Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(55,111,34,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(55,111,34,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(55,111,34,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(55,111,34,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(55,111,34,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile"> <meta name="description" content="Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hamza Elhrech"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Oumayma Aguerd"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chaimae El Kourchi"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Monica Gallo"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Daniele Naviglio"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Imane Chamkhi"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Abdelhakim Bouyahya"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Biomolecules 2024, Vol. 14, Page 722"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-06-18"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/biom14060722"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="<i>Olea europaea</i>" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="pharmacological action" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="secoiridoids" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="oxidative stress" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="toxicology" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="microbial infection" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2218-273X"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Biomolecules"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-06-18"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="14"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="6"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="722" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2218-273X"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Biomolecules"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/6"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/06/18"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="722"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Elhrech, Hamza"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aguerd, Oumayma"> <meta name="citation_author" content="El Kourchi, Chaimae"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gallo, Monica"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Naviglio, Daniele"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chamkhi, Imane"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bouyahya, Abdelhakim"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/biom14060722"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-biom14060722"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf?version=1718713693"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf?version=1718713693"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf?version=1718713693"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001-550.jpg?1718713789" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2218-273X/14/6/723">Silk Sericin and Its Composite Materials with Antibacterial Properties to Enhance Wound Healing: A Review</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2218-273X/14/6/721">Endothelial Dysfunction and Pre-Existing Cognitive Disorders in Stroke Patients</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=biomolecules " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" selected='selected'> Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="14" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="6" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/biomolecules">Biomolecules</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2218-273X/14">Volume 14</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2218-273X/14/6">Issue 6</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/biom14060722</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/biomolecules"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomolecules-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="biomolecules-logo" title="Biomolecules" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D111" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/biomolecules" data-path="/2218-273X/14/6/722" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#academic_editors" class="accordion__title">Academic Editor</a> <div id="academic_editors" class="content active"> <div class="academic-editor-container " title="1. Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China 3. Ministry of Education (MoE) Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China"> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><a class="sciprofiles-link__link" href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/640890?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/640890/thumb/Hang_Fai_(Henry)_Kwok.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Hang Fai (Henry) Kwok</span></a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Links</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/38927125" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PubMed/Medline</a> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Comprehensive%20Review%20of%20Olea%20europaea%3A%20A%20Holistic%20Exploration%20into%20Its%20Botanical%20Marvels%2C%20Phytochemical%20Riches%2C%20Therapeutic%20Potentials%2C%20and%20Safety%20Profile" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Hamza%20Elhrech%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elhrech, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Oumayma%20Aguerd%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aguerd, O.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">El Kourchi, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Monica%20Gallo%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gallo, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Daniele%20Naviglio%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Naviglio, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Imane%20Chamkhi%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chamkhi, I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bouyahya, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hamza%20Elhrech" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elhrech, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Oumayma%20Aguerd" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aguerd, O.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">El Kourchi, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monica%20Gallo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gallo, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniele%20Naviglio" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Naviglio, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Imane%20Chamkhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chamkhi, I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bouyahya, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Hamza%20Elhrech" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elhrech, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Oumayma%20Aguerd" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aguerd, O.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">El Kourchi, C.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Monica%20Gallo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gallo, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Daniele%20Naviglio" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Naviglio, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Imane%20Chamkhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chamkhi, I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bouyahya, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/biom14060722'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/biom14060722?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf?version=1718713693" data-name="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile" data-journal="biomolecules"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Comprehensive Review of <span class="html-italic">Olea europaea</span>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798521' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Hamza Elhrech</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798521" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Hamza Elhrech</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3579807?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Hamza%20Elhrech" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Hamza%20Elhrech&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hamza%20Elhrech" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798521" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#dcf3bfb2b8f1bfbbb5f3b0f3b9b1bdb5b0f1acaeb3a8b9bfa8b5b3b2ffececece5eae4ece9edeeece5e8eaecb8ece8ececedbdecb8ecbeececeee4edb8ece9e9b8edbde8eaece5ecbee8eaece9ece5"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8364-5578" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798522' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Oumayma Aguerd</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798522" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Oumayma Aguerd</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3579492?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Oumayma%20Aguerd" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Oumayma%20Aguerd&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Oumayma%20Aguerd" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798522" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#8aa5e9e4eea7e9ede3a5e6a5efe7ebe3e6a7faf8e5feefe9fee3e5e4a9bababbebbcecbab8baefbbbcbab8baefbebbbaefbab2bbebbaebbbeebae8b8ecbbebbab8bfebbbeebebbbaefbae9bebbbab8baef"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7011-7690" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798523' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Chaimae El Kourchi</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798523" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Chaimae El Kourchi</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2806545?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chaimae%20El%20Kourchi" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798523" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e9c68a878dc48a8e80c685c68c84888085c4999b869d8c8a9d808687cad9d9d9d0dfdcd98cd988d8d9d8ded9dfd98dd98ad9dfd98dd9ddd98ad9d1d9ddd9d9dbdcd9dbd9d1d9ddd98ad9d0dd8bd9dfd988d9d1"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-4727" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798524' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Monica Gallo</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798524" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/291240/thumb/Monica_Gallo.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Monica Gallo</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/291240?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Monica%20Gallo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Monica%20Gallo&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monica%20Gallo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798524" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0d226e6369206e6a6422612268606c6461207d7f6279686e796462632e3d3d3d3f3b693d3e3d6c3d6e3d3c3d3c3d3f3f693c353d3e3d393d3e3d6e393e3d393c34"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-426X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798525' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Daniele Naviglio</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798525" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/483828/thumb/Daniele_Naviglio.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Daniele Naviglio</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/483828?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Daniele%20Naviglio" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Daniele%20Naviglio&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniele%20Naviglio" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798525" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#113e727f753c7276783e7d3e747c70787d3c61637e65747265787e7f32212121772774202921262128212321262120237420732121212621212177252121262070"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-7669" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798526' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Imane Chamkhi</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798526" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Imane Chamkhi</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1746008?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Imane%20Chamkhi" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Imane%20Chamkhi&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Imane%20Chamkhi" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 5</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798526" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#37185459531a54505e185b18525a565e5b1a474558435254435e58591407070755010407050752070f075507560353075607520705075307010504070307520705075607510353070707540752"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12798527' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Abdelhakim Bouyahya</div><div id="profile-card-drop12798527" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/2018734/thumb/Abdelhakim_Bouyahya.JPG" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Abdelhakim Bouyahya</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2018734?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Abdelhakim%20Bouyahya" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12798527" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9db2fef3f9b0fefaf4b2f1b2f8f0fcf4f1b0edeff2e9f8fee9f4f2f3beadada9fbabacadaeadf8aca9aca5adadada4aca5adadafacaca9adfea8a9acaea9fbadadadafa9fbadfeadad"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-1631" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Naples, Italy</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>5</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony, Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Biomolecules</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(6), 722; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722">https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 16 May 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 13 June 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 14 June 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 18 June 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/biomolecules/sections/N_Bio-derived_M">Natural and Bio-derived Molecules</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1417240" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1417240" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1417240" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf?version=1718713693" data-name="Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile" data-journal="biomolecules">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2218-273X/14/6/722/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2218-273X/14/6/722/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png?1718713789" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Worldwide geographical locations of olive cultivation.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png?1718713789" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Chemical structures of key phenolic alcohols.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png?1718713791" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Chemical structures of key phenolic acids.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png?1718713794" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Chemical structures of key flavonoids.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png?1718713799" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Chemical structures of key triterpenoids.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png?1718713802" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comprehensive chemical structures of key secoiridoids.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png?1718713807" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Figure illustrating the molecular representation of the antioxidant mechanism of secoiridoids. This potent antioxidant has the potential to mitigate intracellular ROS levels. ROS, known to induce inflammation via NF-kB and AP-1 activation, trigger various cellular signaling processes leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. Secoiridoids effectively block these mediators. Additionally, secoiridoids might regulate cellular signaling by impacting signal transduction pathways. They demonstrate protective properties by activating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, stimulating MAPK proteins (ERK, JNK, and P38), and facilitating Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, secoiridoids elevate the expression of MnSOD and HO-1, providing defense against oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2218-273X/14/6/722/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of <span class="html-italic">Olea europaea</span> L. (<span class="html-italic">O. europaea</span>). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on <span class="html-italic">O. europaea</span> was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of <span class="html-italic">O. europaea</span> has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. <span class="html-italic">O. europaea</span> serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=Olea+europaea"><span class="html-italic">Olea europaea</span></a>; <a href="/search?q=pharmacological+action">pharmacological action</a>; <a href="/search?q=secoiridoids">secoiridoids</a>; <a href="/search?q=oxidative+stress">oxidative stress</a>; <a href="/search?q=toxicology">toxicology</a>; <a href="/search?q=microbial+infection">microbial infection</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-biomolecules-14-00722' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>In ancient times, humans and plants shared a close relationship that encompassed various uses such as food, medicine, and other applications. The olive tree, or <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L., is an evergreen member of the <span class='html-italic'>Oleaceae</span> family. The shrub is known for its fruit and is primarily grown in Mediterranean regions [<a href="#B1-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Currently, 98% of olive products originate from the Mediterranean basin, playing a significant role in the region’s economy. Beyond their economic value, olive trees offer nutritional and medicinal benefits [<a href="#B2-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Notably, it is the sole species within its genus utilized as a food source [<a href="#B3-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. They are typically found along the coastlines of the Mediterranean basin’s eastern region, southeastern Europe, northern Iran near the Caspian Sea’s southern end, western Asia, and northern Africa [<a href="#B4-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. One important aspect of the Mediterranean diet is its abundant consumption of phytonutrients, including natural phenols and vitamins [<a href="#B5-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Scientists are keenly interested in these compounds due to their ability to activate various signaling pathways involved in regulating metabolism, DNA repair, protein balance, antioxidant defenses, and combating numerous diseases [<a href="#B6-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. The main products from the olive, such as leaves, fruit, seeds, olive oil, and olive pomace, possess a diverse chemical makeup. They can be classified according to their fundamental molecular qualities, such as lignans, secoiridoids, flavonoids, and simple phenols and acids [<a href="#B7-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">7</a>]; these include oleuropein, flavonols such as rutin and catechin, substituted phenols (vanillic acid, tyrosol, vanillin hydroxytyrosol, and caffeic acid), as well as a range of flavones (diosmetin, diosmetin-7-glucoside, luteolin, and apigenin-7-glucoside) [<a href="#B8-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Also, olive leaves contain a variety of chemicals, including related secoiridoids and oleuropein, which is the main chemical [<a href="#B9-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Among these compounds, oleuropein is commonly cited as the predominant one. Flavonoids may also be present in significant quantities [<a href="#B10-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Chemically, olive tree extracts display an array of pharmacological properties; these encompass anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunosuppressive effects. These extracts are efficient in combating both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [<a href="#B11-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">12</a>], as well as fungal strains [<a href="#B13-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Biological investigations have shown that olive extracts effectively inhibit enzymes involved in the glucose metabolism, proving its antidiabetic efficacy [<a href="#B15-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B17-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">17</a>] and potent antioxidant effects [<a href="#B18-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Moreover, it displays potent cytotoxic activity, reducing the viability of tumor cells [<a href="#B20-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Importantly, investigations have found no toxic effects associated with olive extract consumption [<a href="#B22-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Several factors can influence the qualitative and quantitative phenolic content of olive leaves, such as harvesting time, drying conditions, growing location, extraction process, and cultivar. This review aims to summarize the key studies on the rich and diverse chemical composition of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> extracts. It will discuss findings from both in vivo and in vitro investigations of its biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.</div></section><section id='sec2-biomolecules-14-00722' type='methods'><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Investigative Methodology</h2><div class='html-p'>The data collection of the botanical characterization and classification, distribution, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and pharmacology of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> utilized various scientific search platforms, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Only English-language articles published between 2010 and 2024 were included, along with some additional information from the 1990s. In this review, the collected data were methodically arranged, categorized, examined, and condensed by each relevant field. A bibliometric analysis was carried out utilizing multiple search terms linked to <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>, such as <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> vegetable oil, olive leaf essential oils, <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> extracts, biological effects of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span>, in vivo and in vitro studies, chemical composition, and the genus <span class='html-italic'>Olea</span>. For plant chemistry data, ChemDraw Pro 17.0 software was used to construct chemical structures and the PubChem database was used to confirm the IUPAC designations of the chemical compounds discovered.</div></section><section id='sec3-biomolecules-14-00722' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results and Discussion</h2><section id='sec3dot1-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Taxonomy, Botany, Morphology, and Ecology Description of Olive</h4><div class='html-p'>The olive tree, scientifically known as <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L., places it within the kingdom of green plants, with a more specific categorization in the subkingdom Tracheobionta and the superdivision Spermatophyta. It belongs to the division Magnoliopsida and the subclass Asteridae. Its order can be either Scrophulariales or Lamiales, the <span class='html-italic'>Oleaceae</span> family. The genus is <span class='html-italic'>Olea</span>, and the species is <span class='html-italic'>europaea</span> [<a href="#B23-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. Morphologically, the olive tree typically reaches heights of up to 10 m. Its stem exhibits a considerable diameter and often has a twisted or bent appearance. The leaves are smooth, tapering, lanceolate, short, ovate, thin, leathery, and oblong. They have a silvery whitish hue. The petiole measures 1 to 3 cm in width and 5 to 10 cm in length. Abundant small hermaphrodite flowers are present, with a milky white hue. The calyx is brief and bears four little teeth, while the corolla measures 1 to 2 mm in length. The fruit is ovoid and tiny, turning blackish-violet when ripe, typically measuring 1 to 2.5 cm in length. Cultivated kinds tend to have larger fruit compared to wild plants, and the bark’s color is often light gray [<a href="#B24-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. The olive tree is adaptable to a range of climates. It thrives at an optimal temperature of 40 °C, with growth occurring between 15 °C to 20 °C. However, high-altitude areas are unsuitable due to the risk of frost. Olive cultivation is feasible even in arid and calcareous soils. Nevertheless, sandy loam soils with appropriate levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium are the most conducive for olive growth. Olive trees are known for their resilience to drought conditions, and they excel in soils with a pH level lower than 8.5. Additionally, these plants can flourish in soils with elevated boron content without experiencing toxicity issues [<a href="#B25-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Geographical Location of Olea europaea L., in the World</h4><div class='html-p'>The Mediterranean climate, characterized by warm, arid summers and cool, wet winters, is one that olive trees can withstand. The olive tree is a thermophilic species, well-suited to endure both drought and salinity challenges [<a href="#B26-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. It thrives in a variety of soil types, though it exhibits a preference for sandy loam soils that have a moderate depth [<a href="#B3-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Olives are cultivated in the following regions across the globe (<a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>): in Asia, you can find olive cultivation (in countries such as China, India, Iran, Syria, Pakistan, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Iraq, Lebanon, and Turkey); in Oceania, olive trees are grown (in New Zealand and Australia); in the Americas, olives thrive (in the United States, Mexico, Uruguay, Chile, Peru, and Argentina); in Europe, olive cultivation is prominent (in Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, Montenegro, France, Portugal, Croatia, and Albania); Lastly, in Africa, you will find olive trees flourishing (in Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Algeria) [<a href="#B27-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Worldwide Naming of Olive Varieties</h4><div class='html-p'>The cultivated <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> worldwide exhibits various distinct varieties, and the nomenclature of these varieties often evolves from one country to another, reflecting traditional specifications and local practices, as presented in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div></section><section id='sec3dot4-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Phytochemistry Characteristics</h4><div class='html-p'>The phytochemical research on <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> composition has revealed distinct profiles of secondary metabolites across various parts of the tree (<a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). This species exhibits a wide range of biochemical complexity, encompassing triterpenoids, simple phenolics, iridoids, secoiridoids, and flavonoids, as illustrated in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>, <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>, <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> and <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a> [<a href="#B49-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. Furthermore, the abundance of lipids, proteins, and minerals in its approximate composition highlights its potential as a great source of nutrition for human consumption.</div><div class='html-p'>Olive trees have a wide variety of bioactive chemicals in all their sections. Being a part of the <span class='html-italic'>Oleaceae</span> family, <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> is distinguished by a particular subclass of phenolic chemicals called secoiridoids [<a href="#B60-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. The ripening period of olives depends on geographic origin and the cultivation methods, which affect the concentration and quantity of secoiridoid distribution inside the olive tissues [<a href="#B76-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. As a component of secondary metabolism, the production of oleuropein in <span class='html-italic'>Oleaceae</span> involves a branching reaction inside the route of mevalonic acid, which eventually results in the generation of oleosides [<a href="#B77-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. The stems and branches exhibit a high concentration of secondary metabolites, including triterpenoids like erythrodiol and maslinic acid, as well as phenolic substances like taxifolin, comselogoside, and oleuropein [<a href="#B52-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Numerous studies, including those by Talhaoui et al., (2014) and Cecchi et al., (2015) show support for this [<a href="#B9-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B78-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">78</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The fruit of the olive tree exhibits a significant diversity in both primary and secondary metabolites. Its vegetable oil is enriched with a variety of fatty acid compounds, predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with tocopherols and carotenoids, which play crucial roles in protecting against oxidative stress [<a href="#B54-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Additionally, olive oil is distinguished by the existence of volatile compounds such as isoprene, (<span class='html-italic'>E</span>)-Hex-2-enal and <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-copaene and other volatile molecules [<a href="#B79-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">79</a>], as well as phenolic compounds including hydroxytyrosol, <span class='html-italic'>p</span>-coumaric acid, quercetin, and luteolin. Numerous studies have highlighted the diverse chemical composition of olive oil [<a href="#B80-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B81-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. The olive fruit possesses a valuable phenolic composition, characterized by flavonoids, secoiridoids, coumarins, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids, as evidenced by research [<a href="#B62-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B82-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B83-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Olive tree seeds are extremely interesting due to the wide variety of primary metabolites they contain, including proteins, fatty acids, and minerals [<a href="#B84-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">84</a>]. One notable defining feature of olive seed oil is the presence of polar lipids, which include 94 lipid species and 10 polar lipid classes in their chemical makeup. Phospholipids, glycolipids, acylsterolglycosides, and sphingolipids are some of these classes [<a href="#B85-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">85</a>]. When compared to saturated fats, the fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids in these polar lipids is much larger [<a href="#B86-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Numerous investigations into the polar lipidome of olive seeds have identified notable variations across olive tree cultivars, which are ascribed to the existence or non-existence of certain lipid species. Polar lipid composition has been established and has attracted interest from the cosmetics and culinary sectors because of its significant nutritional significance [<a href="#B87-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. Moreover, one fascinating finding about the seed’s phenolic compounds is that they belong to the subclass of secoiridoids, which is defined by the existence of nüzhenide and its derivatives (<a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>). These compounds, which are exclusive to olive seeds, have strong biological activity and show great promise for improving human health [<a href="#B88-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">88</a>]. The constituents of olive leaves, as reported from the essential oil extracted via hydrodistillation, exhibit an interesting chemical composition comprising oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons [<a href="#B61-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B89-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. As secondary metabolites, sesquiterpenes have drawn significant attention in bio-pharmacology, particularly as potential natural anticancer agents [<a href="#B90-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. An olive leaf extract contains a wide variety of phenolic chemicals, including phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and salicylic acid); flavonoids (rutin, diosmetin, and apigenin); lignans (pinoresinol and syringaresinol); triterpenoids, secoiridoids, and derivatives (oleuropein, loganoside, and ligstroside) [<a href="#B91-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">91</a>,<a href="#B92-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">92</a>,<a href="#B93-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">94</a>,<a href="#B95-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. In light of the fact that olive leaves contain numerous bioactive molecules with varied biological functions, they have gained significant attention as potent by-products of the olive tree [<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B97-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. The phytochemical composition of the olive tree is highly diverse, resulting in various biological activities. Its bioactive molecules can act as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer agents [<a href="#B98-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">98</a>,<a href="#B99-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">99</a>,<a href="#B100-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">100</a>,<a href="#B101-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">101</a>,<a href="#B102-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">102</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot5-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Biological Properties</h4><section id='sec3dot5dot1-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.1. Antibacterial Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>Infections with bacterial pathogens have a significant impact on human pathology. Serious conditions can arise, such as <span class='html-italic'>Helicobacter pylori</span> contributing to intestinal issues and <span class='html-italic'>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> leading to respiratory tract diseases. Additionally, <span class='html-italic'>Propionibacterium acnes</span>, and <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus epidermidis</span> colonize the skin, resulting in similar opportunistic pathologies [<a href="#B103-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. Numerous studies have showcased the antibacterial properties of olive extracts from the leaf, fruit, and seed. There are numerous screening results presented in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a> that demonstrate the evaluation of these properties using various methods, such as clinical trials, in vivo and in vitro testing.