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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فرانک فنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک فنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فرانك فنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانك فنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Феннер, Фрэнк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феннер, Фрэнк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frank Fenner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q714609#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></div><div class="fn">Frank Fenner</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">MBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Frank_Fenner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/Professor_Frank_Fenner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frank Johannes Fenner</div><br />21 December 1914<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 November 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-11-22)</span> (aged 95)<sup id="cite_ref-natureobit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Australian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Frank John Fenner (after 1938)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Eradication of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a><br />Control of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Rabbits_in_Australia" title="Rabbits in Australia">rabbit plague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ellen Margaret Bobbie Roberts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenner" title="Charles Fenner">Albert Charles Fenner</a> and Emma Louise "Peggy" Hirt</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank John Fenner</b> (21 December 1914 – 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>. His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the attempted control of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_plagues_in_Australia" title="Rabbit plagues in Australia">rabbit plague</a> through the introduction of <i><a href="/wiki/Myxoma_virus" title="Myxoma virus">Myxoma virus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a> awards annually the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Fenner_Medal" title="Fenner Medal">Fenner Medal</a> for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank Johannes Fenner was born in <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> in 1914. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in November 1916. He attended <a href="/wiki/Rose_Park_Primary_School" title="Rose Park Primary School">Rose Park Primary School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebarton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebarton">Thebarton</a> Technical School. He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, where he earned degrees in medicine and surgery in 1938. That year, uneasy about Hitler's rise, he legally changed his middle name from Johannes (the first name of his German-born paternal grandfather) to John.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1937, Fenner was a member of an Adelaide University anthropological expedition to <a href="/wiki/Nepabunna_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepabunna Mission">Nepabunna Mission</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Ranges" title="Flinders Ranges">Flinders Ranges</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> led by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Cleland" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Cleland">J. B. Cleland</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Mountford" title="Charles P. Mountford">Charles P. Mountford</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> and photographer, as well as botanist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harvey_Johnston" title="Thomas Harvey Johnston">Thomas Harvey Johnston</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-samem_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samem-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1940 to 1946 he was a captain and Major in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Medical_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Army Medical Corps">Australian Army Medical Corps</a> with service in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-obit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as medical officer in field ambulance and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_Clearing_Station" title="Casualty Clearing Station">Casualty Clearing Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> to general hospital and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malariologist</a>. For his work in combating <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> in Papua New Guinea he was made a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-MBE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MBE1945_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBE1945-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his war-time service he was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a> to work at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research</a> in Melbourne. Initially they worked on <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in mice, for which he coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Mousepox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousepox">mousepox</a>", and later on the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">poxvirus</a>. </p><p>In 1949, he received a fellowship to study at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research</a> in New York City, he worked on <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">mycobacterium</a> Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes <a href="/wiki/Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a>, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. Here he worked with and was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dubos" title="René Dubos">René Dubos</a>, who is one of the claimed originators of the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Think_Globally,_Act_Locally" class="mw-redirect" title="Think Globally, Act Locally">Think Globally, Act Locally</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Canberra,_1949–2010"><span id="In_Canberra.2C_1949.E2.80.932010"></span>In Canberra, 1949–2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Canberra, 1949–2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Returning to Australia in 1949, he was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> at the new <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research" title="John Curtin School of Medical Research">John Curtin School of Medical Research</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>. Here he began studying viruses again, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Myxoma_virus" title="Myxoma virus">myxoma virus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1940s and 1950s Australia had severe <a href="/wiki/Rabbits_in_Australia" title="Rabbits in Australia">rabbit plagues</a>. Fenner's work on the myxoma virus showed that initially it killed rabbits in 9 to 11 days and was 99.5% lethal. Under heavy selection pressure, the few rabbits that survived developed resistance, which meant that the pest was never completely eradicated, but their numbers were reduced. Prior to the release of the virus as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> for the rabbits, Fenner, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Clunies_Ross" title="Ian Clunies Ross">Ian Clunies Ross</a> famously injected themselves with myxoma virus, to prove it was not dangerous for humans. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professors_John_Eccles,_Adrien_Albert,_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg/237px-Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg/356px-Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg/474px-Professors_John_Eccles%2C_Adrien_Albert%2C_Frank_Fenner_and_Hugh_Ennor_study_the_plans_for_the_proposed_new_John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Fenner (second from right) and colleagues review plans for the John Curtin School of Medical Research</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1967 to 1973 Fenner was Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research. In 1977, he was named the chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, the same year the last known case of naturally transmitted smallpox occurred in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. Fenner announced the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication" title="Smallpox">eradication of smallpox</a> to the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This success story is regarded as the greatest achievement of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Before its eradication, smallpox was one of the world's most virulent viruses, responsible for millions of deaths, and leaving many of the victims who survived with disfiguring scars for life. </p><p>Fenner had an abiding interest in the environment, and was the foundation Director of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University#Medicine.2C_Biology_and_Environment" title="Australian National University">Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">ANU</a> (1973), where he worked until his retirement in 1979, and which became part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenner_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenner School (page does not exist)">Fenner School</a> of Environment and Society in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a keen supporter of Australia having an ecologically, socially sustainable population. He was emeritus professor at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. </p><p>In June 2010, he predicted in an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction of the human race</a> within a century, primarily as the result of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in Canberra on the morning of 22 November 2010 after a brief illness, and days after the birth of his first great-grandchild.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944 Fenner met Bobbie Roberts. Ellen Margaret 'Bobbie' Roberts was a trained midwife and nurse. During World War II she worked on <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> with the Australian Army Nursing Service and through her work met Fenner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after they met they married in a Catholic ceremony (despite Fenner being an atheist).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While keen to have children, the couple were infertile and with Bobbie having a hysterectomy in 1949 they decided to adopt. They subsequently adopted two children. Marilyn Aldus Fenner was born on 27 June 1950. Her biological parents were unknown. Victoria Fenner (born 1 March 1943) was adopted later at the request of her father (Fenner's younger brother Tom) after the death in a fire of Victoria's mother (Beverley Slaney).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 March 1958, Victoria Fenner shot and killed herself, as part of a supposed suicide pact with another child, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Webb" title="Kate Webb">Catherine Webb</a>, who provided the rifle and bullets. The coronial inquiry heard she had been passing through a period of extreme mental and spiritual disturbance and the coroner declared her death a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenner himself was unable to fathom a motive, other than she was upset from reading <a href="/wiki/Neville_Shute" class="mw-redirect" title="Neville Shute">Neville Shute</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Beach_(novel)" title="On the Beach (novel)">On the Beach</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bobbie Fenner was diagnosed with cancer in 1989 and eventually died in 1994. Marilyn Fenner and her family then moved into the family home and looked after her father until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frank Fenner and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ratcliffe" title="Francis Ratcliffe">Francis Ratcliffe</a>, <i>Myxmatosis</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1965. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521049911" title="Special:BookSources/0521049911">0521049911</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennerWittekDumbell1988" class="citation book cs1">Fenner, Frank; Wittek, Riccardo; Dumbell, Keith R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rR_YfBN0rakC"><i>The Orthopoxviruses</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15022-4"><bdi>978-0-323-15022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthopoxviruses&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15022-4&rft.aulast=Fenner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Wittek%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Dumbell%2C+Keith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR_YfBN0rakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the many honours Fenner received throughout his career, there are the following: </p> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE), 19 July 1945<sup id="cite_ref-MBE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MBE1945_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBE1945-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (CMG) 12 June 1976, in recognition of service to medical research<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet_Medal_and_Lecture" title="Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture">Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a>, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> (Preventive Medicine), 1988 (with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> and Isao Arita)</li> <li>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a> (AC) 26 January 1989, in recognition of service to medical science, to public health and to the environment<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copley medal">Copley medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a>, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clunies Ross Lifetime Contribution National Science and Technology Award, 2002</li> <li>Both the Frank Fenner building which houses the ANU Medical School and Faculty of Science, and a residential college Fenner Hall are named in honour of