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="区域科学">区域科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会神经科学">社会神经科学</a></li> <li>環境（<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="環境社會科學">社會科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境研究 (學科)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_(%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境研究 (學科)（页面不存在）">研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental studies</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="传播学">传播学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區研究（页面不存在）">社區研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Community studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="文化研究">文化研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="發展研究">發展研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="人類生態學">人類生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息科学">信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="媒體研究">媒體研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="性别研究">性别研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="食品研究">食品研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="人與動物關係學">人與動物關係學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="社會工作">社會工作</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="規範科學">规范科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文學科</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="人文科學">人文科學</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="法律" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Template:法律"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Template talk:法律"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:法律"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="法律" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">法律核心科目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95" title="行政法">行政法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95" title="民法">民法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="憲制性法律">憲制性法律</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6" title="契约">契约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95" title="刑法">刑法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%8B%E5%A5%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屋契（页面不存在）">屋契</a>（房屋所有权）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E5%B9%B3%E6%B3%95" title="衡平法">衡平法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B5%E6%AC%8A" title="債權">債權法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%B3%95" title="程序法">程序法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%B4%E8%A8%9F%E6%B3%95" title="民事訴訟法">民事訴訟法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%B4%E8%A8%9F" title="刑事訴訟">刑事訴訟法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95" title="行政法">行政訴訟法</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%9D%83" title="物权">物权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B3%95" title="公法">公法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6%E5%BE%97%E5%88%A9" title="不當得利">回復原狀與不當得利</a>（歸還）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="成文法">成文法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E6%9D%83%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" title="侵权行为">侵权行为</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/70px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/105px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/140px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築法（页面不存在）">建築法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_law" class="extiw" title="en:Construction law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Construction law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4" title="消费者保护">消费者保护法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95" title="公司法">公司法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E6%B3%95" title="資訊技術法">資訊技術法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%B3%95" title="选举法">選舉法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源法律（页面不存在）">能源法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_law" class="extiw" title="en:Energy law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="媒體的法律問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Entertainment law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒體的法律問題（页面不存在）">媒體的法律問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_law" class="extiw" title="en:Entertainment law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Entertainment law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="环境法学">環境法學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%B3%95" title="家庭法">家事法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%9B%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="金融監管">金融監管</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="出入境法規" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immigration law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出入境法規（页面不存在）">出入境法規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immigration law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="知识产权">知识产权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95" title="國際刑事法">國際刑事法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95" title="国际人权法">国际人权法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95" title="勞工法">勞工法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E6%B3%95" title="战争法">戰爭法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95" title="海事法">海事法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E6%B3%95" title="海商法">海商法</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="醫療法">醫療法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95" title="軍事司法">軍事司法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%B3%95" title="继承法">遺產承辦</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2" title="財產">財產</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%9B%91" title="遺囑">遺囑</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="產品責任" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Product liability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產品責任（页面不存在）">產品責任</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability" class="extiw" title="en:Product liability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Product liability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">國際公法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95" title="太空法">太空法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國體育法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sports law in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國體育法（页面不存在）">美國體育法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Sports law in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sports law in the United States</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85%E6%B3%95" title="稅法">稅法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%A8%97_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B)" title="信託 (法律)">信托法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B7%B5%E6%BA%90" title="法律淵源">法淵源律</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E7%8B%80" title="特許狀">特許狀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="法典">法典</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="成文法">成文法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="章程">章程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF%E6%B3%95" title="习惯法">习惯法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="自然权利和法定权利">自然權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B3%95" title="判例法">判例法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B" title="判決先例">判決先例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B5%E5%BE%AA%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B" title="遵循先例">遵循先例</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">立法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="法案">法案</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E5%8B%95%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公民動議（页面不存在）">公民動議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="法典化">法典化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="法令">法令</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%94%E4%BB%A4%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="詔令文書">敕令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4" title="行政命令">行政命令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A" title="宣告">宣告</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" title="委任立法">委任立法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E5%88%B6" title="规制">规制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法規制定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rulemaking"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法規制定（页面不存在）">法規制定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking" class="extiw" title="en:Rulemaking"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rulemaking</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B)" title="公布 (法律)">公布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E9%99%A4" title="廢除">廢除</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="成文法">成文法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F" title="法規">法規</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="英聯邦議會立法">英聯邦議會立法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會法">美國國會法</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="条约">条约</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="法系">法律體系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="大陆法系">欧陆法系</a>（大陸法系）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="英美法系">英美法系</a>（普通法系）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="中华法系">中华法系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="法律多元论">法律多元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95" title="自然法">自然法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="宗教法">宗教法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%B3%95" title="教会法">教會法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindu law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度法（页面不存在）">印度法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_law" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindu law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耆那教法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jain Law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教法（页面不存在）">耆那教法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Law" class="extiw" title="en:Jain Law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jain Law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="哈拉卡">哈拉卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="沙里亞法規">沙里亞法規</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬法">羅馬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="社会主义法系">社會主義法系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="成文法">成文法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF%E6%B3%95" title="习惯法">习惯法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="索馬里判官政治">索馬里判官政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%90%89%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%97%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="成吉思汗法典">成吉思汗法典</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法律理據</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="法律原則">法律原則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="批判法律研究">批判法律研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95" title="比較法">比較法學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="女权主义法学">女权主义法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="法律经济学">法律的經濟分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律形式主义">法律形式主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="法律史">法制史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="国际法学理论">国际法学理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="合法性">合法性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB" title="法治">法治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="法律社会学">法律社會學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="作出判決" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adjudication"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9C%E5%87%BA%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="作出判決（页面不存在）">作出判決</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication" class="extiw" title="en:Adjudication"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adjudication</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="司法機關">司法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="刑事司法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Criminal justice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑事司法（页面不存在）">刑事司法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice" class="extiw" title="en:Criminal justice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Criminal justice</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="軍事法庭">軍事法庭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dispute resolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E8%A7%A3" title="調解">调解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution" class="extiw" title="en:Dispute resolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dispute resolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">伊斯蘭教法學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B4%E8%A8%9F" title="訴訟">訴訟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B%E6%9B%B8" title="法律意見書">法律意見</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法律補償" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal remedy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%A3%9C%E5%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律補償（页面不存在）">法律補償</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy" class="extiw" title="en:Legal remedy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal remedy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="法官">法官</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E7%B4%B3%E5%A3%AB" title="太平紳士">太平紳士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%AE%98" title="推官">审判员</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B)" title="裁判 (法律)">裁判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%86%E6%A0%B8" title="司法覆核">司法覆核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="司法管轄權">司法管轄權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%AA%E5%AF%A9%E5%9C%98" title="陪審團">陪審團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="公平正義">公平正義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="法律工作者">法律工作者</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代理律師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attorney at law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代理律師（页面不存在）">代理律師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_at_law" class="extiw" title="en:Attorney at law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attorney at law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%BA%AD%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="出庭律師">訟務律師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F" title="法律顧問">法律顧問</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="律師">律師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="檢察官">檢察官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="事務律師">事務律師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="法學家">法學家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1" title="法律輔助人員">法律輔助人員</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="事實問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Question of fact"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="事實問題（页面不存在）">事實問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_fact" class="extiw" title="en:Question of fact"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Question of fact</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法律問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Question of law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律問題（页面不存在）">法律問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_law" class="extiw" title="en:Question of law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Question of law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="審判">審判</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="審訊訟辯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trial advocacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A9%E8%A8%8A%E8%A8%9F%E8%BE%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="審訊訟辯（页面不存在）">審訊訟辯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_advocacy" class="extiw" title="en:Trial advocacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trial advocacy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AE%A4%E5%AE%9A" title="事实认定">事實認定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E6%B1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="裁決">裁決</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">法律機制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="官僚">官僚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="律師執業認可" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Admission to practice law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%9F%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%AA%8D%E5%8F%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="律師執業認可（页面不存在）">律師執業認可</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law" class="extiw" title="en:Admission to practice law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Admission to practice law</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="律師學院">律師學院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E6%89%80" title="律師事務所">律師事務所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="公民社会">公民社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="法庭">法庭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1" title="司法人員">司法人員</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98" title="律政書記">书记员</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E9%81%94%E5%90%8F" title="執達吏">法院执行局</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="選舉委員會">選舉委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="行政機關">行政機關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="司法機關">司法機關</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="執法機構" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Law enforcement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A7%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="执法机构">執法機構</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement" class="extiw" title="en:Law enforcement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Law enforcement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6#法律教育" title="法学">法律教育</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法学院">法學院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="軍隊">軍隊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察">警察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="政黨">政黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="審裁處" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribunal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A9%E8%A3%81%E8%99%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="審裁處（页面不存在）">民事调解庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal" class="extiw" title="en:Tribunal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribunal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Category:法律">法律分類</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Portal:法律">法律主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Relaciones internacionales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576270">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Relations internationales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976886h">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Relations internationales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976886h">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="International relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558033005171">以色列</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="International relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067435">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Starptautiskās attiecības"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049052&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mezinárodní vztahy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137626&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="international relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998007215">韩国</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="international relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300054441">AAT</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636478">NARA</a></span></li></ul> 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