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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沿革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沿革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>沿革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沿革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與皇權的衝突" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與皇權的衝突"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>與皇權的衝突</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與皇權的衝突-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷代稱謂表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷代稱謂表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>歷代稱謂表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷代稱謂表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>近代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">宰相</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。15种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grand chancellor (China)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_ministre_de_Chine" title="Premier ministre de Chine – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier ministre de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanselir_agung_(Tiongkok)" title="Kanselir agung (Tiongkok) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanselir agung (Tiongkok)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cancelliere_(Cina_imperiale)" title="Gran Cancelliere (Cina imperiale) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gran Cancelliere (Cina imperiale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="中国の宰相 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の宰相" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%AC%EC%83%81" title="중국의 재상 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국의 재상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Зайсан – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зайсан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-chanceler" title="Grão-chanceler – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-chanceler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Чэнсян – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чэнсян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancelar_Kine" title="Kancelar Kine – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kancelar Kine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99)" title="อัครมหาเสนาบดี (ประเทศจีน) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัครมหาเสนาบดี (ประเทศจีน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%83_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng" title="Tể tướng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tể tướng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="宰相 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宰相" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1i-si%C3%B2ng" title="Chái-siòng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chái-siòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="宰相 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宰相" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1275294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年8月25日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="Talk:宰相">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>宰相</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中國歷代</a>辅助<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>（含<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯">諸侯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帝王">帝王</a>等）<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政府首腦">最高行政官员</a>的非正式通稱，而非法制上的名稱，除<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝">遼朝</a>外，在各朝代的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98" title="职官">官制</a>中，其實是沒有這官名的。中國歷代政權建立<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="中央集權">中央集權</a>後正式稱謂有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="相邦">相邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相國">相國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中書令">中書令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" title="同平章事">同平章事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="內閣總理大臣 (清朝)">总理大臣</a>等，相當於今日各國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政府首腦">政府首腦</a>，但職權大過前者。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「宰」原為「罪人在屋下執事者」<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，後引申為宰制的意思。「宰」有控制、掌握之意。「相」是「目接物」<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，故「相」又有「交接扶助」之意。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>时「宰」为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>家中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%B6" title="管家">管家</a>，是管理家务和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶">奴隶</a>之官；<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周朝</a>有执掌国政的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">太宰</a>，也有掌贵族家务的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%B0" title="家宰">家宰</a>、掌管一邑的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%91%E5%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="邑宰">邑宰</a>。「宰」，亦管「宰殺」牲畜以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">祭祀</a>，实已为官的通称。因古時祭祀為頭等大事。 </p><p>「宰相」二字联称，始见于《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" title="韩非子">韩非子</a>·显学》，但只有<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="辽代">辽代</a>以为正式官名，其它各代所指官名与职权广狭则不同，而且名目繁多。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>宰相人數與名目最多，有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="三省">三省</a>長官的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="中书令">中书令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射">尚书左仆射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书右仆射">尚书右仆射</a>，还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%89%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="同中书门下三品">同中书门下三品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同中书门下平章事">同中书门下平章事</a>、参与（议、豫）朝政、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E7%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="参知政事">参知政事</a>、同掌机密等等。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢代">漢代</a>丞相以一或二人為相，<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="唐">唐</a>代的宰相以多人<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="合议制">合議制</a>為相，還有許多<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="軍人">軍人</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="節度使">節度使</a>獲得宰相的頭銜，是為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%9B%B8" title="使相">使相</a>，但為榮譽職，無實權。 </p><p>有些朝代會設立左、右<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>（根據皇帝的方向），其地位根據不同朝代對「左尊」或「右尊」而不同。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>時代文官尊左、武官尊右；在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">漢</a>時期，以右丞相為主相、左丞相為副相；到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90" title="隋唐">隋唐</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="兩宋">兩宋</a>隨<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">周</a>為「左尊右卑」；<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>依<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙古人">蒙古人</a>習俗也以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="右丞相">右丞相</a>高於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="左丞相">左丞相</a>；到明初洪武時則恢復以左丞相為正職、右丞相為副職，但後廢除了丞相制度。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北京大学">北京大学</a>历史系副主任<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9D%E6%80%BB%E6%96%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祝总斌（页面不存在）">祝总斌</a>教授认为，宰相必须拥有议政权和监督百官的执行权，两者缺一不可。首先是进宫谒见皇帝，共议国家大事。宰相对<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="行政">行政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="财政">财政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="军事">军事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>等）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="人事">人事</a>这两方面的大事必须出谋划策，辅助皇帝最后确定下来（包括对皇帝的错误意见进行谏诤）。其次是在经过皇帝与宰相商议，形成决定之后，还得由宰相监督百官执行。这里包括百官执行后的考课，以及由此奏行的黜陟、赏罚等。古代官吏和后代学者往往重视第一个条件，而忽视第二个条件，从而造成宰相称谓上许多混乱。祝总斌认为两汉的宰相是固定的，始终是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AC" title="三公">三公</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书台">尚书台</a>长官不是宰相。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晋南北朝</a>宰相始终是尚书台或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="尚书省">尚书省</a>的长官，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中书监">中书监</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="中书令">中书令</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="门下侍中">门下侍中</a>不是宰相，尽管他们也是在某些方面或某个时期权力极大。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E9%98%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="殿阁大学士">殿阁大学士</a>权力发展到参与议政，职掌票拟，因而他们一般也被誉为宰相，但在制度上始终无监督<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8" title="六部">六部</a>百官执行之权，所以并不是宰相<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="沿革"><span id=".E6.B2.BF.E9.9D.A9"></span>沿革</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：沿革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>宰相最早起源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="春秋时期">春秋时期</a>。最早见于《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" title="韩非子">韩非子</a>·显学篇》：“故明主之吏，宰相必起于州部，猛将必发于卒伍。”<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="战国时期">战国时期</a>，宰相的职位在各个诸侯国都建立了起来，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋战国时期">春秋戰國時期</a>列國宰相有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="齊國">齊國</a>下卿<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲">管仲</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="上大夫">上大夫</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8F%E5%AC%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="晏嬰">晏嬰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="趙國">趙國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%BF" title="上卿">上卿</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%A6%82" title="藺相如">藺相如</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="秦國">秦國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="相邦">相邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E4%B8%8D%E9%9F%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂不韋">呂不韋</a>等代表人物。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>时，宰相的正式官名为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF" title="李斯">李斯</a>擔任。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>与秦朝相仿，一般稱為丞相（金印緺綬，綬紫青色），只是如果称为「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="相国">相国</a>」（金印綟綬，綬似綠似紫）的话，地位更高一些，并以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a>为副职。漢初立國，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E9%82%A6" title="刘邦">刘邦</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A7%E4%BD%95" title="萧何">萧何</a>為丞相，其後升任相國。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="汉武帝">汉武帝</a>时，起用了一批<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%94%9F" title="儒生">儒生</a>当丞相，处理日常行政事务，而政务中心则转到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="内廷">内廷</a>。宰相的职权逐渐转移到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书台">尚书台</a>长官的手中。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D" title="汉哀帝">汉哀帝</a>改丞相为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="大司徒">大司徒</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">司徒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a>，號稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AC" title="三公">三公</a>，共同执政，權臣則多稱「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="大司馬">大司馬</a>」。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E7%8C%AE%E5%B8%9D" title="汉献帝">汉献帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%AE%89_(%E6%B1%89%E7%8C%AE%E5%B8%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="建安 (汉献帝)">建安</a>十三年（208年），复置丞相，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%93%8D" title="曹操">曹操</a>担任。 </p><p>除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a>的宰相之外，由於漢朝採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA" title="封建">封建</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E7%B8%A3%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="郡縣制">郡縣</a>並行制（也稱作<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="郡國制">郡國制</a>），因此在地方層級上有許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="封国">封國</a>（諸如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中山國">中山國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="北海國">北海國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="趙國">趙國</a>等），行政區地位相當於<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a>。雖然封國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>為各<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯">諸侯</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B" title="王">王</a>，但只是<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="傀儡">傀儡</a>，實質的長官，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>派遣的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%9B%B8" title="國相">國相</a>」，因此<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="王國">王國</a>的國相，實際上相當於<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%88" title="太守">太守</a>。