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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Differentiation from other transport systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differentiation_from_other_transport_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differentiation from other transport systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differentiation_from_other_transport_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Similarities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maglev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1900s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1950s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980's–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980's–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1980's–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980's–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_technical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_technical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types and technical aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_technical_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and technical aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_technical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_levitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_levitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Magnetic levitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_levitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monorail_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monorail_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monorail systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monorail_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monorail systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monorail_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perceptions_of_monorail_as_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions_of_monorail_as_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perceptions of monorail as public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions_of_monorail_as_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farm,_mining_and_logistics_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm,_mining_and_logistics_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Farm, mining and logistics applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Farm,_mining_and_logistics_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Farm, mining and logistics applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Farm,_mining_and_logistics_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Recent applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monorail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nfeald%C4%ABsensteng" title="Ānfealdīsensteng – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ānfealdīsensteng" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="قطار أحادي الخط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطار أحادي الخط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorels_yolu" title="Monorels yolu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monorels yolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="মনোরেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনোরেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Монорельс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монорельс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Монорелс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монорелс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedno%C5%A1inska_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Jednošinska željeznica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jednošinska željeznica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheilffordd_ungledrog" title="Rheilffordd ungledrog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheilffordd ungledrog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einschienenbahn" title="Einschienenbahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einschienenbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorelsstee" title="Monorelsstee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monorelsstee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorriel" title="Monorriel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monorriel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unurela_fervojo" title="Unurela fervojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unurela fervojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorrail" title="Monorrail – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monorrail" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مونوریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مونوریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_aonr%C3%A1ille" title="Iarnród aonráille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarnród aonráille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="મોનોરેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોનોરેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC" title="모노레일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모노레일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Միառելս ճանապարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միառելս ճանապարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="एकरेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकरेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednotra%C4%8Dna_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Jednotračna željeznica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednotračna željeznica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorelo" title="Monorelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monorelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorel" title="Monorel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monorel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorotaia" title="Monorotaia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monorotaia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="מונורייל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונורייל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepur_monoril" title="Sepur monoril – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sepur monoril" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Монорельс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монорельс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Монорельс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Монорельс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viensliedes_dzelzce%C4%BC%C5%A1" title="Viensliedes dzelzceļš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viensliedes dzelzceļš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienb%C4%97gis" title="Vienbėgis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienbėgis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorodaja" title="Monorodaja – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monorodaja" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egys%C3%ADn%C5%B1_vas%C3%BAt" title="Egysínű vasút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egysínű vasút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="മോണോറെയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോണോറെയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="मोनोरेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोनोरेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%88" title="اترجشو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اترجشو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorel" title="Monorel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monorel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="モノレール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モノレール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nskinnebane" title="Énskinnebane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Énskinnebane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مونو ریل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مونو ریل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_jednoszynowa" title="Kolej jednoszynowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolej jednoszynowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocarril" title="Monocarril – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monocarril" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono%C8%99in%C4%83" title="Monoșină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monoșină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Монорельсовая железная дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монорельсовая железная дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enotirna_%C5%BEeleznica" title="Enotirna železnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enotirna železnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒற்றைத் தண்டூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒற்றைத் தண்டூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="รถไฟรางเดี่ยว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถไฟรางเดี่ยว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoray" title="Monoray – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monoray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Монорейкова