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PHY</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LoRa_PHY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LoRaWAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LoRaWAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>LoRaWAN</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-LoRaWAN-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle LoRaWAN subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-LoRaWAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CSMA_for_LoRaWAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSMA_for_LoRaWAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>CSMA for LoRaWAN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSMA_for_LoRaWAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Version history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LoRa_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LoRa_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>LoRa Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LoRa_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LoRa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="لورا (شبكات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورا (شبكات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa_(LPWAN)" title="LoRa (LPWAN) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="LoRa (LPWAN)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Wide_Area_Network" title="Long Range Wide Area Network – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Long Range Wide Area Network" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87)" title="لورا (شبکه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لورا (شبکه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRaWan" title="LoRaWan – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="LoRaWan" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRaWAN" title="LoRaWAN – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="LoRaWAN" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="LoRa" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the deep learning fine-tuning technique, see <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)#Low-rank_adaptation" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">Fine-tuning (deep learning) § Low-rank_adaptation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">LoRa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg/220px-LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg/330px-LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg/440px-LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A LoRa module</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycleo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycleo (page does not exist)">Cycleo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semtech" title="Semtech">Semtech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connector type</th><td class="infobox-data">SPI/I2C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compatible hardware</th><td class="infobox-data">SX1261, SX1262, SX1268, SX1272, SX1276, SX1278</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Physical range</th><td class="infobox-data">330 kilometres (210 mi) in perfect conditions. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in practical conditions</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>LoRa</b> (from "<b>Lo</b>ng <b>Ra</b>nge", sometimes abbreviated as "LR") is a physical proprietary <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> technique.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> modulation techniques derived from <a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">chirp spread spectrum</a> (CSS) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-modbas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modbas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed by Cycleo, a company of <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble, France</a>, and patented in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2012, Cycleo was acquired by the US company <a href="/wiki/Semtech" title="Semtech">Semtech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>LoRaWAN</b> (Long Range <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide Area Network">Wide Area Network</a>) defines the communication protocol and system architecture. LoRaWAN is an official standard of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU), ITU-T Y.4480.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continued development of the LoRaWAN protocol is managed by the open, non-profit LoRa Alliance, of which Semtech is a founding member. </p><p>Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN define a <a href="/wiki/Low-power_wide-area_network" title="Low-power wide-area network">low-power, wide-area</a> (LPWA) networking protocol designed to wirelessly connect battery operated devices to the Internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT) requirements, such as <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">bi-directional communication</a>, end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. The <a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">low power</a>, low bit rate, and IoT use distinguish this type of network from a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_WAN" title="Wireless WAN">wireless WAN</a> that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LoRaWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: linear-gradient(45deg, lightgray, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));"><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things (IoT)</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid lightgray; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 110%;"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Computer appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_internet_of_things" title="Industrial internet of things">Industrial internet of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">Mesh networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid lightgray; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocols</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_LE" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth LE">Bluetooth LE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jini" title="Jini">Jini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NB-IoT" class="mw-redirect" title="NB-IoT">NB-IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LoRa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)" title="Thread (network protocol)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-configuration_networking" title="Zero-configuration networking">zeroconf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things#Comparison_of_technologies_by_layer" title="Internet of things">Comparison of IoT protocols</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_of_Things" title="Template:Internet of Things"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_of_Things" title="Template talk:Internet of Things"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_of_Things" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet of Things"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> bands EU868 (<a href="/wiki/Short-range_device#SRD860" title="Short-range device">863–870/873 MHz</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>; AU915/AS923-1 (915–928 MHz) in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>; US915 (<a href="/wiki/ISM_radio_band#915_MHz" title="ISM radio band">902–928 MHz</a>) in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; IN865 (865–867 MHz) in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; and AS923 (915–928 MHz) in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-loraWANRegionalParameters_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loraWANRegionalParameters-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-sanchez_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology covers the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s, depending upon the <a href="/wiki/Spreading_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreading factor">spreading factor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LoRa is one of the most popular low-power <a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">wireless sensor network</a> technologies for the implementation of the Internet of Things, offering long-range communication compared to technologies such as Zigbee or Bluetooth, but with lower data rates.