此外，各郡国内还有许多县侯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="封国">封国</a>，侯國的國相，在品级上則相当于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="县令">县令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF%E9%95%BF" title="县长">县长</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晉</a>时，丞相或相国多为权臣自命建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E5%BA%9C" title="霸府">霸府</a>政治，成为了一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D" title="篡位">篡位</a>夺权的手段，一如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%8F%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%8A" title="司馬氏專權">司馬氏專權</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="東魏">東魏</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%AD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="高歡">高歡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0" title="宇文泰">宇文泰</a>。偏安政權<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="蜀漢">蜀漢</a>立國以來所任丞相也只有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE" title="诸葛亮">诸葛亮</a>一人。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>制度多变，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>所与议论政事或委以机密者，即是宰相，官名有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中书监">中书监</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="中书令">中书令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="尚书令">尚书令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" title="仆射">仆射</a>或将军。其位最尊、权最大者则为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%95%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BA%8B" title="录尚书事">录尚书事</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝">隋朝</a>時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝">隋文帝</a>楊堅創立<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8" title="三省六部">三省六部</a>制，三省长官<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="内史省">内史省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8F%B2%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="内史令">内史令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E7%9C%81" title="门下省">门下省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%A8%80" title="纳言">纳言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="尚书省">尚书省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="尚书令">尚书令</a>合稱為宰相。唐改内史省为中书省，内史令为中书令，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%A8%80" title="纳言">纳言</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97" title="唐太宗">唐太宗</a>時諫臣<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E7%8E%84%E9%BE%84" title="房玄龄">房玄龄</a>官至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司空</a>兼領<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射">尚书左仆射</a>，為當時尚书省實際长官。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="唐高宗">唐高宗</a>后，不置尚书令，以副职尚书左右仆射为尚书省长官，除中书省长官中书令和门下省长官侍中外，以他官加“同中书门下三品”者才是宰相；<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗">玄宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83" title="开元">开元</a>后，加衔称“同中书门下平章事”，简称<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" title="同平章事">同平章事</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中書令">中書令</a>為虛置，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" title="同平章事">同平章事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>为宰相正式官名，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E7%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="参知政事">参知政事</a>为副，兩者同議政事，輪流知印、押班、奏事，合稱「宰執」。<sup id="cite_ref-multiple1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90" title="天子">天子</a>待宰相之礼，逐渐降级，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宋太祖">宋太祖</a>废“坐论”之礼，使宰相站立答話，其地位大降。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%B8%B0%E6%94%B9%E5%88%B6" title="元丰改制">元丰改制</a>，恢复唐朝的三省制度，但三省长官虚设，以副职代之，设宰相二人，首相称<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎">尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎</a>，次相称<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书右仆射兼中书侍郎">尚书右仆射兼中書侍郎</a>；另设门下侍郎、中书侍郎、尚书左右丞为副相。<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%92%8C_(%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7)" title="政和 (年号)">政和</a>时，改<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="左僕射">左仆射</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">太宰</a>兼门下侍郎，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="右僕射">右仆射</a>为少宰兼中书侍郎。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E5%BA%B7" title="靖康">靖康</a>间复改为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎">尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书右仆射兼中书侍郎">尚书右仆射兼中書侍郎</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%82%8E" title="建炎">建炎</a>间，再改宰相官名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" title="尚书仆射">尚书仆射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同中书门下平章事">同中书门下平章事</a>，代表人物<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%AA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="秦檜">秦檜</a>，副相为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E7%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="参知政事">参知政事</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%81%93_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="乾道 (南宋)">乾道</a>间又改为尚书左、右丞相，多兼<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E5%AF%86%E4%BD%BF" title="枢密使">枢密使</a>，统领军政，代表人物如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%A5" title="文天祥">文天祥</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="大蒙古国">大蒙古國</a>仿效漢制，設立中書省為行政機關，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90" title="耶律楚材">耶律楚材</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%A9%E9%97%8A%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="窩闊台">窩闊台</a>汗時期擔任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中書令">中書令</a>，位居中書丞相之上。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>建立後續以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" title="中书省 (元朝)">中書省</a>为政务中枢，主官中书令由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太子">皇太子</a>兼领，不常设，下为中书右左<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>，为常设长官，再下为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="平章政事">平章政事</a>，副职为右左<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E" title="丞">丞</a>及参知政事，合称“宰执”。