</div><div class='html-p'>The olive tree seed is characterized by specific sub-phenolic secoiridoids, notably nüzhenide and its derivatives [<a href="#B52-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Kadir et al. [<a href="#B104-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">104</a>] investigated the amounts of flavonoid and phenolic chemicals, as well as the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antithrombotic capabilities of extracts produced from the seed, fruit, and leaf of the Halhali olive tree, which is planted in Hatay, Turkey’s Arsuz area. Their findings revealed that seed extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 100 to 200 mg/mL against <span class='html-italic'>Klebsiella pneumoniae</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus aureus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Enterococcus faecalis</span>, and <span class='html-italic'>Escherichia coli</span> [<a href="#B104-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">104</a>]. The olive fruit possesses an intriguing chemical composition, as confirmed by numerous studies highlighting its rich bioactive composition [<a href="#B82-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. Hanene et al. (2014) investigated a methanolic extract from olive oleaster fruit pulp, which demonstrated strong effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, indicating non-selective antibacterial activity [<a href="#B105-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">105</a>]. Guo et al. (2019) discovered that olive oil polyphenol extract (OOPE) inhibited the development of <span class='html-italic'>L. monocytogenes</span>, with 1.25 mg/mL as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). When compared to untreated cells, OOPE-treated cells showed a substantial drop (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05) in intracellular ATP concentrations, DNA levels or bacterial protein [<a href="#B102-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">102</a>]. Other studies have also confirmed the antibacterial effects of olive oil [<a href="#B106-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">106</a>,<a href="#B107-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">107</a>]. It was suggested by Wang et al., (2017) that phenolic compounds affected the minor groove of genomic DNA, changing its secondary structure and morphology, in addition to increasing permeability of the cell membrane and inducing morphological changes in the cells [<a href="#B108-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">108</a>]. Furthermore, the literature highlights the strong antibacterial activity demonstrated by olive leaf extract in numerous studies. Abdullah et al. [<a href="#B109-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">109</a>] found that the heated olive leaf aqueous extract exhibited excellent antibacterial activity in opposition to other selected strains. Concentrations of the extract ranged from 0.5% to 6%, resulting in inhibition zone diameters ranging from 1 mm to 10.3 mm. Notably, <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus aureus</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus mutans</span> demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to the extract. To elucidate the mechanism of action involving a mixture of polyphenols with absorption and bioavailability, agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of plasmid DNA isolated from kanamycin- and ampicillin-resistant bacterial strains was performed. The analysis aimed to determine if the olive leaf extract, rich in polyphenols, could interact with the plasmid DNA of the resistant bacterial strains. This interaction could potentially lead to the cleavage or alteration of the plasmid DNA, affecting the bacteria’s resistance mechanisms [<a href="#B109-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">109</a>]. Alsulaymani et al. (2021) found that the extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>Escherichia coli</span>, with inhibition zone measurements ranging from 8 mm to 15 mm [<a href="#B110-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">110</a>]. De la Ossa et al. (2021) found that 100 mg/mL of olive leaf extract (OLE) showed antibacterial action; however, it was unable to completely inactivate the germs. Plain OLE decreased <span class='html-italic'>L. innocua</span> and <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span> growth, whereas <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span> growth was unaffected [<a href="#B111-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">111</a>]. Himour et al. [<a href="#B112-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">112</a>] noted that the variety of the olive tree and the choice of solvent in the extraction process significantly influenced the extraction of secondary compounds, consequently impacting extraction activity [<a href="#B112-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">112</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Furthermore, Rosa et al. [<a href="#B113-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">113</a>] reported that microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was more effective than ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), inhibiting <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span> growth by 100% vs. 80%, respectively, at a dose of 50 mg/mL. Additionally, the inhibition effect of the UAE extract reached almost 92% at 75 mg/mL. The extraction process directly impacts the composition of the bioactive molecule extract, potentially altering its biological activity [<a href="#B113-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">113</a>,<a href="#B114-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">114</a>]. Vural et al. [<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>] found that the essential oil extracted from olive leaves displayed a highly intriguing volatile composition, showcasing potent antibacterial activity [<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>].</div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t003'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> A synopsis of research on olive tree extracts’ antibacterial activity. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t003"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 3.</b> A synopsis of research on olive tree extracts’ antibacterial activity.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Strains</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >GP<br><span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus aureus</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Enterococcus faecalis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Listeria innocua</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Listeria monocytogenes</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Bacillus cereus</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus mutans</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Bacillus subtilis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus epidermidis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Clostridium sporogenes</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Bacillus subtilis subsp. Spizizenii</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Bacillus subtilis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus sobrinus</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus ralis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus epedermidis,</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Propionibacterium acnes</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Lactobacillus plantarum</span><br>GN<br><span class='html-italic'>Escherichia coli</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Salmonella typhimurium</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Aeromonas hydrophila</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Acinetobacter baumannii</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Shigella. sonnei</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Proteus mirabilis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Citrobacter freundii</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Salmonella. enteritidis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas fluorescens</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Brochotrix thermosphacta</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas fragi</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas putida</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Salmonella enterica</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Enterobacter cloacae</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Klebsiella pneumoniae</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Salmonella Enteritidis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas vulgaris</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Morganella Morganii</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Haemophilus influenzae</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Yersinia enterolitica Salmonella enterica subsp. heindelberg</span></td><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Disc diffusion method<br>Minimum inhibitory concentration<br>Minimum bactericidal concentration<br>Broth micro-dilution assay<br>Live/dead bacterial staining assay<br>Bacterial inhibition assays<br>Bacterial motility assays</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MIC = 100–200 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B104-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">104</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø = 5–18 mm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B81-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">81</a>,<a href="#B116-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">116</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø = 13–18.5 mg/mL<br>MIC = 12.5–25 mg/mL<br>MBC = 25–50 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B102-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">102</a>,<a href="#B105-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">105</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Essential oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø = 9–29 mm<br>MIC = 0.625–5 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B6-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>,<a href="#B117-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">117</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ø = 1–20 mm<br>MIC = 0.60–25 mg/mL<br>MBC = 0.70–12.5 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B109-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">109</a>,<a href="#B110-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">110</a>,<a href="#B118-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">118</a>,<a href="#B119-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">119</a>,<a href="#B120-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">120</a>,<a href="#B121-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">121</a>,<a href="#B122-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">122</a>,<a href="#B123-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">123</a>,<a href="#B124-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">124</a>,<a href="#B125-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">125</a>,<a href="#B126-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">126</a>,<a href="#B127-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">127</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Ø = zone of inhibition; MIC = minimum inhibition concentration; MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration; GN = Gram negative; GP = Gram positive.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section><section id='sec3dot5dot2-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.2. Antifungal Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>Microbial infections have emerged as a significant global concern, with the <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> species being one of the most prevalent fungal strains found on human mucosal membranes [<a href="#B126-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">126</a>]. This yeast can attach to epithelial tissues, resulting in superficial infections commonly referred to as candidiasis. Under certain conditions, candidiasis has become a major contributor to morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals worldwide [<a href="#B128-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">128</a>]. A primary challenge lies in the multidrug-resistant nature of both bacterial and fungal strains [<a href="#B129-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">129</a>,<a href="#B130-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">130</a>]. Consequently, researchers are increasingly turning to phytotherapy using medicinal plants, which possess antimicrobial properties due to their chemical compounds. However, the diversity of extraction techniques for bioactive molecules poses a critical challenge to their efficacy against fungal infections. <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span>, a medicinal plant, is known for its potent microbial-infectious molecules due to its phenolic composition, particularly secoiridoids [<a href="#B131-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">131</a>]. Several studies have investigated the biological activity of various portions of the olive tree, as shown in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>. Olive leaves, in particular, are characterized by their phenolic composition, which exhibits potent antifungal properties [<a href="#B132-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">132</a>]. Vural et al. [<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>] assessed the antimicrobial effects of dried leaf essential oil towards microbial strains, and discovered considerable antifungal activity against <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> [<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>]. Similarly, other researchers observed intriguing effects of leaf essential oil against fungal infections [<a href="#B133-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">133</a>]. However, several factors can affect the effectiveness of these extracts, such as the variety of olive cultivar, the extraction process, the solvent used, and the by-product harvesting time. Alimosazade et al. [<a href="#B134-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">134</a>] examined olive extracts from four cultivars against various fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied due to differences in total phenolic content, indicating the impact of cultivars on biological activity efficacy [<a href="#B134-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">134</a>]. Bawadekji et al. [<a href="#B135-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">135</a>] performed analyses on the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of olive leaf extracts obtained using water-immiscible solvents, observing significant inhibition of <span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus niger</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> growth [<a href="#B135-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">135</a>]. This study emphasized the impact of extraction solvent on antifungal activity. Overall, olive leaf extracts exhibited substantial antifungal activity attributed to their rich phenolic compound content, particularly hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and secoiridoid derivatives, consistent with findings from several studies [<a href="#B136-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">136</a>,<a href="#B137-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">137</a>,<a href="#B138-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">138</a>]. The olive fruit is known for its rich array of bioactive molecules that possess antimicrobial properties [<a href="#B139-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">139</a>]. Naje et al. [<a href="#B140-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">140</a>] investigated the <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> fatty oil’s possible antifungal action against clinical isolates of fungal strains, yielding promising results as presented in (<a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>) [<a href="#B140-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">140</a>]. Similarly, Janakat et al. [<a href="#B141-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">141</a>] reported a favorable MIC of olive fruit oil against fungal growth [<a href="#B141-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">141</a>]. Additionally, Umai et al. [<a href="#B142-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">142</a>] produced silver nanoparticles from olive fruit extract as an environmentally sound approach to demonstrate effective MIC values against tested fungal strains [<a href="#B142-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">142</a>]. Suwan et al. [<a href="#B143-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">143</a>] also highlighted the noticeable activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from olive extract against fungal species [<a href="#B143-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">143</a>]. Biofilm-associated infections, accounting for up to 80% of total human infections, pose significant challenges to the medical community and protect microbial cells from the host immune response [<a href="#B144-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">144</a>]. Slobodnikova et al. [<a href="#B14-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">14</a>] revealed the significant activity of phenolic compounds from olive fruit against biofilms formed by bacteria and fungi species [<a href="#B14-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based treatments derived from olive extracts exhibited powerful antibiofilm activity [<a href="#B145-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">145</a>]. Several research works have examined the chemical makeup of olive seeds and their antifungal activity, with olive seed extracts demonstrating activity against various fungal strains [<a href="#B146-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">146</a>]. The bioactive compounds of the olive tree are strongly correlated with the efficacy of our extracts against fungi.</div></section><section id='sec3dot5dot3-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.3. Antioxidant Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are chemically active free radicals and non-radical substances produced during normal cellular processes and mitochondrial respiration, including ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), peroxynitrite ion (ONOO), and singlet oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and oxygen radicals like hydroxyl (HO), superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub>), peroxyl (ROO), hydroperoxyl (HO<sub>2</sub>), and alkoxyl (RO). Correspondingly, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) comprise nitric oxide radical (NO), nitrogen dioxide radical (NO<sub>2</sub>), peroxynitrite ion (ONOO), and certain nitrogen oxides [<a href="#B151-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">151</a>,<a href="#B152-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">152</a>]. To manage these reactive species, the body employs endogenous enzymes like catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase [<a href="#B153-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">153</a>]. Yet, under conditions of increased stress or physiological imbalance, the generation of RONS might exceed the capabilities of the body’s internal antioxidant mechanisms, resulting in oxidative stress. The structure or functionality of biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA may change as a result of this stress [<a href="#B154-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">154</a>,<a href="#B155-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">155</a>]. Interestingly, the oxidation of macromolecules in cells is believed to be a significant factor in the development of various age-related and degenerative diseases [<a href="#B156-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">156</a>,<a href="#B157-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">157</a>,<a href="#B158-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">158</a>,<a href="#B159-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">159</a>]. Considerable research has focused on exploring natural sources of bioactive molecules found in medicinal plants to address the imbalance of ROS within the human body. Among these efforts, there has been extensive investigation into the effects of the chemical composition of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> in combating oxidative stress. <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a> summarizes the findings from this research.</div><div class='html-p'>Kadir et al. [<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>] conducted a comprehensive exploration of the potential for pharmaceuticals of extracts from the Halhali olive’s leaf, fruit, and seeds using various methodologies. Their investigation revealed significant antioxidant activity in the extracts. Specifically, with 317.24 μg GAE, the seed extract had the highest phenolic content and demonstrated the strongest reducing potential for Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup>. Additionally, it displayed notable radical scavenging activity against DPPH, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 5.25 µg/mL [<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. Celik et al. [<a href="#B99-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">99</a>] reported that aqueous and ethanolic olive seed extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> radicals at a concentration of 30 µg/mL. The high phenolic and flavonoid content of both extracts may account for this strong activity [<a href="#B99-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Notably, Bouarroudj et al. [<a href="#B99-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">99</a>] reported that oleaster oil exhibited the richest phenolic composition among all samples studied. They identified two new molecules, namely eriodictyol and naringenin. In addition, the antioxidant potential of olive oil against DPPH and ABTS radicals showed significant effects, with 80% inhibition of free radicals in both tests. The phenolic composition and amount of tocopherol in olive oil are responsible for its greater inhibitory capacity [<a href="#B160-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">160</a>]. Fernández-Poyatos et al. [<a href="#B167-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">167</a>] studied the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of table olives and the effect of in vitro simulated digestion. They stated that the extract from table olive fruit contained a significant amount of phenolic compounds, comprising thirty different compounds. The in vitro digestion assay revealed a reduction of over 50% in total phenolic content, thereby impacting antioxidant potency. Both antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH) showed a substantial decrease in activity. The digested assay offers an initial insight into the potential of these compounds to traverse the digestive system. The bioavailability of these molecules is key to optimizing their protective effects [<a href="#B167-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">167</a>]. Furthermore, Tamasi et al. [<a href="#B168-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">168</a>] aimed to investigate the <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> products’ chemical composition and antioxidant capabilities; they found that olive fruit extract exhibited a high level of total phenolic content (TPC), with quantitative variations influenced by factors like olive variety, harvest time, soil, and climatic conditions. The antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) showed correlated results with TPC, indicating that higher TPC correlated with increased antioxidant potential [<a href="#B168-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">168</a>,<a href="#B169-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">169</a>]. Moreover, numerous studies have underscored the significant antioxidant role of olive leaves. Elnahas et al., (2021) found that Egyptian olive leaf extracts exhibited 87.55% scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals at a concentration of 50 mg/mL [<a href="#B119-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">119</a>]. Blasi et al. [<a href="#B170-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">170</a>] examined the seasonal variations in the antioxidant components of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> leaf extracts from different Italian cultivars. They observed that seasonal variation significantly influenced the antioxidant potential of the olive leaf extract and the TPC. Moreover, the predominant phenolic content and components are at the origin of the extract’s antioxidant capacity [<a href="#B171-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">171</a>]. These findings suggest that a higher TPC in a season does not necessarily correlate with the highest antioxidant capacity. For instance, DPPH inhibition ranged from 55% to 86%, and ABTS ranged from 53.6 to 88.4 mg TE/g [<a href="#B170-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">170</a>]. Farag et al. [<a href="#B7-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">7</a>] conducted phytochemical screening and assessed the crude juices’ antioxidant content from various medicinal plants. They observed that the antioxidant capacity of the olive leaf extract had a positive effect compared to the standard (std) used. In the DPPH assay, the IC<sub>50</sub> was 42.5 µg/mL, while the std/IC<sub>50</sub> was 21 µg/mL. For metal chelating activity, the EDTA/IC<sub>50</sub> was 155 µg/mL, and the std/IC<sub>50</sub> was 37.95 µg/mL. Raw olive leaf juice is ideally suited to practical use as a dietary supplement to delay fat oxidation [<a href="#B7-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Lins et al., found that olive leaf extract inhibited DPPH (EC<sub>50</sub> = 13.8 ± 0.8 mg/mL) and ABTS (EC<sub>50</sub> = 16.1 ± 1.2 mg/mL), and FRAP analysis produced a value of 281.8 ± 22.8 mg TE/g dry weight. The extract effectively scavenged HOCl (EC<sub>50</sub> = 714.1 ± 31.4 mg/mL), NO (EC<sub>50</sub> = 48.4 ± 6.8 mg/mL), and O<sub>2</sub> (EC<sub>50</sub> = 52.6 ± 2.1 mg/mL). In addition, it prevented erythrocytes from undergoing the action of peroxyl radicals that produce hemolysis (EC<sub>50</sub> = 11.5 ± 1.5 mg/mL), TBARS formation (EC<sub>50</sub> = 38.0 ± 11.7 mg/mL) and hemoglobin oxidation (EC<sub>50</sub> = 186.3 ± 29.7 mg/mL). These findings indicate that olive leaf extract is a remarkable, natural antioxidant source, exhibiting potent antioxidant activity against a range of reactive species and protecting human erythrocytes against free radical damage [<a href="#B172-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">172</a>]. Furthermore, Ayoub et al. [<a href="#B173-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">173</a>] conducted a phytochemical screening and assessed the antioxidant activity and inhibitory capacity of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Ficus carica</span> leaves. They observed that olive leaf extract exhibited robust antioxidant potency in scavenging free radicals, with a relationship between antioxidant activity and secoiridoids and flavonoid contents (<a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>). The IC<sub>50</sub> value of the <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> extract was determined to be 170.134 ± 0.06 μg/mL, indicating its efficacy in inhibiting DPPH free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress [<a href="#B173-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">173</a>]. Lfitat et al. [<a href="#B163-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">163</a>] conducted in vitro antioxidant studies to confirm the antioxidant potency of olive leaves and their presence in secondary metabolites, which aid in metal chelation and free radical scavenging [<a href="#B163-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">163</a>]. Monteleone et al. also confirmed that olive leaf extract (OLE) displayed significant antioxidant capacity. At peak levels of phenolic and flavonoid content, the extract demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect on oxidation, with a DPPH = 2.85 ± 0.01 TEAC mM for 90% inhibition [<a href="#B18-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B174-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">174</a>]. Ribas et al. assessed the nutritional composition, bioactive components, antioxidant properties, and color characteristics of leaves sourced from eight different olive cultivars in Brazil. They found that the olive leaf extract (OLE) from these varieties exhibited the greatest level of antioxidant capability, with ABTS = 78.15% and DPPH = 93.56%. Several factors have been identified that influence the content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity, including olive cultivar, date of collection, drying conditions, climatic conditions and extraction method [<a href="#B175-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">175</a>,<a href="#B176-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">176</a>,<a href="#B177-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">177</a>]. Furthermore, Pennisi et al. [<a href="#B165-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">165</a>] sought to assess the antiviral and antioxidant properties of leaf extracts obtained from <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> vars. sativa and sylvestris. Researchers discovered that exposure to olive leaf extracts prevents lipid peroxidation in human HeLa cells and boosts the levels of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, which in turn lessens the oxidation of free radicals [<a href="#B165-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">165</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot5dot4-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.4. Antidiabetic Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its treatment represent considerable social, economic, and healthcare challenges on a global scale. DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, along with imbalances in lipid, protein, secretion, and insulin action [<a href="#B178-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">178</a>]. Projections suggest that by 2025, over 300 million people will be affected by diabetes [<a href="#B179-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">179</a>]. Type I diabetes arises from defects in insulin secretion due to inherited and/or acquired deficiencies in pancreatic insulin production [<a href="#B180-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">180</a>]. On the other hand, type II diabetes results from insulin ineffectiveness caused by insulin resistance in the liver and peripheral tissues [<a href="#B181-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">181</a>]. As type II diabetes advances, there is a decrease in cell mass and function, disrupted insulin signaling, changes in lipid metabolism, low-grade inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress [<a href="#B182-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">182</a>]. Diabetes pathogenesis and complications are greatly influenced by oxidative stress. It induces injury in pancreatic cells and enzymes, increases lipid peroxidation, and leads to insulin resistance in cells [<a href="#B15-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. There has been strong evidence that <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> may be used as an ethnomedicine in the treatment of diabetes, as illustrated in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a> and <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t007" class="html-table">Table 7</a>. Notably, Perri et al. [<a href="#B183-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">183</a>] found that <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> bud extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase and <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase activity in several Italian cultivars. The study found significant suppression of digestive enzymes, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 33.21 ± 0.23 µg/mL for <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase and 1.27 ± 0.04 mg/mL for lipase inhibition [<a href="#B183-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">183</a>]. <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> subsp. <span class='html-italic'>cuspidata</span> (Indian olive) seed extracts were studied by Akhtar et al., (2022) for their antioxidant activities and potential as antidiabetic agents. At a concentration of 1.6 mg/mL, in vitro tests revealed an 82.10% inhibition of <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Amylase. Rats were used in in vivo tests to generate diabetes with a single intraperitoneal quantity of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). Three days following the injection of alloxan, rats’ serum FBG levels were assessed; those rats whose FBG levels were 200 mg/dL were classified as diabetic. Rats without diabetes were given normal saline orally in Group 1, while diabetic rats were given glimepiride (0.2 mg/kg) orally in Group 2, which served as the standard control. Rats with diabetes who were given normal saline alone made-up Group 3, the negative control. The application of MEOE resulted in a dose-dependent recovery of the Langerhans islets, reduced kidney blood vessel inflammation and thrombosis, and lessened glomerulus and tubule necrosis caused by alloxan [<a href="#B184-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">184</a>]. Furthermore, olives are rich in biophenol compounds, providing them with the ability to combat various biological diseases. Zakari et al. [<a href="#B185-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">185</a>] worked on the hypoglycemic effect of olive oil on alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Their study revealed that olive oil demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic Albino rats at a lower dose (150 mg/kg/b.w.) [<a href="#B185-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">185</a>]. Figueiredo-González and colleagues [<a href="#B186-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">186</a>] examined the potential antidiabetic effects of phenolic-rich extracts derived from autochthonous extra virgin olive oils in Galicia towards the inhibition of <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase and <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-glucosidase. They discovered that EVOO had a stronger antidiabetic impact on <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-glucosidase (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.06 ± 0.008 mg/mL) than it did on <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase [<a href="#B186-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">186</a>]. Additionally, Abdelkarim et al. [<a href="#B187-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">187</a>] studied the effects of olive leaf powder (OLP) on circulating adipokines and insulin secretion in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Four groups (n = 10) of 40 male albino rats from Wistar weighing 200–225 g each were created: normal healthy rats were included in Group I; diabetic control rats were included in Group II, diabetic rats, fed a balanced diet along with standard antidiabetic medication (metformin, 600 mg/b.w.), were included in Group III, and diabetic rats were included in Group IV, given a diet plus 2.0% OLP. After analyzing their data, they concluded that OLP significantly improved blood glucose regulation. It did this by lowering serum levels of glucose, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, elevating levels of high-density lipoprotein; decreasing levels of atherogenic index and atherogenic coefficient; raising serum adiponectin concentration; and lowering serum leptin concentration [<a href="#B187-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">187</a>]. Al-Shudiefat et al. [<a href="#B188-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">188</a>] sought to investigate the mechanism behind this phenomenon by assessing proteins involved in glucose metabolism, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK α2), glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), in an effort to understand the mechanism behind this behavior. Their findings revealed that treatments with OLE at 1% and 3% effectively reduced blood sugar levels and regulated biochemical parameters such as LDL, HDL, TG, and insulin secretion. They observed that OLP inhibits AS160, resulting in decreased blood glucose levels [<a href="#B188-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">188</a>]. Chigurupati et al. [<a href="#B189-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">189</a>] found that OLE exhibited a significant <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase inhibitory effect, with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.037 µg/mL, demonstrating competitive kinetic inhibition [<a href="#B189-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">189</a>]. Additionally, Laaboudi et al. [<a href="#B190-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">190</a>] sought to investigate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties of olive tree extract phenol on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. They discovered that taking olive extract orally led to a decrease in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rat group, which were significantly lower at 4 weeks compared to control diabetic rats. Furthermore, the extract regulated the biochemical parameters to approximate those of normal rat models [<a href="#B190-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">190</a>].</div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t006"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t006'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 6.</b> Antidiabetic activities of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of in vitro research findings. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t006"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 6.</b> Antidiabetic activities of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of in vitro research findings.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method In Vitro</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Buds</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydroalcoholic extract</td><td rowspan='9' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pancreatic<br>lipase activity inhibition (PLI)<br>The inhibition of <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase (IAM)<br>The inhibition of <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-glucosidase<br>Glucose uptake using the yeast cells assay<br>Determination of surface GLUT4myc<br>L6-GLUT4myc cell line</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.27 ± 0.04 mg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.1269 ± 0.023 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B183-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">183</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.3194 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B184-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">184</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ethyl acetate extracts</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.00531 ± 0.003 mg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0547 ± 0.001 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B191-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">191</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extra virgin olive oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.06 ± 0.008 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B186-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">186</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydroalcoholic extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 150 µM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B101-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">101</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ethanolic extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.037 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B189-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">189</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.014 ± 0.041 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B17-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">17</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.2 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B192-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">192</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 43.47 µM<br>EC<sub>50</sub> = 47.12 µM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B193-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">193</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class='html-p'>Mansour et al. [<a href="#B17-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">17</a>] showed that administering OLE alone or combined with metformin normalized blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profiles, and liver enzyme levels. Histological analysis indicated that OLE, either alone or combined with metformin, effectively restored liver, kidney, and pancreatic tissues [<a href="#B17-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Mechchate et al. [<a href="#B16-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">16</a>] explored the in vivo antidiabetic effects and the in silico mode of action of flavonoids found in the leaves the Oleaster using LC/MS-MS analysis. They found that the flavonoid extracted from olive leaves, in two concentrations (25–50 mg/kg/b.w.), effectively managed diabetes induced by alloxan in in vivo experiments. It demonstrated a strong regulation of biochemical parameters, with this effect being even more pronounced when coupled with an antidiabetic drug [<a href="#B16-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Rauf et al. [<a href="#B193-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">193</a>] investigated the antidiabetic effect of Ferruginan using the yeast cell glucose uptake assay. At the highest tested dose (100 μM), Ferruginan showed a maximum reduction in inflammation of 71.82% and improved absorption up to 74.96% of glucose by yeast cells. Additionally, Ferruginan dose dependently inhibited <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase, showing inhibition of up to 75.45% at the same concentration [<a href="#B193-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">193</a>]. Therefore, the extract from olive leaves has the potential to exhibit inhibitory effects on <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-amylase and <span class='html-italic'>α</span>-glucosidase, similar to acarbose, due to the presence of flavonoids, secoiridoids and other bioactive compounds [<a href="#B194-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">194</a>].