<sup id="cite_ref-coutinho_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coutinho-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LoRa devices have <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geolocation</a> capabilities used for <a href="/wiki/Trilateration" title="Trilateration">trilaterating</a> positions of devices via timestamps from gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LoRa_PHY">LoRa PHY</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: LoRa PHY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LoRa uses a proprietary spread spectrum modulation that is similar to and a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">chirp spread spectrum</a> (CSS) modulation. Each symbol is represented by a cyclic shifted chirp over the bandwidth centered around the base frequency. The spreading factor (SF) is a selectable radio parameter from 5 to 12<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represents the number of bits sent per symbol and in addition determines how much the information is spread over time.<sup id="cite_ref-modbas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modbas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=2^{\mathrm {SF} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=2^{\mathrm {SF} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd33e6c12e9a98e333e579ab45df9ad5f0442f3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.923ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=2^{\mathrm {SF} }}" /></span> different initial frequencies of the cyclic shifted chirp across the bandwidth around the center frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-chel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol rate is determined by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{s}=B/M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{s}=B/M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e82f6c775ec1312f9e1cd4b4e0fd2597bd3f9904" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.234ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{s}=B/M}" /></span>. LoRa can tradeoff data rate for sensitivity (assuming a fixed channel bandwidth <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" /></span>) by selecting the SF, i.e. the amount of spread used. A lower SF corresponds to a higher data rate but a worse sensitivity, a higher SF implies a better sensitivity but a lower data rate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to lower SF, sending the same amount of data with higher SF needs more transmission time, known as time-on-air. More time-on-air means that the modem is transmitting for a longer time and consuming more energy. Typical LoRa modems support transmit powers up to +22 dBm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the regulations of the respective country may additionally limit the allowed transmit power. Higher transmit power results in higher signal power at the receiver and hence a higher <a href="/wiki/Link_budget" title="Link budget">link budget</a>, but at the cost of consuming more energy. There are measurement studies of LoRa performance with regard to energy consumption, communication distances, and medium access efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-measurement_studies_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measurement_studies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the LoRa Development Portal, the range provided by LoRa can be up to 3 miles (4.8 km) in urban areas, and up to 10 miles (16 km) or more in rural areas (line of sight).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, LoRa uses <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction coding</a> to improve resilience against interference. LoRa's high range is characterized by high wireless <a href="/wiki/Link_budget" title="Link budget">link budgets</a> of around 155 dB to 170 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Range extenders for LoRa are called LoRaX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LoRaWAN">LoRaWAN</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: LoRaWAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg/220px-LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg/330px-LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg/440px-LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>LoRaWAN network architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>Since LoRa defines the lower, physical, layer, the upper networking layers were lacking. The specification consist of two parts. The actual LoRaWAN acts as a cloud controlled <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a> layer protocol for managing communication between <a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">LPWAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</a> and end-node devices. For communication within the cloud, LoRaWAN specifies data formats for higher layers, while the transport protocol could be any Internet protocol. </p><p>LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network, while LoRa's physical layer enables the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">data rate</a>, and power for all devices.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-node device is received by multiple gateways. Each gateway has a multi-channel receiver, while the end-devices can hop between the channels using a single channel transceiver. Gateways forward the data packets without further processing to a centralized network server.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology shows high reliability for the moderate load, however, it has some performance issues with sending acknowledgements (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The data is then further forwarded to an associated application server.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloud back-end interface definition uses JSON as data format. The cloud network specifies secure joining protocols for end-devices and possibilities for roaming between gateways. The application data payload is encrypted between the end-device and the cloud application and the content format is not specified by LoRaWAN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSMA_for_LoRaWAN">CSMA for LoRaWAN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CSMA for LoRaWAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wireless communication, particularly across the IoT applications, collision avoidance is essential for reliable communication and overall spectral efficiency. Previously, LoRaWAN has relied upon <a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHA</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> (MAC) layer protocol, but to improve this, the LoRa Alliance's Technical Recommendation TR013<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance">CSMA-CA</a>, which does not debilitate LoRa's distinctive modulation advantages such as Spreading Factor orthogonality,<sup id="cite_ref-measurement_studies_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measurement_studies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the capability for below <a href="/wiki/Noise-floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise-floor">noise-floor</a> communication.<sup id="cite_ref-measurement_studies_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measurement_studies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employing the CAD based CSMA technique specified in TR013<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overcomes the limitations of relying on <i>Received Signal Strength</i> (RSS)-based sensing, which is unable to maintain the two said advantages of LoRa modulation. Therefore, implementing TR013 enhances LoRaWAN's spectrum efficiency and ensures more reliable device communication, including in congested environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR013 is based on the LMAC<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the first industry-academia collaboration of LoRa Alliance to have resulted in a Technical Recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_history">Version history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Version history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 2015: 1.0<sup id="cite_ref-lora0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 2016: 1.0.1<sup id="cite_ref-lora1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 2016: 1.0.2<sup id="cite_ref-lora2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 2017: 1.1, adds Class B<sup id="cite_ref-lora11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 2018: 1.0.3<sup id="cite_ref-lora3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 2020: 1.0.4<sup id="cite_ref-lora4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lora4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LoRa_Alliance">LoRa Alliance <span class="anchor" id="Alliance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: LoRa Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LoRa Alliance is an open, non-profit association whose stated mission is to support and promote the global adoption of the LoRaWAN standard for massively scaled IoT deployments, as well as deployments in remote or hard-to-reach locations. </p><p>Members collaborate in a vibrant ecosystem of device makers, solution providers, system integrators and network operators, delivering interoperability needed to scale IoT across the globe, using  public, private, hybrid, and community networks. Key areas of focus within the Alliance are Smart Agriculture, Smart Buildings, Smart Cities, Smart Industry, Smart Logistics, and Smart Utilities. </p><p>Key contributing members of the LoRa Alliance include Actility, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a>, Everynet, <a href="/wiki/Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a>, Kerlink, MachineQ, a <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> Company, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/MikroTik" title="MikroTik">MikroTik</a>, Minol Zenner, Netze BW, Semtech, Senet, <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a>, TEKTELIC and The Things Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the LoRa Alliance had over 100 LoRaWAN network operators in over 100 countries; in 2023, there are nearly 200, providing coverage in nearly every country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 1, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> announced it is "exiting the LoRaWAN space" with no planned migration for Cisco LoRaWAN gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a> — a popular open alternative to LoRa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">IEEE 802.11ah</a> — non-proprietary low-power long-range standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CC430" class="mw-redirect" title="CC430">CC430</a> — an MCU & sub-1 GHz RF transceiver SoC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NB-IoT" class="mw-redirect" title="NB-IoT">NB-IoT</a> — Narrowband Internet of Things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE Cat M1</a> – Cellular device technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIoTy" title="MIoTy">MIoTy</a> — sub-GHz LPWAN technology for sensor networks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_Context_Header_Compression" title="Static Context Header Compression">SCHC</a> — static context header compression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-range_device" title="Short-range device">Short-range device</a> – Class of radio transmitter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium (cryptocurrency)">Helium (cryptocurrency)</a> — LoRaWAN protocol paired with blockchain technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Sidewalk" title="Amazon Sidewalk">Amazon Sidewalk</a> — A mesh wireless network developed by Amazon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshtastic" title="Meshtastic">Meshtastic</a> — A popular open source mesh network protocol that uses LoRa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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"On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access". <i>2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fent.2016.011">10.1109/ent.2016.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4553-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4553-2"><bdi>978-1-5090-4553-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44799707">44799707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Limits+of+LoRaWAN+Channel+Access&rft.btitle=2016+International+Conference+on+Engineering+and+Telecommunication+%28EnT%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44799707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fent.2016.011&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-4553-2&rft.aulast=Bankov&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Khorov%2C+E.&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoRa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoRa_Alliance2015" class="citation web cs1">LoRa Alliance (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/what-is-lorawan.pdf">"LoRaWAN: What is it?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LoRaWAN%3A+What+is+it%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=LoRa+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flora-alliance.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018-04%2Fwhat-is-lorawan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoRa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example of LoRaWan IoT end device transmitting data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloud.studio/">Cloud Studio</a> platform used: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gear.cloud.studio/gear/monitor/shared-dashboard/88c96030a42c4a1fa2669286a6bde321">https://gear.cloud.studio/gear/monitor/shared-dashboard/88c96030a42c4a1fa2669286a6bde321</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.lora-alliance.org/home/tr013-1-0-0-csma">"Enabling CSMA for LoRaWAN TR013-1.0.0"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LoRaWAN%C2%AE+CSMA+to+Minimize+on+Air+Collisions&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft.au=LoRa+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4B8OY2jaLA4%26t%3D681s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoRa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lora0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lora0_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/2015_-_lorawan_specification_1r0_611_1.pdf">"LoRaWAN Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>lora-alliance.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cisco.com&rft.atitle=End-of-Sale+and+End-of-Life+Announcement+for+the+Cisco+LoRaWAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Fproducts%2Fcollateral%2Frouters%2Fwireless-gateway-lorawan%2Florawan-eol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoRa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Olivier Bernard André Seller. "Wireless communication method" U.S. Patent No. 9,647,718. 9 September 2015.</li> <li>Lee, Chang-Jae, Ki-Seon Ryu, and Beum-Joon Kim. "Periodic ranging in a wireless access system for mobile station in sleep mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,194,288. 20 March 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhoslya2019" class="citation web cs1">Ghoslya, Sakshama (2019-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sghoslya.com/p/lora-is-chirp-spread-spectrum.html">"How to generate LoRa Symbols"</a>. <i>All About LoRa and LoRaWAN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+LoRa+and+LoRaWAN&rft.atitle=How+to+generate+LoRa+Symbols&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.aulast=Ghoslya&rft.aufirst=Sakshama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sghoslya.com%2Fp%2Flora-is-chirp-spread-spectrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoRa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Quigley, Thomas J., and Ted Rabenko. "Latency reduction in a communications system." U.S. Patent No. 7,930,000. 19 April 2011.</li> <li>Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7810745/">"On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access"</a>. <i>2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT)</i>: 10–14.</li> <li>Seneviratne, Pradeeka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781484243565">"Beginning LoRa Radio Networks with Arduino - Build Long Range, Low Power Wireless IoT Networks."</a> Apress, 2019, eBook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-4357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-4357-2">978-1-4842-4357-2</a>, Softcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-4356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-4356-5">978-1-4842-4356-5</a>, Ed: 1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoRa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lora-alliance.org/">LoRa Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lora-developers.semtech.com/library/tech-papers-and-guides/lora-and-lorawan/">LoRa Developer Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729143237/http://www.Cycleo.net/">Cycleo website</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2011-07-29)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoRa&oldid=1281025385">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoRa&oldid=1281025385</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wireless_networking" title="Category:Wireless networking">Wireless networking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wireless_communication_systems" title="Category:Wireless communication systems">Wireless communication systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wireless_sensor_network" title="Category:Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 21:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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