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Țesătură - Wikipedia

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href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europa_medievală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_medievală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Europa medievală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_medievală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revoluția_industrială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revoluția_industrială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Revoluția industrială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revoluția_industrială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tipuri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipuri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tipuri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Țesători_pe_război_de_țesut_manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Țesători_pe_război_de_țesut_manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Țesători pe război de țesut manual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Țesători_pe_război_de_țesut_manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Țesători_la_război_de_țesut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Țesători_la_război_de_țesut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Țesători la război de țesut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Țesători_la_război_de_țesut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Țesători_de_artizanat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Țesători_de_artizanat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Țesători de artizanat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Țesători_de_artizanat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Țesătură</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 74 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weef" title="Weef – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93" title="ሽመና – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሽመና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="نسج – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="توخوجولوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توخوجولوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Туҡыусылыҡ – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Туҡыусылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghabol" title="Paghabol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paghabol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ткацтва – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ткацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ткацтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ткацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тъкане – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тъкане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="তাঁতে কাপড় বোনা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাঁতে কাপড় বোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiaderezh" title="Gwiaderezh – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwiaderezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teixidura" title="Teixidura – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teixidura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkan%C3%AD" title="Tkaní – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tkaní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6vning" title="Vævning – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vævning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weben" title="Weben – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesd%C3%BBra" title="Tesdûra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tesdûra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Weaving" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksado" title="Teksado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teksado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejedur%C3%ADa" title="Tejeduría – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tejeduría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudumine" title="Kudumine – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kudumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="نساجی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نساجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudonta" title="Kudonta – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kudonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissage" title="Tissage – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADod%C3%B3ireacht" title="Fíodóireacht – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíodóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breabadair" title="Breabadair – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Breabadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecemento" title="Tecemento – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecemento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99a" title="Saƙa – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saƙa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94" title="אריגה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="बुनाई (वीविंग) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुनाई (वीविंग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vet_(textilipar)" title="Szövet (textilipar) – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövet (textilipar)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանածագործություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանածագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menenun" title="Menenun – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menenun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vefna%C3%B0ur_(a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0)" title="Vefnaður (aðferð) – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vefnaður (aðferð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tessitura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenun" title="Tenun – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tenun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ನೆಯ್ಗೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಯ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A1%B0" title="직조 