</div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t007"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t007'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 7.</b> Antidiabetic activities of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of in vivo research findings. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t007"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 7.</b> Antidiabetic activities of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of in vivo research findings.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dose</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method In Vivo</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >750 mg/kg body weight</td><td rowspan='8' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats<br>Swiss albino mice (aged 3–4 weeks) of both sex<br>Wistar albino male rats (streptozotocin)<br>Sprague–Dawley male rats (streptozotocin)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >The treatment of seed MeOH extracts was seen to have a significant hypoglycemic impact and to have reversed weight loss in diabetic rats.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B184-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">184</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150 mg/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >The blood sugar levels of the group 2 alloxan-induced diabetic rats exhibited a gradual decline, eventually stabilizing within the normal range of 4.9–5.5 mg/dl.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B185-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">185</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='6' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2%/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum glucose levels were all lowered. High-density lipoprotein levels rose as a result. It reduced atherogenic index and atherogenic coefficient.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B187-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">187</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >200–400 mg/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >The application of both low and high doses of olive leaf extract effectively ameliorated the identified physiological, molecular, and histopathological changes.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B195-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">195</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1–3%/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Lowered blood glucose levels, regulated biochemical parameters including LDL, HDL, TG, and insulin secretion. OLP functions by inhibiting AS160, thereby causing a reduction in blood glucose levels.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B188-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">188</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100 mg/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oral treatment with olive extract controlled biochemical parameters to mimic normal rat models and contributed to a considerable reduction in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rat group after 4 weeks when compared with control diabetic rats.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B190-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">190</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25 and 50 mg/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >It demonstrated a strong regulation of biochemical parameters, and this effect was even more pronounced when coupled with an antidiabetic drug.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B196-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">196</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25 mg/kg body weight</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >The flavonoid extracted from olive leaves had a positive effect on the blood glucose level, showing a significant reduction of 49.59% compared to the normal control group.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B16-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">16</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section id='sec3dot5dot5-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.5. Anticancer Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>Cancer, a multifaceted chronic degenerative ailment, involves a multistep transformation where normal cells become malignant, displaying aberrant proliferation and diminished apoptosis [<a href="#B197-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">197</a>]. Advances in cancer molecular understanding have uncovered key targets for anticancer drug development and treatment strategies [<a href="#B198-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">198</a>]. Biophenols have emerged as agents capable of modulating cell growth at different stages of cancer development by either triggering apoptosis or restraining proliferation through a variety of mechanisms [<a href="#B199-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">199</a>,<a href="#B200-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">200</a>]. Constituents of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> exhibit potent anticancer properties against various types of cancer [<a href="#B201-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">201</a>]. The summarized results of various studies are reported in <a href="#biomolecules-14-00722-t008" class="html-table">Table 8</a>. Additionally, Xie et al. [<a href="#B50-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">50</a>] reported that the seed extract from the Frantoio olive cultivar demonstrated the least cytotoxicity on colorectal cells, as evidenced by its high IC<sub>50</sub> value. Triterpenoids, notably ursolic acid found in the seed extract, have been shown to inhibit proliferation in colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116). This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of the seed extract on HCT-116 colorectal cells, providing valuable insights into its potential for cancer therapy [<a href="#B50-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. Carpi et al. [<a href="#B202-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">202</a>] aimed to investigate the in vitro antimelanoma activity of OA and its mechanism of action. Their findings revealed that oleacein (OA) inhibited cell growth in melanoma cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> in the low micromolar range, showing time- and concentration-dependent effects. In melanoma cells, it caused DNA fragmentation, G1/S phase arrest, and downregulation of genes producing proliferative and antiapoptotic proteins. The overt antigrowth activity of OA in melanoma cells (501 Mel) occurs at low micromolar concentrations, suggesting specific targeting mechanisms that are hyper-reactive in cancer [<a href="#B202-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">202</a>]. Additionally, Maalej et al. [<a href="#B203-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">203</a>] sought to examine the phytochemical composition of ethanolic extracts from olive fruits of three distinct cultivars (OFE) and explored their antioxidant properties and potential anticancer effects. Their study revealed that after 48 h of cultivation, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that OFE caused cell cycle arrest in the S-phase in both Caco-2 cells and HepG2. The IC<sub>50</sub> of OFE was higher in HepG2 cells compared to Caco-2 cells, indicating that the olive fruit extract was more sensitive against the Caco-2 cell line than the HepG2 cell line [<a href="#B83-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Quero et al. [<a href="#B204-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">204</a>] investigated the hydroethanolic extract of olive pomace, revealing its diverse polyphenolic composition. Their study showed that the extract significantly altered the mitochondrial membrane during a 72 h cell culture, which resulted in cell cycle arrest in the G1/S stages and death. In the Caco-2 cell line, this mechanism involves the activation of the proteins caspase 3 and p53 [<a href="#B204-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">204</a>]. Albogami and Hassan [<a href="#B205-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">205</a>] investigated the anticancer properties of an olive leaf extract in vitro using colorectal (HT29) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines. In both cell lines, the aqueous olive leaf (AOL) extracts stopped cells in the S phase. Moreover, they decreased cell migration and displayed multiple apoptotic characteristics, such as nuclear fragmentation, microtubule protrusions, apoptotic bodies, and blebbing. Additionally, the AOL extract induced DNA fragmentation in both cell lines [<a href="#B205-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">205</a>]. Uğuz et al. [<a href="#B206-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">206</a>] showed that when tested against the HL-60 leukemic cell line, olive leaf extract (OLE) had strong cytotoxicity. Remarkably, the removal of chlorophyll pigments significantly diminished the cytotoxic effect in both cases. This suggests that chlorophylls play a crucial role in the tumor-killing ability of such plant-derived extracts [<a href="#B206-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">206</a>]. Notably, Shah et al. [<a href="#B207-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">207</a>] investigated the <span class='html-italic'>Olea ferruginaea</span> bark ethyl acetate extract, resulting in the identification of two previously known chemicals, ferruginan (2) and cycloolivil (3), as well as a new compound, ferruginan A (1). These substances were examined in tests using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Compounds 1–3 showed modest cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 8.03–12.01 μg/mL) in comparison to the standard (IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.41 μg/mL) against MCF-7 cells, whereas the ethyl acetate fraction had high cytotoxic activity (79.31% inhibition at 250 μg/mL). This demonstrates that the separated chemicals have a modest anticancer effect [<a href="#B207-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">207</a>]. Samet et al. [<a href="#B208-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">208</a>] investigated the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) on human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells, focusing on apoptosis induction and monocyte/macrophage differentiation. After 72 h of treatment with 150 μg/mL of OLE, cell proliferation was inhibited to 17% compared to the control cells. However, the mechanisms underlying its differentiation-inducing properties remain poorly understood [<a href="#B208-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">208</a>]. Moreover, using four cancer cell lines (breast, colon, hepatocellular, and cervical carcinoma cells), Morsy and Abdel-Aziz [<a href="#B209-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">209</a>] examined the anticancer properties of the methanolic extract of olive leaves. The results were compared with those of the standard drug vinblastine. The findings demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of olive leaf extract against various cancer cell lines. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the methanolic extract from olive leaves against HCT, MCF-7, HELA, and HEPG-2 cancer cell lines were determined as 81.6, 43, 21.5, and 77.9 mg GAE/L, respectively. These findings highlight the strong impact of the olive leaf extract on the HEPG-2 cancer cell line, meeting the cytotoxicity criterion for crude extracts established by the US National Cancer Institute, which is an IC<sub>50</sub> < 30 mg/L [<a href="#B209-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">209</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot5dot6-biomolecules-14-00722' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.5.6. Toxicology Investigation</h4><div class='html-p'>Wistar rats were used in the examination of the acute and subacute oral toxicities of the ethanolic extract of olive leaves (EEO) by histopathological analysis and the assessment of biochemical and hematological markers. Acute toxicity was evaluated through a single oral gavage of 2000 mg/kg of EEO in male and female rats. Subacute toxicity was assessed by administering different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of EEO to male and female rats for 28 days via oral gavage. Animals were divided into four groups of ten (five males and five females), and their body weights were recorded during the treatment period. Liver and kidney samples were histopathologically analyzed post-euthanasia, involving routine processing, paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured, and histological analysis was performed by a trained histologist [<a href="#B22-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. During the acute oral administration test, administering a dose of 2000 mg/kg of EEO did not lead to any mortality or signs of toxicity throughout the treatment period. Notably, there were no notable variations in body weight between male and female subjects, and there were no observable alterations in behavior among the exposed animals. Although certain hematological parameters, such as HGB, CHCM, HCT, RBC, MCV, and PLT, differed significantly from the control group (both males and females), they remained within the normal range. Long-term exposure to EEO at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was tested for subacute toxicity, and the results showed no differences between the treatment and control groups in the measured hematological parameters (HGB, CHCM, HCT, RBC, MCV, PLT, and WBC). Nevertheless, the blood concentration of BUN notably rose in male subjects exposed to EEO at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg compared to the control group. Importantly, histological analysis of liver and kidney tissues revealed no abnormalities following treatment with EEO in rats for both experiments [<a href="#B22-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Another study aimed to investigate the toxicological safety assessment of an extract of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> leaves (Bonolive™). The results of the study showed no evidence of mutagenicity in an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test and a bacterial reverse mutation test. Moreover, in an in vivo mouse micronucleus test, no genotoxic effects were found, even at doses that reached the maximal dosage of 2000 mg/kg/bw/d. In a 90 d repeated oral toxicity assessment, Bonolive™ did not induce mortality or adverse effects in Crl:(WI) BR Wistar rats at doses of 360, 600, and 1000 mg/kg/bw/d. The highest dose tested, 1000 mg/kg bw/d, was determined as the no-observed adverse-effect level for both male and female rats in the 90 d study [<a href="#B216-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">216</a>]. Additional randomized controlled human clinical studies along with comprehensive toxicity evaluations are required to identify any health effects and ensure safety.</div></section></section></section><section id='sec4-biomolecules-14-00722' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions and Prospects</h2><div class='html-p'>In conclusion, this review outlines the usage of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> in ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicological studies. Found extensively across various countries, this plant is utilized by diverse populations for treating specific ailments. Ethnobotanical surveys demonstrate a wide range of uses influenced by the plant part utilized, targeted disease, and geographical region. Phytochemical analysis revealed that <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> contains secoiridoids and various chemical compounds from classes like terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Pharmacological assays have scientifically validated the traditional uses of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span>, correlating ethnopharmacological applications with its biological activities and secondary metabolite content. Additionally, both in vitro and in vivo studies on <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> essential oils, vegetable oils, and extracts have revealed various effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Toxicological evidence in animal models did not reveal significant toxicity. The published data generally show consistent and satisfactory results, but knowledge remains limited, particularly in clinical trials. Through more preclinical and clinical research into illnesses associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), more study is needed to clarify the biochemical and biological activities, as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, of secoiridoids from olive trees.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, A.B. and I.C.; methodology, A.B. and H.E.; software, H.E.; formal analysis, H.E.; investigation, H.E., O.A. and C.E.K.; resources, H.E.; data curation, H.E. and A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, H.E., O.A. and C.E.K.; writing—review and editing, I.C., M.G. and D.N.; visualization, I.C. and M.G.; supervision, A.B.; project administration, A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research received no external funding.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>All data used are cited within the manuscript.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors thank the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) for supporting the VALONSTONE project.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xxx'><li id='B1-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Bracci, T.; Busconi, M.; Fogher, C.; Sebastiani, L. Molecular studies in olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.): Overview on DNA markers applications and recent advances in genome analysis. <span class='html-italic'>Plant Cell Rep.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>30</span>, 449–462. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Molecular+studies+in+olive+(Olea+europaea+L.):+Overview+on+DNA+markers+applications+and+recent+advances+in+genome+analysis&author=Bracci,+T.&author=Busconi,+M.&author=Fogher,+C.&author=Sebastiani,+L.&publication_year=2011&journal=Plant+Cell+Rep.&volume=30&pages=449%E2%80%93462&doi=10.1007/s00299-010-0991-9&pmid=21212959" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-010-0991-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212959" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B2-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Ghanbari, R.; Anwar, F.; Alkharfy, K.M.; Gilani, A.-H.; Saari, N. Valuable Nutrients and Functional Bioactives in Different Parts of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.)—A Review. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 3291–3340. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Valuable+Nutrients+and+Functional+Bioactives+in+Different+Parts+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)%E2%80%94A+Review&author=Ghanbari,+R.&author=Anwar,+F.&author=Alkharfy,+K.M.&author=Gilani,+A.-H.&author=Saari,+N.&publication_year=2012&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=13&pages=3291%E2%80%933340&doi=10.3390/ijms13033291&pmid=22489153" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033291" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22489153" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B3-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Spennemann, D.H.R.; Allen, L.R. Feral olives (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) as future woody weeds in Australia: A review. <span class='html-italic'>Aust. J. Exp. Agric.</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>40</span>, 889–901. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Feral+olives+(Olea+europaea)+as+future+woody+weeds+in+Australia:+A+review&author=Spennemann,+D.H.R.&author=Allen,+L.R.&publication_year=2000&journal=Aust.+J.+Exp.+Agric.&volume=40&pages=889%E2%80%93901&doi=10.1071/ea98141" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1071/ea98141" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Waisel, Y.; Geller-Bernstein, C.; Keynan, N.; Arad, G. Antigenicity of the pollen proteins of various cultivars of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Allergy</span> <b>1996</b>, <span class='html-italic'>51</span>, 819–821. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antigenicity+of+the+pollen+proteins+of+various+cultivars+of+Olea+europaea&author=Waisel,+Y.&author=Geller-Bernstein,+C.&author=Keynan,+N.&author=Arad,+G.&publication_year=1996&journal=Allergy&volume=51&pages=819%E2%80%93821&doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00028.x&pmid=8947340" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00028.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8947340" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B5-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Zighed, A.; Derradji, L.; Hadef, Y.; Zighed, A.; Derradji, L.; Hadef, Y. Determination of polyphenolic components by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of leaves of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr. <span class='html-italic'>GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 095–099. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+of+polyphenolic+components+by+High+Performance+Liquid+Chromatography+(HPLC)+and+evaluation+of+the+antioxidant+activity+of+leaves+of+Olea+europaea+L.+var.+sylvestris+(Miller)+Lehr&author=Zighed,+A.&author=Derradji,+L.&author=Hadef,+Y.&author=Zighed,+A.&author=Derradji,+L.&author=Hadef,+Y.&publication_year=2022&journal=GSC+Biol.+Pharm.+Sci.&volume=20&pages=095%E2%80%93099&doi=10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.1.0281" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.1.0281" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Boukhebti, H.; Chaker, A.; Lograda, T.; Messaoud, R. Pharmacology & Toxicology. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 42–46. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pharmacology+%2526+Toxicology&author=Boukhebti,+H.&author=Chaker,+A.&author=Lograda,+T.&author=Messaoud,+R.&publication_year=2015&journal=Int.+J.+Pharmacol.+Toxicol.&volume=5&pages=42%E2%80%9346" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B7-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Farag, R.S.; Abdel-Latif, M.S.; Abd El Baky, H.H.; Tawfeek, L.S. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants’ crude juices. <span class='html-italic'>Biotechnol. Rep.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, e00536. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+screening+and+antioxidant+activity+of+some+medicinal+plants%E2%80%99+crude+juices&author=Farag,+R.S.&author=Abdel-Latif,+M.S.&author=Abd+El+Baky,+H.H.&author=Tawfeek,+L.S.&publication_year=2020&journal=Biotechnol.+Rep.&volume=28&pages=e00536&doi=10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00536&pmid=33088732" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00536" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33088732" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B8-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Hannachi, H.; Elfalleh, W.; Laajel, M.; Ennajeh, I.; Mechlouch, R.F.; Nagaz, K. Chemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf, Pulp, and Stone of Cultivated and Wild Olive Trees (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.). <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Fruit Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 350–370. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+Profiles+and+Antioxidant+Activities+of+Leaf,+Pulp,+and+Stone+of+Cultivated+and+Wild+Olive+Trees+(Olea+europaea+L.)&author=Hannachi,+H.&author=Elfalleh,+W.&author=Laajel,+M.&author=Ennajeh,+I.&author=Mechlouch,+R.F.&author=Nagaz,+K.&publication_year=2020&journal=Int.+J.+Fruit+Sci.&volume=20&pages=350%E2%80%93370&doi=10.1080/15538362.2019.1644574" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1644574" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Talhaoui, N.; Gómez-Caravaca, A.M.; León, L.; De la Rosa, R.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. Determination of phenolic compounds of ‘Sikitita’ olive leaves by HPLC-DAD-TOF-MS. Comparison with its parents ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Picual’ olive leaves. <span class='html-italic'>LWT—Food Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 28–34. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+of+phenolic+compounds+of+%E2%80%98Sikitita%E2%80%99+olive+leaves+by+HPLC-DAD-TOF-MS.+Comparison+with+its+parents+%E2%80%98Arbequina%E2%80%99+and+%E2%80%98Picual%E2%80%99+olive+leaves&author=Talhaoui,+N.&author=G%C3%B3mez-Caravaca,+A.M.&author=Le%C3%B3n,+L.&author=De+la+Rosa,+R.&author=Segura-Carretero,+A.&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Guti%C3%A9rrez,+A.&publication_year=2014&journal=LWT%E2%80%94Food+Sci.+Technol.&volume=58&pages=28%E2%80%9334&doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.014" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.014" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Ben-Amor, I.; Musarra-Pizzo, M.; Smeriglio, A.; D’Arrigo, M.; Pennisi, R.; Attia, H.; Gargouri, B.; Trombetta, D.; Mandalari, G.; Sciortino, M.T. Phytochemical Characterization of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Leaf Extracts and Assessment of Their Anti-Microbial and Anti-HSV-1 Activity. <span class='html-italic'>Viruses</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1085. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+Characterization+of+Olea+europaea+Leaf+Extracts+and+Assessment+of+Their+Anti-Microbial+and+Anti-HSV-1+Activity&author=Ben-Amor,+I.&author=Musarra-Pizzo,+M.&author=Smeriglio,+A.&author=D%E2%80%99Arrigo,+M.&author=Pennisi,+R.&author=Attia,+H.&author=Gargouri,+B.&author=Trombetta,+D.&author=Mandalari,+G.&author=Sciortino,+M.T.&publication_year=2021&journal=Viruses&volume=13&pages=1085&doi=10.3390/v13061085" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061085" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Qabaha, K.; AL-Rimawi, F.; Qasem, A.; Naser, S.A. Oleuropein Is Responsible for the Major Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Olive Leaf Extract. <span class='html-italic'>J. Med. Food</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 302–305. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oleuropein+Is+Responsible+for+the+Major+Anti-Inflammatory+Effects+of+Olive+Leaf+Extract&author=Qabaha,+K.&author=AL-Rimawi,+F.&author=Qasem,+A.&author=Naser,+S.A.&publication_year=2018&journal=J.+Med.+Food&volume=21&pages=302%E2%80%93305&doi=10.1089/jmf.2017.0070&pmid=29099642" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0070" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099642" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B12-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Ramata-Stunda, A.; Petriņa, Z.; Valkovska, V.; Borodušķis, M.; Gibnere, L.; Gurkovska, E.; Nikolajeva, V. Synergistic Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Complex of Plant and Green Propolis Extracts with Antibiotics against Respiratory Infections Causing Bacteria. <span class='html-italic'>Antibiotics</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 160. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Synergistic+Effect+of+Polyphenol-Rich+Complex+of+Plant+and+Green+Propolis+Extracts+with+Antibiotics+against+Respiratory+Infections+Causing+Bacteria&author=Ramata-Stunda,+A.&author=Petri%C5%86a,+Z.&author=Valkovska,+V.&author=Borodu%C5%A1%C4%B7is,+M.&author=Gibnere,+L.&author=Gurkovska,+E.&author=Nikolajeva,+V.&publication_year=2022&journal=Antibiotics&volume=11&pages=160&doi=10.3390/antibiotics11020160&pmid=35203763" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020160" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35203763" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B13-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Shialy, Z.; Zarrin, M.; Sadeghi Nejad, B.; Yusef Naanaie, S. In vitro antifungal properties of Pistacia atlantica and olive extracts on different fungal species. <span class='html-italic'>Curr. Med. Mycol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 40–45. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+vitro+antifungal+properties+of+Pistacia+atlantica+and+olive+extracts+on+different+fungal+species&author=Shialy,+Z.&author=Zarrin,+M.&author=Sadeghi+Nejad,+B.&author=Yusef+Naanaie,+S.&publication_year=2015&journal=Curr.+Med.+Mycol.&volume=1&pages=40%E2%80%9345&doi=10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.40&pmid=28681004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.40" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28681004" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B14-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Slobodníková, L.; Fialová, S.; Rendeková, K.; Kováč, J.; Mučaji, P. Antibiofilm Activity of Plant Polyphenols. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 1717. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibiofilm+Activity+of+Plant+Polyphenols&author=Slobodn%C3%ADkov%C3%A1,+L.&author=Fialov%C3%A1,+S.&author=Rendekov%C3%A1,+K.&author=Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D,+J.&author=Mu%C4%8Daji,+P.&publication_year=2016&journal=Molecules&volume=21&pages=1717&doi=10.3390/molecules21121717&pmid=27983597" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21121717" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983597" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B15-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Sheweita, S.A.; Mashaly, S.; Newairy, A.A.; Abdou, H.M.; Eweda, S.M. Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats: Role of <span class='html-italic'>Alhagi maurorum</span> Extracts. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2016</span>, e5264064. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Changes+in+Oxidative+Stress+and+Antioxidant+Enzyme+Activities+in+Streptozotocin-Induced+Diabetes+Mellitus+in+Rats:+Role+of+Alhagi+maurorum+Extracts&author=Sheweita,+S.A.&author=Mashaly,+S.&author=Newairy,+A.A.&author=Abdou,+H.M.&author=Eweda,+S.M.&publication_year=2016&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2016&pages=e5264064&doi=10.1155/2016/5264064&pmid=26885249" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5264064" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885249" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B16-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Mechchate, H.; Es-Safi, I.; Bourhia, M.; Kyrylchuk, A.; El Moussaoui, A.; Conte, R.; Ullah, R.; Ezzeldin, E.; Mostafa, G.A.; Grafov, A.; et al. In-Vivo Antidiabetic Activity and In-Silico Mode of Action of LC/MS-MS Identified Flavonoids in Oleaster Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 5073. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In-Vivo+Antidiabetic+Activity+and+In-Silico+Mode+of+Action+of+LC/MS-MS+Identified+Flavonoids+in+Oleaster+Leaves&author=Mechchate,+H.&author=Es-Safi,+I.&author=Bourhia,+M.&author=Kyrylchuk,+A.&author=El+Moussaoui,+A.&author=Conte,+R.&author=Ullah,+R.&author=Ezzeldin,+E.&author=Mostafa,+G.A.&author=Grafov,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Molecules&volume=25&pages=5073&doi=10.3390/molecules25215073&pmid=33139638" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215073" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33139638" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B17-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Mansour, H.M.M.; Zeitoun, A.A.; Abd-Rabou, H.S.; El Enshasy, H.A.; Dailin, D.J.; Zeitoun, M.A.A.; El-Sohaimy, S.A. Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Leaf Extracts: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 1275. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant+and+Anti-Diabetic+Properties+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Leaf+Extracts:+In+Vitro+and+In+Vivo+Evaluation&author=Mansour,+H.M.M.&author=Zeitoun,+A.A.&author=Abd-Rabou,+H.S.&author=El+Enshasy,+H.A.&author=Dailin,+D.J.&author=Zeitoun,+M.A.A.&author=El-Sohaimy,+S.A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Antioxidants&volume=12&pages=1275&doi=10.3390/antiox12061275&pmid=37372005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061275" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37372005" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B18-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Qidwai, A.; Pandey, M.; Kumar, R.; Dikshit, A. Comprehensive evaluation of pharmacological properties of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. for Cosmeceuticals prospects. <span class='html-italic'>Clin. Phytoscience</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 12. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comprehensive+evaluation+of+pharmacological+properties+of+Olea+europaea+L.+for+Cosmeceuticals+prospects&author=Qidwai,+A.&author=Pandey,+M.&author=Kumar,+R.&author=Dikshit,+A.&publication_year=2017&journal=Clin.+Phytoscience&volume=3&pages=12&doi=10.1186/s40816-017-0050-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-017-0050-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Tunç, Y.; Yaman, M.; Keçe, Y.M.; Yilmaz, K.U.; Yildiz, E.; Güneş, A. Characterization of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea Europaea</span> L.) Cultivars; Colour Properties, Biochemical Contents, Antioxidant Activity and Nutrient Contents. <span class='html-italic'>Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.</span> <b>2024</b>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characterization+of+Olive+(Olea+Europaea+L.)+Cultivars;+Colour+Properties,+Biochemical+Contents,+Antioxidant+Activity+and+Nutrient+Contents&author=Tun%C3%A7,+Y.&author=Yaman,+M.&author=Ke%C3%A7e,+Y.M.&author=Yilmaz,+K.U.&author=Yildiz,+E.&author=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F,+A.&publication_year=2024&journal=Genet.+Resour.+Crop+Evol.&doi=10.1007/s10722-024-01991-8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-01991-8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Wang, B.; Qu, J.; Luo, S.; Feng, S.; Li, T.; Yuan, M.; Huang, Y.; Liao, J.; Yang, R.; Ding, C. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Leaves, and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 2513. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimization+of+Ultrasound-Assisted+Extraction+of+Flavonoids+from+Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Leaves,+and+Evaluation+of+Their+Antioxidant+and+Anticancer+Activities&author=Wang,+B.&author=Qu,+J.&author=Luo,+S.&author=Feng,+S.&author=Li,+T.&author=Yuan,+M.&author=Huang,+Y.&author=Liao,+J.&author=Yang,+R.&author=Ding,+C.&publication_year=2018&journal=Molecules&volume=23&pages=2513&doi=10.3390/molecules23102513" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102513" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Widyaningrum, N.; Hussaana, A.; Puspitasari, N. Invitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of <span class='html-italic'>Ficus carica</span> L. and <span class='html-italic'>Olea europeae</span> L. against Cervical Cancer. <span class='html-italic'>Sains Med.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 14. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Invitro+Antioxidant+and+Cytotoxic+Potential+of+Ficus+carica+L.+and+Olea+europeae+L.+against+Cervical+Cancer&author=Widyaningrum,+N.&author=Hussaana,+A.&author=Puspitasari,+N.&publication_year=2020&journal=Sains+Med.&volume=11&pages=14&doi=10.30659/sainsmed.v11i1.7030" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.30659/sainsmed.v11i1.7030" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Guex, C.G.; Reginato, F.Z.; Figueredo, K.C.; da Silva, A.R.H.; Pires, F.B.; Jesus, R.d.S.; Lhamas, C.L.; Lopes, G.H.H.; Bauermann, L.d.F. Safety assessment of ethanolic extract of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. leaves after acute and subacute administration to Wistar rats. <span class='html-italic'>Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>95</span>, 395–399. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Safety+assessment+of+ethanolic+extract+of+Olea+europaea+L.+leaves+after+acute+and+subacute+administration+to+Wistar+rats&author=Guex,+C.G.&author=Reginato,+F.Z.&author=Figueredo,+K.C.&author=da+Silva,+A.R.H.&author=Pires,+F.B.&author=Jesus,+R.d.S.&author=Lhamas,+C.L.&author=Lopes,+G.H.H.&author=Bauermann,+L.d.F.&publication_year=2018&journal=Regul.+Toxicol.+Pharmacol.&volume=95&pages=395%E2%80%93399&doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.013&pmid=29678768" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.013" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29678768" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B23-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Besnard, G.; Henry, P.; Wille, L.; Cooke, D.; Chapuis, E. On the origin of the invasive olives (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L., Oleaceae). <span class='html-italic'>Heredity</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>99</span>, 608–619. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On+the+origin+of+the+invasive+olives+(Olea+europaea+L.,+Oleaceae)&author=Besnard,+G.&author=Henry,+P.&author=Wille,+L.&author=Cooke,+D.&author=Chapuis,+E.&publication_year=2007&journal=Heredity&volume=99&pages=608%E2%80%93619&doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6801037&pmid=17687251" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6801037" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687251" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B24-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Hashmi, M.A.; Khan, A.; Hanif, M.; Farooq, U.; Perveen, S. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> (Olive). <span class='html-italic'>Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2015</span>, e541591. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Traditional+Uses,+Phytochemistry,+and+Pharmacology+of+Olea+europaea+(Olive)&author=Hashmi,+M.A.&author=Khan,+A.&author=Hanif,+M.&author=Farooq,+U.&author=Perveen,+S.&publication_year=2015&journal=Evid.+Based+Complement.+Altern.+Med.&volume=2015&pages=e541591&doi=10.1155/2015/541591&pmid=25802541" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/541591" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802541" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B25-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Tsantili, E.; Evangelou, E.; Kiritsakis, A. Botanical characteristics of olive trees: Cultivation and growth conditions—Defense mechanisms to various stressors and effects on olive growth and functional compounds. In <span class='html-italic'>Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods</span>, 1st ed.; Shahidi, F., Kiritsakis, A., Eds.