Frank Fenner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> Medal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science#Awards" title="Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science">Mueller Medal</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ANZAAS_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAAS Medal">ANZAAS Medal</a> (1980)</li> <li>ANZAC Peace Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders_Medal_and_Lecture" title="Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture">Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture</a>, 1967</li> <li>Britannica Australia Award for Medicine</li> <li>2002 Prime Minister's Prize for Science</li> <li>ACT Senior Australian of the Year 2005</li> <li>The federal <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fraser_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Division of Fraser (Australian Capital Territory)">Division of Fraser</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/Jim_Fraser_(politician)" title="Jim Fraser (politician)">Jim Fraser</a>, was renamed after Frank Fenner for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 general election</a>. This was due to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">AEC</a>'s plans to name a seat in Victoria in honour of deceased Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-natureobit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natureobit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Henderson, Donald A.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469035a">"Frank Fenner (1914–2010) A guiding light of the campaign to eradicate smallpox"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>469</b> (7328): 35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469035a">10.1038/469035a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209651">21209651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Frank+Fenner+%281914%E2%80%932010%29+A+guiding+light+of+the+campaign+to+eradicate+smallpox&rft.volume=469&rft.issue=7328&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F469035a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21209651&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F469035a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank F. Fenner, <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald A. Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isao_Arita" title="Isao Arita">Isao Arita</a>, Zdeněk Ježek, Ivan D. Ladnyi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphl.org/programs/preparedness/Smallpox/pdf/9241561106.pdf">Smallpox and its Eradication</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> Geneva, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydenBlandenMims2013" class="citation journal cs1">Boyden, S.; Blanden, R.; Mims, C. (2013). "Frank John Fenner FAA. 21 December 1914 -- 22 November 2010". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>59</b>: <span class="nowrap">125–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2013.0009">10.1098/rsbm.2013.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F65529">1885/65529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71415413">71415413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Frank+John+Fenner+FAA.+21+December+1914+--+22+November+2010&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F65529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71415413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2013.0009&rft.aulast=Boyden&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Blanden%2C+R.&rft.au=Mims%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140413160143/http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/awards/awards/fenner-medal.html">"Australian Academy of Science – Fenner medal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/awards/awards/fenner-medal.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Academy+of+Science+%E2%80%93+Fenner+medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencearchive.org.au%2Fawards%2Fawards%2Ffenner-medal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201112164257/awards-and-prizes/uwa-scientist-wins-academy-award">"UWA scientist wins Academy Award"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UWA+scientist+wins+Academy+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.uwa.edu.au%2F201112164257%2Fawards-and-prizes%2Fuwa-scientist-wins-academy-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2010" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (25 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/world/26fenner.html">"Frank Fenner Dies at 95; Tracked End of Smallpox"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Fenner+Dies+at+95%3B+Tracked+End+of+Smallpox&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2F26fenner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samem-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-samem_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1303">"Nepabunna, 1937–39"</a>. <i>SA Memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a>. 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+Memory&rft.atitle=Nepabunna%2C+1937%E2%80%9339&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samemory.sa.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Fu%3D1303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1090163">It's an Honour: MBE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBE1945-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBE1945_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBE1945_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/AWM192/00311/003110463.pdf">Citation record of MBE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fennerschool.anu.edu.au/">Fenner School of Environment and Society website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Cheryl (15 June 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/frank-fenner-sees-no-hope-for-humans/news-story/8d77f0806a8a3591d47013f7d75699b9">"Fenner sees no hope for humans"</a></span>. <i>The Australian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Fenner+sees+no+hope+for+humans&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fhigher-education%2Ffrank-fenner-sees-no-hope-for-humans%2Fnews-story%2F8d77f0806a8a3591d47013f7d75699b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Lin (23 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2010-06-humans-extinct-years-eminent-scientist.html">"Humans will be extinct in 100 years says eminent scientist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Humans+will+be+extinct+in+100+years+says+eminent+scientist&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2010-06-humans-extinct-years-eminent-scientist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-22/scientist-fenner-dies-aged-95/2346962">"Scientist Fenner dies aged 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Scientist+Fenner+dies+aged+95&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2010-11-22%2Fscientist-fenner-dies-aged-95%2F2346962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P002248b.htm"><i>Encyclopaedia of Australian Science</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch03s11.html">Chapter 3</a>, <i>Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch05s03.html">Chapter 