дорога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монорейкова дорога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مونو ریل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مونو ریل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Monorail" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%BD%A8%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="单轨铁路 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="单轨铁路" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="מאנארייל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנארייל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%BD%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="单轨系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="单轨系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundanan_atu" title="Tundanan atu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tundanan atu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187934#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Railway with a single rail or beam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Monorail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Monorail (disambiguation)">Monorail (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Single rail trains" redirects here. For the type of steel roller coaster, see <a href="/wiki/Single-rail_roller_coaster" title="Single-rail roller coaster">Single-rail roller coaster</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg/220px-Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg/330px-Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg/440px-Chongqing_Rail_Transit_Line_3_Monorail_Train_near_Xuetangwan_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Rail Transit</a> has the longest and busiest monorail system in the world, with <a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Chongqing_Rail_Transit)" title="Line 3 (Chongqing Rail Transit)">Line 3</a> being the longest and busiest <i>single</i> monorail line.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monotrilho_SP_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg/220px-Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg/330px-Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg/440px-Monotrilho_SP_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Line_15_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)">São Paulo Metro Line 15</a>, is the longest and busiest monorail line in the Americas, and second worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>monorail</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> in which the track consists of a single rail or beam. Colloquially, the term "monorail" is often used to describe any form of <a href="/wiki/Elevated_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated rail">elevated rail</a> or <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people mover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More accurately, the term refers to the style of <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">track</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monorail systems are most frequently implemented in large cities, airports, and theme parks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term possibly originated in 1897<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from German engineer <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Langen" title="Eugen Langen">Eugen Langen</a>, who called an elevated railway system with wagons suspended the <i><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal_Schwebebahn" title="Wuppertal Schwebebahn">Eugen Langen One-railed Suspension Tramway</a></i> (Einschieniges Hängebahnsystem Eugen Langen).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differentiation_from_other_transport_systems">Differentiation from other transport systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differentiation from other transport systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg/220px-Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg/330px-Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg/440px-Chq_Monorail2_P1030386.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Monorail on concrete columns in <a href="/wiki/Line_2_(Chongqing_Rail_Transit)" title="Line 2 (Chongqing Rail Transit)">Chongqing</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Monorails have found applications in airport transfers and <a href="/wiki/Medium_capacity_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium capacity system">medium capacity</a> metros. To differentiate monorails from other transport modes, the Monorail Society defines a monorail as a "single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases, rail is elevated, but monorails can also run at <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade</a>, below grade, or in subway tunnels. Vehicles either are suspended from or straddle a narrow guide way. Monorail vehicles are wider than the guideway that supports them."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities">Similarities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similarities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monorails are often elevated, sometimes leading to confusion with other elevated systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_SkyTrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver SkyTrain">Vancouver SkyTrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a> and cable propelled systems like the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Liner" title="Cable Liner">Cable Liner people mover</a> which run on two rails.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How does a multi-track system be confused as a single-track system? (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Monorail vehicles often appear similar to <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> vehicles, and can be staffed or unstaffed. They can be individual rigid vehicles, articulated single units, or multiple units coupled into trains. Like other <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Advanced_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit">advanced rapid transit</a> systems, monorails can be driven by <a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">linear induction motors</a>; like conventional railways, vehicle bodies can be connected to the beam via <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a>, allowing curves to be negotiated. </p><p>Monorails are sometimes used in urban areas alongside conventional parallel railed metro systems. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Mumbai Monorail</a> serves alongside <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai Metro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while monorail lines are integrated with conventional rail rapid transit lines in Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">MRT</a> network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences">Differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike some <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> systems, modern monorails are always separated from other traffic and pedestrians due to the geometry of the rail.<sup id="cite_ref-Greater_Greater_Washington_2018_b079_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greater_Greater_Washington_2018_b079-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are both guided and supported via interaction with the same single beam, in contrast to other guided systems like <a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">rubber-tyred metros</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Municipal_Subway" title="Sapporo Municipal Subway">Sapporo Municipal Subway</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">guided buses</a> or trams, such as <a href="/wiki/Translohr" title="Translohr">Translohr</a>. Monorails can also use <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantographs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other grade-separated transit systems, monorails avoid red lights, intersection turns, and traffic jams.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Seattle_Times_2001_u148_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times_2001_u148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface-level trains, buses, automobiles, and pedestrians can collide each one with the other, while vehicles on dedicated, grade-separated rights-of-way such as monorails can collide only with other vehicles on the same system, with much fewer opportunities for collision. As with other elevated transit systems, monorail passengers receive sunlight and views.