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 13–33. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Botanical+characteristics+of+olive+trees:+Cultivation+and+growth+conditions%E2%80%94Defense+mechanisms+to+various+stressors+and+effects+on+olive+growth+and+functional+compounds&author=Tsantili,+E.&author=Evangelou,+E.&author=Kiritsakis,+A.&publication_year=2017&pages=13%E2%80%9333" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135340.ch2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Muzzalupo, I. <span class='html-italic'>Olive Germplasm: Italian Catalogue of Olive Varieties</span>; BoD—Books on Demand: Norderstedt, Germany, 2012. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+Germplasm:+Italian+Catalogue+of+Olive+Varieties&author=Muzzalupo,+I.&publication_year=2012" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B27-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Therios, I.N. <span class='html-italic'>Olives</span>; CABI: Wallingford, UK, 2009. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olives&author=Therios,+I.N.&publication_year=2009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B28-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>The Olive Tree. International Olive Council. Available online: <a href='https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/olive-tree/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/olive-tree/</a> (accessed on 7 June 2024).</li><li id='B29-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Gixhari, B.; Hodaj, B.; Gjeloshi, A.; Ismaili, H. Olive in the story and art in Albania. In Proceedings of the International Conference “Adriatic Olive Grove: Risk Prevention, Sustainability, Learning”, Corfu, Greece, 19–20 June 2014. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+in+the+story+and+art+in+Albania&conference=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+%E2%80%9CAdriatic+Olive+Grove:+Risk+Prevention,+Sustainability,+Learning%E2%80%9D&author=Gixhari,+B.&author=Hodaj,+B.&author=Gjeloshi,+A.&author=Ismaili,+H.&publication_year=2014" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B30-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Haddad, B.; Gristina, A.S.; Mercati, F.; Saadi, A.E.; Aiter, N.; Martorana, A.; Sharaf, A.; Carimi, F. Molecular Analysis of the Official Algerian Olive Collection Highlighted a Hotspot of Biodiversity in the Central Mediterranean Basin. <span class='html-italic'>Genes</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 303. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Molecular+Analysis+of+the+Official+Algerian+Olive+Collection+Highlighted+a+Hotspot+of+Biodiversity+in+the+Central+Mediterranean+Basin&author=Haddad,+B.&author=Gristina,+A.S.&author=Mercati,+F.&author=Saadi,+A.E.&author=Aiter,+N.&author=Martorana,+A.&author=Sharaf,+A.&author=Carimi,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Genes&volume=11&pages=303&doi=10.3390/genes11030303" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030303" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Trentacoste, E.R.; Banco, A.P.; Piccoli, P.N.; Monasterio, R.P. Olive oil characterization of cv. ‘Arauco’ harvested at different times in areas with early frost in Mendoza, Argentina. <span class='html-italic'>J. Sci. Food Agric.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>100</span>, 953–960. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+oil+characterization+of+cv.+%E2%80%98Arauco%E2%80%99+harvested+at+different+times+in+areas+with+early+frost+in+Mendoza,+Argentina&author=Trentacoste,+E.R.&author=Banco,+A.P.&author=Piccoli,+P.N.&author=Monasterio,+R.P.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Sci.+Food+Agric.&volume=100&pages=953%E2%80%93960&doi=10.1002/jsfa.10029&pmid=31512245" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10029" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31512245" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B32-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Contreras, R.C.; Aguayo, F.; Guerra, A.; Tapia, F.; Porcile, V. Genetic characterization of centennial olive trees from northern Chile: The case of extra virgin olive oil from huasco in the process of designation of origin. <span class='html-italic'>Chil. J. Agric. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 126–139. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Genetic+characterization+of+centennial+olive+trees+from+northern+Chile:+The+case+of+extra+virgin+olive+oil+from+huasco+in+the+process+of+designation+of+origin&author=Contreras,+R.C.&author=Aguayo,+F.&author=Guerra,+A.&author=Tapia,+F.&author=Porcile,+V.&publication_year=2018&journal=Chil.+J.+Agric.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=34&pages=126%E2%80%93139&doi=10.4067/S0719-38902018005000402" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902018005000402" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Emmanouilidou, M.G.; Kyriacou, M.C.; Trujillo, I. Characterization and Identification of Indigenous Olive Germplasm from Cyprus Using Morphological and Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. <span class='html-italic'>HortScience</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>53</span>, 1306–1313. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characterization+and+Identification+of+Indigenous+Olive+Germplasm+from+Cyprus+Using+Morphological+and+Simple+Sequence+Repeat+Markers&author=Emmanouilidou,+M.G.&author=Kyriacou,+M.C.&author=Trujillo,+I.&publication_year=2018&journal=HortScience&volume=53&pages=1306%E2%80%931313&doi=10.21273/hortsci13192-18" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13192-18" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B34-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Klepo, T.; Benčić, Đ.; Liber, Z.; Belaj, A.; Strikić, F.; Kević, N.; Šatović, Z. Revealing the Diversity and Complex Relationships of Croatian Olive Germplasm. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 3170. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Revealing+the+Diversity+and+Complex+Relationships+of+Croatian+Olive+Germplasm&author=Klepo,+T.&author=Ben%C4%8Di%C4%87,+%C4%90.&author=Liber,+Z.&author=Belaj,+A.&author=Striki%C4%87,+F.&author=Kevi%C4%87,+N.&author=%C5%A0atovi%C4%87,+Z.&publication_year=2024&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=25&pages=3170&doi=10.3390/ijms25063170" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063170" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Mohamed, A.A.H.; Nagaty, M.A.; El-Baghdady, M.M.S.; Radwan, K.H. Morphological and molecular characterization of some olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) cultivars in El-Arish, Egypt. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biosci. Appl. Res.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 237–251. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Morphological+and+molecular+characterization+of+some+olive+(Olea+europaea)+cultivars+in+El-Arish,+Egypt&author=Mohamed,+A.A.H.&author=Nagaty,+M.A.&author=El-Baghdady,+M.M.S.&author=Radwan,+K.H.&publication_year=2017&journal=J.+Biosci.+Appl.+Res.&volume=3&pages=237%E2%80%93251&doi=10.21608/jbaar.2017.126470" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.21608/jbaar.2017.126470" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Khadari, B.; El Bakkali, A.; Essalouh, L.; Tollon, C.; Pinatel, C.; Besnard, G. Cultivated Olive Diversification at Local and Regional Scales: Evidence from the Genetic Characterization of French Genetic Resources. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Plant Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1593. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cultivated+Olive+Diversification+at+Local+and+Regional+Scales:+Evidence+from+the+Genetic+Characterization+of+French+Genetic+Resources&author=Khadari,+B.&author=El+Bakkali,+A.&author=Essalouh,+L.&author=Tollon,+C.&author=Pinatel,+C.&author=Besnard,+G.&publication_year=2019&journal=Front.+Plant+Sci.&volume=10&pages=1593&doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01593" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01593" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B37-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Roubos, K.; Moustakas, M.; Aravanopoulos, F.A. Molecular identification of Greek olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) cultivars based on microsatellite loci. <span class='html-italic'>Genet. Mol. Res.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 1865–1876. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Molecular+identification+of+Greek+olive+(Olea+europaea)+cultivars+based+on+microsatellite+loci&author=Roubos,+K.&author=Moustakas,+M.&author=Aravanopoulos,+F.A.&publication_year=2010&journal=Genet.+Mol.+Res.&volume=9&pages=1865%E2%80%931876&doi=10.4238/vol9-3gmr916" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4238/vol9-3gmr916" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Goldental-Cohen, S.; Biton, I.; Many, Y.; Ben-Sason, S.; Zemach, H.; Avidan, B.; Ben-Ari, G. Green Olive Browning Differ Between Cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Plant Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1260. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Green+Olive+Browning+Differ+Between+Cultivars&author=Goldental-Cohen,+S.&author=Biton,+I.&author=Many,+Y.&author=Ben-Sason,+S.&author=Zemach,+H.&author=Avidan,+B.&author=Ben-Ari,+G.&publication_year=2019&journal=Front.+Plant+Sci.&volume=10&pages=1260&doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01260" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01260" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B39-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Cicatelli, A.; Fortunati, T.; De Feis, I.; Castiglione, S. Oil composition and genetic biodiversity of ancient and new olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europea</span> L.) varieties and accessions of southern Italy. <span class='html-italic'>Plant Sci.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>210</span>, 82–92. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oil+composition+and+genetic+biodiversity+of+ancient+and+new+olive+(Olea+europea+L.)+varieties+and+accessions+of+southern+Italy&author=Cicatelli,+A.&author=Fortunati,+T.&author=De+Feis,+I.&author=Castiglione,+S.&publication_year=2013&journal=Plant+Sci.&volume=210&pages=82%E2%80%9392&doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.011" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.011" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B40-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Al Ganideh, S.F.; Good, L.K. Nothing Tastes as Local: Jordanians’ Perceptions of Buying Domestic Olive Oil. <span class='html-italic'>J. Food Prod. Mark.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 168–190. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nothing+Tastes+as+Local:+Jordanians%E2%80%99+Perceptions+of+Buying+Domestic+Olive+Oil&author=Al+Ganideh,+S.F.&author=Good,+L.K.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Food+Prod.+Mark.&volume=22&pages=168%E2%80%93190&doi=10.1080/10454446.2014.1000433" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2014.1000433" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>El Riachy, M.; Moubarak, P.; Al Hawi, G.; Geha, M.; Mushantaf, W.; Estephan, N.; Skaff, W. Fatty Acid and Phenolic Profiles of Virgin Olive Oils from Local and European Varieties Planted in Lebanon. <span class='html-italic'>Plants</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 2681. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fatty+Acid+and+Phenolic+Profiles+of+Virgin+Olive+Oils+from+Local+and+European+Varieties+Planted+in+Lebanon&author=El+Riachy,+M.&author=Moubarak,+P.&author=Al+Hawi,+G.&author=Geha,+M.&author=Mushantaf,+W.&author=Estephan,+N.&author=Skaff,+W.&publication_year=2023&journal=Plants&volume=12&pages=2681&doi=10.3390/plants12142681" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142681" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B42-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Bajoub, A.; Medina-Rodríguez, S.; Olmo-García, L.; Ajal, E.A.; Monasterio, R.P.; Hanine, H.; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A.; Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. In-Depth Two-Year Study of Phenolic Profile Variability among Olive Oils from Autochthonous and Mediterranean Varieties in Morocco, as Revealed by a LC-MS Chemometric Profiling Approach. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>18</span>, 52. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In-Depth+Two-Year+Study+of+Phenolic+Profile+Variability+among+Olive+Oils+from+Autochthonous+and+Mediterranean+Varieties+in+Morocco,+as+Revealed+by+a+LC-MS+Chemometric+Profiling+Approach&author=Bajoub,+A.&author=Medina-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+S.&author=Olmo-Garc%C3%ADa,+L.&author=Ajal,+E.A.&author=Monasterio,+R.P.&author=Hanine,+H.&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Guti%C3%A9rrez,+A.&author=Carrasco-Pancorbo,+A.&publication_year=2017&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=18&pages=52&doi=10.3390/ijms18010052" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010052" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B43-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Abuamsha, R.; Abueid, M.; Hajjeh, H.; Salman, M. Evaluation of the Incidence and Severity of Olive Leaf Spot caused by <span class='html-italic'>Spilocaea oleagina</span> in different olive cultivars in Palestine. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Environ. Int. Dev. JAEID</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>107</span>, 201–212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+Incidence+and+Severity+of+Olive+Leaf+Spot+caused+by+Spilocaea+oleagina+in+different+olive+cultivars+in+Palestine&author=Abuamsha,+R.&author=Abueid,+M.&author=Hajjeh,+H.&author=Salman,+M.&publication_year=2013&journal=J.+Agric.+Environ.+Int.+Dev.+JAEID&volume=107&pages=201%E2%80%93212&doi=10.12895/jaeid.20132.138" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12895/jaeid.20132.138" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B44-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Seabra, R.M.; Andrade, P.B.; Valentão, P.; Faria, M.; Paice, A.G.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. Chapter 20—Phenolic Profiles of Portuguese Olives: Cultivar and Geographics. In <span class='html-italic'>Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention</span>; Preedy, V.R., Watson, R.R., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2010; pp. 177–186. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chapter+20%E2%80%94Phenolic+Profiles+of+Portuguese+Olives:+Cultivar+and+Geographics&author=Seabra,+R.M.&author=Andrade,+P.B.&author=Valent%C3%A3o,+P.&author=Faria,+M.&author=Paice,+A.G.&author=Oliveira,+M.B.P.P.&publication_year=2010&pages=177%E2%80%93186" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374420-3.00020-6" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B45-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>Arenas-Castro, S.; Gonçalves, J.F.; Moreno, M.; Villar, R. Projected climate changes are expected to decrease the suitability and production of olive varieties in southern Spain. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Total Environ.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>709</span>, 136161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Projected+climate+changes+are+expected+to+decrease+the+suitability+and+production+of+olive+varieties+in+southern+Spain&author=Arenas-Castro,+S.&author=Gon%C3%A7alves,+J.F.&author=Moreno,+M.&author=Villar,+R.&publication_year=2020&journal=Sci.+Total+Environ.&volume=709&pages=136161&doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136161" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136161" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B46-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Fabbri, A.; Baldoni, L.; Caruso, T.; Famiani, F. <span class='html-italic'>The Olive: Botany and Production</span>; CABI: Wallingford, UK, 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Olive:+Botany+and+Production&author=Fabbri,+A.&author=Baldoni,+L.&author=Caruso,+T.&author=Famiani,+F.&publication_year=2023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B47-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Saddoud Debbabi, O.; Rahmani Mnasri, S.; Ben Amar, F.; Ben Naceur, M.; Montemurro, C.; Miazzi, M.M. Applications of Microsatellite Markers for the Characterization of Olive Genetic Resources of Tunisia. <span class='html-italic'>Genes</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 286. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Applications+of+Microsatellite+Markers+for+the+Characterization+of+Olive+Genetic+Resources+of+Tunisia&author=Saddoud+Debbabi,+O.&author=Rahmani+Mnasri,+S.&author=Ben+Amar,+F.&author=Ben+Naceur,+M.&author=Montemurro,+C.&author=Miazzi,+M.M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Genes&volume=12&pages=286&doi=10.3390/genes12020286" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020286" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B48-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Dıraman, H. Characterization by chemometry of the most important domestic and foreign olive cultivars from the National Olive Collection Orchard of Turkey. <span class='html-italic'>Grasas Aceites</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>61</span>, 341–351. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characterization+by+chemometry+of+the+most+important+domestic+and+foreign+olive+cultivars+from+the+National+Olive+Collection+Orchard+of+Turkey&author=D%C4%B1raman,+H.&publication_year=2010&journal=Grasas+Aceites&volume=61&pages=341%E2%80%93351&doi=10.3989/gya.111609" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.111609" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B49-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>Jerman, T.; Trebše, P.; Mozetič Vodopivec, B. Ultrasound-assisted solid liquid extraction (USLE) of olive fruit (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) phenolic compounds. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>123</span>, 175–182. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ultrasound-assisted+solid+liquid+extraction+(USLE)+of+olive+fruit+(Olea+europaea)+phenolic+compounds&author=Jerman,+T.&author=Treb%C5%A1e,+P.&author=Mozeti%C4%8D+Vodopivec,+B.&publication_year=2010&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=123&pages=175%E2%80%93182&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.006" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B50-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Xie, P.; Cecchi, L.; Bellumori, M.; Balli, D.; Giovannelli, L.; Huang, L.; Mulinacci, N. Phenolic Compounds and Triterpenes in Different Olive Tissues and Olive Oil By-Products, and Cytotoxicity on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells: The Case of Frantoio, Moraiolo and Leccino Cultivars (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.). <span class='html-italic'>Foods</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 2823. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+Compounds+and+Triterpenes+in+Different+Olive+Tissues+and+Olive+Oil+By-Products,+and+Cytotoxicity+on+Human+Colorectal+Cancer+Cells:+The+Case+of+Frantoio,+Moraiolo+and+Leccino+Cultivars+(Olea+europaea+L.)&author=Xie,+P.&author=Cecchi,+L.&author=Bellumori,+M.&author=Balli,+D.&author=Giovannelli,+L.&author=Huang,+L.&author=Mulinacci,+N.&publication_year=2021&journal=Foods&volume=10&pages=2823&doi=10.3390/foods10112823" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112823" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B51-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>Ammar, S.; Contreras, M.d.M.; Gargouri, B.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Bouaziz, M. RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS based metabolic profiling of the potential <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> by-product “wood” and its comparison with leaf counterpart. <span class='html-italic'>Phytochem. Anal.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 217–229. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS+based+metabolic+profiling+of+the+potential+Olea+europaea+by-product+%E2%80%9Cwood%E2%80%9D+and+its+comparison+with+leaf+counterpart&author=Ammar,+S.&author=Contreras,+M.d.M.&author=Gargouri,+B.&author=Segura-Carretero,+A.&author=Bouaziz,+M.&publication_year=2017&journal=Phytochem.+Anal.&volume=28&pages=217%E2%80%93229&doi=10.1002/pca.2664" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2664" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B52-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Khlif, I.; Jellali, K.; Michel, T.; Halabalaki, M.; Skaltsounis, A.L.; Allouche, N. Characteristics, Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Extracts from Tunisian Chetoui <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Variety. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chem.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2015</span>, e418731. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characteristics,+Phytochemical+Analysis+and+Biological+Activities+of+Extracts+from+Tunisian+Chetoui+Olea+europaea+Variety&author=Khlif,+I.&author=Jellali,+K.&author=Michel,+T.&author=Halabalaki,+M.&author=Skaltsounis,+A.L.&author=Allouche,+N.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Chem.&volume=2015&pages=e418731&doi=10.1155/2015/418731" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/418731" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B53-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Alves, E.; Rey, F.; Melo, T.; Barros, M.P.; Domingues, P.; Domingues, R. Bioprospecting Bioactive Polar Lipids from Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> cv. <span class='html-italic'>Galega vulgar</span>) Fruit Seeds: LC-HR-MS/MS Fingerprinting and Sub-Geographic Comparison. <span class='html-italic'>Foods</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 951. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioprospecting+Bioactive+Polar+Lipids+from+Olive+(Olea+europaea+cv.+Galega+vulgar)+Fruit+Seeds:+LC-HR-MS/MS+Fingerprinting+and+Sub-Geographic+Comparison&author=Alves,+E.&author=Rey,+F.&author=Melo,+T.&author=Barros,+M.P.&author=Domingues,+P.&author=Domingues,+R.&publication_year=2022&journal=Foods&volume=11&pages=951&doi=10.3390/foods11070951" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070951" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B54-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>Bouarroudj, K.; Tamendjari, A.; Larbat, R. Quality, composition and antioxidant activity of Algerian wild olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. subsp. Oleaster) oil. <span class='html-italic'>Ind. Crops Prod.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>83</span>, 484–491. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quality,+composition+and+antioxidant+activity+of+Algerian+wild+olive+(Olea+europaea+L.+subsp.+Oleaster)+oil&author=Bouarroudj,+K.&author=Tamendjari,+A.&author=Larbat,+R.&publication_year=2016&journal=Ind.+Crops+Prod.&volume=83&pages=484%E2%80%93491&doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.081" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.081" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B55-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Angelis, A.; Antoniadi, L.; Stathopoulos, P.; Halabalaki, M.; Skaltsounis, L.A. Oleocanthalic and Oleaceinic acids: New compounds from Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO). <span class='html-italic'>Phytochem. Lett.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 190–194. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oleocanthalic+and+Oleaceinic+acids:+New+compounds+from+Extra+Virgin+Olive+Oil+(EVOO)&author=Angelis,+A.&author=Antoniadi,+L.&author=Stathopoulos,+P.&author=Halabalaki,+M.&author=Skaltsounis,+L.A.&publication_year=2018&journal=Phytochem.+Lett.&volume=26&pages=190%E2%80%93194&doi=10.1016/j.phytol.2018.06.020" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.06.020" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B56-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Pérez, A.G.; León, L.; Pascual, M.; de la Rosa, R.; Belaj, A.; Sanz, C. Analysis of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Genetic Resources in Relation to the Content of Vitamin E in Virgin Olive Oil. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 242. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Genetic+Resources+in+Relation+to+the+Content+of+Vitamin+E+in+Virgin+Olive+Oil&author=P%C3%A9rez,+A.G.&author=Le%C3%B3n,+L.&author=Pascual,+M.&author=de+la+Rosa,+R.&author=Belaj,+A.&author=Sanz,+C.&publication_year=2019&journal=Antioxidants&volume=8&pages=242&doi=10.3390/antiox8080242" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080242" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B57-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>Cecchi, L.; Piazzini, V.; D’Ambrosio, M.; Luceri, C.; Rocco, F.; Innocenti, M.; Vanti, G.; Mulinacci, N.; Bergonzi, M.C. Formulation of a Phenol-Rich Extract from Unripe Olives (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) in Microemulsion to Improve Its Solubility and Intestinal Permeability. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 3198. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Formulation+of+a+Phenol-Rich+Extract+from+Unripe+Olives+(Olea+europaea+L.)+in+Microemulsion+to+Improve+Its+Solubility+and+Intestinal+Permeability&author=Cecchi,+L.&author=Piazzini,+V.&author=D%E2%80%99Ambrosio,+M.&author=Luceri,+C.&author=Rocco,+F.&author=Innocenti,+M.&author=Vanti,+G.&author=Mulinacci,+N.&author=Bergonzi,+M.C.&publication_year=2020&journal=Molecules&volume=25&pages=3198&doi=10.3390/molecules25143198" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143198" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B58-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='58.'>Fernández-Poyatos, M.d.P.; Ruiz-Medina, A.; Llorent-Martínez, E.J. Phytochemical profile and mineral content of Royal variety olive fruits. Influence of the ripening stage. <span class='html-italic'>J. Food Compos. Anal.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>95</span>, 103671. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+profile+and+mineral+content+of+Royal+variety+olive+fruits.+Influence+of+the+ripening+stage&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Poyatos,+M.d.P.&author=Ruiz-Medina,+A.&author=Llorent-Mart%C3%ADnez,+E.J.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Food+Compos.+Anal.&volume=95&pages=103671&doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103671" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103671" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B59-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='59.'>Xie, P.; Huang, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Y. Phenolic compositions, and antioxidant performance of olive leaf and fruit (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) extracts and their structure–activity relationships. <span class='html-italic'>J. Funct. Foods</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 460–471. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+compositions,+and+antioxidant+performance+of+olive+leaf+and+fruit+(Olea+europaea+L.)+extracts+and+their+structure%E2%80%93activity+relationships&author=Xie,+P.&author=Huang,+L.&author=Zhang,+C.&author=Zhang,+Y.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Funct.+Foods&volume=16&pages=460%E2%80%93471&doi=10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B60-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='60.'>Jurišić Grubešić, R.; Nazlić, M.; Miletić, T.; Vuko, E.; Vuletić, N.; Ljubenkov, I.; Dunkić, V. Antioxidant Capacity of Free Volatile Compounds from <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. cv. Oblica Leaves Depending on the Vegetation Stage. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1832. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant+Capacity+of+Free+Volatile+Compounds+from+Olea+europaea+L.+cv.+Oblica+Leaves+Depending+on+the+Vegetation+Stage&author=Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87+Grube%C5%A1i%C4%87,+R.&author=Nazli%C4%87,+M.&author=Mileti%C4%87,+T.&author=Vuko,+E.&author=Vuleti%C4%87,+N.&author=Ljubenkov,+I.&author=Dunki%C4%87,+V.&publication_year=2021&journal=Antioxidants&volume=10&pages=1832&doi=10.3390/antiox10111832" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111832" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B61-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='61.'>Tlili, A.; Bouziane, M.; Flamini, G.; Hadj Mahammed, M. Volatiles Variation of Two Major Cultivars of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Cultivated in Mediterranean and Arid Regions of Algeria. <span class='html-italic'>Rec. Nat. Prod.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 34–45. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Volatiles+Variation+of+Two+Major+Cultivars+of+Olea+europaea+L.+Cultivated+in+Mediterranean+and+Arid+Regions+of+Algeria&author=Tlili,+A.&author=Bouziane,+M.&author=Flamini,+G.&author=Hadj+Mahammed,+M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Rec.+Nat.+Prod.&volume=16&pages=34%E2%80%9345&doi=10.25135/rnp.249.21.02.1989" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.249.21.02.1989" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B62-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='62.'>Brahmi, F.; Mechri, B.; Dhibi, M.; Hammami, M. Variations in phenolic compounds and antiradical scavenging activity of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaves and fruits extracts collected in two different seasons. <span class='html-italic'>Ind. Crops Prod.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 256–264. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Variations+in+phenolic+compounds+and+antiradical+scavenging+activity+of+Olea+europaea+leaves+and+fruits+extracts+collected+in+two+different+seasons&author=Brahmi,+F.&author=Mechri,+B.&author=Dhibi,+M.&author=Hammami,+M.&publication_year=2013&journal=Ind.+Crops+Prod.&volume=49&pages=256%E2%80%93264&doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.042" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.042" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B63-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='63.'>Benincasa, C.; Romano, E.; Pellegrino, M.; Perri, E. Characterization of Phenolic Profiles of Italian Single Cultivar Olive Leaves (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) by Mass Spectrometry. <span class='html-italic'>Mass Spectrom. Purif. Tech.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 124. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characterization+of+Phenolic+Profiles+of+Italian+Single+Cultivar+Olive+Leaves+(Olea+europaea+L.)+by+Mass+Spectrometry&author=Benincasa,+C.&author=Romano,+E.&author=Pellegrino,+M.&author=Perri,+E.&publication_year=2018&journal=Mass+Spectrom.+Purif.+Tech.&volume=4&pages=124&doi=10.4172/2469-9861.1000124" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-9861.1000124" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B64-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='64.'>Aljeddani, G.S. Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Properties of Wild versus Cultivated Olive Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Sci.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 448–461. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+Phytochemical,+Antimicrobial,+and+Antioxidant+Properties+of+Wild+versus+Cultivated+Olive+Leaves&author=Aljeddani,+G.S.&publication_year=2022&journal=Nat.+Sci.&volume=14&pages=448%E2%80%93461&doi=10.4236/ns.2022.1410039" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1410039" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B65-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='65.'>Charisiadis, P.; Kontogianni, V.G.; Tsiafoulis, C.G.; Tzakos, A.G.; Gerothanassis, I.P. Determination of Polyphenolic Phytochemicals using Highly Deshielded –OH 1H-NMR Signals. <span class='html-italic'>Phytochem. Anal.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 159–170. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+of+Polyphenolic+Phytochemicals+using+Highly+Deshielded+%E2%80%93OH+1H-NMR+Signals&author=Charisiadis,+P.&author=Kontogianni,+V.G.&author=Tsiafoulis,+C.G.&author=Tzakos,+A.G.&author=Gerothanassis,+I.P.&publication_year=2016&journal=Phytochem.+Anal.&volume=28&pages=159%E2%80%93170&doi=10.1002/pca.2656&pmid=27981663" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2656" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27981663" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B66-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='66.'>Cukrov, M.; Žurga, P.; Germek, V.M.; Brkljača, M.; Ban, D.; Lukić, I.; Ban, S.G.; Pasković, I. Effect of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Variety on Leaf Biophenolic Profile. <span class='html-italic'>Agric. Conspec. Sci.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>86</span>, 277–282. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Variety+on+Leaf+Biophenolic+Profile&author=Cukrov,+M.&author=%C5%BDurga,+P.&author=Germek,+V.M.&author=Brklja%C4%8Da,+M.&author=Ban,+D.&author=Luki%C4%87,+I.&author=Ban,+S.G.&author=Paskovi%C4%87,+I.&publication_year=2021&journal=Agric.+Conspec.+Sci.&volume=86&pages=277%E2%80%93282" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B67-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='67.'>Dini, I.; Graziani, G.; Fedele, F.L.; Sicari, A.; Vinale, F.; Castaldo, L.; Ritieni, A. Effects of Trichoderma Biostimulation on the Phenolic Profile of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Olive Oil By-Products. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 284. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+Trichoderma+Biostimulation+on+the+Phenolic+Profile+of+Extra-Virgin+Olive+Oil+and+Olive+Oil+By-Products&author=Dini,+I.&author=Graziani,+G.&author=Fedele,+F.L.&author=Sicari,+A.&author=Vinale,+F.&author=Castaldo,+L.&author=Ritieni,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Antioxidants&volume=9&pages=284&doi=10.3390/antiox9040284" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040284" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B68-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='68.'>Edziri, H.; Jaziri, R.; Chehab, H.; Verschaeve, L.; Flamini, G.; Boujnah, D.; Hammami, M.; Aouni, M.; Mastouri, M. A comparative study on chemical composition, antibiofilm and biological activities of leaves extracts of four Tunisian olive cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>Heliyon</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, e01604. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+comparative+study+on+chemical+composition,+antibiofilm+and+biological+activities+of+leaves+extracts+of+four+Tunisian+olive+cultivars&author=Edziri,+H.&author=Jaziri,+R.&author=Chehab,+H.&author=Verschaeve,+L.&author=Flamini,+G.&author=Boujnah,+D.&author=Hammami,+M.&author=Aouni,+M.&author=Mastouri,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Heliyon&volume=5&pages=e01604&doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01604&pmid=31193420" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01604" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31193420" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B69-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='69.'>Essafi, H.; Trabelsi, N.; Benincasa, C.; Tamaalli, A.; Perri, E.; Zarrouk, M. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of olive leaf extracts from autochthonous Tunisian cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Aliment.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>48</span>, 384–390. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+profile,+antioxidant+and+antiproliferative+activities+of+olive+leaf+extracts+from+autochthonous+Tunisian+cultivars&author=Essafi,+H.&author=Trabelsi,+N.&author=Benincasa,+C.&author=Tamaalli,+A.&author=Perri,+E.&author=Zarrouk,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Acta+Aliment.&volume=48&pages=384%E2%80%93390&doi=10.1556/066.2019.48.3.14" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2019.48.3.14" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B70-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='70.'>Orak, H.H.; Karamać, M.; Amarowicz, R.; Orak, A.; Penkacik, K. Genotype-Related Differences in the Phenolic Compound Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 1130. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Genotype-Related+Differences+in+the+Phenolic+Compound+Profile+and+Antioxidant+Activity+of+Extracts+from+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Leaves&author=Orak,+H.H.&author=Karama%C4%87,+M.&author=Amarowicz,+R.&author=Orak,+A.&author=Penkacik,+K.&publication_year=2019&journal=Molecules&volume=24&pages=1130&doi=10.3390/molecules24061130&pmid=30901940" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061130" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30901940" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B71-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='71.'>Majumder, D.; Debnath, M.; Libin Kumar, K.V.; Nath, P.; Debnath, R.; Sarkar, C.; Prasad, G.B.K.S.; Verma, Y.K.; Maiti, D. Metabolic profiling and investigations on crude extract of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. leaves as a potential therapeutic agent against skin cancer. <span class='html-italic'>J. Funct. Foods</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 266–274. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Metabolic+profiling+and+investigations+on+crude+extract+of+Olea+europaea+L.+leaves+as+a+potential+therapeutic+agent+against+skin+cancer&author=Majumder,+D.&author=Debnath,+M.&author=Libin+Kumar,+K.V.&author=Nath,+P.&author=Debnath,+R.&author=Sarkar,+C.&author=Prasad,+G.B.K.S.&author=Verma,+Y.K.&author=Maiti,+D.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Funct.+Foods&volume=58&pages=266%E2%80%93274&doi=10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B72-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='72.'>Nicolì, F.; Negro, C.; Vergine, M.; Aprile, A.; Nutricati, E.; Sabella, E.; Miceli, A.; Luvisi, A.; De Bellis, L. Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of 15 Italian <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Cultivar Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 1998. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+Phytochemical+and+Antioxidant+Properties+of+15+Italian+Olea+europaea+L.+Cultivar+Leaves&author=Nicol%C3%AC,+F.&author=Negro,+C.&author=Vergine,+M.&author=Aprile,+A.&author=Nutricati,+E.&author=Sabella,+E.&author=Miceli,+A.&author=Luvisi,+A.&author=De+Bellis,+L.&publication_year=2019&journal=Molecules&volume=24&pages=1998&doi=10.3390/molecules24101998&pmid=31137706" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101998" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31137706" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B73-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='73.'>Omar, S.H.; Kerr, P.G.; Scott, C.J.; Hamlin, A.S.; Obied, H.K. Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Biophenols: A Nutriceutical against Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 1858. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Biophenols:+A+Nutriceutical+against+Oxidative+Stress+in+SH-SY5Y+Cells&author=Omar,+S.H.&author=Kerr,+P.G.&author=Scott,+C.J.&author=Hamlin,+A.S.&author=Obied,+H.K.&publication_year=2017&journal=Molecules&volume=22&pages=1858&doi=10.3390/molecules22111858" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111858" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B74-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='74.'