5</a>, <i>Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Suicide Finding in Death of Girl 15 in Canberra</i>, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 June 1958, p3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch05s07.html">Chapter 5</a>, <i>Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch11s14.html">Chapter 11</a>, <i>Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1066521">It's an Honour: CMG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org.au/opportunities-scientists/recognition/honorific-awards/career-awards/macfarlane-burnet-medal-and">"Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture"</a>. Australian Academy of Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macfarlane+Burnet+Medal+and+Lecture&rft.pub=Australian+Academy+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fopportunities-scientists%2Frecognition%2Fhonorific-awards%2Fcareer-awards%2Fmacfarlane-burnet-medal-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/883276">It's an Honour: AC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729090214/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-frankfenner.php">"World Cultural Council / Winners – Science – Frank Fenner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-frankfenner.php">the original</a> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Cultural+Council+%2F+Winners+%E2%80%93+Science+%E2%80%93+Frank+Fenner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consejoculturalmundial.org%2Fwinners-science-frankfenner.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090925233041/http://anzaas.org.au/mueller.html">ANZAAS > Mueller Medal Recipients (1904-2005)</a> archive.is Retrieved 12 February 2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Peake (24 November 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6057994/jon-stanhope-appalled-by-act-federal-seat-renamed-from-fraser-to-fenner">"Jon Stanhope appalled by ACT federal seat renamed from Fraser to Fenner"</a></span>. <i>canberratimes.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canberratimes.com.au&rft.atitle=Jon+Stanhope+appalled+by+ACT+federal+seat+renamed+from+Fraser+to+Fenner&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Peake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6057994%2Fjon-stanhope-appalled-by-act-federal-seat-renamed-from-fraser-to-fenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2015" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Stephen (19 October 2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/voters-call-out-aec-on-fraser-electorate-renaming-20151019-gkch1f.html">"Voters call out AEC on Fraser electorate renaming"</a></span>. <i>smh.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smh.com.au&rft.atitle=Voters+call+out+AEC+on+Fraser+electorate+renaming&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fvoters-call-out-aec-on-fraser-electorate-renaming-20151019-gkch1f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406063820/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Archives_Collections">Online Guide to Records at the South Australian Museum Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.org.au/scientists/ff.htm">Australian Academy of Science—Interview with Professor Frank Fenner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228170525/http://jcsmr.anu.edu.au/about/fenner/index.php">EmerProfessor Frank Fenner's Webpage at JCMSR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/honours/awm192/person.asp?p=003110463">Australian War Memorial Honours and Awards Database</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_BoydenRobert_BlandenCedric_Mims" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Boyden; Robert Blanden; Cedric Mims. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org.au/files/userfiles/fellowship/memoirs/documents/frank-john-fenner-hr.pdf">"Frank John Fenner 1914–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographical memoirs</i>. Australian Academy of Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+memoirs&rft.atitle=Frank+John+Fenner+1914%E2%80%932010&rft.au=Stephen+Boyden&rft.au=Robert+Blanden&rft.au=Cedric+Mims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Ffiles%2Fuserfiles%2Ffellowship%2Fmemoirs%2Fdocuments%2Ffrank-john-fenner-hr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Fenner" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in <i>Historical Records of Australian Science</i>, vol.24, no.1, pp. 109–133, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_Prize" title="Template talk:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_Prize_recipients51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Katchalski-Katzir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir">Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)" title="David Turnbull (materials scientist)">David Turnbull</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_J._Kolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem J. Kolff">Willem J. Kolff</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beachell" title="Henry Beachell">Henry Beachell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush">Gurdev Khush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vendryes" title="Georges Vendryes">Georges Vendryes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isao_Arita" title="Isao Arita">Isao Arita</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Fenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Le_Pichon" title="Xavier Le Pichon">Xavier Le Pichon</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_J._Wild" title="John J. Wild">John J. Wild</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Christopher_Polge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest John Christopher Polge">Ernest John Christopher Polge</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kary_B._Mullis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kary B. Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Hayward Pickering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> Jr. / <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masao_Ito" title="Masao Ito">Masao Ito</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Sugimura" title="Takashi Sugimura">Takashi Sugimura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Engelberger" title="Joseph Engelberger">Joseph Engelberger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshikawa" title="Hiroyuki Yoshikawa">Hiroyuki Yoshikawa</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Schell" title="Jozef Schell">Jozef Schell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marc_Van_Montagu" title="Marc Van Montagu">Marc Van Montagu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wesley_Peterson" title="W. Wesley Peterson">W. Wesley Peterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Strominger" title="Jack L. Strominger">Jack L. Strominger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Don_Craig_Wiley" title="Don Craig Wiley">Don Craig Wiley</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kimishige_Ishizaka" title="Kimishige Ishizaka">Kimishige Ishizaka</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._Parsons" title="Timothy R. Parsons">Timothy R. Parsons</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski" title="Andrzej Tarkowski">Andrzej Tarkowski</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Yorke" title="James A. Yorke">James A. Yorke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ogawa" title="Seiji Ogawa">Seiji Ogawa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Honda" title="Kenichi Honda">Kenichi Honda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujishima" title="Akira Fujishima">Akira Fujishima</a> / Keith J. Sainsbury / <a href="/wiki/John_Lawton_(biologist)" title="John Lawton (biologist)">John H. Lawton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Nagao" title="Makoto Nagao">Makoto Nagao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Takeichi" title="Masatoshi Takeichi">Masatoshi Takeichi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Ruoslahti" title="Erkki Ruoslahti">Erkki Ruoslahti</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Houghton_(physicist)" title="John Houghton (physicist)">John Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Endo_(biochemist)" title="Akira Endo (biochemist)">Akira Endo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Ashton" title="Peter Shaw Ashton">Peter Shaw Ashton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert E. Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_E._Kuhl" title="David E. Kuhl">David E. Kuhl</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shun-ichi_Iwasaki" title="Shun-ichi Iwasaki">Shun-ichi Iwasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitousek" title="Peter Vitousek">Peter Vitousek</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Hirano" title="Toshio Hirano">Toshio Hirano</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lydon" title="Nicholas Lydon">Nicholas Lydon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masato_Sagawa" title="Masato Sagawa">Masato Sagawa</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Grant_Willson" title="C. Grant Willson">C. Grant Willson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Frederick_Grassle" title="J. Frederick Grassle">John Frederick Grassle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuharu_Suematsu" title="Yasuharu Suematsu">Yasuharu Suematsu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">C. David Allis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Takahasi" title="Yutaka Takahasi">Yutaka Takahasi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Friedmann" title="Theodore Friedmann">Theodore Friedmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Fischer" title="Alain Fischer">Alain Fischer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Hosono" title="Hideo Hosono">Hideo Hosono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_D._Tanksley" title="Steven D. Tanksley">Steven D. Tanksley</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Dale_Cooper" title="Max Dale Cooper">Max Dale Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Okamoto" title="Yoshio Okamoto">Yoshio Okamoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Rattan Lal</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Green_(professor)" title="Martin Green (professor)">Martin A. Green</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert A. Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Christopher Field</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Nakazawa" title="Masataka Nakazawa">Masataka Nakazawa</a> / Kazuo Hagimoto / <a href="/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck" title="Gero Miesenböck">Gero Miesenböck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hoskins" title="Brian Hoskins">Brian Hoskins</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace" title="John Michael Wallace">John Michael Wallace</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bressani" title="Ricardo Bressani">Ricardo Bressani</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stumm" title="Werner Stumm">Werner Stumm</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Gustav Nossal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fleckenstein" title="Albrecht Fleckenstein">Albrecht Fleckenstein</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_U._Lemieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond U. Lemieux">Raymond U. Lemieux</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood Rowland">Sherwood Rowland</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Jasper">Herbert H. Jasper</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Ghuysen" title="Jean-Marie Ghuysen">Jean-Marie Ghuysen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Goldman" title="Charles R. Goldman">Charles R. Goldman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Fenner</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Birbaumer" title="Niels Birbaumer">Niels Birbaumer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Janzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Janzen">Daniel H. Janzen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Houghton">John T. Houghton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin" title="Geoffrey Ozin">Geoffrey Ozin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel" title="Michael Grätzel">Michael Grätzel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)" title="Philip Cohen (British biochemist)">Philip Cohen</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang" title="Zhong Lin Wang">Zhong Lin Wang</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_N._Hinshelwood" title="Cyril N. Hinshelwood">Cyril N. Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Todd" title="Alec Todd">Alec Todd</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Nevill Mott</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Rodney Porter</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frank_(physicist)" title="Charles Frank (physicist)">Charles Frank</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan R. Battersby</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2451" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714609#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133297330">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002572">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119025252">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119025252">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0144260&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX866905">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073267287">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fenner, Frank J., 1914-2010"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000182621&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89681">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293369305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14209281">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/468266">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/133297330.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/133297330">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026861461">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dn4hb9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&oldid=1275320638">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&oldid=1275320638</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_births" title="Category:1914 births">1914 births</a></li><li><a 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