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monorails can be quieter than diesel buses and trains. They obtain electricity from the track structure, whereas other modes of transit may use either third rail or overhead power lines and poles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Compared to the <a href="/wiki/Elevated_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated train">elevated train</a> systems of New York, Chicago, and elsewhere, a monorail beamway casts a narrow shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, monorails can be more expensive than light-rail systems that do not include tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Seattle_Times_2001_u148_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times_2001_u148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, monorails must either remain above ground or use larger tunnels than conventional rail systems, and they require complex track-switching equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Greater_Greater_Washington_2018_b079_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greater_Greater_Washington_2018_b079-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglev">Maglev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maglev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Monorail Society's beam-width criterion, some, but not all, <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">maglev</a> systems are considered monorails, such as the <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>. Maglevs differ from other monorails in that they do not physically contact the beam while moving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monorail" title="History of monorail">History of monorail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einschienerp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Einschienerp.jpg/220px-Einschienerp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Einschienerp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gyro_monorail" title="Gyro monorail">Gyroscopically balanced monorail</a> (1909) by Brennan and Scherl</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first monorail prototype was made in Russia in 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Elmanov" title="Ivan Elmanov">Ivan Elmanov</a>. Attempts at creating monorail alternatives to conventional <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> have been made since the early part of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Monorail" title="Centennial Monorail">Centennial Monorail</a> was featured at the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a> in Philadelphia in 1876. Based on its design the <a href="/wiki/Bradford_and_Foster_Brook_Railway" title="Bradford and Foster Brook Railway">Bradford and Foster Brook Railway</a> was built in 1877 and ran for one year from January 1878 until January 1879. </p><p>Around 1879 a "one-rail" system was proposed independently by Haddon and by Stringfellow, which used an inverted "V" rail (and thus shaped like "Λ" in cross-section). It was intended for military use, but was also seen to have civilian use as a "cheap railway."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, one of the first systems put into practical use was that of French engineer Charles Lartigue, who built a line between <a href="/wiki/Listowel_and_Ballybunion_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Listowel and Ballybunion Railway">Ballybunion and Listowel</a> in Ireland, opened in 1888 and lasting 36 years, being closed in 1924 (due to damage from Ireland's Civil War). It used a load-bearing single rail and two lower, external rails for balance, the three carried on triangular supports. It was cheap to construct but tricky to operate. Possibly the first monorail locomotive was a <a href="/wiki/0-3-0" title="0-3-0">0-3-0</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> on this line. A high-speed monorail using the <a href="/wiki/Lartigue_Monorail" title="Lartigue Monorail">Lartigue system</a> was proposed in 1901 between Liverpool and Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-nla_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boynton_Bicycle_Railroad" title="Boynton Bicycle Railroad">Boynton Bicycle Railroad</a> was a steam-powered monorail in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. It ran on a single load-bearing rail at ground level, but with a wooden overhead stabilising rail engaged by a pair of horizontally opposed wheels. The railway operated for only two years beginning in 1890. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_Bicycle_Railroad" title="Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad">Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad</a> was a monorail on which a matching pedal <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> could be ridden. The first example was built between <a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Smithville, Burlington County, New Jersey">Smithville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holly_Township,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Holly Township, New Jersey">Mount Holly</a>, New Jersey, in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed in 1897. Other examples were built in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> from 1895 to 1909, <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_Pleasure_Beach" title="Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach">Great Yarmouth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Beach_Blackpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure Beach Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, UK from 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s–1950s"><span id="1900s.E2.80.931950s"></span>1900s–1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1900s–1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early designs used a double-<a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flanged</a> single metal rail alternative to the double rail of conventional railways, both guiding and supporting the monorail car. A surviving suspended version is the oldest still in service system: the <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal_Schwebebahn" title="Wuppertal Schwebebahn">Wuppertal monorail</a> in Germany. Also in the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Gyro_monorail" title="Gyro monorail">Gyro monorails</a> with cars gyroscopically balanced on top of a single rail were tested, but never developed beyond the prototype stage. The <a href="/wiki/Ewing_System" title="Ewing System">Ewing System</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State_Monorail_Trainways" title="Patiala State Monorail Trainways">Patiala State Monorail Trainways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, relies on a hybrid model with a load-bearing single rail and an external wheel for balance. A highspeed monorail using the <a href="/wiki/Lartigue_Monorail" title="Lartigue Monorail">Lartigue system</a> was proposed in 1901 between Liverpool and Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-nla_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brennan" title="Louis Brennan">Brennan</a> <a href="/wiki/Gyro_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyro Monorail">gyroscopic monorail</a> was considered for use to a coal mine in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1920, the French Patent Office published FR 503782, by Henri Coanda, on a 'Transporteur Aérien' -Air Carrier. One of the first monorails planned in the United States was in New York City in the early 1930s, scrubbed for an elevated train system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg/300px-Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg/450px-Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg/600px-Xlg_russian_monorail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=new+russian+monorail&pg=PA41"><i>Popular Science</i> February 1934, p 41</a>: "A new Russian type of monorail that runs in a chute on large spheres. Fragmentary and contradictory reports have appeared from Russia about a new revolutionary type of railway undergoing secret testing there, sparking the curiosity and interest of the American engineering world, who have recently received the first full confirmations about the details of the new system with photos of the working model in operation."</figcaption></figure> <p>The first half of the 20th century saw many further proposed designs that either never left the drawing board or remained short-lived prototypes. One of the most interesting projects created on the layout was the ball-bearing train by Nikolai Grigorievich Yarmolchuk. This train moved on spherical wheels with electric motors embedded in them, which were located in semi-circular chutes under a wooden platform (in the full-scale project the trestle would have been concrete). A model train, built to 1/5 scale to test the vehicle concept, was capable of reaching speeds of up to 70 km/h. The full-scale project was expected to reach speeds of up to 300 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s–1980s"><span id="1950s.E2.80.931980s"></span>1950s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1950s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg/220px-Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg/330px-Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg/440px-Seattle_Monorail_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Monorail">Seattle Monorail</a> built in 1962 and still using the original ALWEG trains</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter half of the 20th century, monorails had settled on using larger beam- or girder-based track, with vehicles supported by one set of wheels and guided by another. In the 1950s, a 40% scale prototype of a system designed for speed of 200 mph (320 km/h) on straight stretches and 90 mph (140 km/h) on curves was built in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were designs