>Gagour, J.; Hallouch, O.; Asbbane, A.; Bijla, L.; Laknifli, A.; Lee, L.-H.; Zengin, G.; Bouyahya, A.; Sakar, E.H.; Gharby, S. A Review of Recent Progresses on Olive Oil Chemical Profiling, Extraction Technology, Shelf-Life, and Quality Control. <span class='html-italic'>Chem. Biodivers.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, e202301697. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+of+Recent+Progresses+on+Olive+Oil+Chemical+Profiling,+Extraction+Technology,+Shelf-Life,+and+Quality+Control&author=Gagour,+J.&author=Hallouch,+O.&author=Asbbane,+A.&author=Bijla,+L.&author=Laknifli,+A.&author=Lee,+L.-H.&author=Zengin,+G.&author=Bouyahya,+A.&author=Sakar,+E.H.&author=Gharby,+S.&publication_year=2024&journal=Chem.+Biodivers.&volume=21&pages=e202301697&doi=10.1002/cbdv.202301697&pmid=38345352" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301697" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38345352" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B75-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='75.'>Sarikurkcu, C.; Locatelli, M.; Tartaglia, A.; Ferrone, V.; Juszczak, A.M.; Ozer, M.S.; Tepe, B.; Tomczyk, M. Enzyme and Biological Activities of the Water Extracts from the Plants Aesculus hippocastanum, <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> and Hypericum perforatum That Are Used as Folk Remedies in Turkey. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 1202. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Enzyme+and+Biological+Activities+of+the+Water+Extracts+from+the+Plants+Aesculus+hippocastanum,+Olea+europaea+and+Hypericum+perforatum+That+Are+Used+as+Folk+Remedies+in+Turkey&author=Sarikurkcu,+C.&author=Locatelli,+M.&author=Tartaglia,+A.&author=Ferrone,+V.&author=Juszczak,+A.M.&author=Ozer,+M.S.&author=Tepe,+B.&author=Tomczyk,+M.&publication_year=2020&journal=Molecules&volume=25&pages=1202&doi=10.3390/molecules25051202" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051202" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B76-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='76.'>Termentzi, A.; Halabalaki, M.; Skaltsounis, A.L. 6—From Drupes to Olive Oil: An Exploration of Olive Key Metabolites. In <span class='html-italic'>Olive and Olive Oil Bioactive Constituents</span>; Boskou, D., Ed.; AOCS Press: Champaign, IL, USA, 2015; pp. 147–177. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=6%E2%80%94From+Drupes+to+Olive+Oil:+An+Exploration+of+Olive+Key+Metabolites&author=Termentzi,+A.&author=Halabalaki,+M.&author=Skaltsounis,+A.L.&publication_year=2015&pages=147%E2%80%93177" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-63067-041-2.50012-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B77-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='77.'>Damtoft, S.; Franzyk, H.; Jensen, S.R. Excelsioside, a secoiridoid glucoside from <span class='html-italic'>Fraxinus excelsior</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Phytochemistry</span> <b>1992</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 4197–4201. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Excelsioside,+a+secoiridoid+glucoside+from+Fraxinus+excelsior&author=Damtoft,+S.&author=Franzyk,+H.&author=Jensen,+S.R.&publication_year=1992&journal=Phytochemistry&volume=31&pages=4197%E2%80%934201&doi=10.1016/0031-9422(92)80442-H" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80442-H" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B78-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='78.'>Cecchi, L.; Migliorini, M.; Cherubini, C.; Innocenti, M.; Mulinacci, N. Whole Lyophilized Olives as Sources of Unexpectedly High Amounts of Secoiridoids: The Case of Three Tuscan Cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Food Chem.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>63</span>, 1175–1185. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Whole+Lyophilized+Olives+as+Sources+of+Unexpectedly+High+Amounts+of+Secoiridoids:+The+Case+of+Three+Tuscan+Cultivars&author=Cecchi,+L.&author=Migliorini,+M.&author=Cherubini,+C.&author=Innocenti,+M.&author=Mulinacci,+N.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&volume=63&pages=1175%E2%80%931185&doi=10.1021/jf5051359" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5051359" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B79-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='79.'>Šarolić, M.; Gugić, M.; Tuberoso, C.I.G.; Jerković, I.; Šuste, M.; Marijanović, Z.; Kuś, P.M. Volatile Profile, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Olive Oils from Croatian Autochthonous Varieties Mašnjača and Krvavica in Comparison with Italian Variety Leccino. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 881–895. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Volatile+Profile,+Phytochemicals+and+Antioxidant+Activity+of+Virgin+Olive+Oils+from+Croatian+Autochthonous+Varieties+Ma%C5%A1nja%C4%8Da+and+Krvavica+in+Comparison+with+Italian+Variety+Leccino&author=%C5%A0aroli%C4%87,+M.&author=Gugi%C4%87,+M.&author=Tuberoso,+C.I.G.&author=Jerkovi%C4%87,+I.&author=%C5%A0uste,+M.&author=Marijanovi%C4%87,+Z.&author=Ku%C5%9B,+P.M.&publication_year=2014&journal=Molecules&volume=19&pages=881%E2%80%93895&doi=10.3390/molecules19010881" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010881" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B80-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='80.'>Waqar Ahmad, N.A.; Afridi, M.S.; Rahman, H.; Adnan, M.; Ullah, N.; Muhammad, U.; Ilyas, M.; Khan, H. Phytochemical profile, antimicrobial potential and GC-MS analysis of wild variety of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> (Olive) cultivated in Pakistan. <span class='html-italic'>Pure Appl. Biol. PAB</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 337–345. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+profile,+antimicrobial+potential+and+GC-MS+analysis+of+wild+variety+of+Olea+europaea+(Olive)+cultivated+in+Pakistan&author=Waqar+Ahmad,+N.A.&author=Afridi,+M.S.&author=Rahman,+H.&author=Adnan,+M.&author=Ullah,+N.&author=Muhammad,+U.&author=Ilyas,+M.&author=Khan,+H.&publication_year=2017&journal=Pure+Appl.+Biol.+PAB&volume=6&pages=337%E2%80%93345" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B81-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='81.'>Nazzaro, F.; Fratianni, F.; Cozzolino, R.; Martignetti, A.; Malorni, L.; De Feo, V.; Cruz, A.G.; d’Acierno, A. Antibacterial Activity of Three Extra Virgin Olive Oils of the Campania Region, Southern Italy, Related to Their Polyphenol Content and Composition. <span class='html-italic'>Microorganisms</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 321. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+Activity+of+Three+Extra+Virgin+Olive+Oils+of+the+Campania+Region,+Southern+Italy,+Related+to+Their+Polyphenol+Content+and+Composition&author=Nazzaro,+F.&author=Fratianni,+F.&author=Cozzolino,+R.&author=Martignetti,+A.&author=Malorni,+L.&author=De+Feo,+V.&author=Cruz,+A.G.&author=d%E2%80%99Acierno,+A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Microorganisms&volume=7&pages=321&doi=10.3390/microorganisms7090321" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090321" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B82-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='82.'>Alagna, F.; Geu-Flores, F.; Kries, H.; Panara, F.; Baldoni, L.; O’Connor, S.E.; Osbourn, A. Identification and Characterization of the Iridoid Synthase Involved in Oleuropein Biosynthesis in Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Fruits*. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biol. Chem.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>291</span>, 5542–5554. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Identification+and+Characterization+of+the+Iridoid+Synthase+Involved+in+Oleuropein+Biosynthesis+in+Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Fruits*&author=Alagna,+F.&author=Geu-Flores,+F.&author=Kries,+H.&author=Panara,+F.&author=Baldoni,+L.&author=O%E2%80%99Connor,+S.E.&author=Osbourn,+A.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Biol.+Chem.&volume=291&pages=5542%E2%80%935554&doi=10.1074/jbc.M115.701276" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.701276" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B83-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='83.'>Maalej, A.; Bouallagui, Z.; Hadrich, F.; Isoda, H.; Sayadi, S. Assessment of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. fruit extracts: Phytochemical characterization and anticancer pathway investigation. <span class='html-italic'>Biomed. Pharmacother.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>90</span>, 179–186. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessment+of+Olea+europaea+L.+fruit+extracts:+Phytochemical+characterization+and+anticancer+pathway+investigation&author=Maalej,+A.&author=Bouallagui,+Z.&author=Hadrich,+F.&author=Isoda,+H.&author=Sayadi,+S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Biomed.+Pharmacother.&volume=90&pages=179%E2%80%93186&doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.034" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.034" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B84-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='84.'>Hannachi, H.; Elfalleh, W.; Marzouk, S. Oil, protein, antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity of stone from wild olive trees (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.). <span class='html-italic'>Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 503–510. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oil,+protein,+antioxidants+and+free+radical+scavenging+activity+of+stone+from+wild+olive+trees+(Olea+europaea+L.)&author=Hannachi,+H.&author=Elfalleh,+W.&author=Marzouk,+S.&publication_year=2013&journal=Pak.+J.+Pharm.+Sci.&volume=26&pages=503%E2%80%93510&pmid=23625423" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625423" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B85-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='85.'>Montealegre, C.; Sánchez-Hernández, L.; Crego, A.L.; Marina, M.L. Determination and Characterization of Glycerophospholipids in Olive Fruit and Oil by Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrospray-Mass Spectrometric Detection. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Food Chem.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>61</span>, 1823–1832. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+and+Characterization+of+Glycerophospholipids+in+Olive+Fruit+and+Oil+by+Nonaqueous+Capillary+Electrophoresis+with+Electrospray-Mass+Spectrometric+Detection&author=Montealegre,+C.&author=S%C3%A1nchez-Hern%C3%A1ndez,+L.&author=Crego,+A.L.&author=Marina,+M.L.&publication_year=2013&journal=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&volume=61&pages=1823%E2%80%931832&doi=10.1021/jf304357e" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf304357e" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B86-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='86.'>He, M.; Ding, N.-Z. Plant Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Multiple Roles in Stress Response. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Plant Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 562785. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Plant+Unsaturated+Fatty+Acids:+Multiple+Roles+in+Stress+Response&author=He,+M.&author=Ding,+N.-Z.&publication_year=2020&journal=Front.+Plant+Sci.&volume=11&pages=562785&doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.562785" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.562785" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B87-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='87.'>Alves, E.; Melo, T.; Rey, F.; Moreira, A.S.P.; Domingues, P.; Domingues, M.R. Polar lipid profiling of olive oils as a useful tool in helping to decipher their unique fingerprint. <span class='html-italic'>LWT</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>74</span>, 371–377. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polar+lipid+profiling+of+olive+oils+as+a+useful+tool+in+helping+to+decipher+their+unique+fingerprint&author=Alves,+E.&author=Melo,+T.&author=Rey,+F.&author=Moreira,+A.S.P.&author=Domingues,+P.&author=Domingues,+M.R.&publication_year=2016&journal=LWT&volume=74&pages=371%E2%80%93377&doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.071" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.071" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B88-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='88.'>Silva, S.; Gomes, L.; Leitão, F.; Bronze, M.; Coelho, A.V.; Boas, L.V. Secoiridoids in olive seed: Characterization of nüzhenide and 11-methyl oleosides by liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry. <span class='html-italic'>Grasas Aceites</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>61</span>, 157–164. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Secoiridoids+in+olive+seed:+Characterization+of+n%C3%BCzhenide+and+11-methyl+oleosides+by+liquid+chromatography+with+diode+array+and+mass+spectrometry&author=Silva,+S.&author=Gomes,+L.&author=Leit%C3%A3o,+F.&author=Bronze,+M.&author=Coelho,+A.V.&author=Boas,+L.V.&publication_year=2010&journal=Grasas+Aceites&volume=61&pages=157%E2%80%93164&doi=10.3989/gya.087309" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.087309" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B89-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='89.'>Cano-Lamadrid, M.; Lipan, L.; Hernández, F.; Martínez, J.J.; Legua, P.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A.; Melgarejo, P. Quality Parameters, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Profiles of Highly Endangered Spanish Citrus Fruits. <span class='html-italic'>J. Food Qual.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2018</span>, e3475461. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quality+Parameters,+Volatile+Composition,+and+Sensory+Profiles+of+Highly+Endangered+Spanish+Citrus+Fruits&author=Cano-Lamadrid,+M.&author=Lipan,+L.&author=Hern%C3%A1ndez,+F.&author=Mart%C3%ADnez,+J.J.&author=Legua,+P.&author=Carbonell-Barrachina,+%C3%81.A.&author=Melgarejo,+P.&publication_year=2018&journal=J.+Food+Qual.&volume=2018&pages=e3475461&doi=10.1155/2018/3475461" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3475461" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B90-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='90.'>Abu-Izneid, T.; Rauf, A.; Shariati, M.A.; Khalil, A.A.; Imran, M.; Rebezov, M.; Uddin, M.d.S.; Mahomoodally, M.F.; Rengasamy, K.R.R. Sesquiterpenes and their derivatives-natural anticancer compounds: An update. <span class='html-italic'>Pharmacol. Res.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>161</span>, 105165. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sesquiterpenes+and+their+derivatives-natural+anticancer+compounds:+An+update&author=Abu-Izneid,+T.&author=Rauf,+A.&author=Shariati,+M.A.&author=Khalil,+A.A.&author=Imran,+M.&author=Rebezov,+M.&author=Uddin,+M.d.S.&author=Mahomoodally,+M.F.&author=Rengasamy,+K.R.R.&publication_year=2020&journal=Pharmacol.+Res.&volume=161&pages=105165&doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105165" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105165" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B91-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='91.'>Belščak-Cvitanović, A.; Durgo, K.; Bušić, A.; Franekić, J.; Komes, D. Phytochemical Attributes of Four Conventionally Extracted Medicinal Plants and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Their Extracts on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma (HEp2) Cells. <span class='html-italic'>J. Med. Food</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 206–217. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+Attributes+of+Four+Conventionally+Extracted+Medicinal+Plants+and+Cytotoxic+Evaluation+of+Their+Extracts+on+Human+Laryngeal+Carcinoma+(HEp2)+Cells&author=Bel%C5%A1%C4%8Dak-Cvitanovi%C4%87,+A.&author=Durgo,+K.&author=Bu%C5%A1i%C4%87,+A.&author=Franeki%C4%87,+J.&author=Komes,+D.&publication_year=2014&journal=J.+Med.+Food&volume=17&pages=206%E2%80%93217&doi=10.1089/jmf.2013.0071" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.0071" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B92-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='92.'>El-Darier, S.; Abdel-Rahman, A.; Saad, T. Differential Responses of Hordeum vulgare L. to Allelochemicals of Some <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>Catrina Int. J. Environ. Sci.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 91–101. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Differential+Responses+of+Hordeum+vulgare+L.+to+Allelochemicals+of+Some+Olea+europaea+L.+Cultivars&author=El-Darier,+S.&author=Abdel-Rahman,+A.&author=Saad,+T.&publication_year=2018&journal=Catrina+Int.+J.+Environ.+Sci.&volume=17&pages=91%E2%80%93101&doi=10.21608/cat.2018.14340" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.21608/cat.2018.14340" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B93-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='93.'>Badawy, M.; Faraj, H. Chemical Composition and Activity of Bark and Leaf Extracts of <span class='html-italic'>Pinus Halepensis</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Grown in Al-Jabel Al-Akhdar Region, Libya against some Plant Phytopathogens. <span class='html-italic'>J. Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 331–342. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+Composition+and+Activity+of+Bark+and+Leaf+Extracts+of+Pinus+Halepensis+and+Olea+europaea+Grown+in+Al-Jabel+Al-Akhdar+Region,+Libya+against+some+Plant+Phytopathogens&author=Badawy,+M.&author=Faraj,+H.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Appl.+Biotechnol.+Bioeng.&volume=3&pages=331%E2%80%93342&doi=10.15406/jabb.2017.03.00067" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2017.03.00067" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B94-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='94.'>Dobrinčić, A.; Repajić, M.; Garofulić, I.E.; Tuđen, L.; Dragović-Uzelac, V.; Levaj, B. Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for the Recovery of Olive Leaves Polyphenols. <span class='html-italic'>Processes</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 1008. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison+of+Different+Extraction+Methods+for+the+Recovery+of+Olive+Leaves+Polyphenols&author=Dobrin%C4%8Di%C4%87,+A.&author=Repaji%C4%87,+M.&author=Garofuli%C4%87,+I.E.&author=Tu%C4%91en,+L.&author=Dragovi%C4%87-Uzelac,+V.&author=Levaj,+B.&publication_year=2020&journal=Processes&volume=8&pages=1008&doi=10.3390/pr8091008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B95-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='95.'>Mechri, B.; Tekaya, M.; Hammami, M.; Chehab, H. Effects of drought stress on phenolic accumulation in greenhouse-grown olive trees (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>). <span class='html-italic'>Biochem. Syst. Ecol.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>92</span>, 104112. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+drought+stress+on+phenolic+accumulation+in+greenhouse-grown+olive+trees+(Olea+europaea)&author=Mechri,+B.&author=Tekaya,+M.&author=Hammami,+M.&author=Chehab,+H.&publication_year=2020&journal=Biochem.+Syst.+Ecol.&volume=92&pages=104112&doi=10.1016/j.bse.2020.104112" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2020.104112" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B96-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='96.'>Šikić Pogačar, M.; Klančnik, A.; Bucar, F.; Langerholc, T.; Smole Možina, S. Anti-adhesion activity of thyme (<span class='html-italic'>Thymus vulgaris</span> L.) extract, thyme post-distillation waste, and olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europea</span> L.) leaf extract against Campylobacter jejuni on polystyrene and intestine epithelial cells. <span class='html-italic'>J. Sci. Food Agric.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>96</span>, 2723–2730. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Anti-adhesion+activity+of+thyme+(Thymus+vulgaris+L.)+extract,+thyme+post-distillation+waste,+and+olive+(Olea+europea+L.)+leaf+extract+against+Campylobacter+jejuni+on+polystyrene+and+intestine+epithelial+cells&author=%C5%A0iki%C4%87+Poga%C4%8Dar,+M.&author=Klan%C4%8Dnik,+A.&author=Bucar,+F.&author=Langerholc,+T.&author=Smole+Mo%C5%BEina,+S.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Sci.+Food+Agric.&volume=96&pages=2723%E2%80%932730&doi=10.1002/jsfa.7391" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7391" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B97-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='97.'>Rashed, S.A.; Saad, T.I.; El-Darier, S.M. Potential aptitude of four olive cultivars as anticancer and antioxidant agents: Oleuropein content. <span class='html-italic'>Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 195–203. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Potential+aptitude+of+four+olive+cultivars+as+anticancer+and+antioxidant+agents:+Oleuropein+content&author=Rashed,+S.A.&author=Saad,+T.I.&author=El-Darier,+S.M.&publication_year=2022&journal=Rend.+Lincei+Sci.+Fis.+Nat.&volume=33&pages=195%E2%80%93203&doi=10.1007/s12210-022-01056-x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-022-01056-x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B98-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='98.'>Ghosia, L.; Khan, A.; Tila, H.; Hussain, A.; Khan, A. Evaluation of Plants Extracts for Proximate Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities. <span class='html-italic'>Am.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 964–970. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+Plants+Extracts+for+Proximate+Chemical+Composition,+Antimicrobial+and+Antifungal+Activities&author=Ghosia,+L.&author=Khan,+A.&author=Tila,+H.&author=Hussain,+A.&author=Khan,+A.&publication_year=2014&journal=Am.-Eurasian+J.+Agric.+Environ.+Sci.&volume=14&pages=964%E2%80%93970" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B99-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xx' data-content='99.'>Celik, H.; Nadaroglu, H.; Senol, M. Evaluation of antioxidant, antiradicalic and antimicrobial activities of olive pits (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.). <span class='html-italic'>Bulg. J. Agric. Sci.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 1392–1400. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+antioxidant,+antiradicalic+and+antimicrobial+activities+of+olive+pits+(Olea+europaea+L.)&author=Celik,+H.&author=Nadaroglu,+H.&author=Senol,+M.&publication_year=2014&journal=Bulg.+J.+Agric.+Sci.&volume=20&pages=1392%E2%80%931400" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B100-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='100.'>Coccia, A.; Bastianelli, D.; Mosca, L.; Monticolo, R.; Panuccio, I.; Carbone, A.; Calogero, A.; Lendaro, E. Extra Virgin Olive Oil Phenols Suppress Migration and Invasion of T24 Human Bladder Cancer Cells through Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. <span class='html-italic'>Nutr. Cancer</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>66</span>, 946–954. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Extra+Virgin+Olive+Oil+Phenols+Suppress+Migration+and+Invasion+of+T24+Human+Bladder+Cancer+Cells+through+Modulation+of+Matrix+Metalloproteinase-2&author=Coccia,+A.&author=Bastianelli,+D.&author=Mosca,+L.&author=Monticolo,+R.&author=Panuccio,+I.&author=Carbone,+A.&author=Calogero,+A.&author=Lendaro,+E.&publication_year=2014&journal=Nutr.+Cancer&volume=66&pages=946%E2%80%93954&doi=10.1080/01635581.2014.922204" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.922204" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B101-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='101.'>Hadrich, F.; Bouallagui, Z.; Junkyu, H.; Isoda, H.; Sayadi, S. The α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Enzyme Inhibitory of Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein. <span class='html-italic'>J. Oleo Sci.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 835–843. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+%CE%B1-Glucosidase+and+%CE%B1-Amylase+Enzyme+Inhibitory+of+Hydroxytyrosol+and+Oleuropein&author=Hadrich,+F.&author=Bouallagui,+Z.&author=Junkyu,+H.&author=Isoda,+H.&author=Sayadi,+S.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Oleo+Sci.&volume=64&pages=835%E2%80%93843&doi=10.5650/jos.ess15026" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess15026" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B102-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='102.'>Guo, L.; Sun, Q.; Gong, S.; Bi, X.; Jiang, W.; Xue, W.; Fei, P. Antimicrobial Activity and Action Approach of the Olive Oil Polyphenol Extract against Listeria monocytogenes. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Microbiol.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1586. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+Activity+and+Action+Approach+of+the+Olive+Oil+Polyphenol+Extract+against+Listeria+monocytogenes&author=Guo,+L.&author=Sun,+Q.&author=Gong,+S.&author=Bi,+X.&author=Jiang,+W.&author=Xue,+W.&author=Fei,+P.&publication_year=2019&journal=Front.+Microbiol.&volume=10&pages=1586&doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01586" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01586" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B103-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='103.'>Lood, R.; Waldetoft, K.W.; Nordenfelt, P. Localization-triggered bacterial pathogenesis. <span class='html-italic'>Future Microbiol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1659–1668. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Localization-triggered+bacterial+pathogenesis&author=Lood,+R.&author=Waldetoft,+K.W.&author=Nordenfelt,+P.&publication_year=2015&journal=Future+Microbiol.&volume=10&pages=1659%E2%80%931668&doi=10.2217/fmb.15.89" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.89" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B104-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='104.'>Kadir, B.; Zehra, K.F.; Abdullah, A.M.; Selami, G.; Yakup, Y. Antioxidant and antithrombotic properties of fruit, leaf, and seed extracts of the halhali olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) native to the hatay region in turkey. <span class='html-italic'>Foods Raw Mater.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 84–93. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant+and+antithrombotic+properties+of+fruit,+leaf,+and+seed+extracts+of+the+halhali+olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+native+to+the+hatay+region+in+turkey&author=Kadir,+B.&author=Zehra,+K.F.&author=Abdullah,+A.M.&author=Selami,+G.&author=Yakup,+Y.&publication_year=2023&journal=Foods+Raw+Mater.&volume=11&pages=84%E2%80%9393" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B105-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='105.'>Hanene, G.; Aouadhi, C.; Hamrouni, S.; Mnif, W. Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of tunisian <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> ssp. oleaster fruit pulp and its essential fatty acids. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 52–55. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial,+antifungal+and+antioxidant+activities+of+tunisian+Olea+europaea+ssp.+oleaster+fruit+pulp+and+its+essential+fatty+acids&author=Hanene,+G.&author=Aouadhi,+C.&author=Hamrouni,+S.&author=Mnif,+W.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+J.+Pharm.+Pharm.+Sci&volume=7&pages=52%E2%80%9355" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B106-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='106.'>Chen, M.; Zhao, Z.; Meng, H.; Yu, S. The antibiotic activity and mechanisms of sugar beet (<span class='html-italic'>Beta vulgaris</span>) molasses polyphenols against selected food-borne pathogens. <span class='html-italic'>LWT—Food Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>82</span>, 354–360. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+antibiotic+activity+and+mechanisms+of+sugar+beet+(Beta+vulgaris)+molasses+polyphenols+against+selected+food-borne+pathogens&author=Chen,+M.&author=Zhao,+Z.&author=Meng,+H.&author=Yu,+S.&publication_year=2017&journal=LWT%E2%80%94Food+Sci.+Technol.&volume=82&pages=354%E2%80%93360&doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.063" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.063" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B107-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='107.'>Dias, M.I.; Barros, L.; Barreira, J.C.M.; Alves, M.J.; Barracosa, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Phenolic profile and bioactivity of cardoon (<span class='html-italic'>Cynara cardunculus</span> L.) inflorescence parts: Selecting the best genotype for food applications. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>268</span>, 196–202. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+profile+and+bioactivity+of+cardoon+(Cynara+cardunculus+L.)+inflorescence+parts:+Selecting+the+best+genotype+for+food+applications&author=Dias,+M.I.&author=Barros,+L.&author=Barreira,+J.C.M.&author=Alves,+M.J.&author=Barracosa,+P.&author=Ferreira,+I.C.F.R.&publication_year=2018&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=268&pages=196%E2%80%93202&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.081" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.081" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B108-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='108.'>Wang, L.-H.; Zhang, Z.-H.; Zeng, X.-A.; Gong, D.-M.; Wang, M.-S. Combination of microbiological, spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques to study the antibacterial mechanism of thymol against Staphylococcus aureus: Membrane damage and genomic DNA binding. <span class='html-italic'>Anal. Bioanal. Chem.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>409</span>, 1615–1625. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Combination+of+microbiological,+spectroscopic+and+molecular+docking+techniques+to+study+the+antibacterial+mechanism+of+thymol+against+Staphylococcus+aureus:+Membrane+damage+and+genomic+DNA+binding&author=Wang,+L.-H.&author=Zhang,+Z.-H.&author=Zeng,+X.-A.&author=Gong,+D.-M.&author=Wang,+M.-S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Anal.+Bioanal.+Chem.&volume=409&pages=1615%E2%80%931625&doi=10.1007/s00216-016-0102-z" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0102-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B109-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='109.'>Abdullah, B.A.; Saeed, H.S.M.; Al-Taii, N.A. Antimicrobial activity and evaluation of genetic effects of olive leaves using molecular techniques. <span class='html-italic'>J. Entomol. Zool. Stud.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 1493–1495. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+activity+and+evaluation+of+genetic+effects+of+olive+leaves+using+molecular+techniques&author=Abdullah,+B.A.&author=Saeed,+H.S.M.&author=Al-Taii,+N.A.&publication_year=2017&journal=J.+Entomol.+Zool.+Stud.&volume=6&pages=1493%E2%80%931495" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B110-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='110.'>Alsulaymani, F.A.; Elmhdwi, M.; Gaber, S. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Olive Leave Extract. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pharm. Appl. Chem.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 41–47. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+Vitro+Antioxidant+and+Antibacterial+Activity+of+Olive+Leave+Extract&author=Alsulaymani,+F.A.&author=Elmhdwi,+M.&author=Gaber,+S.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Pharm.+Appl.+Chem.&volume=7&pages=41%E2%80%9347&doi=10.18576/jpac/070201" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.18576/jpac/070201" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B111-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='111.'>De la Ossa, J.G.; El Kadri, H.; Gutierrez-Merino, J.; Wantock, T.; Harle, T.; Seggiani, M.; Danti, S.; Di Stefano, R.; Velliou, E. Combined Antimicrobial Effect of Bio-Waste Olive Leaf Extract and Remote Cold Atmospheric Plasma Effluent. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 1890. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Combined+Antimicrobial+Effect+of+Bio-Waste+Olive+Leaf+Extract+and+Remote+Cold+Atmospheric+Plasma+Effluent&author=De+la+Ossa,+J.G.&author=El+Kadri,+H.&author=Gutierrez-Merino,+J.&author=Wantock,+T.&author=Harle,+T.&author=Seggiani,+M.&author=Danti,+S.&author=Di+Stefano,+R.&author=Velliou,+E.&publication_year=2021&journal=Molecules&volume=26&pages=1890&doi=10.3390/molecules26071890" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071890" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B112-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='112.'>Himour, S.; Yahia, A.; Belattar, H. Oleuropein and Antibacterial Activities of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Leaf Extract. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. Sci. J. ESJ</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 342. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oleuropein+and+Antibacterial+Activities+of+Olea+europaea+L.+Leaf+Extract&author=Himour,+S.&author=Yahia,+A.&author=Belattar,+H.&publication_year=2017&journal=Eur.+Sci.+J.+ESJ&volume=13&pages=342&doi=10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p342" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p342" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B113-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='113.'>Da Rosa, G.S.; Martiny, T.R.; Dotto, G.L.; Vanga, S.K.; Parrine, D.; Gariepy, Y.; Lefsrud, M.; Raghavan, V. Eco-friendly extraction for the recovery of bioactive compounds from Brazilian olive leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Sustain. Mater. Technol.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, e00276. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eco-friendly+extraction+for+the+recovery+of+bioactive+compounds+from+Brazilian+olive+leaves&author=Da+Rosa,+G.S.&author=Martiny,+T.R.&author=Dotto,+G.L.&author=Vanga,+S.K.&author=Parrine,+D.&author=Gariepy,+Y.&author=Lefsrud,+M.&author=Raghavan,+V.&publication_year=2021&journal=Sustain.+Mater.+Technol.&volume=28&pages=e00276&doi=10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00276" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00276" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B114-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='114.'>Ahmed, A.M.; Rabii, N.S.; Garbaj, A.M.; Abolghait, S.K. Antibacterial Effect of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Leaves Extract in Raw Peeled Undeveined Shrimp (<span class='html-italic'>Penaeus semisulcatus</span>). <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 53–56. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+Effect+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Leaves+Extract+in+Raw+Peeled+Undeveined+Shrimp+(Penaeus+semisulcatus)&author=Ahmed,+A.M.&author=Rabii,+N.S.&author=Garbaj,+A.M.&author=Abolghait,+S.K.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+J.+Vet.+Sci.+Med.&volume=2&pages=53%E2%80%9356&doi=10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.04.002" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.04.002" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B115-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='115.'>Vural, N.; Akay, M.A. Chemical compounds, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of olive leaves derived volatile oil in West Anatolia. <span class='html-italic'>J. Turk. Chem. Soc. Sect. Chem.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 511–518. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+compounds,+antioxidant+properties+and+antimicrobial+activity+of+olive+leaves+derived+volatile+oil+in+West+Anatolia&author=Vural,+N.&author=Akay,+M.A.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Turk.+Chem.+Soc.+Sect.+Chem.&volume=8&pages=511%E2%80%93518&doi=10.18596/jotcsa.833139" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.833139" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B116-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='116.'>El Yamani, M.; Sakar, E.H.; Boussakouran, A.; Benali, T.; Rharrabti, Y. Antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of phenolic extracts from olive mill wastewater and their use to enhance the stability of olive oil. <span class='html-italic'>Riv. Ital. Delle Sostanze Grasse</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>97</span>, 31–42. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+and+antioxidant+potentials+of+phenolic+extracts+from+olive+mill+wastewater+and+their+use+to+enhance+the+stability+of+olive+oil&author=El+Yamani,+M.&author=Sakar,+E.H.&author=Boussakouran,+A.&author=Benali,+T.&author=Rharrabti,+Y.&publication_year=2020&journal=Riv.+Ital.+Delle+Sostanze+Grasse&volume=97&pages=31%E2%80%9342" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B117-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='117.'>Guo, L.; Gong, S.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Q.; Duo, K.; Fei, P. Antibacterial Activity of Olive Oil Polyphenol Extract against <span class='html-italic'>Salmonella</span> Typhimurium and <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus aureus</span>: Possible Mechanisms. <span class='html-italic'>Foodborne Pathog. Dis.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 396–403. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+Activity+of+Olive+Oil+Polyphenol+Extract+against+Salmonella+Typhimurium+and+Staphylococcus+aureus:+Possible+Mechanisms&author=Guo,+L.&author=Gong,+S.&author=Wang,+Y.&author=Sun,+Q.&author=Duo,+K.&author=Fei,+P.&publication_year=2020&journal=Foodborne+Pathog.+Dis.&volume=17&pages=396%E2%80%93403&doi=10.1089/fpd.2019.2713" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2713" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B118-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='118.'>Ahmad, W.; Khan, H.; Safeer, M.; Khan, S.; Junaid, M.; Mehmood, A.; Siddiqueafridi, M.; Rafi, A.; Khan, A.; Ayaz, U.; et al. Comparative antimicrobial activities of wild and cultivated varieties of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> different leaves extracts in Pakistan. <span class='html-italic'>Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 73–82. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative+antimicrobial+activities+of+wild+and+cultivated+varieties+of+Olea+europaea+different+leaves+extracts+in+Pakistan&author=Ahmad,+W.&author=Khan,+H.&author=Safeer,+M.&author=Khan,+S.&author=Junaid,+M.&author=Mehmood,+A.&author=Siddiqueafridi,+M.&author=Rafi,+A.&author=Khan,+A.&author=Ayaz,+U.&publication_year=2020&journal=Bull.+Env.+Pharmacol.+Life+Sci.&volume=9&pages=73%E2%80%9382" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B119-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='119.'>Elnahas, R.A.; Elwakil, B.H.; Elshewemi, S.S.; Olama, Z.A. Egyptian <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaves bioactive extract: Antibacterial and wound healing activity in normal and diabetic rats. <span class='html-italic'>J. Tradit. Complement. Med.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 427–434. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Egyptian+Olea+europaea+leaves+bioactive+extract:+Antibacterial+and+wound+healing+activity+in+normal+and+diabetic+rats&author=Elnahas,+R.A.&author=Elwakil,+B.H.&author=Elshewemi,+S.S.&author=Olama,+Z.A.&publication_year=2021&journal=J.+Tradit.+Complement.+Med.&volume=11&pages=427%E2%80%93434&doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B120-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='120.'