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83" title="Токуу – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiewen" title="Wiewen – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wiewen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeve" title="Waeve – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waeve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B3" title="ການຕ່ຳ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຕ່ຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audimas" title="Audimas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1ana" title="Aušana – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanenomana" title="Fanenomana – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanenomana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ткаење – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ткаење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penenunan" title="Penenunan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penenunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weven" title="Weven – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veving" title="Veving – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veving" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veving" title="Veving – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Atłʼóóh – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atłʼóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissage" title="Tissage – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tissage" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkactwo" title="Tkactwo – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tkactwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecelagem" title="Tecelagem – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecelagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaq" title="Awaq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ткачество – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ткачество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkanje" title="Tkanje – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tkanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weaving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkalstvo" title="Tkalstvo – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tkalstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ткање – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ткање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4vning" title="Vävning – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vävning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumaji" title="Ufumaji – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufumaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நெசவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெசவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4" title="చేనేత – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేనేత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="การทอผ้า – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทอผ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuma" title="Dokuma – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dokuma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tminun" title="Tminun – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tminun" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Бизәкләп туку – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бизәкләп туку" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ткацтво – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ткацтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBquvchilik" title="Toʻquvchilik – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻquvchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%87t" title="Dệt – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%BB%87" title="梭织 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梭织" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%BB%87" title="梭织 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梭织" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%94" title="織 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="織" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%B9%94" title="梭織 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梭織" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/185px-Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Țesătura în <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_antic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egiptul antic">Egiptul antic</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg/185px-Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg/278px-Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg/370px-Kette_und_Schu%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Țesătură</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Țesătura</b> este un produs textil în care două seturi distincte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fir — pagină inexistentă">fire</a> sunt împletite pentru a forma o suprafață, pânză, cârpă, stofă, etc. Firele care se pun de-a lungul sunt numite fire de urzeală și firele care străbat dintr-o parte în alta sunt fire de bătătură sau de umplere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europa_medievală"><span id="Europa_medieval.C4.83"></span>Europa medievală</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Europa medievală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Europa medievală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În perioada medievală, fibra predominantă în Europa era lâna, urmată de in și de pânză de urzică pentru clasele inferioare. Bumbacul a fost introdus în Sicilia și Spania în secolul al IX-lea. Când Sicilia a fost cucerită de normanzi, aceștia au dus tehnologia în nordul Italiei și apoi în restul Europei. Producția de țesături de mătase a fost reintrodusă spre sfârșitul acestei perioade, iar tehnicile mai sofisticate de țesut din mătase au fost aplicate și la celelalte produse de bază. </p><p>Țesătorul lucra acasă și își comercializa pânza la târguri. Telesoarele cu greutate de urzeală erau obișnuite în Europa înainte de introducerea războaielor orizontale în secolele al X-lea și al XI-lea. Țesutul a devenit o meserie urbană și, pentru a-și reglementa comerțul, meșterii au solicitat înființarea unei bresle. Inițial, acestea erau bresle de negustori, dar s-au dezvoltat în bresle comerciale separate pentru fiecare meserie. Negustorul de țesături care era membru al breslei țesătorilor dintr-un oraș avea voie să vândă țesături; el acționa ca un intermediar între țesătorii meseriași și cumpărător. Breslele de meseriași controlau calitatea și pregătirea necesară înainte ca un meșteșugar să se poată numi țesător. </p><p>În secolul al XIII-lea, a avut loc o schimbare organizațională și a fost introdus un sistem de scoatere la mezat. Negustorul de țesături cumpăra lâna și o furniza țesătorului, care își vindea producția înapoi negustorului. Negustorul controla ratele de plată și domina din punct de vedere economic industria țesătorilor[53] Prosperitatea negustorilor se reflectă în orașele de lână din estul Angliei; Norwich, Bury St Edmunds și Lavenham sunt exemple bune. Lâna a fost o problemă politică Oferta de ață a limitat întotdeauna producția unui țesător. Cam în acea perioadă, metoda de filare cu fusul a fost înlocuită de roata mare și, la scurt timp, de roata de filat cu pedale. Telesorul a rămas același, dar cu un volum mai mare de ață, acesta putea fi operat în mod continuu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revoluția_industrială"><span id="Revolu.C8.9Bia_industrial.C4.83"></span>Revoluția industrială</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Revoluția industrială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Revoluția industrială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Înainte de Revoluția Industrială, țesutul era un meșteșug manual, iar lâna era principalul produs de bază. În marile districte de lână a fost introdusă o formă de sistem de fabrică, dar în zonele înalte țesătorii lucrau de acasă, în sistem de punere în mișcare. Telesoarele din lemn din acea vreme puteau fi late sau înguste; cele late erau cele prea late pentru ca țesătorul să poată trece naveta prin magazie, astfel încât acesta avea nevoie de un asistent costisitor (adesea un ucenic). Acest lucru a încetat să mai fie necesar după ce John Kay a inventat naveta zburătoare în 1733. Naveta și bățul de cules au accelerat procesul de țesut. Astfel, a existat o lipsă de fir sau un surplus de capacitate de țesut. Deschiderea canalului Bridgewater în iunie 1761 a permis ca bumbacul să fie adus în Manchester, o zonă bogată în cursuri de apă cu debit rapid care puteau fi folosite pentru a acționa mașinile. Filatura a fost prima care a fost mecanizată (spinning jenny, spinning mule), iar acest lucru a dus la un număr nelimitat de fire pentru țesător. </p><p>Edmund Cartwright a propus pentru prima dată, în 1784, construirea unei mașini de țesut care să funcționeze în mod similar cu filatura de bumbac recent dezvoltată, atrăgând disprețul criticilor care spuneau că procesul de țesut era prea nuanțat pentru a fi automatizat. A construit o fabrică la Doncaster și a obținut o serie de brevete între 1785 și 1792. În 1788, fratele său, maiorul John Cartwight, a construit Revolution Mill la Retford (numită astfel pentru centenarul Revoluției Glorioase). În 1791, a acordat o licență pentru războiul său de țesut fraților Grimshaw din Manchester, dar moara lor din Knott Mill a ars în anul următor (probabil un caz de incendiere). Edmund Cartwight a primit o recompensă de 10.000 de lire sterline din partea Parlamentului pentru eforturile sale în 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipuri">Tipuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tipuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Țesători_pe_război_de_țesut_manual"><span id=".C8.9Aes.C4.83tori_pe_r.C4.83zboi_de_.C8.9Besut_manual"></span>Țesători pe război de țesut manual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Țesători pe război de țesut manual" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Țesători pe război de țesut manual"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Țesutul la războiul de țesut manual era făcut de ambele sexe, dar bărbații erau mai numeroși decât femeile, parțial din cauza forței necesare pentru a bate. Ei lucrau de acasă, uneori într-o mansardă bine luminată. Femeile din casă filau firul de care aveau nevoie și se ocupau de finisaje. Mai târziu, femeile s-au apucat de țesut, își procurau ața de la filatură, și lucrau ca muncitoare din afară cu contract la bucată. Cu timpul, concurența din partea războaielor de țesut a dus la scăderea prețului la bucată, iar ele au trăit într-o sărăcie tot mai mare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Țesători_la_război_de_țesut"><span id=".C8.9Aes.C4.83tori_la_r.C4.83zboi_de_.C8.9Besut"></span>Țesători la război de țesut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Țesători la război de țesut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Țesători la război de țesut"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lucrătorii de la războiul de țesut erau, de obicei, fete și femei tinere. Aveau siguranța unui program de lucru fix și, cu excepția perioadelor dificile, cum ar fi foametea de bumbac, aveau un venit regulat. Primeau un salariu și o primă pentru munca la bucată. Chiar și atunci când lucrau într-o moară combinată, țesătorii rămâneau uniți și se bucurau de o comunitate bine închegată. femeile se ocupau de obicei de cele patru mașini și păstrau războaiele unse și curate. Ele erau ajutate de "micii cortari ", copii cu un salariu fix care făceau comisioane și îndeplineau sarcini mărunte. Aceștia învățau meseria de țesător urmărindu-i. Adesea, ei erau angajați cu jumătate de normă, purtând o carte verde pe care profesorul și supraveghetorii o semnau pentru a confirma că au venit la moară dimineața și după-amiaza la școală. La paisprezece ani sau cam așa ceva, intrau cu normă întreagă în moară și începeau prin a împărți războiul de țesut cu un lucrător experimentat, unde era important să învețe repede, deoarece amândoi aveau de lucru la bucată. Problemele serioase cu războiul de țesut erau lăsate la latitudinea celui care le rezolva. Acesta era în mod inevitabil un bărbat, așa cum erau de obicei și supraveghetorii. Moara avea problemele sale de sănătate și siguranță, exista un motiv pentru care femeile își legau părul la spate cu eșarfe. Inhalarea prafului de bumbac provoca probleme pulmonare, iar zgomotul provoca pierderea totală a auzului. Țesătoarele făceau "miau-miau", deoarece o conversație normală era imposibilă. Țesătoarele obișnuiau să "sărute naveta", adică să sugă firul prin ochiul navetei. Acest lucru lăsa un gust neplăcut în gură din cauza uleiului, care era, de asemenea, cancerigen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Țesători_de_artizanat"><span id=".C8.9Aes.C4.83tori_de_artizanat"></span>Țesători de artizanat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Țesători de artizanat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Țesători de artizanat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fost o filozofie internațională de design care a luat naștere în Anglia și a înflorit între 1860 și 1910 (în special în a doua jumătate a acestei perioade), continuându-și influența până în anii 1930. Instigată de artistul și scriitorul William Morris (1834-1896) în anii 1860 și inspirată de scrierile lui John Ruskin (1819-1900), a avut cea mai veche și cea mai completă dezvoltare în insulele britanice, dar s-a răspândit în Europa și în America de Nord. A fost în mare parte o reacție împotriva mecanizării, iar filozofia pleda pentru meșteșugul tradițional, folosind forme simple și, adesea, stiluri decorative medievale, romantice sau populare. Țesutul manual era foarte apreciat și preluat ca artă decorativă. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_de_%C8%9Besut" title="Război de țesut">Război de țesut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Scoarțe și țesături populare</i>, Emilia Pavel, Editura Tehnică, 1989</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/%C8%9Bes%C4%83tur%C4%83">Țesătura</a> la dexonline.ro</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/arta-bizantina/arta-bizantina-iv-viii/tesaturile-67284.html">Tesaturile in Imperiul Bizantin</a>, 29 mai 2008, Charles Delvoye, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/arta-bizantina/arta-bizantina-perioada-iconoclasta/tesaturile-67305.html">Tesaturile in Imperiul Bizantin</a>, 3 iunie 2008, Charles Delvoye, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/arta-bizantina/arta-bizantina-ix-xiii/arta-tesaturilor-bizant-67368.html">Arta tesaturilor in Bizant</a>, 19 iunie 2008, C. Delvoye, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/arta-bizantina/arta-bizantina-ix-xiii/arta-tesaturilor-67414.html">Arta țesăturilor în Imperiul Bizantin</a>, 26 iunie 2008, C. Delvoye, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Arta_textil%C4%83" title="Format:Arta textilă"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Arta_textil%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Arta textilă — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Arta_textil%C4%83&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Arta textilă — Țesutul — Fibrele - Artizanat</span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Istorie </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Țesătură</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Material_textil" title="Material textil">Material textil</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Jacquard</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="19"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg/125px-Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="125" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg/188px-Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg/250px-Leinwand_Taschentuch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="861" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Tehnici și ehipament </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roat%C4%83_de_tors" title="Roată de tors">Roată de tors</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_de_%C8%9Besut" title="Război de țesut">Război de țesut</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Fibre </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fibr%C4%83" title="Fibră">Fibră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nep%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Cânepă">Cânepă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Bumbac" title="Bumbac">Bumbac</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/A%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ață">Ață</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Lână">Lână</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Produse </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Dantel%C4%83" title="Dantelă">Dantelă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Cro%C8%99etare" title="Croșetare">Croșetare</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Prosop" title="Prosop">Prosop</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Portul național </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Portul_popular_rom%C3%A2nesc" class="mw-redirect" title="Portul popular românesc">Portul popular</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Ie_(vestimenta%C8%9Bie)" title="Ie (vestimentație)">Ie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Broderie </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Cus%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Cusătură">Cusătură</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Știință și tehnologie </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Manufactur%C4%83" title="Manufactură">Manufactură</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Instrumente </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ac_de_cusut" title="Ac de cusut">Ac de cusut</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Foarfece" title="Foarfece">Foarfece</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Ac_de_cusut" title="Ac de cusut">Ac</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degetar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Degetar — pagină inexistentă">Degetar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fus_(unealt%C4%83)" title="Fus (unealtă)">Fus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Covoare </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Covor" title="Covor">Covor</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Covor_persan" title="Covor persan">Covor persan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Altele </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83tase_de_p%C4%83ianjen" title="Mătase de păianjen">Mătase de păianjen</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div>&#32; 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