with vehicles supported, suspended or cantilevered from the beams. In the 1950s the <a href="/wiki/ALWEG" class="mw-redirect" title="ALWEG">ALWEG</a> straddle design emerged, followed by an updated suspended type, the <a href="/wiki/SAFEGE" title="SAFEGE">SAFEGE</a> system. Versions of ALWEG's technology are used by the two largest monorail manufacturers, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Monorail" title="Hitachi Monorail">Hitachi Monorail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg/220px-6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg/330px-6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg/440px-6308-DisneyLandHotelMonorailStation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The original Red Mark I <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Monorail" title="Disneyland Monorail">Disneyland Monorail</a>, with the additional car to make it a Mark II, as seen at the <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Hotel_(California)" title="Disneyland Hotel (California)">Disneyland Hotel</a> station in August 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, the first monorail to operate in the US began test operations in Houston, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a>, opened the United States' first daily operating <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Monorail_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Disneyland Monorail System">monorail system</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-monoraildisn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monoraildisn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later during this period, additional <a href="/wiki/List_of_monorail_systems" title="List of monorail systems">monorails</a> were installed at <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Monorail_System" title="Walt Disney World Monorail System">Walt Disney World</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Center_Monorail" title="Seattle Center Monorail">Seattle</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Monorails_in_Japan" title="Monorails in Japan">Japan</a>. Monorails were promoted as futuristic technology with exhibition installations and amusement park purchases, as seen by the legacy systems in use today. However, monorails gained little foothold compared to conventional transport systems. In March 1972, Alejandro Goicoechea-Omar had patent DE1755198 published, on a 'Vertebrate Train', build as experimental track in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Niche private enterprise uses for monorails emerged, with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, with shuttle-type systems being built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980's–present"><span id="1980.27s.E2.80.93present"></span>1980's–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980's–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einschienenbahn_(Monorail)_im_Europa-Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG/220px-Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG/330px-Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG/440px-Einschienenbahn_%28Monorail%29_im_Europa-Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>One of three monorails at <a href="/wiki/Europa-Park" title="Europa-Park">Europa-Park</a> in Rust, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1980s, most monorail mass transit systems are in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with a few exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Monorail" title="Tokyo Monorail">Tokyo Monorail</a>, is one of the world's busiest, averages 127,000 passengers per day and has served over 1.5 billion passengers since 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China recently started development of monorails in the late 2000s, already home to the world's largest and busiest monorail system and has a number of mass transit monorails under construction in several of cities. A <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Innovia Monorail">Bombardier Innovia Monorail</a>-based system is under construction in <a href="/wiki/Wuhu_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhu Metro">Wuhu</a> and several "Cloudrail" systems developed by <a href="/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a> under construction a number of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an_Metro" title="Guang'an Metro">Guang'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>. Monorails have seen continuing use in niche shuttle markets and amusement parks. </p><p>Modern mass transit monorail systems use developments of the ALWEG beam and tyre approach, with only two suspended types in large use. Monorail configurations have also been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Maglev_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev train">maglev trains</a>. Since the 2000s, with the rise of traffic congestion and urbanization, there has been a resurgence of interest in the technology for <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> with a number of cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today investigating monorails as a possible mass transit solution.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Rail Transit</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> adopted a unique ALWEG-based design with rolling stock that is much wider than most monorails, with capacity comparable to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a>. This is because <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> is criss-crossed by numerous hills, mountains and rivers, therefore tunneling is not feasible except in some cases (for example, lines <a href="/wiki/Line_1,_Chongqing_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 1, Chongqing Rail Transit">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_6,_Chongqing_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 6, Chongqing Rail Transit">6</a>) due to the extreme depth involved. Today it is the largest and busiest monorail system in the world. </p><p>In July 2009, two <a href="/wiki/2009_Walt_Disney_World_monorail_accident" title="2009 Walt Disney World monorail accident">Walt Disney World monorails collided</a>, killing one of the drivers and injuring seven passengers. The <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> found the cause of the accident to be human error by both the driver and controller, contributed to by a lack of standard operating procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, is building two high-capacity monorail lines as part of its public transportation network. <a href="/wiki/Line_15_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)">Line 15</a> was partially opened in 2014, will be 27 km (17 mi) long when completed in 2022 and has a capacity of 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Pphpd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pphpd">pphpd</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Innovia Monorail">Bombardier Innovia Monorail</a> trains.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Line_17_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)">Line 17</a> will be 17.7 km (11.0 mi) long and is using the <a href="/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a> SkyRail design. Other significant monorail systems are under construction such as two lines for the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Monorail" title="Cairo Monorail">Cairo Monorail</a>, two lines for the <a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">MRT (Bangkok)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SkyRail_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="SkyRail Bahia">SkyRail Bahia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_technical_aspects"><span class="anchor" id="Straddle_beam"></span><span class="anchor" id="Suspended"></span>Types and technical aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types and technical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg/220px-Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg/330px-Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg/440px-Schwebebahn_ueber_Strasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal_Schwebebahn" title="Wuppertal Schwebebahn">Wuppertal Schwebebahn</a>, the world's first electric suspended monorail</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern monorails depend on a large solid beam as the vehicles' running surface. There are a number of competing designs divided into two broad classes, <i>straddle-beam</i> and <i>suspended</i> monorails. The most common type is the straddle-beam, in which the train straddles a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> beam 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) wide. A <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tired</a> carriage contacts the beam on the top and both sides for traction and to stabilize the vehicle. The style was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> company <a href="/wiki/ALWEG" class="mw-redirect" title="ALWEG">ALWEG</a>. There is also a historical type of <i><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">suspension monorail</a></i> developed by German inventors <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Langen" title="Eugen Langen">Eugen