>Benali, T.; Habbadi, K.; Khabbach, A.; Marmouzi, I.; Zengin, G.; Bouyahya, A.; Chamkhi, I.; Chtibi, H.; Aanniz, T.; Achbani, E.H.; et al. GC–MS Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of <span class='html-italic'>Achillea odorata</span> Subsp. <span class='html-italic'>Pectinata</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Ruta montana</span> Essential Oils and Their Potential Use as Food Preservatives. <span class='html-italic'>Foods</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 668. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=GC%E2%80%93MS+Analysis,+Antioxidant+and+Antimicrobial+Activities+of+Achillea+odorata+Subsp.+Pectinata+and+Ruta+montana+Essential+Oils+and+Their+Potential+Use+as+Food+Preservatives&author=Benali,+T.&author=Habbadi,+K.&author=Khabbach,+A.&author=Marmouzi,+I.&author=Zengin,+G.&author=Bouyahya,+A.&author=Chamkhi,+I.&author=Chtibi,+H.&author=Aanniz,+T.&author=Achbani,+E.H.&publication_year=2020&journal=Foods&volume=9&pages=668&doi=10.3390/foods9050668" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050668" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B121-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='121.'>Testa, B.; Lombardi, S.J.; Macciola, E.; Succi, M.; Tremonte, P.; Iorizzo, M. Efficacy of olive leaf extract (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. cv Gentile di Larino) in marinated anchovies (<span class='html-italic'>Engraulis encrasicolus</span>, L.) process. <span class='html-italic'>Heliyon</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, e01727. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Efficacy+of+olive+leaf+extract+(Olea+europaea+L.+cv+Gentile+di+Larino)+in+marinated+anchovies+(Engraulis+encrasicolus,+L.)+process&author=Testa,+B.&author=Lombardi,+S.J.&author=Macciola,+E.&author=Succi,+M.&author=Tremonte,+P.&author=Iorizzo,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Heliyon&volume=5&pages=e01727&doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01727" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01727" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B122-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='122.'>Dada, E.O. Antibacterial Activities of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Leaf Extract on Some Bacteria Isolated from a Refused Dump Site in Akure, Nigeria. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biol.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 118–124. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+Activities+of+Olea+europaea+Leaf+Extract+on+Some+Bacteria+Isolated+from+a+Refused+Dump+Site+in+Akure,+Nigeria&author=Dada,+E.O.&publication_year=2013&journal=J.+Biol.&volume=1&pages=118%E2%80%93124" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B123-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='123.'>Ghomari, O.; Sounni, F.; Massaoudi, Y.; Ghanam, J.; Drissi Kaitouni, L.B.; Merzouki, M.; Benlemlih, M. Phenolic profile (HPLC-UV) of olive leaves according to extraction procedure and assessment of antibacterial activity. <span class='html-italic'>Biotechnol. Rep.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, e00347. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+profile+(HPLC-UV)+of+olive+leaves+according+to+extraction+procedure+and+assessment+of+antibacterial+activity&author=Ghomari,+O.&author=Sounni,+F.&author=Massaoudi,+Y.&author=Ghanam,+J.&author=Drissi+Kaitouni,+L.B.&author=Merzouki,+M.&author=Benlemlih,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Biotechnol.+Rep.&volume=23&pages=e00347&doi=10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00347" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00347" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B124-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='124.'>Golestannejad, Z.; Khozeimeh, F.; Abtahi, R.; Zarei, Z.; Sadeghalbanaei, L.; Sadeghian, R. Inhibitory effects of ethanolic, methanolic, and hydroalcoholic extracts of olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) leaf on growth, acid production, and adhesion of <span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus mutans</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Dent. Res. J.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 179–185. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Inhibitory+effects+of+ethanolic,+methanolic,+and+hydroalcoholic+extracts+of+olive+(Olea+europaea)+leaf+on+growth,+acid+production,+and+adhesion+of+Streptococcus+mutans&author=Golestannejad,+Z.&author=Khozeimeh,+F.&author=Abtahi,+R.&author=Zarei,+Z.&author=Sadeghalbanaei,+L.&author=Sadeghian,+R.&publication_year=2020&journal=Dent.+Res.+J.&volume=17&pages=179%E2%80%93185" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B125-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='125.'>Karygianni, L.; Cecere, M.; Skaltsounis, A.L.; Argyropoulou, A.; Hellwig, E.; Aligiannis, N.; Wittmer, A.; Al-Ahmad, A. High-Level Antimicrobial Efficacy of Representative Mediterranean Natural Plant Extracts against Oral Microorganisms. <span class='html-italic'>BioMed Res. Int.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2014</span>, e839019. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=High-Level+Antimicrobial+Efficacy+of+Representative+Mediterranean+Natural+Plant+Extracts+against+Oral+Microorganisms&author=Karygianni,+L.&author=Cecere,+M.&author=Skaltsounis,+A.L.&author=Argyropoulou,+A.&author=Hellwig,+E.&author=Aligiannis,+N.&author=Wittmer,+A.&author=Al-Ahmad,+A.&publication_year=2014&journal=BioMed+Res.+Int.&volume=2014&pages=e839019&doi=10.1155/2014/839019" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/839019" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B126-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='126.'>Lass-Flörl, C.; Kanj, S.S.; Govender, N.P.; Thompson, G.R.; Ostrosky- Zeichner, L.; Govrins, M.A. Invasive Candidiasis. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1–18. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Invasive+Candidiasis&author=Lass-Fl%C3%B6rl,+C.&author=Kanj,+S.S.&author=Govender,+N.P.&author=Thompson,+G.R.&author=Ostrosky-+Zeichner,+L.&author=Govrins,+M.A.&publication_year=2024&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Dis.+Primers&volume=10&pages=1%E2%80%9318&doi=10.1038/s41572-024-00503-3" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-024-00503-3" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B127-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='127.'>Noor, S. Synergistic Effect of the Methanolic Extract of Lemongrass and Some Antibiotics to Treat Urinary Tract Bacteria. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biosci. Med.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 48–58. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Synergistic+Effect+of+the+Methanolic+Extract+of+Lemongrass+and+Some+Antibiotics+to+Treat+Urinary+Tract+Bacteria&author=Noor,+S.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Biosci.+Med.&volume=4&pages=48%E2%80%9358&doi=10.4236/jbm.2016.411006" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.411006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B128-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='128.'>Bodey, G.P.; Mardani, M.; Hanna, H.A.; Boktour, M.; Abbas, J.; Girgawy, E.; Hachem, R.Y.; Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Raad, I.I. The epidemiology of <span class='html-italic'>Candida glabrata</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> fungemia in immunocompromised patients with cancer. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Med.</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>112</span>, 380–385. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+epidemiology+of+Candida+glabrata+and+Candida+albicans+fungemia+in+immunocompromised+patients+with+cancer&author=Bodey,+G.P.&author=Mardani,+M.&author=Hanna,+H.A.&author=Boktour,+M.&author=Abbas,+J.&author=Girgawy,+E.&author=Hachem,+R.Y.&author=Kontoyiannis,+D.P.&author=Raad,+I.I.&publication_year=2002&journal=Am.+J.+Med.&volume=112&pages=380%E2%80%93385&doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01130-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01130-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B129-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='129.'>Brandt, C.; Makarewicz, O.; Fischer, T.; Stein, C.; Pfeifer, Y.; Werner, G.; Pletz, M.W. The bigger picture: The history of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance displayed by scientometric data. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 424–430. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+bigger+picture:+The+history+of+antibiotics+and+antimicrobial+resistance+displayed+by+scientometric+data&author=Brandt,+C.&author=Makarewicz,+O.&author=Fischer,+T.&author=Stein,+C.&author=Pfeifer,+Y.&author=Werner,+G.&author=Pletz,+M.W.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+J.+Antimicrob.+Agents&volume=44&pages=424%E2%80%93430&doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B130-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='130.'>Llor, C.; Bjerrum, L. Antimicrobial resistance: Risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. <span class='html-italic'>Ther. Adv. Drug Saf.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 229–241. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+resistance:+Risk+associated+with+antibiotic+overuse+and+initiatives+to+reduce+the+problem&author=Llor,+C.&author=Bjerrum,+L.&publication_year=2014&journal=Ther.+Adv.+Drug+Saf.&volume=5&pages=229%E2%80%93241&doi=10.1177/2042098614554919" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098614554919" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B131-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='131.'>Khalil, M.M.H.; Ismail, E.H.; El-Baghdady, K.Z.; Mohamed, D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. <span class='html-italic'>Arab. J. Chem.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 1131–1139. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Green+synthesis+of+silver+nanoparticles+using+olive+leaf+extract+and+its+antibacterial+activity&author=Khalil,+M.M.H.&author=Ismail,+E.H.&author=El-Baghdady,+K.Z.&author=Mohamed,+D.&publication_year=2014&journal=Arab.+J.+Chem.&volume=7&pages=1131%E2%80%931139&doi=10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B132-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='132.'>Brahmi, F.; Flamini, G.; Issaoui, M.; Dhibi, M.; Dabbou, S.; Mastouri, M.; Hammami, M. Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile fractions from three Tunisian cultivars of olive leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Chem. Res.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 2863–2872. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+composition+and+biological+activities+of+volatile+fractions+from+three+Tunisian+cultivars+of+olive+leaves&author=Brahmi,+F.&author=Flamini,+G.&author=Issaoui,+M.&author=Dhibi,+M.&author=Dabbou,+S.&author=Mastouri,+M.&author=Hammami,+M.&publication_year=2012&journal=Med.+Chem.+Res.&volume=21&pages=2863%E2%80%932872&doi=10.1007/s00044-011-9817-8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-011-9817-8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B133-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='133.'>Upadhyay, R.K. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) essential oil. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Green Pharm. IJGP</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 180. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+antibacterial+and+antifungal+activities+of+olive+(Olea+europaea)+essential+oil&author=Upadhyay,+R.K.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+J.+Green+Pharm.+IJGP&volume=8&pages=180" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B134-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='134.'>Alimosazadeh, P.; Khan, M.S.A.; Sanei, S.J. Phytochemical and anticandidal efficacy of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaf extract from different cultivars and seasonal variation. <span class='html-italic'>J. Herbmed. Pharmacol.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 505–511. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+and+anticandidal+efficacy+of+Olea+europaea+leaf+extract+from+different+cultivars+and+seasonal+variation&author=Alimosazadeh,+P.&author=Khan,+M.S.A.&author=Sanei,+S.J.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Herbmed.+Pharmacol.&volume=12&pages=505%E2%80%93511&doi=10.34172/jhp.2023.45000" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.45000" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B135-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='135.'>Bawadekji, A.; Imran, M.; Randahawa, M.A. Antimicrobial Effects of the Water Immiscible Solvent Extracts of Olive Tree Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 2189–2194. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+Effects+of+the+Water+Immiscible+Solvent+Extracts+of+Olive+Tree+Leaves&author=Bawadekji,+A.&author=Imran,+M.&author=Randahawa,+M.A.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Pure+Appl.+Microbiol.&volume=13&pages=2189%E2%80%932194&doi=10.22207/JPAM.13.4.31" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.31" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B136-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='136.'>Nasrollahi, Z.; Abolhasannezhad, M. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of olive leaf aqueous extracts against <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> PTCC-5027. <span class='html-italic'>Curr. Med. Mycol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 37–39. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+antifungal+activity+of+olive+leaf+aqueous+extracts+against+Candida+albicans+PTCC-5027&author=Nasrollahi,+Z.&author=Abolhasannezhad,+M.&publication_year=2015&journal=Curr.+Med.+Mycol.&volume=1&pages=37%E2%80%9339&doi=10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.37" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.37" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B137-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='137.'>Omar, H.S.; Abd El-Rahman, S.N.; AlGhannam, S.M.; Reyad, N.E.-H.A.; Sedeek, M.S. Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Leaf Extract, <span class='html-italic'>Thymus vulgaris</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Boswellia carteri</span> Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 6118. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antifungal+Evaluation+and+Molecular+Docking+Studies+of+Olea+europaea+Leaf+Extract,+Thymus+vulgaris+and+Boswellia+carteri+Essential+Oil+as+Prospective+Fungal+Inhibitor+Candidates&author=Omar,+H.S.&author=Abd+El-Rahman,+S.N.&author=AlGhannam,+S.M.&author=Reyad,+N.E.-H.A.&author=Sedeek,+M.S.&publication_year=2021&journal=Molecules&volume=26&pages=6118&doi=10.3390/molecules26206118" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206118" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B138-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='138.'>Wang, B.; Shen, S.; Qu, J.; Xu, Z.; Feng, S.; Chen, T.; Ding, C. Optimizing Total Phenolic and Oleuropein of Chinese Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Leaves for Enhancement of the Phenols Content and Antioxidant Activity. <span class='html-italic'>Agronomy</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 686. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimizing+Total+Phenolic+and+Oleuropein+of+Chinese+Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Leaves+for+Enhancement+of+the+Phenols+Content+and+Antioxidant+Activity&author=Wang,+B.&author=Shen,+S.&author=Qu,+J.&author=Xu,+Z.&author=Feng,+S.&author=Chen,+T.&author=Ding,+C.&publication_year=2021&journal=Agronomy&volume=11&pages=686&doi=10.3390/agronomy11040686" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040686" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B139-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='139.'>Ilias, F.; Kholkhal, W.; Gaouar, N.; Bekhechi, C.; Bekkara, F. Antibacterial and antifungal Activities of olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) from Algeria. <span class='html-italic'>J. Microbiol. Biotech Res.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 69–73. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antibacterial+and+antifungal+Activities+of+olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+from+Algeria&author=Ilias,+F.&author=Kholkhal,+W.&author=Gaouar,+N.&author=Bekhechi,+C.&author=Bekkara,+F.&publication_year=2011&journal=J.+Microbiol.+Biotech+Res.&volume=1&pages=69%E2%80%9373" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B140-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='140.'>Najee, H.B.; Alkurjia, D.; Almahdawy, O.; Kamerzan, C.; Marutescu, L.; Gheorghe, I.; Popa, M.; Chifiriuc, M.C.; Lazăr, V. Antimicrobial Activity of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Fatty Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant and Biofilm Forming Microorganisms. <span class='html-italic'>Not. Sci. Biol.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 498–502. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+Activity+of+Olea+europaea+Fatty+Oil+against+Multi-Drug+Resistant+and+Biofilm+Forming+Microorganisms&author=Najee,+H.B.&author=Alkurjia,+D.&author=Almahdawy,+O.&author=Kamerzan,+C.&author=Marutescu,+L.&author=Gheorghe,+I.&author=Popa,+M.&author=Chifiriuc,+M.C.&author=Laz%C4%83r,+V.&publication_year=2018&journal=Not.+Sci.+Biol.&volume=10&pages=498%E2%80%93502&doi=10.15835/nsb10410404" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb10410404" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B141-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='141.'>Janakat, S.; Al-Nabulsi, A.A.R.; Allehdan, S.; Olaimat, A.N.; Holley, R.A. Antimicrobial activity of <span class='html-italic'>amurca</span> (olive oil lees) extract against selected foodborne pathogens. <span class='html-italic'>Food Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>35</span>, 259–265. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+activity+of+amurca+(olive+oil+lees)+extract+against+selected+foodborne+pathogens&author=Janakat,+S.&author=Al-Nabulsi,+A.A.R.&author=Allehdan,+S.&author=Olaimat,+A.N.&author=Holley,+R.A.&publication_year=2015&journal=Food+Sci.+Technol.&volume=35&pages=259%E2%80%93265&doi=10.1590/1678-457X.6508" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.6508" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B142-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='142.'>Umai, D.; Vikranth, A.; Meenambiga, S.S. A study on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> and its activity against oral pathogens. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Today Proc.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 3647–3651. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+study+on+the+green+synthesis+of+silver+nanoparticles+from+Olea+europaea+and+its+activity+against+oral+pathogens&author=Umai,+D.&author=Vikranth,+A.&author=Meenambiga,+S.S.&publication_year=2021&journal=Mater.+Today+Proc.&volume=44&pages=3647%E2%80%933651&doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.681" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.681" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B143-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='143.'>Suwan, T.; Khongkhunthian, S.; Okonogi, S. Green synthesis and inhibitory effects against oral pathogens of silver nanoparticles mediated by rice extracts. <span class='html-italic'>Drug Discov. Ther.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 189–196. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Green+synthesis+and+inhibitory+effects+against+oral+pathogens+of+silver+nanoparticles+mediated+by+rice+extracts&author=Suwan,+T.&author=Khongkhunthian,+S.&author=Okonogi,+S.&publication_year=2018&journal=Drug+Discov.+Ther.&volume=12&pages=189%E2%80%93196&doi=10.5582/ddt.2018.01034" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2018.01034" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B144-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='144.'>Fleming, D.; Rumbaugh, K.P. Approaches to Dispersing Medical Biofilms. <span class='html-italic'>Microorganisms</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 15. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Approaches+to+Dispersing+Medical+Biofilms&author=Fleming,+D.&author=Rumbaugh,+K.P.&publication_year=2017&journal=Microorganisms&volume=5&pages=15&doi=10.3390/microorganisms5020015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms5020015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B145-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='145.'>Mohanta, Y.K.; Biswas, K.; Jena, S.K.; Hashem, A.; Abd_Allah, E.F.; Mohanta, T.K. Anti-biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Reducing Activity of Phytoconstituents Present in the Indian Medicinal Plants. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Microbiol.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 1143. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Anti-biofilm+and+Antibacterial+Activities+of+Silver+Nanoparticles+Synthesized+by+the+Reducing+Activity+of+Phytoconstituents+Present+in+the+Indian+Medicinal+Plants&author=Mohanta,+Y.K.&author=Biswas,+K.&author=Jena,+S.K.&author=Hashem,+A.&author=Abd_Allah,+E.F.&author=Mohanta,+T.K.&publication_year=2020&journal=Front.+Microbiol.&volume=11&pages=1143&doi=10.3389/fmicb.2020.01143" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01143" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B146-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='146.'>Hussain, M.A.; Khan, M.Q.; Ali, I.; Dar, M.E.U.I.; Habib, T. 08. Antifungal potential of different parts of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Olea cuspidata</span> growing in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. <span class='html-italic'>Pure Appl. Biol. PAB</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 204–216. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=08.+Antifungal+potential+of+different+parts+of+Olea+europaea+and+Olea+cuspidata+growing+in+Azad+Jammu+and+Kashmir&author=Hussain,+M.A.&author=Khan,+M.Q.&author=Ali,+I.&author=Dar,+M.E.U.I.&author=Habib,+T.&publication_year=2021&journal=Pure+Appl.+Biol.+PAB&volume=4&pages=204%E2%80%93216&doi=10.19045/bspab.2015.42009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2015.42009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B147-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='147.'>Di Pietro, M.; Filardo, S.; Mattioli, R.; Francioso, A.; Raponi, G.; Mosca, L.; Sessa, R. Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Based Green Formulations with Promising Antimicrobial Activity against Drug-Resistant Isolates. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Pharmacol.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 885735. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Extra+Virgin+Olive+Oil-Based+Green+Formulations+with+Promising+Antimicrobial+Activity+against+Drug-Resistant+Isolates&author=Di+Pietro,+M.&author=Filardo,+S.&author=Mattioli,+R.&author=Francioso,+A.&author=Raponi,+G.&author=Mosca,+L.&author=Sessa,+R.&publication_year=2022&journal=Front.+Pharmacol.&volume=13&pages=885735&doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.885735" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.885735" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B148-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='148.'>Kleef, F.; Salman, M. Antifungal Effect of <span class='html-italic'>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</span> L. Extract and Chemical Fungicide against <span class='html-italic'>Spilocaea oleagina</span> Causing Olive Leaf Spot. <span class='html-italic'>Arab. J. Sci. Eng.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>47</span>, 113–117. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antifungal+Effect+of+Ambrosia+artemisiifolia+L.+Extract+and+Chemical+Fungicide+against+Spilocaea+oleagina+Causing+Olive+Leaf+Spot&author=Kleef,+F.&author=Salman,+M.&publication_year=2022&journal=Arab.+J.+Sci.+Eng.&volume=47&pages=113%E2%80%93117&doi=10.1007/s13369-021-05397-x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05397-x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B149-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='149.'>Zorić, N.; Kopjar, N.; Kraljić, K.; Oršolić, N.; Tomić, S.; Kosalec, I. Olive leaf extract activity against <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span> and <span class='html-italic'>C. dubliniensis</span>—The in vitro viability study. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Pharm.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>66</span>, 411–431. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+leaf+extract+activity+against+Candida+albicans+and+C.+dubliniensis%E2%80%94The+in+vitro+viability+study&author=Zori%C4%87,+N.&author=Kopjar,+N.&author=Kralji%C4%87,+K.&author=Or%C5%A1oli%C4%87,+N.&author=Tomi%C4%87,+S.&author=Kosalec,+I.&publication_year=2016&journal=Acta+Pharm.&volume=66&pages=411%E2%80%93431&doi=10.1515/acph-2016-0033" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2016-0033" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B150-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='150.'>Laaboudi, W. Eco-extraction of phenolic compounds from Moroccan olive fruits and leaves and their potential use as antimicrobial agents. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. J. Sci. Res.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>132</span>, 255–265. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eco-extraction+of+phenolic+compounds+from+Moroccan+olive+fruits+and+leaves+and+their+potential+use+as+antimicrobial+agents&author=Laaboudi,+W.&publication_year=2015&journal=Eur.+J.+Sci.+Res.&volume=132&pages=255%E2%80%93265" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B151-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='151.'>Halliwell, B. Oxygen and nitrogen are pro-carcinogens. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen species: Measurement, mechanism and the effects of nutrition. <span class='html-italic'>Mutat. Res.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>443</span>, 37–52. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oxygen+and+nitrogen+are+pro-carcinogens.+Damage+to+DNA+by+reactive+oxygen,+chlorine+and+nitrogen+species:+Measurement,+mechanism+and+the+effects+of+nutrition&author=Halliwell,+B.&publication_year=1999&journal=Mutat.+Res.&volume=443&pages=37%E2%80%9352&doi=10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00009-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00009-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B152-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='152.'>Jakubczyk, K.; Dec, K.; Kałduńska, J.; Kawczuga, D.; Kochman, J.; Janda, K. Reactive oxygen species—Sources, functions, oxidative damage. <span class='html-italic'>Pol. Merkur. Lek. Organ Pol. Tow. Lek.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>48</span>, 124–127. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reactive+oxygen+species%E2%80%94Sources,+functions,+oxidative+damage&author=Jakubczyk,+K.&author=Dec,+K.&author=Ka%C5%82du%C5%84ska,+J.&author=Kawczuga,+D.&author=Kochman,+J.&author=Janda,+K.&publication_year=2020&journal=Pol.+Merkur.+Lek.+Organ+Pol.+Tow.+Lek.&volume=48&pages=124%E2%80%93127" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B153-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='153.'>Anjaneyulu, E.; Reddy, P.S.; Sunita, M.S.; Kishor, P.B.K.; Meriga, B. Salt tolerance and activity of antioxidative enzymes of transgenic finger millet overexpressing a vacuolar H<sup>+</sup>-pyrophosphatase gene (<span class='html-italic'>SbVPPase</span>) from <span class='html-italic'>Sorghum bicolor</span>. <span class='html-italic'>J. Plant Physiol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>171</span>, 789–798. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Salt+tolerance+and+activity+of+antioxidative+enzymes+of+transgenic+finger+millet+overexpressing+a+vacuolar+H+-pyrophosphatase+gene+(SbVPPase)+from+Sorghum+bicolor&author=Anjaneyulu,+E.&author=Reddy,+P.S.&author=Sunita,+M.S.&author=Kishor,+P.B.K.&author=Meriga,+B.&publication_year=2014&journal=J.+Plant+Physiol.&volume=171&pages=789%E2%80%93798&doi=10.1016/j.jplph.2014.02.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2014.02.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B154-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='154.'>Hahn, A.; Zuryn, S. Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA) Mutations that Generate Reactive Oxygen Species. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 392. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mitochondrial+Genome+(mtDNA)+Mutations+that+Generate+Reactive+Oxygen+Species&author=Hahn,+A.&author=Zuryn,+S.&publication_year=2019&journal=Antioxidants&volume=8&pages=392&doi=10.3390/antiox8090392" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090392" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B155-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='155.'>Yadav, D.K.; Kumar, S.; Choi, E.-H.; Chaudhary, S.; Kim, M.-H. Molecular dynamic simulations of oxidized skin lipid bilayer and permeability of reactive oxygen species. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Rep.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 4496. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Molecular+dynamic+simulations+of+oxidized+skin+lipid+bilayer+and+permeability+of+reactive+oxygen+species&author=Yadav,+D.K.&author=Kumar,+S.&author=Choi,+E.-H.&author=Chaudhary,+S.&author=Kim,+M.-H.&publication_year=2019&journal=Sci.+Rep.&volume=9&pages=4496&doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40913-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40913-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B156-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='156.'>Höhn, A.; Tramutola, A.; Cascella, R. Proteostasis Failure in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Oxidative Stress. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2020</span>, 5497046. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Proteostasis+Failure+in+Neurodegenerative+Diseases:+Focus+on+Oxidative+Stress&author=H%C3%B6hn,+A.&author=Tramutola,+A.&author=Cascella,+R.&publication_year=2020&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2020&pages=5497046&doi=10.1155/2020/5497046" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5497046" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B157-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='157.'>Kao, Y.-C.; Ho, P.-C.; Tu, Y.-K.; Jou, I.-M.; Tsai, K.-J. Lipids and Alzheimer’s Disease. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 1505. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lipids+and+Alzheimer%E2%80%99s+Disease&author=Kao,+Y.-C.&author=Ho,+P.-C.&author=Tu,+Y.-K.&author=Jou,+I.-M.&author=Tsai,+K.-J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=21&pages=1505&doi=10.3390/ijms21041505" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041505" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B158-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='158.'>Raghav, K.; Bailey, A.M.; Loree, J.M.; Kopetz, S.; Holla, V.; Yap, T.A.; Wang, F.; Chen, K.; Salgia, R.; Hong, D. Untying the gordion knot of targeting MET in cancer. <span class='html-italic'>Cancer Treat. Rev.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>66</span>, 95–103. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Untying+the+gordion+knot+of+targeting+MET+in+cancer&author=Raghav,+K.&author=Bailey,+A.M.&author=Loree,+J.M.&author=Kopetz,+S.&author=Holla,+V.&author=Yap,+T.A.&author=Wang,+F.&author=Chen,+K.&author=Salgia,+R.&author=Hong,+D.&publication_year=2018&journal=Cancer+Treat.+Rev.&volume=66&pages=95%E2%80%93103&doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B159-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='159.'>Cadenas, S. Mitochondrial uncoupling, ROS generation and cardioprotection. <span class='html-italic'>Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1859</span>, 940–950. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mitochondrial+uncoupling,+ROS+generation+and+cardioprotection&author=Cadenas,+S.&publication_year=2018&journal=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta+Bioenerg.&volume=1859&pages=940%E2%80%93950&doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.019" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.019" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B160-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='160.'>Zaïri, A.; Nouir, S.; Zarrouk, A.; Haddad, H.; Khélifa, A.; Achour, L. Phytochemical Profile, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Allelopathic Potentials of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Food Sci. Nutr.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 4805–4813. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+Profile,+Cytotoxic,+Antioxidant,+and+Allelopathic+Potentials+of+Aqueous+Leaf+Extracts+of+Olea+europaea&author=Za%C3%AFri,+A.&author=Nouir,+S.&author=Zarrouk,+A.&author=Haddad,+H.&author=Kh%C3%A9lifa,+A.&author=Achour,+L.&publication_year=2020&journal=Food+Sci.+Nutr.&volume=8&pages=4805%E2%80%934813&doi=10.1002/fsn3.1755" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1755" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B161-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='161.'>Dağdelen, A. Identifying Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Phenolic Extracts and Mineral Contents of Virgin Olive Oils (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. cv. Edincik Su) from Different Regions in Turkey. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chem.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2016</span>, e9589763. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Identifying+Antioxidant+and+Antimicrobial+Activities+of+the+Phenolic+Extracts+and+Mineral+Contents+of+Virgin+Olive+Oils+(Olea+europaea+L.+cv.+Edincik+Su)+from+Different+Regions+in+Turkey&author=Da%C4%9Fdelen,+A.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Chem.&volume=2016&pages=e9589763&doi=10.1155/2016/9589763" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9589763" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B162-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='162.'>Yuan, J.-J.; Wang, C.-Z.; Ye, J.-Z.; Tao, R.; Zhang, Y.-S. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oleuropein from <span class='html-italic'>Olea europea</span> (Olive) Leaf Extract and Antioxidant Activities. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 2903–2921. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Enzymatic+Hydrolysis+of+Oleuropein+from+Olea+europea+(Olive)+Leaf+Extract+and+Antioxidant+Activities&author=Yuan,+J.-J.&author=Wang,+C.-Z.&author=Ye,+J.-Z.&author=Tao,+R.&author=Zhang,+Y.-S.&publication_year=2015&journal=Molecules&volume=20&pages=2903%E2%80%932921&doi=10.3390/molecules20022903" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022903" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B163-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='163.'>Lfitat, A.; Zejli, H.; Bousselham, A.; Atki, Y.E.; Lyoussi, B.; Gourch, A.; Abdellaoui, A. Comparative Evaluation of <span class='html-italic'>Argania spinosa</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Leaf Phenolic Compounds and their Antioxidant Activity. <span class='html-italic'>Botanica</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 76–87. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative+Evaluation+of+Argania+spinosa+and+Olea+europaea+Leaf+Phenolic+Compounds+and+their+Antioxidant+Activity&author=Lfitat,+A.&author=Zejli,+H.&author=Bousselham,+A.&author=Atki,+Y.E.&author=Lyoussi,+B.&author=Gourch,+A.&author=Abdellaoui,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Botanica&volume=26&pages=76%E2%80%9387&doi=10.2478/botlit-2020-0007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2020-0007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B164-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='164.'>De Melo, M.P. Antioxidant actions of olive leaf extract (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) on reactive species scavengers. <span class='html-italic'>J. Anal. Pharm. Res.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 68–71. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant+actions+of+olive+leaf+extract+(Olea+europaea+L.)+on+reactive+species+scavengers&author=De+Melo,+M.P.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Anal.+Pharm.+Res.&volume=9&pages=68%E2%80%9371&doi=10.15406/japlr.2020.09.00354" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2020.09.00354" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B165-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='165.'>Pennisi, R.; Ben Amor, I.; Gargouri, B.; Attia, H.; Zaabi, R.; Chira, A.B.; Saoudi, M.; Piperno, A.; Trischitta, P.; Tamburello, M.P.; et al. Analysis of Antioxidant and Antiviral Effects of Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Leaf Extracts and Pure Compound Using Cancer Cell Model. <span class='html-italic'>Biomolecules</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 238. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+Antioxidant+and+Antiviral+Effects+of+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Leaf+Extracts+and+Pure+Compound+Using+Cancer+Cell+Model&author=Pennisi,+R.&author=Ben+Amor,+I.&author=Gargouri,+B.&author=Attia,+H.&author=Zaabi,+R.&author=Chira,+A.B.&author=Saoudi,+M.&author=Piperno,+A.&author=Trischitta,+P.&author=Tamburello,+M.P.&publication_year=2023&journal=Biomolecules&volume=13&pages=238&doi=10.3390/biom13020238" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020238" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B166-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='166.'>Zun-Qiu, W.; Gui-Zhou, Y.; Qing-Ping, Z.; You-Jun, J.; Kai-Yu, T.; Hua-Ping, C.; Ze-Shen, Y.; Qian-Ming, H. Purification, Dynamic Changes and Antioxidant Activities of Oleuropein in Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>J. Food Biochem.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>39</span>, 566–574. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Purification,+Dynamic+Changes+and+Antioxidant+Activities+of+Oleuropein+in+Olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Leaves&author=Zun-Qiu,+W.&author=Gui-Zhou,+Y.&author=Qing-Ping,+Z.&author=You-Jun,+J.&author=Kai-Yu,+T.&author=Hua-Ping,+C.&author=Ze-Shen,+Y.&author=Qian-Ming,+H.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Food+Biochem.&volume=39&pages=566%E2%80%93574&doi=10.1111/jfbc.12152" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12152" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B167-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='167.'>Fernández-Poyatos, M.P.; Ruiz-Medina, A.; Llorent-Martínez, E.J. Phytochemical profile, mineral content, and antioxidant activity of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. cv. Cornezuelo table olives. Influence of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>297</span>, 124933. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+profile,+mineral+content,+and+antioxidant+activity+of+Olea+europaea+L.+cv.+Cornezuelo+table+olives.+Influence+of+in+vitro+simulated+gastrointestinal+digestion&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Poyatos,+M.P.&author=Ruiz-Medina,+A.&author=Llorent-Mart%C3%ADnez,+E.J.&publication_year=2019&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=297&pages=124933&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.207" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.207" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B168-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='168.'>Tamasi, G.; Baratto, M.C.; Bonechi, C.; Byelyakova, A.; Pardini, A.; Donati, A.; Leone, G.; Consumi, M.; Lamponi, S.; Magnani, A.; et al. Chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of products and by-products from <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. <span class='html-italic'>Food Sci. Nutr.