各地設有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="行中書省">行中書省</a>作為朝廷的派出機構，長官為行省丞相。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a>初亦设<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝中書省">中书省</a>，长官为左右丞相，不设中书令。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6" title="洪武">洪武</a>十三年（1380年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="明太祖">太祖</a>藉由<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%83%9F%E5%BA%B8%E6%A1%88" title="胡惟庸案">胡惟庸案</a>，罢中书省，废丞相，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90" title="天子">天子</a>亲决国政。宰相制度和三省制度遂废。后<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>以不胜庶政之繁，设<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%94%E5%93%81" title="正五品">正五品</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" title="内阁大学士">内阁大学士</a>协理文书。后<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="內閣">內阁</a>职位渐重，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" title="大学士">大学士</a>有宰相之实，却无宰相之名，权力受到一定限制，称辅臣，居首者为<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝首辅">首辅</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B5%A9" title="严嵩">严嵩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="張居正">張居正</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a>沿明制，不设立真正的宰相职务。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a>时设<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%84" title="军机处">军机处</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="清朝内阁">内阁</a>成为闲曹，沒有<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E9%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="品階">品阶</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="军机大臣">军机大臣</a>行宰相职责，但没有独立的行政权力。清代习惯上称授<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%93%81" title="正一品">正一品</a>殿阁大学士为拜相，但无正式宰相名份。清朝末年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="清政府">清政府</a>仿效<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>改革政治制度，成立以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝內閣總理大臣">总理大臣</a>为首的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" class="mw-redirect" title="责任内阁">责任内阁</a>，取代大学士和军机大臣。 </p><p>在所有的官职中，宰相的变化最多，这是由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>既需要宰相帮助办理政事，又担心宰相的权位过重，危及自身的权力。明清以后的大学士及军机大臣虽有宰相职责，辅助皇帝，但实际上只是皇权的执行者，没有独立决策权力。虽有大学士和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="军机大臣">军机大臣</a>专权的情况发生，但他们的权力只是来自君主的信任，而非制度本身，相对下地位并不稳固。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與皇權的衝突"><span id=".E8.88.87.E7.9A.87.E6.AC.8A.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81"></span>與皇權的衝突</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：與皇權的衝突"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>很少大有為的皇帝能長期忍受權力過大的相權。因此相權在中國歷史中不斷的被裁減，但随着中国封建王朝走向衰落，相权最终彻底战胜皇权。其中較顯著的變革有四個時期： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>設<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="內廷">內廷</a>作為政務中心，逐漸架空以丞相為首的外廷。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="隋代">隋代</a>正式确立<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="三省">三省</a>制；<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AC" title="三公">三公</a>取消<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="开府">开府</a>，成为彻底荣誉头衔。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="明太祖">明太祖</a>洪武十三年借<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%83%9F%E5%BA%B8%E6%A1%88" title="胡惟庸案">胡惟庸案</a>廢中書省和丞相，集君權與相權於一身。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清代</a>宣统三年总理大臣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>发<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E7%A5%BA%E7%91%9E%E7%AD%89%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B5" title="段祺瑞等要求共和电">实行共和制的电报</a>迫使<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="宣統帝退位詔書">皇帝退位</a>，相权彻底战胜皇权。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷代稱謂表"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E4.BB.A3.E7.A8.B1.E8.AC.82.E8.A1.A8"></span>歷代稱謂表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：歷代稱謂表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中国的宰相在歴代王朝有不同的稱謂。下表是詳細參照。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>朝代</th> <th>宰相</th> <th colspan="2">内容 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">太宰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A2%E5%AE%B0" title="冢宰">冢宰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="阿衡">阿衡</a></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8" title="西周">西周</a></td> <td>太宰、冢宰、小宰</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="東周">東周</a></td> <td>太宰、冢宰、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="執政官">執政官</a>、少宰</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋時期">春秋</a></td> <td>齊:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%BF" title="上卿">上卿</a>→左相、右相<br />晉：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="正卿">正卿</a><br />秦：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%BA%B6%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="左庶长">左庶長</a>、右庶長<br />楚：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%B0%B9" title="令尹">令尹</a><br />越：大夫<br />宋：左師、右師</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國">戰國</a></td> <td>相<br />秦：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%89%AF%E9%80%A0" title="大良造">大良造</a>→相邦→左丞相、右丞相<br />楚：令尹</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="西漢">西漢</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相國">相國</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相國">相國</a>—輔佐皇帝、總攬政務、統率百官<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a>—司掌軍事<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a>—統率御史（監察官）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AC" title="三公">三公</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="東漢">東漢</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">司徒</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司空</a></td> <td>丞相即司徒、御史大夫為司空所改稱<br />實權渐渐移至尚書，三公逐渐成為榮譽職</td> <td>三公 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8_(%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書 (官職)">尚書</a></td> <td colspan="2">皇帝個人秘書 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三國">三國</a></td> <td>曹魏：<br />司空<br />司徒<br />太尉<br />大將軍<br />↓<br />尚書令<br />尚書僕射<br />↓<br />相國</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>蜀漢：<br />丞相<br />↓<br />大將軍、錄尚書事<br />大司馬、錄尚書事<br />↓<br />尚書令</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>東吳：<br />丞相<br />↓<br />左丞相<br />右丞相</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西晉">西晉</a></td> <td>丞相</td> <td colspan="2">復置三公 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="錄尚書事">錄尚書事</a></td> <td colspan="2">尚書之最高職位 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書僕射">尚書僕射</a><br />門下<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中書令">中書令</a></td> <td colspan="2">尚書先任者<br />皇帝側近之首，兼掌出纳帝命<br />皇帝秘書官 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="東晉">東晉</a></td> <td>錄尚書事<br /><br />中書監<br />中書令<br />↓<br />中書侍郎<br /><br />侍中</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a></td> <td>尚書令<br />納言<br />內史令</td> <td>为避隋太祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%BF%A0_(%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="杨忠 (北朝)">杨忠</a>讳，侍中改纳言，中书令改内史令</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="三省">三省</a>長官 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="唐朝宰相">唐</a></td> <td>尚書令/尚書左、右僕射<br />侍中<br />中書令</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書省">尚書省</a>長官<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E7%9C%81" title="门下省">門下省</a>長官<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="中書省">中書省</a>長官 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%AD%96%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86" title="天策上将">天策上将</a><br />尚書令<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書僕射">尚書左、右僕射</a><br />侍中<br />中書令<br /><i>或他官加</i><br />知政事<br />參知政事<br />參預朝政<br />專典機密<br />同中書門下三品<br />与中書門下同承受進止平章事<br />同中书门下平章事<br /><i>等稱號为宰相</i>，名目之多為歷朝之冠，詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="唐朝宰相">唐朝宰相</a>。 </td> <td colspan="2">由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97" title="唐太宗">太宗</a>曾任<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%AD%96%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86" title="天策上将">天策上将</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>，後不再任命此官，改以尚書左、右僕射為尚書省長官 <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A7%80_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="貞觀 (唐朝)">貞觀</a>之後，尚書左、右僕射不帶“同中書門下三品”者，不是真宰相 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同中書門下平章事">同中書門下平章事</a></td> <td colspan="2">唐代中葉之後，多以門下侍郎、中書侍郎、六部尚書或侍郎為本官加“同中書門下平章事”為宰相 <p>原尚書左、右仆射，中書令，侍中等官職成為勛戚元老或節度使的加官<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使">节度使</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%9B%B8" title="使相">兼同平章事者</a>非真宰相 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="五代十國">五代十國</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="後梁">後梁</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%94%90" title="后唐">後唐</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%99%8B" title="后晋">後晉</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2" title="後漢">後漢</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8" title="后周">後周</a>：<br />同中書門下平章事 <p>參知政事 </p><p><i>等稱謂</i> </p> </td> <td colspan="2">大多沿襲唐代舊製，真宰相為“本官+同中書門下平章事”的形式 <p>又有加延資庫使（唐武宗時設置，後梁沿置）、太清宮使（唐後期設置，為首相加銜，後唐复置）、弘文館大學士、監修國史及集賢殿大學士等稱號區別首相、次相和其它宰相 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%90%B4" title="杨吴">吳</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90" title="南唐">南唐</a>：<br />同中書門下平章事<br />參知政事<br /><i>等稱謂</i> </td> <td colspan="2">同上 <p>楊吳權臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%BA%AB" title="徐溫">徐溫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%AA" title="李昪">徐知誥</a>先後以大丞相、都督中外諸軍事等頭銜把持朝政，一如唐末朱溫篡位前以相國總百揆自稱，非常置 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%9C%80" title="前蜀">前蜀</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80" title="後蜀">後蜀</a>：<br />同中書門下平章事<br />參知政事<br /><i>等稱謂</i> </td> <td colspan="2">同上 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="南漢">南漢</a>：<br />同中書門下平章事<br />參知政事<br /><i>等稱謂</i> </td> <td colspan="2">同上 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同中書門下平章事">同中書門下平章事</a> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E7%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" title="參知政事">參知政事</a> </p> </td> <td colspan="2">一般設置兩名或三名宰相<br />双相时首相兼领昭文館大學士及監修國史，次相兼集賢殿大學士<br />三相时以兼昭文館大學士者（即唐代的弘文館）为首，兼監修國史者次之，兼集賢殿大學士者又次之<br />副相為參知政事<br />間或有一二權臣真除門下侍中一職，也為真宰相<br />不兼<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%96%87%E9%99%A2" title="崇文院">三馆</a>馆职之同平章事或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%9B%B8" title="使相">兼节度使之同平章事</a>为虚衔，非宰相 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎">尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书右仆射兼中书侍郎">尚書右僕射兼中書侍郎</a><br />門下侍郎<br />中書侍郎<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%9E" title="尚书左丞">尚書左丞</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%B8%9E" title="尚书右丞">尚書右丞</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="宋神宗">神宗</a>元豐年間重校《<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%85%AD%E5%85%B8" title="唐六典">唐六典</a>》改革官制，廢除绝大多数沿襲晚唐五代的差遣職務，政府架構形式上回歸了唐代的三省六部制，但原來的三省長官虛設 <p>首相為尚書左仆射兼門下侍郎，次相為尚書右仆射兼中書侍郎<br />副相為門下侍郎、中書侍郎以及尚書左、右丞 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>太宰兼門下侍郎<br />少宰兼中書侍郎</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97" title="宋徽宗">徽宗</a>時期<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E4%BA%AC" title="蔡京">蔡京</a>曾以太師總領三省，稱為“公相”<br />太宰、少宰系原尚書左僕射、尚書右僕射改名 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%B7%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎">尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="尚书右仆射兼中书侍郎">尚書右僕射兼中書侍郎</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%92%A6%E5%AE%97" title="宋钦宗">欽宗</a>登基後，恢復元豐改製後的舊稱 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></td> <td>尚書左僕射同中書門下平章事<br />尚書右僕射同中書門下平章事</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%82%8E" title="建炎">建炎</a>时三省正式并一，撤消中书、门下侍郎及尚书丞等衔，宰执官恢复“同平章事”“参知政事”衔 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>左丞相<br />右丞相</td> <td colspan="2">左、右丞相<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%81%93_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="乾道 (南宋)">乾道</a>时自左、右僕射改名<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E4%BE%82%E8%83%84" class="mw-redirect" title="韩侂胄">韩侂胄</a>曾以“平章軍國事”一職把持朝政，位在丞相之上<br />“平章军国重事”多以勛戚老臣為之，有实权者唯<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E4%BC%BC%E9%81%93" title="贾似道">贾似道</a>一人，位在丞相之上 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="遼朝">遼</a></td> <td>北宰相府：<br />北府左宰相<br />北府右宰相<br />總知軍國事<br />知國事<br /><br />南宰相府：<br />南府左宰相<br />南府右宰相<br />總知軍國事<br />知國事<br /><br />中書令<br />中書省大丞相<br />中書省左丞相<br /><br />尚書令<br />尚書省左僕射<br />尚書省右僕射</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金</a></td> <td>尚書令<br />尚書左丞相<br />尚書右丞相<br />平章政事</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E9%A1%8F%E4%BA%AE" title="完顏亮">完顏亮</a>執政時期裁撤中書門下二省，以尚書省為行政中樞 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元</a></td> <td>中書令<br />中書右丞相<br />中書左丞相<br />平章政事</td> <td colspan="2">門下省不置，尚書省不常置，以中書省為行政中樞，仿照蒙古風俗，男右女左，男尊女卑，右丞相較左丞相高。中書令為皇太子兼任，不常置 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a></td> <td>中書左丞相<br />中書右丞相</td> <td colspan="2">由於丞相<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%83%9F%E5%BA%B8" title="胡惟庸">胡惟庸</a>被誅而廢止，省宰制度旋即结束，而后及至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="清末新政">清末行宪</a>，不再有真宰相之职 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a></td> <td>内阁总理大臣</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>执政时期，握有实权，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="清朝政府">清政府</a>唯一的真宰相。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3"></span>近代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：近代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>影響，今日時常稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>國家的各大臣雅稱為「相」，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="財務大臣">財務大臣</a>稱財相、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="外交大臣">外交大臣</a>稱外相、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8B%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="法務大臣">法務大臣</a>稱法相等。<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="政府首长">政府首長</a>則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="首相">首相</a>，甚至是直接稱「宰相」<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，「擔任政府首長」為「拜相」<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即得自「宰相」之名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》：「宰，罪（辠）人在屋下執事者，從宀、從辛。辛，罪也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《說文解字》相，省視也，從目木。《易》曰：地可觀者，莫可觀於木。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">祝总斌. 《两汉魏晋南北朝宰相制度研究》. 北京市: 中国社会科学出版社. 1990.10: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5004-0700-9" title="Special:网络书源/7-5004-0700-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5004-0700-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&rft.au=%E7%A5%9D%E6%80%BB%E6%96%8C&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%A4%E6%B1%89%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5004-0700-9&rft.pages=1-14&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiple1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">龔書鐸、劉德麟主編. 《圖說宋朝》. 臺北: 鳳凰出版. 2007-06: p.15. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-7151-55-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-7151-55-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-7151-55-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&rft.au=%E9%BE%94%E6%9B%B8%E9%90%B8%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%BA%9F+%E4%B8%BB%E7%B7%A8&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%96%E8%AA%AA%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2007-06&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-7151-55-1&rft.pages=p.15&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%AE%89%E5%80%8D%E6%99%89%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E8%8F%AF%E9%BA%97%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C-%E9%96%80%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8-%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BF%9120%E5%B9%B4-101711715.html">安倍晉三家族華麗政治系譜「一門三宰相」統治日本近20年</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910015729/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%AE%89%E5%80%8D%E6%99%89%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E8%8F%AF%E9%BA%97%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C-%E9%96%80%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8-%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BF%9120%E5%B9%B4-101711715.html">存档</a>于2022-09-10）.</cite><span 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id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國宰相列表">中國宰相列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="相国">相国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="国相">国相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="首相">首相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8%E3%80%81%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="西漢丞相、相國、大司徒列表">西汉丞相、相国、大司徒列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">司徒</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="大司馬">大司馬</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E)" title="大將軍 (東亞)">大將軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="太師">太師</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%82%85" title="太傅">太傅</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%BF%9D" title="太保">太保</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="錄尚書事">錄尚書事</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="尚書僕射">尚書僕射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中書令">中書令</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="门下侍中">門下侍中</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同中書門下平章事">同中書門下平章事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="明朝首辅列表">明朝首辅列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝大学士列表">清朝大學士列表</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="南書房">南書房</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="军机大臣列表">軍機大臣列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="長史">長史</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E9%A9%BE" title="别驾">別駕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98" title="职官">职官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7" title="首席部長">首席部長</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="內閣總理大臣">內閣總理大臣</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF" title="領議政">領議政</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF" title="左議政">左議政</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF" title="右議政">右議政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="太政大臣">太政大臣</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%94%BF" title="攝政">攝政</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E7%99%BD" title="關白">關白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="執權">執權</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BD%B2_(%E5%BD%B9%E8%81%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="連署 (役職)">連署</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內管領 (役職)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="内管領"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98_(%E5%BD%B9%E8%81%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內管領 (役職)（页面不存在）">內管領</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98" class="extiw" title="ja:内管領"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">内管領</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98_(%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C)" title="管領 (幕府)">管領</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E6%89%80" title="侍所">侍所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%81_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="大老 (日本古官職)">大老</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%B8%AD" title="老中">老中</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="側用人">側用人</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="御側御用取次" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="御側御用取次"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E5%81%B4%E5%BE%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%96%E6%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="御側御用取次（页面不存在）">御側御用取次</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%81%B4%E5%BE%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%96%E6%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:御側御用取次"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">御側御用取次</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大政參與" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="大政参与"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大政參與（页面不存在）">大政參與</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:大政参与"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">大政参与</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%80%81" title="家老">家老</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="出頭人" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="出頭人"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E9%A0%AD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出頭人（页面不存在）">出頭人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E9%A0%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:出頭人"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">出頭人</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="參從" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Tham tụng"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%83%E5%BE%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="參從（页面不存在）">參從</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_t%E1%BB%A5ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Tham tụng"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Tham tụng</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="陪從" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Bồi tụng"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%AA%E5%BE%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陪從（页面不存在）">陪從</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93i_t%E1%BB%A5ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Bồi tụng"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Bồi tụng</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AB%E7%9B%B8" title="宫相">宮相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="樞密院">樞密院</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="總管大臣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steward (office)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="總管大臣">總管大臣</a></span></span>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E4%BE%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="內侍">內侍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%A5" title="法蘭西王室統帥">法蘭西王室統帥</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="王冠大元帥" data-lang-code="pl" data-lang-name="波兰语" data-foreign-title="Marszałek wielki koronny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%86%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E5%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王冠大元帥（页面不存在）">王冠大元帥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">波兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsza%C5%82ek_wielki_koronny" class="extiw" title="pl:Marszałek wielki koronny"><span lang="pl" dir="auto">Marszałek wielki koronny</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="盖特曼">蓋特曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98" title="仲裁官">仲裁官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9B%85%E5%B0%94" title="波雅尔">波雅爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="大議長">大議長</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%AD%E9%BD%8A%E7%88%BE" title="大維齊爾">大維齊爾</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%BD%8A%E7%88%BE" title="維齊爾">維齊爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E8%90%AC" title="底萬">底萬</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德萬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dewan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德萬（页面不存在）">德萬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan" class="extiw" title="en:Dewan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dewan</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E9%99%80%E8%A8%B6%E7%BE%85" title="盤陀訶羅">盤陀訶羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E5%8F%83%E8%BB%8D" title="諮議參軍">諮議參軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A1%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大贡论">大貢論</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%B7%B4" title="第巴">第巴</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB%E8%B5%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="噶倫赤巴">噶倫赤巴</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">宰相</a><br /><sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國宰相列表">列表</a>）</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋战国">春秋战国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A2%E5%AE%B0" title="冢宰">冢宰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%BF%E5%A3%AB" title="卿士">卿士</a>（周）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">太宰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%B8%88" title="左师">左师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E5%B8%88" title="右师">右师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司城</a>（宋）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%B0%B9" title="令尹">令尹</a> <ul><li>楚</li> <li>徐</li> <li>越</li> <li>巴</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%BF" title="晋国六卿">中军将</a>（晋）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">司徒</a>（鲁）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E5%9B%BD" title="当国">当国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BA%E6%94%BF" title="为政">为政</a>（郑）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="相国">相邦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>的宰相</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="相国">相国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AC" title="三公">三公</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">大司徒</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92" title="司徒">司徒</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E9%A9%AC" title="大司马">大司马</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%89" title="太尉">太尉</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">大司空</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E7%A9%BA" title="司空">司空</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%88" title="三师">三师</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B8%88" title="太师">太师</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%82%85" title="太傅">太傅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%BF%9D" title="太保">太保</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E)" title="大將軍 (東亞)">大将军</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal">汉<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6_(%E5%AE%98%E8%81%8C)" title="尚书 (官职)">尚书</a>至<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="三省">三省</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="尚书省">尚书省</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%95%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BA%8B" title="录尚书事">录尚书事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="尚书令">尚书令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" title="尚书仆射">尚书仆射</a> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="中书省">中书省</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%A3" title="中書監">中書監</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="中书令">中书令</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="中书省">内史省</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A4" title="中书令">内史令</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B%E7%9C%81" title="门下省">门下省</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD" title="侍中">侍中</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%A8%80" title="纳言">纳言</a>）</li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="唐朝宰相">唐</a>宋的同平章事等</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%89%E5%93%81" title="同中書門下三品">同中書門下三品</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%8B" title="中书门下">中书门下</a>） <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" title="同平章事">同平章事</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B%E5%A0%82" title="政事堂">政事堂</a>）</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E7%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B" title="參知政事">參知政事</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E5%AF%86%E4%BD%BF" title="枢密使">枢密使</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" title="枢密院">枢密院</a>）</i></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal"><span class="nowrap">北宋<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%B8%B0%E6%94%B9%E5%88%B6" title="元丰改制">元丰改制</a>至元末</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" title="尚书仆射">尚书左仆射兼门下侍郎</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">太宰</a>） <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84" title="尚书仆射">尚书右仆射兼中书侍郎</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0" title="太宰">少宰</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="尚书省">尚书省</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="中书省">中书省</a>左、右<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B" title="同平章事">平章军国事</a></i></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a><br />辅政大臣<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="明朝丞相">丞相</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81" title="中书省">中书省</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="明朝首辅列表"><i>首辅大学士</i></a><i>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="明朝内阁">内阁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E8%BE%85%E8%87%A3%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝内阁辅臣年表">辅臣</a>）</i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="议政大臣">议政大臣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="議政王大臣會議">議政王大臣會議</a>）</i>、<i><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝大学士列表">大學士</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="清朝内阁">內閣</a>）</i>、<i><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="军机大臣">军机大臣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%84" title="军机处">军机处</a>）</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国现代史">现代</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國總理列表">内阁总理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝责任内阁列表">清朝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="內閣總理大臣 (清朝)">內閣總理大臣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝责任内阁列表">责任内阁</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中華民國政府首腦列表">中华民国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" title="中華民國國務總理">国务总理</a><sup>2</sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华民国国务院">国务院</a>）→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E9%95%B7" title="行政院院長">行政院院長</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="行政院">行政院</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="中华人民共和国国务院总理">政务院总理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中央人民政府政务院">政务院</a>）→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="中华人民共和国国务院总理">国务院总理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">国务院</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div>注1：明太祖废相后，皇帝自兼相权、亲辖六部、皇权大增，大学士和军机大臣等的职权与前朝宰相实有差距。<br />注2：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>大总统时期（1914年－1916年）改为<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B%E5%A0%82" title="政事堂">政事堂</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" title="中華民國國務總理">国务卿</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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