Langen</a> in the 1880s. It was built in the twin cities of Barmen and Elberfeld in Wuppertal, Germany, opened in 1901, and is still in operation. The <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Urban_Monorail" title="Chiba Urban Monorail">Chiba Urban Monorail</a> is the world's largest suspended network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all modern monorails are powered by <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> fed by dual <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rails</a>, contact wires or electrified channels attached to or enclosed in their guidance beams, but diesel-powered monorail systems also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically some systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lartigue_Monorail" title="Lartigue Monorail">Lartigue Monorail</a>, used steam locomotives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_levitation">Magnetic levitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Magnetic levitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transrapid_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/220px-Transrapid_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/330px-Transrapid_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/440px-Transrapid_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> maglev on monorail track</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Maglev_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev train">Magnetic levitation train</a> (maglev) systems such as the German <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> were built as straddle-type monorails. The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a> runs in commercial operation at 430 km/h (270 mph), and there are also slower maglev monorails intended for urban transport in Japan (<a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>), Korea (<a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a>) and China (<a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Beijing Subway Line S1</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">Changsha Maglev Express</a>). However, it is argued that the larger width of the <a href="/wiki/Guideway" class="mw-redirect" title="Guideway">guideway</a> for the maglevs makes it not legitimate to be called monorails.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching">Switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_switches_tms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osaka_switches_tms.jpg/220px-Osaka_switches_tms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osaka_switches_tms.jpg/330px-Osaka_switches_tms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osaka_switches_tms.jpg/440px-Osaka_switches_tms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Switches at storage facility of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Monorail" title="Osaka Monorail">Osaka Monorail</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some early monorails (notably the <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal_Suspension_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuppertal Suspension Railway">suspended monorail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, Germany) have a design that makes it difficult to switch from one line to another. Some other monorails avoid switching as much as possible by operating in a continuous loop or between two fixed stations, as in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Center_Monorail" title="Seattle Center Monorail">Seattle Center Monorail</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Current monorails are capable of more efficient switching than in the past. With suspended monorails, switching may be accomplished by moving flanges inside the beamway to shift trains to one line or another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/220px--Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Monorail_switch_moving_(São_Paulo_Metro).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monorail_switch_moving_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm/Monorail_switch_moving_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A switch changing the direction of travel at Line 15 in São Paulo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Straddle-beam monorails require that the beam moves for switching, which was an almost prohibitively ponderous procedure. Now the most common way of achieving this is to place a moving apparatus on top of a sturdy platform capable of bearing the weight of vehicles, beams and its own mechanism. Multiple-segmented beams move into place on rollers to smoothly align one beam with another to send the train in its desired direction, with the design originally developed by ALWEG capable of completing a switch in 12 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these beam turnouts are quite elaborate, capable of switching between several beams or simulating a <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (rail)">double-crossover</a>. Vehicle specifications are generally not open to the public, as is standard for rolling stock built for public services.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative to using a <a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">wye</a> or other form of switch, is to use a <a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">turntable</a>, where a car sits upon a section of track that can be reoriented to several different tracks. For example, this can be used to switch a car from being in a storage location, to being on the main line.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now-closed <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Monorail" title="Sydney Monorail">Sydney Monorail</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">traverser</a> at the depot, which allowed a train on the main line to be exchanged with another from the depot. There were about six lines in the depot, including one for maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grades">Grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tired_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber-tired metro">Rubber-tired</a> monorails are typically designed to cope with a 6% <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubber-tired light rail or metro lines can cope with similar or greater grades – for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Metro">Lausanne Metro</a> has grades of up to 12% and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> up to 6.5%,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_Automatique_L%C3%A9ger" title="Véhicule Automatique Léger">VAL</a> systems can handle 7% grades.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monorail_systems">Monorail systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monorail systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monorail_systems" title="List of monorail systems">List of monorail systems</a></div> <p>Manufacturers of monorail rolling stock with operating systems include <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Monorail" title="Hitachi Monorail">Hitachi Monorail</a>, <a href="/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scomi" title="Scomi">Scomi</a>, PBTS (a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Nanjing_Puzhen" title="CRRC Nanjing Puzhen">CRRC Nanjing Puzhen</a> & Bombardier),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a> and EMTC.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other developers include <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Qingdao_Sifang" title="CRRC Qingdao Sifang">CRRC Qingdao Sifang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_Group_Limited" title="China Railway Group Limited">China Railway Science and Industry Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhongtang Air Rail Technology,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woojin<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/SkyWay_Group" title="SkyWay Group">SkyWay Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Busiest line: <a href="/wiki/Line_3,_Chongqing_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 3, Chongqing Rail Transit">Line 3, Chongqing Rail Transit</a>, 682,800 passengers per day (2014 Daily Avg.)<sup id="cite_ref-record_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Largest system: <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Rail Transit</a> (Lines 2 & 3), 97.8 km (60.8 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Longest straddle-beam line: <a href="/wiki/Line_3,_Chongqing_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 3, Chongqing Rail Transit">Line 3, Chongqing Rail Transit</a>, 55.5 km (34.5 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 66.5 km (41.3 mi) if the Jurenba branch is included</li> <li>Largest suspended system: <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Urban_Monorail" title="Chiba Urban Monorail">Chiba Urban Monorail</a>, 15.2 km (9.4 mi)</li> <li>Longest maglev line: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a>, 30.5 km (19.0 mi)</li> <li>Oldest line still in service: <a href="/wiki/Schwebebahn_Wuppertal" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwebebahn Wuppertal">Schwebebahn Wuppertal</a>, 1901</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451_(1966_film)" title="Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)">1966 film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1953 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i> contains <a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">suspended</a> monorail exterior scenes filmed at the French <a href="/wiki/SAFEGE" title="SAFEGE">SAFEGE</a> test track in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-sur-Loire" title="Châteauneuf-sur-Loire">Châteauneuf-sur-Loire</a> near <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, France (since dismantled). </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)" title="Thunderbirds (TV series)">Thunderbirds</a></i> February 1966 episode "<a href="/wiki/Brink_of_Disaster_(Thunderbirds)" title="Brink of Disaster (Thunderbirds)">Brink of Disaster</a>" is about the financing and building of a high speed driverless cross-country monorail project. Two of the Thunderbirds-crew find themselves trapped on board the a monorail train, and with no possibility of escape, when it is discovered it is speeding towards a stricken bridge. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films" title="List of James Bond films">James Bond film franchise</a> features monorails in three movies, all belonging to the villain. In <i><a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)" title="You Only Live Twice (film)">You Only Live Twice</a></i> (1967) there is a working ground level monorail inside the SPECTRE volcano base. During <i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">Live and Let Die</a></i> (1973), a prop monorail is shown in the villain's lair on the fictional Caribbean island of San Monique. In the 1977 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)" title="The Spy Who Loved Me (film)">The Spy Who Loved Me</a></i> there is working monorail on the villain's <i>supertanker</i> (submarine dock). </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</a> released a monorail among the <i>Futuron</i> <a href="/wiki/Lego_Space" title="Lego Space">Space</a> line. Despite being the most expensive Lego set of its time (due to being massive and including electrical elements),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was very popular, with Lego releasing a <i><a href="/wiki/Lego_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego Town">Town</a></i> themed monorail in 1990 and another Space monorail in 1994 among the <i>Unitron</i> line, as well as additional track. The monorail system was also prominent in the unreleased <i>Seatron</i> Space line and prototype <i><a href="/wiki/Lego_Wild_West" title="Lego Wild West">Wild West</a></i> sets. Its popularity has still endured over thirty years later, where Lego has paid homage in promotional sets and fans have manufactured compatible components.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth season of the American animated television show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> features the episode "<a href="/wiki/Marge_vs._the_Monorail" title="Marge vs. the Monorail">Marge vs. the Monorail</a>", in which the town of <a href="/wiki/Springfield_(The_Simpsons)" title="Springfield (The Simpsons)">Springfield</a> impulsively purchases a faulty monorail from a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence trickster</a> at a wildly inflated price. The Monorail Society, an organization with 14,000 members worldwide, has blamed the episode for sullying the reputation of monorails,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which <i>Simpsons</i> creator <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a> responded "That's a by-product of our viciousness...Monorails are great, so it makes me sad, but at the same time if something's going to happen in <i>The Simpsons</i>, it's going to go wrong, right?"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2005 feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i> features a monorail, constructed by Bruce Wayne's father through Gotham City, that is part of the climax of the film. The monorail is also included in the spin-off <a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins_(video_game)" title="Batman Begins (video game)">video game</a>. </p><p>Blaine the Mono is a train featured in <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)">The Dark Tower</a></i> series of books and first appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_III:_The_Waste_Lands" title="The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands">The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands</a></i>. </p><p>Monorails have also appeared in a number of other video games including <i><a href="/wiki/Transport_Tycoon" title="Transport Tycoon">Transport Tycoon</a></i> (since 1999), <i>Japanese Rail Sim 3D: Monorail Trip to Okinawa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Powered" title="Sonic Powered">Sonic Powered</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/SimCity_4:_Rush_Hour" title="SimCity 4: Rush Hour">SimCity 4: Rush Hour</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_Motion_2" title="Cities in Motion 2">Cities in Motion 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cities:_Skylines" title="Cities: Skylines">Cities: Skylines</a></i> in the <i>Mass transit</i> expansion pack of 2017, <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Zoo" title="Planet Zoo">Planet Zoo</a></i> and a rideable elevated monorail system in the 2020 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i>. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptions_of_monorail_as_public_transport">Perceptions of monorail as public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Perceptions of monorail as public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1950 to 1980, the monorail concept may have suffered, as with all public transport systems, from competition with the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobile</a>. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States#Post-World_War_II_prosperity:_1945–1973" title="Economic history of the United States">post–World War II optimism in America</a> was riding high and people were buying automobiles in large numbers due to <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>. Monorails in particular may have suffered from the reluctance of public transit authorities to invest in the perceived high cost of un-proven technology when faced with cheaper mature alternatives. There were also many competing monorail technologies, splitting their case further. One notable example of a public monorail is the AMF Monorail that was used as transportation around the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964–1965 World's Fair</a>. </p><p>This high-cost perception was challenged most notably in 1963 when the ALWEG consortium proposed to finance the construction of a major system in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, California</a>, in return for the right of operation. This was turned down by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors">Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors</a> under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Standard Oil of California</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (which were strong advocates for <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">automobile dependency</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the later proposed subway system faced criticism by famed author <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> as it had yet to reach the scale of the proposed monorail. </p><p>Several monorails initially conceived as transport systems survive on revenues generated from <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, benefiting from the unique views offered from the largely elevated installations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farm,_mining_and_logistics_applications"><span id="Farm.2C_mining_and_logistics_applications"></span>Farm, mining and logistics applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Farm, mining and logistics applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peg_Leg_Railroad,_Quit_Business_1880,_Bradford,_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg/220px-Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg/330px-Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg/440px-Peg_Leg_Railroad%2C_Quit_Business_1880%2C_Bradford%2C_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Bradford & Foster Brook Monorail, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Monorails have been used for number of applications other than passenger transportation. Small suspended monorail are also widely used in factories either as part of moveable assembly lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Monorail" title="Centennial Monorail">Centennial Monorail</a> demonstrated in 1876, in 1877 the <a href="/wiki/Bradford_and_Foster_Brook_Railway" title="Bradford and Foster Brook Railway">Bradford and Foster Brook Railway</a> began construction of a 5 mi (8.0 km) line connecting <a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford, Pennsylvania">Bradford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_Township,_McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Foster Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania">Foster Township, McKean County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. The line operated from 1878 until 1879 delivering machinery and oil supplies. The first twin-boiler locomotive wore out quickly. It was replaced by a single boiler locomotive which was too heavy and crashed through the track on its third trip. The third locomotive again had twin boilers. On a trial run one of the boilers ran dry and exploded, killing six people. The railway was closed soon after. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monorails_in_Central_Java_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Monorails_in_Central_Java_%282%29.jpg/220px-Monorails_in_Central_Java_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Monorails_in_Central_Java_%282%29.jpg/330px-Monorails_in_Central_Java_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Monorails_in_Central_Java_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Monorail in the Grobogan area (north of Purwodadi)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Monorails_in_Central_Java" title="Monorails in Central Java">Monorails in Central Java</a> were used to transport timber from the forests of Central Java located in the mountains to the rivers. In 1908 and 1909, the forester H. J. L. Beck built a manually operated monorail of limited but sufficient capacity for the transport of small timber and firewood in the Northern Surabaya forest district. In later years, this idea was further developed by L. A. van de Ven, who was a forester in the Grobogan forest district around 1908–1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Lugt_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lugt-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monorails were built by plantation operators and wood processing companies throughout the mountains of Central Java.<sup id="cite_ref-deWit_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWit-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919/1920, however, the hand-operated monorails gradually disappeared and were replaced by narrow-gauge railways with steam locomotives as forest utilization changed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northern <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Salts_Monorail" title="Epsom Salts Monorail">Epsom Salts Monorail</a> was built in 1924. It ran for 28 miles from a connection on the <a href="/wiki/Trona_Railway" title="Trona Railway">Trona Railway</a>, eastward to harvest <a href="/wiki/Epsomite" title="Epsomite">epsomite</a> deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Owlshead_Mountains" title="Owlshead Mountains">Owlshead Mountains</a>. This Lartigue type monorail achieved <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradients</a> of up to ten percent. It only operated until June 1926, when the mineral deposits become uneconomic, and was dismantled for scrap in the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the Lyskovsky monorail in the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> region was designed by the engineer of the timber industry Ivan Gorodtsov. A Lartigue type line of about 50 km (31 mi) long was opened in November 1934 to connect the village of Selskaya Maza with the villages of Bakaldy and Yaloksha to carry timber. Following this example a separate 42 kilometres (26 mi) cargo-and-passenger monorail was built from the town of Bor to the village of Zavrazhnoe, where forest and peat were exploited. The Lyskovsky monorail stopped operating in 1949.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British firm <i>Road Machines (Drayton) Ltd</i> developed a modular-track ground-level monorail system with a 9 in (230 mm) high rail segments, 4 to 12 ft (1.2 to 3.7 m) long, running between support plates. The first system was sold in 1949 and it was used in industrial, construction and agricultural applications around the world. The company ceased trading in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was adapted for the use in the 1967 James Bond film <i><a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)" title="You Only Live Twice (film)">You Only Live Twice</a></i>. An example of the system exists at the <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Museum_%26_Heritage_Centre" title="Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre">Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_applications">Recent applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recent applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Mining monorail</figcaption></figure> <p>Very small and lightweight systems are used widely on farms to transport crops such as bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First developed in Japan, industrial versions of <a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">slope cars</a> are used in agriculture in steep sloped areas such as citrus orchards in Japan and vineyards in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One European manufacturer says they have installed 650 systems worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mining industry suspended monorails have been used because of their ability to descend and climb steep tunnels using rack and pinion drive. This significantly reduces cost and length of tunnels, by up to 60% in some cases, which otherwise must be at gentle gradients to suit road vehicles or conventional railways.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A suspended monorail capable of carrying fully loaded 20' and 40' containers has been under construction since 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Qingdao" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Qingdao">Port of Qingdao</a>, the first phase of which was put into operation in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Railplane" title="Bennie Railplane">Bennie Railplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovia_Monorail" title="Innovia Monorail">Innovia Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadgetbahn" title="Gadgetbahn">Gadgetbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_Bicycle_Railroad" title="Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad">Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lartigue_Monorail" title="Lartigue Monorail">Lartigue Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monorail_systems" title="List of monorail systems">List of monorail systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wilson_(Los_Angeles)#Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Wilson (Los Angeles)">Monorail plan for the Los Angeles River, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts" title="Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts">Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monorackbahn" title="Monorackbahn">Monorackbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "track" is used here for simplicity. Technically the monorail sits on or is suspended from a guideway containing a singular structure. There is an additional generally accepted rule that the support for the car must be narrower than the car.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/WhatIs.html">"Monorail Society, What is a monorail?"</a>. Monorails.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monorail+Society%2C+What+is+a+monorail%3F&rft.pub=Monorails.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monorails.org%2FtMspages%2FWhatIs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monorail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/WhatIs.html">"Quite often, some of our friends in the press and public make the assumption that any elevated rail or peoplemover is a monorail"</a>. Monorails.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quite+often%2C+some+of+our+friends+in+the+press+and+public+make+the+assumption+that+any+elevated+rail+or+peoplemover+is+a+monorail.&rft.pub=Monorails.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monorails.org%2FtMspages%2FWhatIs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=monorail">"Etymology Online entry for monorail"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253351746" title="Special:BookSources/9780253351746"><bdi>9780253351746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+rails+in+the+Garden+State%3A+tales+of+New+Jersey+railroading&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780253351746&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Bianculli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doif8ddRyYMcC%26q%3Dhotchkiss%2520bicycle%2520railway%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055403/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/100_years_of_fun_and_thrills_1_500609">"100 years of fun and thrills"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daily_Press" title="Eastern Daily Press">Eastern Daily Press</a></i>. September 10, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/100_years_of_fun_and_thrills_1_500609">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=100+years+of+fun+and+thrills&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2F100_years_of_fun_and_thrills_1_500609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119111242/http://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/332284/hotchkiss-bicycle-railway-great-yarmouth-c-1900/">"Hotchkiss Bicycle Railway, Great Yarmouth C. 1900"</a>. FotoLibra. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/332284/hotchkiss-bicycle-railway-great-yarmouth-c-1900/">the original</a> on 2011-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotchkiss+Bicycle+Railway%2C+Great+Yarmouth+C.+1900&rft.pub=FotoLibra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotolibra.com%2Fgallery%2F332284%2Fhotchkiss-bicycle-railway-great-yarmouth-c-1900%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5260767?searchTerm=monorail#pstart946719">"NLA Australian Newspapers - article display"</a>. Newspapers.nla.gov.au. 1910-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLA+Australian+Newspapers+-+article+display&rft.pub=Newspapers.nla.gov.au&rft.date=1910-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article5260767%3FsearchTerm%3Dmonorail%23pstart946719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA71">"America's First Monorail Line Planned For New York."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>, November 1930, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKfWkjpnbE0&ab_channel=enodentetsu">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKfWkjpnbE0&ab_channel=enodentetsu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWKfWkjpnbE0%26ab_channel%3Denodentetsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=true&pg=PA127">"German's Develop Fast Monorail System For High Speed Travel"</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, January 1953, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA77">"First U.S. Monorail Has Trial Run."</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, June 1956, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monoraildisn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monoraildisn_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttsDAAAAMBAJ&q=monorail&pg=PA77">"Disneyland Adds Submarine and Monorail"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. July 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Disneyland+Adds+Submarine+and+Monorail&rft.date=1959-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttsDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dmonorail%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719134846/search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070125a2.html">"1.5 billionth rides monorail to Haneda"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. 2007-01-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070125a2.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=1.5+billionth+rides+monorail+to+Haneda&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnb20070125a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141210/local/monorail-system-among-malta-government-proposals-for-eu-funding.547680">"Monorail system among Malta government proposals for EU funding"</a>. 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monorail+system+among+Malta+government+proposals+for+EU+funding&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20141210%2Flocal%2Fmonorail-system-among-malta-government-proposals-for-eu-funding.547680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/64417/monorail_on_backburner_as_malta_remains_without_eib_financing#.V_EvMPArJaR">"Monorail on backburner as Malta remains without EIB financing"</a>. <i>maltatoday.com.mt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maltatoday.com.mt&rft.atitle=Monorail+on+backburner+as+Malta+remains+without+EIB+financing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maltatoday.com.mt%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F64417%2Fmonorail_on_backburner_as_malta_remains_without_eib_financing%23.V_EvMPArJaR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716200900/https://www.citymetric.com/transport/istanbul-building-47km-monorail-network-deal-its-crippling-traffic-congestion-700">"Istanbul is building a 47km monorail network to deal with its crippling traffic congestion | CityMetric"</a>. <i>www.citymetric.com</i>. 30 January 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citymetric.com&rft.atitle=Istanbul+is+building+a+47km+monorail+network+to+deal+with+its+crippling+traffic+congestion+%7C+CityMetric&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymetric.com%2Ftransport%2Fistanbul-building-47km-monorail-network-deal-its-crippling-traffic-congestion-700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tender-for-monorail-system-in-central-istanbul-canceled-116019">"Tender for monorail system in central Istanbul canceled - Latest News"</a>. <i>Hürriyet Daily News</i>. 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbangateway.org/news/istanbul-building-47km-monorail-network-deal-its-crippling-traffic-congestion">the original</a> on 2019-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urbangateway.org&rft.atitle=Istanbul+is+building+a+47km+monorail+network+to+deal+with+its+crippling+traffic+congestion+%7C+Urban+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbangateway.org%2Fnews%2Fistanbul-building-47km-monorail-network-deal-its-crippling-traffic-congestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevisani2011" class="citation web cs1">Trevisani, Paulo (23 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703567404576292914218923744">"Has the Monorail's Future Finally Arrived?"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+monorail+haulage+systems+in+metalliferous+underground+mining&rft.pages=390&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Besa&rft.aufirst=Bunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.curtin.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11937%2F1196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/products/monorail-suspended-transport/">"Monorail Suspended Transport"</a>. Mining Technology. 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monorail+Suspended+Transport&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining-technology.com%2Fproducts%2Fmonorail-suspended-transport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202011/17/WS5fb333b9a31024ad0ba9497e.html">"Qingdao Port smart system a world first"</a>. China Daily. 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qingdao+Port+smart+system+a+world+first&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202011%2F17%2FWS5fb333b9a31024ad0ba9497e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonorail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQILPiUGETo&t=7s">"World's first smart container transport system put into use at east China's Qingdao Port 全球首個智能集裝箱運輸"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 30 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211111/SQILPiUGETo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Monorail" class="extiw" title="commons:Monorail"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Monorail</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wuppertaler-schwebebahn.com/home.asp?lang=en">Schwebebahn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819162316/http://www.wuppertaler-schwebebahn.com/home.asp?lang=en">Archived</a> 2016-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Monorail in Wuppertal, Germany</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monorail.com.au">Monorail</a> Monorail in Sydney, Australia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/transports/minirail.php">Minirail at the Expo 67</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210250/http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/transports/minirail.php">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/">Innovative Transportation Technologies</a> – a website for the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> programs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206012836/http://www.mouseplanet.com/kkrock/dockrock-1.htm">The Disneyland Monorail</a> – Article on how a rubber-wheeled monorail works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monorails.org/">The Monorail Society</a> – home page of a volunteer organization promoting monorails, with over 600 separate pages including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613055508/http://monorails.org/tMspages/News.html">News Briefs</a>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/Where.html">World List</a> and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/TPindex.html">Technical Section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2009/04/one-track-wonders-early-monorails.html">"One-Track Wonders: Early Monorails" – Site with many images of imagined and real monorails</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fizmerov.narod.ru%2Fmonor%2F">The unknown Russian monorail</a> (<span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>; translated to English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222173927/http://magnetbahnforum.de/index.php?Photos">Maglev Monorail – Official site of the International Maglev Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigfloridacountry.com/monorail.htm">Walt Disney World's Monorail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamericanmonorailproject.com">The American Monorail Project</a> – a website dedicated to making the public aware of the benefits of modern monorail systems particularly when compared to other much more expensive forms of mass transit</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187934#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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