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 2907–2920. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+characterization+and+antioxidant+properties+of+products+and+by-products+from+Olea+europaea+L.&author=Tamasi,+G.&author=Baratto,+M.C.&author=Bonechi,+C.&author=Byelyakova,+A.&author=Pardini,+A.&author=Donati,+A.&author=Leone,+G.&author=Consumi,+M.&author=Lamponi,+S.&author=Magnani,+A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Food+Sci.+Nutr.&volume=7&pages=2907%E2%80%932920&doi=10.1002/fsn3.1142" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1142" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B169-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='169.'>Borjan, D.; Leitgeb, M.; Knez, Ž.; Hrnčič, M.K. Microbiological and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Leaf Extract. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 5946. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microbiological+and+Antioxidant+Activity+of+Phenolic+Compounds+in+Olive+Leaf+Extract&author=Borjan,+D.&author=Leitgeb,+M.&author=Knez,+%C5%BD.&author=Hrn%C4%8Di%C4%8D,+M.K.&publication_year=2020&journal=Molecules&volume=25&pages=5946&doi=10.3390/molecules25245946" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245946" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B170-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='170.'>Blasi, F.; Urbani, E.; Simonetti, M.; Chiesi, C.; Cossignani, L. Seasonal variations in antioxidant compounds of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaves collected from different Italian cultivars. <span class='html-italic'>J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>89</span>, 202–207. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seasonal+variations+in+antioxidant+compounds+of+Olea+europaea+leaves+collected+from+different+Italian+cultivars&author=Blasi,+F.&author=Urbani,+E.&author=Simonetti,+M.&author=Chiesi,+C.&author=Cossignani,+L.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Appl.+Bot.+Food+Qual.&volume=89&pages=202%E2%80%93207&doi=10.5073/JABFQ.2016.089.025" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2016.089.025" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B171-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='171.'>Calvo, M.M.; Martín-Diana, A.B.; Rico, D.; López-Caballero, M.E.; Martínez-Álvarez, O. Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, Hypoglycaemic and Nootropic Activity of a Polyphenolic Extract from the Halophyte Ice Plant (<span class='html-italic'>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</span>). <span class='html-italic'>Foods</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 1581. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant,+Antihypertensive,+Hypoglycaemic+and+Nootropic+Activity+of+a+Polyphenolic+Extract+from+the+Halophyte+Ice+Plant+(Mesembryanthemum+crystallinum)&author=Calvo,+M.M.&author=Mart%C3%ADn-Diana,+A.B.&author=Rico,+D.&author=L%C3%B3pez-Caballero,+M.E.&author=Mart%C3%ADnez-%C3%81lvarez,+O.&publication_year=2022&journal=Foods&volume=11&pages=1581&doi=10.3390/foods11111581" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111581" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B172-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='172.'>Lins, P.G.; Marina Piccoli Pugine, S.; Scatolini, A.M.; De Melo, M.P. In vitro antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) and its protective effect on oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. <span class='html-italic'>Heliyon</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, e00805. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+vitro+antioxidant+activity+of+olive+leaf+extract+(Olea+europaea+L.)+and+its+protective+effect+on+oxidative+damage+in+human+erythrocytes&author=Lins,+P.G.&author=Marina+Piccoli+Pugine,+S.&author=Scatolini,+A.M.&author=De+Melo,+M.P.&publication_year=2018&journal=Heliyon&volume=4&pages=e00805&doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00805" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00805" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B173-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='173.'>Ayoub, L.; Hassan, F.; Hamid, S.; Abdelhamid, Z.; Souad, A. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential of <span class='html-italic'>Ficus carica</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Bioinformation</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>15</span>, 226–232. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+screening,+antioxidant+activity+and+inhibitory+potential+of+Ficus+carica+and+Olea+europaea+leaves&author=Ayoub,+L.&author=Hassan,+F.&author=Hamid,+S.&author=Abdelhamid,+Z.&author=Souad,+A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Bioinformation&volume=15&pages=226%E2%80%93232&doi=10.6026/97320630015226" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630015226" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B174-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='174.'>Monteleone, J.I.; Sperlinga, E.; Siracusa, L.; Spagna, G.; Parafati, L.; Todaro, A.; Palmeri, R. Water as a Solvent of Election for Obtaining Oleuropein-Rich Extracts from Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Agronomy</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 465. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Water+as+a+Solvent+of+Election+for+Obtaining+Oleuropein-Rich+Extracts+from+Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Leaves&author=Monteleone,+J.I.&author=Sperlinga,+E.&author=Siracusa,+L.&author=Spagna,+G.&author=Parafati,+L.&author=Todaro,+A.&author=Palmeri,+R.&publication_year=2021&journal=Agronomy&volume=11&pages=465&doi=10.3390/agronomy11030465" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030465" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B175-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='175.'>Zhao, H.; Avena-Bustillos, R.J.; Wang, S.C. Extraction, Purification and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds in California Olive Pomace. <span class='html-italic'>Foods</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 174. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Extraction,+Purification+and+In+Vitro+Antioxidant+Activity+Evaluation+of+Phenolic+Compounds+in+California+Olive+Pomace&author=Zhao,+H.&author=Avena-Bustillos,+R.J.&author=Wang,+S.C.&publication_year=2022&journal=Foods&volume=11&pages=174&doi=10.3390/foods11020174" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020174" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B176-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='176.'>Ribas, J.C.R.; Lazzari, A.; Gonzalez, L.B.F.; da Silva, C.M.; Adamuchio, L.G.; Cuquel, F.L.; Sakurada, R.; Pintro, P.T.M. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaves from olive trees grown in Paraná, Brazil. <span class='html-italic'>Pesqui. Agropecuária Bras.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, e03025. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioactive+compounds+and+antioxidant+activity+of+leaves+from+olive+trees+grown+in+Paran%C3%A1,+Brazil&author=Ribas,+J.C.R.&author=Lazzari,+A.&author=Gonzalez,+L.B.F.&author=da+Silva,+C.M.&author=Adamuchio,+L.G.&author=Cuquel,+F.L.&author=Sakurada,+R.&author=Pintro,+P.T.M.&publication_year=2023&journal=Pesqui.+Agropecu%C3%A1ria+Bras.&volume=58&pages=e03025&doi=10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2023.v58.03025" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2023.v58.03025" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B177-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='177.'>Romero-Márquez, J.M.; Navarro-Hortal, M.D.; Forbes-Hernández, T.Y.; Varela-López, A.; Puentes, J.G.; Pino-García, R.D.; Sánchez-González, C.; Elio, I.; Battino, M.; García, R.; et al. Exploring the Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Olive Leaf Extracts from Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 1538. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Exploring+the+Antioxidant,+Neuroprotective,+and+Anti-Inflammatory+Potential+of+Olive+Leaf+Extracts+from+Spain,+Portugal,+Greece,+and+Italy&author=Romero-M%C3%A1rquez,+J.M.&author=Navarro-Hortal,+M.D.&author=Forbes-Hern%C3%A1ndez,+T.Y.&author=Varela-L%C3%B3pez,+A.&author=Puentes,+J.G.&author=Pino-Garc%C3%ADa,+R.D.&author=S%C3%A1nchez-Gonz%C3%A1lez,+C.&author=Elio,+I.&author=Battino,+M.&author=Garc%C3%ADa,+R.&publication_year=2023&journal=Antioxidants&volume=12&pages=1538&doi=10.3390/antiox12081538" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081538" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B178-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='178.'>Cho, N.H.; Shaw, J.E.; Karuranga, S.; Huang, Y.; da Rocha Fernandes, J.D.; Ohlrogge, A.W.; Malanda, B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. <span class='html-italic'>Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>138</span>, 271–281. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=IDF+Diabetes+Atlas:+Global+estimates+of+diabetes+prevalence+for+2017+and+projections+for+2045&author=Cho,+N.H.&author=Shaw,+J.E.&author=Karuranga,+S.&author=Huang,+Y.&author=da+Rocha+Fernandes,+J.D.&author=Ohlrogge,+A.W.&author=Malanda,+B.&publication_year=2018&journal=Diabetes+Res.+Clin.+Pract.&volume=138&pages=271%E2%80%93281&doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B179-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='179.'>Park, M.-K.; Jung, U.; Roh, C. Fucoidan from Marine Brown Algae Inhibits Lipid Accumulation. <span class='html-italic'>Mar. Drugs</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 1359–1367. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fucoidan+from+Marine+Brown+Algae+Inhibits+Lipid+Accumulation&author=Park,+M.-K.&author=Jung,+U.&author=Roh,+C.&publication_year=2011&journal=Mar.+Drugs&volume=9&pages=1359%E2%80%931367&doi=10.3390/md9081359" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/md9081359" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B180-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='180.'>Thomas, N.J.; Jones, S.E.; Weedon, M.N.; Shields, B.M.; Oram, R.A.; Hattersley, A.T. Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: A cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. <span class='html-italic'>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 122–129. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Frequency+and+phenotype+of+type+1+diabetes+in+the+first+six+decades+of+life:+A+cross-sectional,+genetically+stratified+survival+analysis+from+UK+Biobank&author=Thomas,+N.J.&author=Jones,+S.E.&author=Weedon,+M.N.&author=Shields,+B.M.&author=Oram,+R.A.&author=Hattersley,+A.T.&publication_year=2018&journal=Lancet+Diabetes+Endocrinol.&volume=6&pages=122%E2%80%93129&doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30362-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30362-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B181-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='181.'>Priscilla, D.H.; Jayakumar, M.; Thirumurugan, K. Flavanone naringenin: An effective antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic nutraceutical agent on high fat diet fed streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. <span class='html-italic'>J. Funct. Foods</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 363–373. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Flavanone+naringenin:+An+effective+antihyperglycemic+and+antihyperlipidemic+nutraceutical+agent+on+high+fat+diet+fed+streptozotocin+induced+type+2+diabetic+rats&author=Priscilla,+D.H.&author=Jayakumar,+M.&author=Thirumurugan,+K.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Funct.+Foods&volume=14&pages=363%E2%80%93373&doi=10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B182-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='182.'>Sundaram, R.; Shanthi, P.; Sachdanandam, P. Effect of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavone on glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. <span class='html-italic'>Phytomedicine</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 793–799. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+tangeretin,+a+polymethoxylated+flavone+on+glucose+metabolism+in+streptozotocin-induced+diabetic+rats&author=Sundaram,+R.&author=Shanthi,+P.&author=Sachdanandam,+P.&publication_year=2014&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=21&pages=793%E2%80%93799&doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B183-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='183.'>Perri, M.R.; Marrelli, M.; Statti, G.; Conforti, F. <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> bud extracts: Inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activities of different cultivars from Calabria region (Italy). <span class='html-italic'>Plant Biosyst.—Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>156</span>, 338–344. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olea+europaea+bud+extracts:+Inhibitory+effects+on+pancreatic+lipase+and+%CE%B1-amylase+activities+of+different+cultivars+from+Calabria+region+(Italy)&author=Perri,+M.R.&author=Marrelli,+M.&author=Statti,+G.&author=Conforti,+F.&publication_year=2022&journal=Plant+Biosyst.%E2%80%94Int.+J.+Deal.+Asp.+Plant+Biol.&volume=156&pages=338%E2%80%93344&doi=10.1080/11263504.2020.1857868" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1857868" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B184-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='184.'>Akhtar, M.F.; Ashraf, K.M.; Saleem, A.; Sharif, A.; Zubair, H.M.; Anwar, F. Antidiabetic Potential and Antioxidant Activity of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> subsp. Cuspidata (Indian Olive) Seed Extracts. <span class='html-italic'>Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2022</span>, e5164985. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antidiabetic+Potential+and+Antioxidant+Activity+of+Olea+europaea+subsp.+Cuspidata+(Indian+Olive)+Seed+Extracts&author=Akhtar,+M.F.&author=Ashraf,+K.M.&author=Saleem,+A.&author=Sharif,+A.&author=Zubair,+H.M.&author=Anwar,+F.&publication_year=2022&journal=Evid.+Based+Complement.+Altern.+Med.&volume=2022&pages=e5164985&doi=10.1155/2022/5164985" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5164985" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B185-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='185.'>Zakari, A.; Umar, H.; Auwal, I. Hypoglycemic Effect of Olive Oil (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europea</span>) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats. <span class='html-italic'>Niger. J. Chem. Res.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 051–058. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hypoglycemic+Effect+of+Olive+Oil+(Olea+europea)+on+Alloxan-Induced+Diabetic+Albino+Rats&author=Zakari,+A.&author=Umar,+H.&author=Auwal,+I.&publication_year=2023&journal=Niger.+J.+Chem.+Res.&volume=28&pages=051%E2%80%93058&doi=10.4314/njcr.v28i1.5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B186-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='186.'>Figueiredo-González, M.; Reboredo-Rodríguez, P.; González-Barreiro, C.; Carrasco-Pancorbo, A.; Cancho-Grande, B.; Simal-Gándara, J. The involvement of phenolic-rich extracts from Galician autochthonous extra-virgin olive oils against the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. <span class='html-italic'>Food Res. Int.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>116</span>, 447–454. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+involvement+of+phenolic-rich+extracts+from+Galician+autochthonous+extra-virgin+olive+oils+against+the+%CE%B1-glucosidase+and+%CE%B1-amylase+inhibition&author=Figueiredo-Gonz%C3%A1lez,+M.&author=Reboredo-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+P.&author=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Barreiro,+C.&author=Carrasco-Pancorbo,+A.&author=Cancho-Grande,+B.&author=Simal-G%C3%A1ndara,+J.&publication_year=2019&journal=Food+Res.+Int.&volume=116&pages=447%E2%80%93454&doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.060" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.060" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B187-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='187.'>Abdelkarem, H.M.; El-Sherif, M.A.; Gomma, S.B.; Kassem, S.S.; Abdelkader, M.M. Olive Leaf Powder Modulate Insulin Production and Circulating Adipokines in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. <span class='html-italic'>J. Diet. Suppl.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 550–565. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+Leaf+Powder+Modulate+Insulin+Production+and+Circulating+Adipokines+in+Streptozotocin+Induced+Diabetic+Rats&author=Abdelkarem,+H.M.&author=El-Sherif,+M.A.&author=Gomma,+S.B.&author=Kassem,+S.S.&author=Abdelkader,+M.M.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Diet.+Suppl.&volume=19&pages=550%E2%80%93565&doi=10.1080/19390211.2021.1914267" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1914267" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B188-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='188.'>Al-Shudiefat, A.A.-R.; Alturk, H.; Al-Ameer, H.J.; Zihlif, M.; Alenazy, M. Olive Leaf Extract of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Reduces Blood Glucose Level through Inhibition of AS160 in Diabetic Rats. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 5939. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+Leaf+Extract+of+Olea+europaea+Reduces+Blood+Glucose+Level+through+Inhibition+of+AS160+in+Diabetic+Rats&author=Al-Shudiefat,+A.A.-R.&author=Alturk,+H.&author=Al-Ameer,+H.J.&author=Zihlif,+M.&author=Alenazy,+M.&publication_year=2023&journal=Appl.+Sci.&volume=13&pages=5939&doi=10.3390/app13105939" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105939" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B189-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='189.'>Chigurupati, S.; Alharbi, F.S.; Almahmoud, S.; Aldubayan, M.; Almoshari, Y.; Vijayabalan, S.; Bhatia, S.; Chinnam, S.; Venugopal, V. Molecular docking of phenolic compounds and screening of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Ethanolic leaves extract. <span class='html-italic'>Arab. J. Chem.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 103422. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Molecular+docking+of+phenolic+compounds+and+screening+of+antioxidant+and+antidiabetic+potential+of+Olea+europaea+L.+Ethanolic+leaves+extract&author=Chigurupati,+S.&author=Alharbi,+F.S.&author=Almahmoud,+S.&author=Aldubayan,+M.&author=Almoshari,+Y.&author=Vijayabalan,+S.&author=Bhatia,+S.&author=Chinnam,+S.&author=Venugopal,+V.&publication_year=2021&journal=Arab.+J.+Chem.&volume=14&pages=103422&doi=10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103422" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103422" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B190-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='190.'>Laaboudi, W.; Ghanam, J.; Ghoumari, O.; Sounni, F.; Merzouki, M.; Benlemlih, M. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of phenolic olive tree extract in streptozotocin diabetic rats. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 287. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hypoglycemic+and+hypolipidemic+effects+of+phenolic+olive+tree+extract+in+streptozotocin+diabetic+rats&author=Laaboudi,+W.&author=Ghanam,+J.&author=Ghoumari,+O.&author=Sounni,+F.&author=Merzouki,+M.&author=Benlemlih,+M.&publication_year=2016&journal=Int.+J.+Pharm.+Pharm.+Sci.&volume=8&pages=287&doi=10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14077" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14077" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B191-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='191.'>Dekdouk, N.; Malafronte, N.; Russo, D.; Faraone, I.; De Tommasi, N.; Ameddah, S.; Severino, L.; Milella, L. Phenolic Compounds from <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Possess Antioxidant Activity and Inhibit Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes In Vitro. <span class='html-italic'>Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2015</span>, e684925. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+Compounds+from+Olea+europaea+L.+Possess+Antioxidant+Activity+and+Inhibit+Carbohydrate+Metabolizing+Enzymes+In+Vitro&author=Dekdouk,+N.&author=Malafronte,+N.&author=Russo,+D.&author=Faraone,+I.&author=De+Tommasi,+N.&author=Ameddah,+S.&author=Severino,+L.&author=Milella,+L.&publication_year=2015&journal=Evid.+Based+Complement.+Altern.+Med.&volume=2015&pages=e684925&doi=10.1155/2015/684925" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/684925" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B192-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='192.'>Palmeri, R.; Parafati, L.; Trippa, D.; Siracusa, L.; Arena, E.; Restuccia, C.; Fallico, B. Addition of Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) for Producing Fortified Fresh Pasteurized Milk with an Extended Shelf Life. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 255. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Addition+of+Olive+Leaf+Extract+(OLE)+for+Producing+Fortified+Fresh+Pasteurized+Milk+with+an+Extended+Shelf+Life&author=Palmeri,+R.&author=Parafati,+L.&author=Trippa,+D.&author=Siracusa,+L.&author=Arena,+E.&author=Restuccia,+C.&author=Fallico,+B.&publication_year=2019&journal=Antioxidants&volume=8&pages=255&doi=10.3390/antiox8080255" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080255" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B193-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='193.'>Rauf, A.; Rashid, U.; Shah, Z.A.; Rehman, G.; Bashir, K.; Jamil, J.; Iftikhar; Rahman, A.; Alsahammari, A.; Alharbi, M.; et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ferruginan, a Natural Compound from <span class='html-italic'>Olea ferruginea</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Processes</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 545. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Anti-Inflammatory+and+Anti-Diabetic+Activity+of+Ferruginan,+a+Natural+Compound+from+Olea+ferruginea&author=Rauf,+A.&author=Rashid,+U.&author=Shah,+Z.A.&author=Rehman,+G.&author=Bashir,+K.&author=Jamil,+J.&author=Iftikhar&author=Rahman,+A.&author=Alsahammari,+A.&author=Alharbi,+M.&publication_year=2023&journal=Processes&volume=11&pages=545&doi=10.3390/pr11020545" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020545" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B194-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='194.'>Zhang, C.; Zhang, J.; Xin, X.; Zhu, S.; Niu, E.; Wu, Q.; Li, T.; Liu, D. Changes in Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activity of Olive Leaves Treated by Two Drying Methods. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Nutr.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 854680. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Changes+in+Phytochemical+Profiles+and+Biological+Activity+of+Olive+Leaves+Treated+by+Two+Drying+Methods&author=Zhang,+C.&author=Zhang,+J.&author=Xin,+X.&author=Zhu,+S.&author=Niu,+E.&author=Wu,+Q.&author=Li,+T.&author=Liu,+D.&publication_year=2022&journal=Front.+Nutr.&volume=9&pages=854680&doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.854680" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.854680" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B195-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='195.'>Al-Attar, A.M.; Alsalmi, F.A. Effect of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaves extract on streptozotocin induced diabetes in male albino rats. <span class='html-italic'>Saudi J. Biol. Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 118–128. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+Olea+europaea+leaves+extract+on+streptozotocin+induced+diabetes+in+male+albino+rats&author=Al-Attar,+A.M.&author=Alsalmi,+F.A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Saudi+J.+Biol.+Sci.&volume=26&pages=118%E2%80%93128&doi=10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.03.002" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.03.002" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B196-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='196.'>Mechchate, H.; Ouedrhiri, W.; Es-safi, I.; Amaghnouje, A.; Jawhari, F.Z.; Bousta, D. Optimization of a New Antihyperglycemic Formulation Using a Mixture of <span class='html-italic'>Linum usitatissimum</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Coriandrum sativum</span> L., and <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> var. sylvestris Flavonoids: A Mixture Design Approach. <span class='html-italic'>Biologics</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 154–163. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimization+of+a+New+Antihyperglycemic+Formulation+Using+a+Mixture+of+Linum+usitatissimum+L.,+Coriandrum+sativum+L.,+and+Olea+europaea+var.+sylvestris+Flavonoids:+A+Mixture+Design+Approach&author=Mechchate,+H.&author=Ouedrhiri,+W.&author=Es-safi,+I.&author=Amaghnouje,+A.&author=Jawhari,+F.Z.&author=Bousta,+D.&publication_year=2021&journal=Biologics&volume=1&pages=154%E2%80%93163&doi=10.3390/biologics1020009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics1020009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B197-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='197.'>Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. <span class='html-italic'>CA Cancer J. Clin.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>71</span>, 209–249. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Global+Cancer+Statistics+2020:+GLOBOCAN+Estimates+of+Incidence+and+Mortality+Worldwide+for+36+Cancers+in+185+Countries&author=Sung,+H.&author=Ferlay,+J.&author=Siegel,+R.L.&author=Laversanne,+M.&author=Soerjomataram,+I.&author=Jemal,+A.&author=Bray,+F.&publication_year=2021&journal=CA+Cancer+J.+Clin.&volume=71&pages=209%E2%80%93249&doi=10.3322/caac.21660" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B198-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='198.'>Zhong, L.; Li, Y.; Xiong, L.; Wang, W.; Wu, M.; Yuan, T.; Yang, W.; Tian, C.; Miao, Z.; Wang, T.; et al. Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives. <span class='html-italic'>Signal Transduct. Target. Ther.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 201. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Small+molecules+in+targeted+cancer+therapy:+Advances,+challenges,+and+future+perspectives&author=Zhong,+L.&author=Li,+Y.&author=Xiong,+L.&author=Wang,+W.&author=Wu,+M.&author=Yuan,+T.&author=Yang,+W.&author=Tian,+C.&author=Miao,+Z.&author=Wang,+T.&publication_year=2021&journal=Signal+Transduct.+Target.+Ther.&volume=6&pages=201&doi=10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B199-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='199.'>Quirantes-Piné, R.; Zurek, G.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Bäßmann, C.; Micol, V.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. A metabolite-profiling approach to assess the uptake and metabolism of phenolic compounds from olive leaves in SKBR3 cells by HPLC–ESI-QTOF-MS. <span class='html-italic'>J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>72</span>, 121–126. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+metabolite-profiling+approach+to+assess+the+uptake+and+metabolism+of+phenolic+compounds+from+olive+leaves+in+SKBR3+cells+by+HPLC%E2%80%93ESI-QTOF-MS&author=Quirantes-Pin%C3%A9,+R.&author=Zurek,+G.&author=Barraj%C3%B3n-Catal%C3%A1n,+E.&author=B%C3%A4%C3%9Fmann,+C.&author=Micol,+V.&author=Segura-Carretero,+A.&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Guti%C3%A9rrez,+A.&publication_year=2013&journal=J.+Pharm.+Biomed.+Anal.&volume=72&pages=121%E2%80%93126&doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.029" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.029" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B200-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='200.'>Ruzzolini, J.; Peppicelli, S.; Andreucci, E.; Bianchini, F.; Scardigli, A.; Romani, A.; La Marca, G.; Nediani, C.; Calorini, L. Oleuropein, the Main Polyphenol of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> Leaf Extract, Has an Anti-Cancer Effect on Human BRAF Melanoma Cells and Potentiates the Cytotoxicity of Current Chemotherapies. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1950. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oleuropein,+the+Main+Polyphenol+of+Olea+europaea+Leaf+Extract,+Has+an+Anti-Cancer+Effect+on+Human+BRAF+Melanoma+Cells+and+Potentiates+the+Cytotoxicity+of+Current+Chemotherapies&author=Ruzzolini,+J.&author=Peppicelli,+S.&author=Andreucci,+E.&author=Bianchini,+F.&author=Scardigli,+A.&author=Romani,+A.&author=La+Marca,+G.&author=Nediani,+C.&author=Calorini,+L.&publication_year=2018&journal=Nutrients&volume=10&pages=1950&doi=10.3390/nu10121950" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121950" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B201-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='201.'>Casaburi, I.; Puoci, F.; Chimento, A.; Sirianni, R.; Ruggiero, C.; Avena, P.; Pezzi, V. Potential of olive oil phenols as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against cancer: A review of in vitro studies. <span class='html-italic'>Mol. Nutr. Food Res.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>57</span>, 71–83. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Potential+of+olive+oil+phenols+as+chemopreventive+and+therapeutic+agents+against+cancer:+A+review+of+in+vitro+studies&author=Casaburi,+I.&author=Puoci,+F.&author=Chimento,+A.&author=Sirianni,+R.&author=Ruggiero,+C.&author=Avena,+P.&author=Pezzi,+V.&publication_year=2013&journal=Mol.+Nutr.+Food+Res.&volume=57&pages=71%E2%80%9383&doi=10.1002/mnfr.201200503" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200503" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B202-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='202.'>Carpi, S.; Polini, B.; Manera, C.; Digiacomo, M.; Salsano, J.E.; Macchia, M.; Scoditti, E.; Nieri, P. miRNA Modulation and Antitumor Activity by the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenol Oleacein in Human Melanoma Cells. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Pharmacol.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 574317. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=miRNA+Modulation+and+Antitumor+Activity+by+the+Extra-Virgin+Olive+Oil+Polyphenol+Oleacein+in+Human+Melanoma+Cells&author=Carpi,+S.&author=Polini,+B.&author=Manera,+C.&author=Digiacomo,+M.&author=Salsano,+J.E.&author=Macchia,+M.&author=Scoditti,+E.&author=Nieri,+P.&publication_year=2020&journal=Front.+Pharmacol.&volume=11&pages=574317&doi=10.3389/fphar.2020.574317" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.574317" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B203-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='203.'>Boss, A.; Bishop, K.S.; Marlow, G.; Barnett, M.P.G.; Ferguson, L.R. Evidence to Support the Anti-Cancer Effect of Olive Leaf Extract and Future Directions. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 513. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evidence+to+Support+the+Anti-Cancer+Effect+of+Olive+Leaf+Extract+and+Future+Directions&author=Boss,+A.&author=Bishop,+K.S.&author=Marlow,+G.&author=Barnett,+M.P.G.&author=Ferguson,+L.R.&publication_year=2016&journal=Nutrients&volume=8&pages=513&doi=10.3390/nu8080513" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080513" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B204-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='204.'>Quero, J.; Ballesteros, L.F.; Ferreira-Santos, P.; Velderrain-Rodriguez, G.R.; Rocha, C.M.R.; Pereira, R.N.; Teixeira, J.A.; Martin-Belloso, O.; Osada, J.; Rodríguez-Yoldi, M.J. Unveiling the Antioxidant Therapeutic Functionality of Sustainable Olive Pomace Active Ingredients. <span class='html-italic'>Antioxidants</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 828. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unveiling+the+Antioxidant+Therapeutic+Functionality+of+Sustainable+Olive+Pomace+Active+Ingredients&author=Quero,+J.&author=Ballesteros,+L.F.&author=Ferreira-Santos,+P.&author=Velderrain-Rodriguez,+G.R.&author=Rocha,+C.M.R.&author=Pereira,+R.N.&author=Teixeira,+J.A.&author=Martin-Belloso,+O.&author=Osada,+J.&author=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Yoldi,+M.J.&publication_year=2022&journal=Antioxidants&volume=11&pages=828&doi=10.3390/antiox11050828" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050828" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B205-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='205.'>Albogami, S.; Hassan, A.M. Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 4069. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessment+of+the+Efficacy+of+Olive+Leaf+(Olea+europaea+L.)+Extracts+in+the+Treatment+of+Colorectal+Cancer+and+Prostate+Cancer+Using+In+Vitro+Cell+Models&author=Albogami,+S.&author=Hassan,+A.M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Molecules&volume=26&pages=4069&doi=10.3390/molecules26134069" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134069" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B206-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='206.'>Uğuz, A.C.; Rocha-Pimienta, J.; Martillanes, S.; Garrido, M.; Espino, J.; Delgado-Adámez, J. Chlorophyll Pigments of Olive Leaves and Green Tea Extracts Differentially Affect Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 2779. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chlorophyll+Pigments+of+Olive+Leaves+and+Green+Tea+Extracts+Differentially+Affect+Their+Antioxidant+and+Anticancer+Properties&author=U%C4%9Fuz,+A.C.&author=Rocha-Pimienta,+J.&author=Martillanes,+S.&author=Garrido,+M.&author=Espino,+J.&author=Delgado-Ad%C3%A1mez,+J.&publication_year=2023&journal=Molecules&volume=28&pages=2779&doi=10.3390/molecules28062779" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062779" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B207-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='207.'>Shah, Z.A.; Mujawah, A.A.H.; Ullah, I.; Rauf, A.; Rashid, U.; Khalil, A.A.; Shah, S.M.M.; Pervaiz, A.; Shaheen, F.; Al-Awthan, Y.S.; et al. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of a New Ferruginan A from <span class='html-italic'>Olea ferruginea</span>: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2022</span>, e8519250. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant+and+Cytotoxic+Activity+of+a+New+Ferruginan+A+from+Olea+ferruginea:+In+Vitro+and+In+Silico+Studies&author=Shah,+Z.A.&author=Mujawah,+A.A.H.&author=Ullah,+I.&author=Rauf,+A.&author=Rashid,+U.&author=Khalil,+A.A.&author=Shah,+S.M.M.&author=Pervaiz,+A.&author=Shaheen,+F.&author=Al-Awthan,+Y.S.&publication_year=2022&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2022&pages=e8519250&doi=10.1155/2022/8519250" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8519250" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B208-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='208.'>Samet, I.; Han, J.; Jlaiel, L.; Sayadi, S.; Isoda, H. Olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span>) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying Mechanism. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2014</span>, e927619. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olive+(Olea+europaea)+Leaf+Extract+Induces+Apoptosis+and+Monocyte/Macrophage+Differentiation+in+Human+Chronic+Myelogenous+Leukemia+K562+Cells:+Insight+into+the+Underlying+Mechanism&author=Samet,+I.&author=Han,+J.&author=Jlaiel,+L.&author=Sayadi,+S.&author=Isoda,+H.&publication_year=2014&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2014&pages=e927619&doi=10.1155/2014/927619" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/927619" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B209-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='209.'>Morsy, F.S.; Abdel-Aziz, M.E. Efficiency of olive (<span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L.) leaf extract as antioxidant and anticancer agents. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agroaliment. Process. Technol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 46–53. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Efficiency+of+olive+(Olea+europaea+L.)+leaf+extract+as+antioxidant+and+anticancer+agents&author=Morsy,+F.S.&author=Abdel-Aziz,+M.E.&publication_year=2014&journal=J.+Agroaliment.+Process.+Technol.&volume=20&pages=46%E2%80%9353" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B210-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='210.'>Essafi Rhouma, H.; Trabelsi, N.; Chimento, A.; Benincasa, C.; Tamaalli, A.; Perri, E.; Zarrouk, M.; Pezzi, V. <span class='html-italic'>Olea Europaea</span> L. Flowers as a New Promising Anticancer Natural Product: Phenolic Composition, Antiproliferative Activity and Apoptosis Induction. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Prod. Res.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>35</span>, 1836–1839. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olea+Europaea+L.+Flowers+as+a+New+Promising+Anticancer+Natural+Product:+Phenolic+Composition,+Antiproliferative+Activity+and+Apoptosis+Induction&author=Essafi+Rhouma,+H.&author=Trabelsi,+N.&author=Chimento,+A.&author=Benincasa,+C.&author=Tamaalli,+A.&author=Perri,+E.&author=Zarrouk,+M.&author=Pezzi,+V.&publication_year=2021&journal=Nat.+Prod.+Res.&volume=35&pages=1836%E2%80%931839&doi=10.1080/14786419.2019.1637867" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1637867" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B211-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='211.'>Alzandi, A.A.; Taher, E.A.; Al-Sagheer, N.A.; Al-Khulaidi, A.W.; Azizi, M.; Naguib, D.M. Phytochemical components, antioxidant and anticancer activity of 18 major medicinal plants in Albaha region, Saudi Arabia. <span class='html-italic'>Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 102020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+components,+antioxidant+and+anticancer+activity+of+18+major+medicinal+plants+in+Albaha+region,+Saudi+Arabia&author=Alzandi,+A.A.&author=Taher,+E.A.&author=Al-Sagheer,+N.A.&author=Al-Khulaidi,+A.W.&author=Azizi,+M.&author=Naguib,+D.M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Biocatal.+Agric.+Biotechnol.&volume=34&pages=102020&doi=10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102020" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102020" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B212-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='212.'>Goldsmith, C.D.; Vuong, Q.V.; Sadeqzadeh, E.; Stathopoulos, C.E.; Roach, P.D.; Scarlett, C.J. Phytochemical Properties and Anti-Proliferative Activity of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Leaf Extracts against Pancreatic Cancer Cells. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 12992–13004. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+Properties+and+Anti-Proliferative+Activity+of+Olea+europaea+L.+Leaf+Extracts+against+Pancreatic+Cancer+Cells&author=Goldsmith,+C.D.&author=Vuong,+Q.V.&author=Sadeqzadeh,+E.&author=Stathopoulos,+C.E.&author=Roach,+P.D.&author=Scarlett,+C.J.&publication_year=2015&journal=Molecules&volume=20&pages=12992%E2%80%9313004&doi=10.3390/molecules200712992" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200712992" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B213-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='213.'>Najibullah, S.N.M.; Ahamad, J.; Sultana, S.; Uthirapathy, S. Potential anticancer activity of chemically characterized extract of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> (Olive) leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Emir. J. Food Agric.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>35</span>, 890–896. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Potential+anticancer+activity+of+chemically+characterized+extract+of+Olea+europaea+(Olive)+leaves&author=Najibullah,+S.N.M.&author=Ahamad,+J.&author=Sultana,+S.&author=Uthirapathy,+S.&publication_year=2023&journal=Emir.+J.+Food+Agric.&volume=35&pages=890%E2%80%93896&doi=10.9755/ejfa.2023.3136" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2023.3136" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B214-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='214.'>Mutlu, M.; Tunca, B.; Aksoy, S.A.; Tekin, C.; Cecener, G.; Egeli, U. <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> leaf extract decreases tumour size by affecting the LncRNA expression status in glioblastoma 3D cell cultures. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. J. Integr. Med.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>45</span>, 101345. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Olea+europaea+leaf+extract+decreases+tumour+size+by+affecting+the+LncRNA+expression+status+in+glioblastoma+3D+cell+cultures&author=Mutlu,+M.&author=Tunca,+B.&author=Aksoy,+S.A.&author=Tekin,+C.&author=Cecener,+G.&author=Egeli,+U.&publication_year=2021&journal=Eur.+J.+Integr.+Med.&volume=45&pages=101345&doi=10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101345" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101345" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B215-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='215.'>Fontana, G.; Bruno, M.; Notarbartolo, M.; Labbozzetta, M.; Poma, P.; Spinella, A.; Rosselli, S. Cytotoxicity of oleanolic and ursolic acid derivatives toward hepatocellular carcinoma and evaluation of NF-κB involvement. <span class='html-italic'>Bioorganic Chem.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>90</span>, 103054. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cytotoxicity+of+oleanolic+and+ursolic+acid+derivatives+toward+hepatocellular+carcinoma+and+evaluation+of+NF-%CE%BAB+involvement&author=Fontana,+G.&author=Bruno,+M.&author=Notarbartolo,+M.&author=Labbozzetta,+M.&author=Poma,+P.&author=Spinella,+A.&author=Rosselli,+S.&publication_year=2019&journal=Bioorganic+Chem.&volume=90&pages=103054&doi=10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103054" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103054" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B216-biomolecules-14-00722' class='html-xxx' data-content='216.'>Clewell, A.E.; Béres, E.; Vértesi, A.; Glávits, R.; Hirka, G.; Endres, J.R.; Murbach, T.S.; Szakonyiné, I.P. A Comprehensive Toxicological Safety Assessment of an Extract of <span class='html-italic'>Olea europaea</span> L. Leaves (Bonolive<sup>TM</sup>). <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Toxicol.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>35</span>, 208–221. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Comprehensive+Toxicological+Safety+Assessment+of+an+Extract+of+Olea+europaea+L.+Leaves+(BonoliveTM)&author=Clewell,+A.E.&author=B%C3%A9res,+E.&author=V%C3%A9rtesi,+A.&author=Gl%C3%A1vits,+R.&author=Hirka,+G.&author=Endres,+J.R.&author=Murbach,+T.S.&author=Szakonyin%C3%A9,+I.P.&publication_year=2016&journal=Int.+J.+Toxicol.&volume=35&pages=208%E2%80%93221&doi=10.1177/1091581815619764" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581815619764" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f001"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g001" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Worldwide geographical locations of olive cultivation.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Worldwide geographical locations of olive cultivation.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g001" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f002"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g002" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Chemical structures of key phenolic alcohols.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Chemical structures of key phenolic alcohols.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g002" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f003"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g003" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Chemical structures of key phenolic acids.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Chemical structures of key phenolic acids.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g003" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f004"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g004" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Chemical structures of key flavonoids.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Chemical structures of key flavonoids.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g004" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f005"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g005" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Chemical structures of key triterpenoids.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Chemical structures of key triterpenoids.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g005" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f006"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g006" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Comprehensive chemical structures of key secoiridoids.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Comprehensive chemical structures of key secoiridoids.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g006" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f007"> <img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g007" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Figure illustrating the molecular representation of the antioxidant mechanism of secoiridoids. This potent antioxidant has the potential to mitigate intracellular ROS levels. ROS, known to induce inflammation via NF-kB and AP-1 activation, trigger various cellular signaling processes leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. Secoiridoids effectively block these mediators. Additionally, secoiridoids might regulate cellular signaling by impacting signal transduction pathways. They demonstrate protective properties by activating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, stimulating MAPK proteins (ERK, JNK, and P38), and facilitating Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, secoiridoids elevate the expression of MnSOD and HO-1, providing defense against oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Figure illustrating the molecular representation of the antioxidant mechanism of secoiridoids. This potent antioxidant has the potential to mitigate intracellular ROS levels. ROS, known to induce inflammation via NF-kB and AP-1 activation, trigger various cellular signaling processes leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. Secoiridoids effectively block these mediators. Additionally, secoiridoids might regulate cellular signaling by impacting signal transduction pathways. They demonstrate protective properties by activating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, stimulating MAPK proteins (ERK, JNK, and P38), and facilitating Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, secoiridoids elevate the expression of MnSOD and HO-1, providing defense against oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png" data-original="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png" alt="Biomolecules 14 00722 g007" data-lsrc="/biomolecules/biomolecules-14-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomolecules-14-00722-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Charting the worldwide dispersion of olive varieties. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Charting the worldwide dispersion of olive varieties.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Country</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Olive Variety</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Albania</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Kalinjot</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B29-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">29</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Algeria</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Blanquette de Guelma, Azeradj, Sigoise</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B30-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">30</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Argentina</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Arauco</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B31-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">31</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Chile</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Azapa</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B32-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">32</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Cyprus</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Ladoelia, Kato Drys</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B33-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">33</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Croatia</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Oblica, Crnica, Karbonaca</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B34-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">34</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Egypt</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Toffahi, Koroneiki, Aggezi Shami</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B35-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">35</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >France</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Grossane, Aglandau, Picholine, Tanche</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B36-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">36</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Greece</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Koutsourelia, Kalamón, Megaritiki, Mastoidis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B37-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">37</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Israel</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Kadesh, Barnea, Merhavia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B38-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">38</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Italy</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Leccino, Pisciottana, Frantoiana, Salella, Ravece, Cilentana, Carolea</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B39-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">39</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Jordan</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Rasi’i</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B40-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">40</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Lebanon</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Soury, Maurino, Baladi</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B41-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">41</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Morocco</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Picholine Marocaine, Menara, Haouzia, Arbequina</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B42-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">42</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Palestine</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Nabali Baladi, Yunani, Barouni</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B43-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">43</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Portugal</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Maçanilha Algarvia, Cordovil de Serpa, Galega, Carrasquenha, Redondal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B44-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">44</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Spain</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Lechín de Sevilla, Manzanilla de<br>Sevilla, Picudo, Nevadillo negro, Hojiblanca</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B45-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">45</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Syria</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Sorani, Doebli</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B46-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">46</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Tunisia</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Gerboui, Chétoui, Chemlali, Oueslati</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B47-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">47</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Turkey</td><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Memeli, Çelebi, Gemlik Memecik, Erkence, Çekiste</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B48-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">48</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Differences in the chemical composition of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> in various plant parts. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Differences in the chemical composition of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea</span> in various plant parts.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Plant Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Chemical Composition</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Branch</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HPLC-DAD-MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds<br>Oleuropein; comselogoside; flavanonols; taxifolin; hydroxytyrosol; verbascoside; 1-acetoxypinoresinol glucoside; eriodictyol; esculetin<br>Triterpenoids<br>Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, maslinic acid; and erythrodiol</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B50-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">50</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS and -MS/MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds<br>Phenolic acids<br>Chlorogenic acid<br>Gallic acid<br>Dihydroxybenzoic acid hexoside<br>Phenolic aldehydes<br>Vanillin<br>Phenylethanoids<br>Hydroxytyrosol<br>Hydroxytyrosol-hexoside II<br>Tyrosol<br>Verbascoside<br>Coumarins<br>Aesculetin<br>Flavonoids<br>Taxifolin<br>Luteolin di-O-hexoside<br>Apigenin 6–8-di-C-glucoside<br>Quercetin<br>Quercetin 3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside<br>Luteolin 7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-glucoside<br>Luteolin-7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside<br>Chrysoeriol 7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-glucoside<br>Apigenin 7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside<br>Chrysoeriol<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Hydroxyverbascoside<br>Verbascoside<br>Calceolarioside<br>Iridoids and derivatives<br>Loganic acid glucoside<br>Loganic acid<br>Loganin<br>7-Deoxyloganic acid<br>Secoiridoids and derivatives<br>Oleuropein<br>Acyclodihydroelenolic acid hexoside<br>Hydroxyoleuropein<br>Oleuropein hexoside<br>Dihydro oleuropein<br>Fraxamoside</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B51-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">52</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gas Chromatography<br>Bradford Assay<br>Flame photometer<br>LC-HR-MS/MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Protein<br>Albumin, Globulin, Prolamin and Glutelin<br>Mineral<br>K, Na, P, Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ca<sup>2+</sup><br>Fatty Acid<br>Monounsaturated FA<br>Palmitoleic acid C16:1, oleic acid C18:1, eicosenoic acid C20:1, behenic acid C22:1<br>Polyunsaturated FA<br>Linolenic acid C18:3,<br>Linoleic acid C18:2<br>Saturated FA<br>Palmitic acid C16:0, stearic acid C18:0, eicosenoic acid C20:0 and lignoceric acid C24:0<br>Polar fatty lipid<br>Phospholipid<br>Glycolipid<br>Sphingolipid<br>Acyl sterol glycoside</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B8-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B53-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">53</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HPLC-DAD-MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds<br>Oleuropein<br>Oleoside 11-methyl ester<br>Ligstroside oleoside<br>Nüzhenide<br>Nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B50-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">52</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >GC-MS<br>UHPLC-HRMS<br>HPLC-DAD-UV<br>HPLC-MS/MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fatty acids<br>Tridecanoic acid<br>Myristic acid<br>Palmitic acid<br>Palmitoleic acid<br>Margaric acid<br>Heptadecenoic acid<br>Stearic acid<br>Oleic acid<br>Linoleic acid<br>Linolenic acid<br>Arachidic acid<br>Eicosenoic acid<br>Tocopherols<br><span class='html-italic'>δ</span>-tocopherol<br><span class='html-italic'>γ</span>-tocopherol<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-tocopherol<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-tocopherol<br>Carotenoids<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-carotene<br>Volatile compounds<br>Isoprene<br>Pent-1-en-3-one<br>Pentan-3-one<br>(<span class='html-italic'>Z</span>)-Hex-3-enal<br>(<span class='html-italic'>E</span>)-Pent-2-enal<br>Hexanal<br>(<span class='html-italic'>E</span>)-Hex-2-enal<br><span class='html-italic'>trans</span>-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Ocimene<br>3-Ethyloct-1,5-diene<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Copaene<br>Phenolic compounds<br>Hydroxytyrosol<br>Tyrosol<br>Vanillic acid<br>Verbascoside<br>Rutin<br><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Coumaric acid<br>Eriodictyol<br>Catechin<br>Naringenin<br>Quercetin<br>Oleuropein<br>Oleocanthalic acid<br>Oleaceinic acid<br>Dadzein<br>Caffeic acid<br>Gallic acid<br>Pinoresinol<br>Luteolin<br>Apigenin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B54-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">56</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HPLC-DAD-UV<br>ICP-MS<br>HPLC-MS/MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds<br>Tyrosol<br>Hydroxytyrosol<br>Vanillic acid<br>Gallic acid<br>Caffeic acid<br>Chlorogenic acid<br>Vanillin<br><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-coumaric acid<br>Verbascoside<br>Rutin<br>Apigenin-7-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-D-glucose Luteolin-7-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-D-glucose<br>Luteolin<br>Apigenin<br>Secoiridoids<br>Secologanoside<br>Oleoside-11-methylester<br>Oleuropein aglycone<br>Dihydrooleuropein<br>Oleuropein glucoside<br>6′-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-hexopyranosyloleoside<br>Oleuropein<br>Ligstroside<br>Mineral<br>As, Al, Ba, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zn, Na, Ni, P, Si, Ca, Cu, Cd,</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B57-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">59</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Essential oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >GC-MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Monoterpene hydrocarbons<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Pinene<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Thujene<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Thujone<br>Myrcene<br>Oxygenated monoterpenes<br>Linalool<br>Borneol<br>Terpinen-4-ol<br>Hydrocarbons<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Cubebene<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Copaene<br>Sesquiterpene<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Cubebene<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Elemene<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Caryophyllene<br>(<span class='html-italic'>Z</span>)-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Farnesene<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Humulene<br>Germacrene D<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Copaene<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Bisabolene<br><span class='html-italic'>δ</span>-Cadinene<br>Oxygenated sesquiterpenes<br>Caryophyllene oxide<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Cadinol<br>Spathulenol<br>Phenolic compounds<br>Tricosane<br>Tetracosane<br>Hydrocarbons<br>Heptacosane<br>Heneicosane<br>Docosane<br>Pentacosane<br>Eugenol<br>Myristicin<br>Hexacosane<br>Alcohols<br><span class='html-italic'>n</span>-Decanol<br><span class='html-italic'>n</span>-Dodecanol<br>Acids<br>Hexadecanoic acid<br>Oleic acid<br>Ketones<br><span class='html-italic'>α</span>-Ionone<br>(<span class='html-italic'>E</span>)-<span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Damascenone<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Ionone<br>Esters<br>Linalyl acetate<br>Endo-Fenchyl acetate</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B60-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">61</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HPLC-ESI-TOF and IT/MS<br>LC-MS/MS<br>GC-MS<br>HPLC-DAD-TOF-MS<br>HPLC–TOF-HRMS<br>UHPLC/MS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds<br>Hydroxytyrosol<br>Tyrosol<br>Tyrosol glucoside<br>Hydroxytyrosol glucoside<br>Verbascoside<br>Phenolic acid<br>3-Hydroxybenzoic Acid<br><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-hydroxybenzoic acid<br>Hydroxyphenylacetic acid<br>4-Hydroxybenzoic acid<br>Gallic acid<br>Protocatechuic acid<br>Chlorogenic acid<br>Vanillic acid<br>Ferulic acid<br>Salycilic acid<br>Benzoic acid<br><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Coumaric acid<br>Cinnamic acid<br>Syringic acid<br>Gallocatechin<br>Flavonoid<br>Apigenin<br>Catechin<br>Luteolin<br>Rutin<br>Taxifolin<br>Hesperetin<br>Quercetin<br>Diosmetin<br>Aromadendrine<br>Kampferol<br>Eriodictyol<br>Flavan 3-ols<br>Hyperoside<br>Quercetin 7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-glucoside<br>Quercetin 3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rhamnoside<br>Luteolin-7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-glucoside<br>Luteolin 7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside<br>Apigenin-7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-glucoside<br>Apigenin-7-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-neohesperidoside<br>Lignans<br>Syringaresinol<br>Pinoresinol<br>Acetoxypinoresinol<br>Triterpenoids<br>Ursolic acid<br>Maslinic acid<br>Oleanolic acid<br>Asiatic acid<br>Corosolic acid<br>Oleanonic acid<br>Secoiridoids and related derivatives<br>Ligstroside<br>Oleuropein<br>Secologanoside<br>Loganoside<br>Elenolic acid<br>Oleacein<br>Methoxyoleuropein<br>Demethyloleuropein<br>Hydroxyoleuropein<br>Oleuropein aglycone<br>Ligstroside aglycone</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B10-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B62-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B63-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">75</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t004'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> Antifungal activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t004"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 4.</b> Antifungal activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Strains</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Candida glabrata</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Candida dubliniensis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Candida parapsilosis</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Candida kreusei</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus fumigatus</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus niger</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus flavus</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Alternaria alternata</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Botrytis cinerea</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Fusarium moniliform</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Mauginiella scaettae</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Magnaporthe grisea</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Penicillium digitatum</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Trichothecium roseum</span><br><span class='html-italic'>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></td><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Disc diffusion<br>Micro-dilution<br>Trypan blue exclusion method<br>Fluorescent dye exclusion method</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ethyl acetate extract<br>Ø = 10–35 mm<br>Methanolic extract<br>Ø = 9–19 mm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B146-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">146</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MIC = 100–400 µg/mL<br>MFC = 808–1260 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B140-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">140</a>,<a href="#B147-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">147</a>,<a href="#B148-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">148</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous extract<br>Ø = 7–13 mm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B142-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">142</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Essential oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ZOI = 7–17 mm<br>MIC = 250–1250 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B115-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">115</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous extract<br>Ø = 16–19 mm<br>Ethanolic extract<br>Ø = 12.5–25 mm<br>MIC* = 4687 µg/mL<br>MIC* = 6250 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B13-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B134-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">134</a>,<a href="#B135-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">135</a>,<a href="#B136-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">136</a>,<a href="#B149-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">149</a>,<a href="#B150-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">150</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Ø = zone of inhibition; MIC = minimum inhibition concentration; MFC = minimum fungicidal concentration; MIC* = concentration yielding 80% growth inhibition compared to the growth in extract-free medium.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t005'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> Antioxidant activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t005"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 5.</b> Antioxidant activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Part Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extract</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Method</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Radical scavenging activity 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)<br>6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)<br>Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Carotene bleaching assay (BCB)<br>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> scavenging activity<br>Metal ion chelating activity (EDTA)<br>Nitric oxide scavenging activity (NO)<br>Reducing capacity of Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> conversion</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DPPH/IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.25 µg/mL<br>Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> IC<sub>50</sub> = 20.24 µg/mL<br>EDTA/IC<sub>50</sub> = 17.37 µg/mL<br>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/IC<sub>50</sub> = 30.50 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DPPH = 207.00 mg GAE/kg<br>ABTS = 1.806 ± 0.042 mmol Trolox/kg<br><span class='html-italic'>β</span>-Carotene = 65.41% of inhibition</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B160-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">160</a>,<a href="#B161-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">161</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DPPH/IC<sub>50</sub> = 9.47 µg/mL<br>Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> IC<sub>50</sub> = 77.25 µg/mL<br>EDTA/IC<sub>50</sub> = 24.76 µg/mL<br>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/IC<sub>50</sub> = 36.39 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B96-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">96</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetal extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DPPH/IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.034–1.38 mg/mL<br>EDTA/IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.155 mg/mL<br>FRAP/IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0753–1.018 mg/mL<br>ABTS/IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0187–1.647 mg/mL<br>NO/IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.15–1.00 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B19-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B119-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">119</a>,<a href="#B162-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">162</a>,<a href="#B163-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">163</a>,<a href="#B164-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">164</a>,<a href="#B165-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">165</a>,<a href="#B166-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">166</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="biomolecules-14-00722-t008"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href='#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t008'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/6/722/display" href="#table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 8.</b> Cytotoxicity activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_biomolecules-14-00722-t008"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 8.</b> Cytotoxicity activity of various parts of <span class='html-italic'>O. europaea:</span> summary of research findings.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Parts Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Extracts</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cell Line</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >In Vitro Model</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Key Results</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Seed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic</td><td rowspan='12' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Human colorectal cell (HCT-116)<br>Human melanoma cells (501 Mel)<br>Colon cancer cell line (HT29)<br>Prostate cancer cell line (PC3)<br>Breast<br>cancer cell line (MCF-7)<br>Malignant mesothelioma cell line (REN)<br>Hepatocellular cancer cell line (HEPG-2)<br>Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60)<br>Human glioblastoma cell line (T98G)<br>Human lung cancer cell lines (A549)<br>Pancreatic cancer cell line (AsPC-1)<br>Larynx cancer cell line (HEP2)<br>Luminal A breast cancer Cell line<br>(MCF7)<br>Human chronic leukemia<br>cell line (K562)</td><td rowspan='12' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MTT and MTS assay<br>Cell cycle in-cell ELISA Kit<br>Cell death detection ELISA<sup>+</sup><br>The RNeasy mini kit<br>Resazurin assay<br>Agarose gel electrophoresis<br>Assessment of cell growth inhibition<br>WST assay for cell viability</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 875.5 µg/mL</td><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B210-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">210</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fruit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 154.3 µg/mL</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vegetable oil</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 81.9 ± 6.9 mM<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 19.1 ± 5.8 mM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B202-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">202</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ethanolic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 1000 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 600 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B83-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">83</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='8' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leave</td><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aqueous</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 203.1 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 236.6 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B205-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">205</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 15.5 ± 0.40 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 10.2 ± 0.45 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 9.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 10.4 ± 0.16 µg/mL<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 8.6 ± 0.13 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B211-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">211</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 100 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B212-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">212</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 21.91 ± 1.8 μg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B213-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">213</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ethanolic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 200 µg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B214-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">214</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 100 µM<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 40.8 μM<br>IC<sub>50</sub> = 52 µM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B215-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">215</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Methanolic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IC<sub>50</sub> = 21.5 mg GAE/L</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B209-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">209</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.26 mg/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B20-biomolecules-14-00722" class="html-bibr">20</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Comprehensive+Review+of+Olea+europaea%3A+A+Holistic+Exploration+into+Its+Botanical+Marvels%2C+Phytochemical+Riches%2C+Therapeutic+Potentials%2C+and+Safety+Profile&hashtags=mdpibiomolecules&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2834480&via=Biomol_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2834480&title=Comprehensive%20Review%20of%20Olea%20europaea%3A%20A%20Holistic%20Exploration%20into%20Its%20Botanical%20Marvels%2C%20Phytochemical%20Riches%2C%20Therapeutic%20Potentials%2C%20and%20Safety%20Profile%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DHuman%20health%20is%20now%20inextricably%20linked%20to%20lifestyle%20choices%2C%20which%20can%20either%20protect%20or%20predispose%20people%20to%20serious%20illnesses.%20The%20Mediterranean%20diet%2C%20characterized%20by%20the%20consumption%20of%20various%20medicinal%20plants%20and%20their%20byproducts%2C%20plays%20a%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Elhrech, H.; Aguerd, O.; El Kourchi, C.; Gallo, M.; Naviglio, D.; Chamkhi, I.; Bouyahya, A. Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech H, Aguerd O, El Kourchi C, Gallo M, Naviglio D, Chamkhi I, Bouyahya A. Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em>. 2024; 14(6):722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech, Hamza, Oumayma Aguerd, Chaimae El Kourchi, Monica Gallo, Daniele Naviglio, Imane Chamkhi, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. 2024. "Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile" <em>Biomolecules</em> 14, no. 6: 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech, H., Aguerd, O., El Kourchi, C., Gallo, M., Naviglio, D., Chamkhi, I., & Bouyahya, A. (2024). Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em>, <em>14</em>(6), 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/biomolecules/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1417240"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1417240"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1417240"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Elhrech, H.; Aguerd, O.; El Kourchi, C.; Gallo, M.; Naviglio, D.; Chamkhi, I.; Bouyahya, A. Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech H, Aguerd O, El Kourchi C, Gallo M, Naviglio D, Chamkhi I, Bouyahya A. Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em>. 2024; 14(6):722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech, Hamza, Oumayma Aguerd, Chaimae El Kourchi, Monica Gallo, Daniele Naviglio, Imane Chamkhi, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. 2024. "Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile" <em>Biomolecules</em> 14, no. 6: 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Elhrech, H., Aguerd, O., El Kourchi, C., Gallo, M., Naviglio, D., Chamkhi, I., & Bouyahya, A. (2024). Comprehensive Review of <i>Olea europaea</i>: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. <em>Biomolecules</em>, <em>14</em>(6), 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060722 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/biomolecules">Biomolecules</a></em>, EISSN 2218-273X, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/biomolecules" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/biomolecules/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Comprehensive+Review+of+Olea+europaea%3A+A+Holistic+Exploration+into+Its+Botanical+Marvels%2C+Phytochemical+Riches%2C+Therapeutic+Potentials%2C+and+Safety+Profile&hashtags=mdpibiomolecules&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2834480&via=Biomol_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2834480&title=Comprehensive%20Review%20of%20Olea%20europaea%3A%20A%20Holistic%20Exploration%20into%20Its%20Botanical%20Marvels%2C%20Phytochemical%20Riches%2C%20Therapeutic%20Potentials%2C%20and%20Safety%20Profile%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DHuman%20health%20is%20now%20inextricably%20linked%20to%20lifestyle%20choices%2C%20which%20can%20either%20protect%20or%20predispose%20people%20to%20serious%20illnesses.%20The%20Mediterranean%20diet%2C%20characterized%20by%20the%20consumption%20of%20various%20medicinal%20plants%20and%20their%20byproducts%2C%20plays%20a%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/2834480" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/2834480</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "biomolecules"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1417240/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/biom14060722' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2218-273X/14/6/722" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fbiom14060722/111"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fbiom14060722", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2218-273X/14/6/722/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1417240/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1417240/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e70b09f5beea07b',t:'MTczMjM1OTk4Ny4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile