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<span>Major topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-neuron_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-neuron_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Single-neuron modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-neuron_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling_Neuron-glia_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_Neuron-glia_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modeling Neuron-glia interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_Neuron-glia_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development,_axonal_patterning,_and_guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development,_axonal_patterning,_and_guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development, axonal patterning, and guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development,_axonal_patterning,_and_guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sensory processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Motor control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_and_synaptic_plasticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_and_synaptic_plasticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Memory and synaptic plasticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_and_synaptic_plasticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviors_of_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviors_of_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Behaviors of networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviors_of_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_attention,_identification,_and_categorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_attention,_identification,_and_categorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Visual attention, identification, and categorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_attention,_identification,_and_categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition,_discrimination,_and_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition,_discrimination,_and_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Cognition, discrimination, and learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition,_discrimination,_and_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_clinical_neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_clinical_neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Computational clinical neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_clinical_neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictive_computational_neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictive_computational_neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Predictive computational neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predictive_computational_neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Computational Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuromorphic_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuromorphic_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Neuromorphic computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuromorphic_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="علم الأعصاب الحوسبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأعصاب الحوسبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিগণনামূলক স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিগণনামূলক স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%A8ncia_Computacional" title="Neurociència Computacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurociència Computacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Neuroscience" title="Computational Neuroscience – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computational Neuroscience" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutuslik_neuroteadus" title="Arvutuslik neuroteadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutuslik neuroteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Υπολογιστική νευροεπιστήμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπολογιστική νευροεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia_computacional" title="Neurociencia computacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neurociencia computacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="علوم اعصاب محاسباتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم اعصاب محاسباتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciences_computationnelles" title="Neurosciences computationnelles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neurosciences computationnelles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="계산신경과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계산신경과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscienze_computazionali" title="Neuroscienze computazionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neuroscienze computazionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מדעי המוח החישוביים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי המוח החישוביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="計算論的神経科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="計算論的神経科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%AAncia_computacional" title="Neurociência computacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neurociência computacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вычислительная нейробиология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вычислительная нейробиология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputationaalinen_neurotiede" title="Komputationaalinen neurotiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komputationaalinen neurotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesaplamal%C4%B1_n%C3%B6robilim" title="Hesaplamalı nörobilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hesaplamalı nörobilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обчислювальна нейронаука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обчислювальна нейронаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="運算神經科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="計算神經科學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="計算神經科學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8037925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of neuroscience</div> <p><b>Computational neuroscience</b> (also known as <b>theoretical neuroscience</b> or <b>mathematical neuroscience</b>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> which employs <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental neuroscience">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive abilities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computational neuroscience employs computational simulations<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to validate and solve mathematical models, and so can be seen as a sub-field of theoretical neuroscience; however, the two fields are often synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term mathematical neuroscience is also used sometimes, to stress the quantitative nature of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computational neuroscience focuses on the description of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologically</a> plausible <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">neural systems</a>) and their physiology and dynamics, and it is therefore not directly concerned with biologically unrealistic models used in <a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">quantitative psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">computational learning theory</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although mutual inspiration exists and sometimes there is no strict limit between fields,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with model abstraction in computational neuroscience depending on research scope and the granularity at which biological entities are analyzed. </p><p>Models in theoretical neuroscience are aimed at capturing the essential features of the biological system at multiple spatial-temporal scales, from membrane currents, and chemical coupling via <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">network oscillations</a>, columnar and topographic architecture, nuclei, all the way up to psychological faculties like memory, learning and behavior. These computational models frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by biological or psychological experiments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'computational neuroscience' was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Eric_L._Schwartz" title="Eric L. Schwartz">Eric L. Schwartz</a>, who organized a conference, held in 1985 in <a href="/wiki/Carmel,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel, California">Carmel, California</a>, at the request of the Systems Development Foundation to provide a summary of the current status of a field which until that point was referred to by a variety of names, such as neural modeling, brain theory and neural networks. The proceedings of this definitional meeting were published in 1990 as the book <i>Computational Neuroscience</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of the annual open international meetings focused on Computational Neuroscience was organized by <a href="/wiki/James_M._Bower" title="James M. Bower">James M. Bower</a> and John Miller in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first graduate educational program in computational neuroscience was organized as the Computational and Neural Systems Ph.D. program at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in 1985. </p><p>The early historical roots of the field<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be traced to the work of people including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lapicque" title="Louis Lapicque">Louis Lapicque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Marr_(psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Marr (psychologist)">David Marr</a>. Lapicque introduced the <a href="/wiki/Integrate_and_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrate and fire">integrate and fire</a> model of the neuron in a seminal article published in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a model still popular for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a> studies because of its simplicity (see a recent review<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>About 40 years later, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Voltage_clamp" title="Voltage clamp">voltage clamp</a> and created the first biophysical model of the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> discovered that neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_visual_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary visual cortex">primary visual cortex</a>, the first cortical area to process information coming from the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, have oriented receptive fields and are organized in columns.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Marr's work focused on the interactions between neurons, suggesting computational approaches to the study of how functional groups of neurons within the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> interact, store, process, and transmit information. Computational modeling of biophysically realistic neurons and dendrites began with the work of <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Rall" title="Wilfrid Rall">Wilfrid Rall</a>, with the first multicompartmental model using <a href="/wiki/Cable_theory" title="Cable theory">cable theory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_topics">Major topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in computational neuroscience can be roughly categorized into several lines of inquiry. Most computational neuroscientists collaborate closely with experimentalists in analyzing novel data and synthesizing new models of biological phenomena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-neuron_modeling">Single-neuron modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Single-neuron modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_neuron_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological neuron models">Biological neuron models</a></div> <p>Even a single neuron has complex biophysical characteristics and can perform computations (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Hodgkin and Huxley's <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model" title="Hodgkin–Huxley model">original model</a> only employed two voltage-sensitive currents (Voltage sensitive ion channels are glycoprotein molecules which extend through the lipid bilayer, allowing ions to traverse under certain conditions through the axolemma), the fast-acting sodium and the inward-rectifying potassium. Though successful in predicting the timing and qualitative features of the action potential, it nevertheless failed to predict a number of important features such as adaptation and <a href="/wiki/Shunting_(neurophysiology)" title="Shunting (neurophysiology)">shunting</a>. Scientists now believe that there are a wide variety of voltage-sensitive currents, and the implications of the differing dynamics, modulations, and sensitivity of these currents is an important topic of computational neuroscience.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The computational functions of complex <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a> are also under intense investigation. There is a large body of literature regarding how different currents interact with geometric properties of neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many software packages, such as <a href="/wiki/GENESIS_(software)" title="GENESIS (software)">GENESIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuron_(software)" title="Neuron (software)">NEURON</a>, that allow rapid and systematic <i>in silico</i> modeling of realistic neurons. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Brain">Blue Brain</a>, a project founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Markram" title="Henry Markram">Henry Markram</a> from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a>, aims to construct a biophysically detailed simulation of a <a href="/wiki/Cortical_column" title="Cortical column">cortical column</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>. </p><p>Modeling the richness of biophysical properties on the single-neuron scale can supply mechanisms that serve as the building blocks for network dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, detailed neuron descriptions are computationally expensive and this computing cost can limit the pursuit of realistic network investigations, where many neurons need to be simulated. As a result, researchers that study large neural circuits typically represent each neuron and synapse with an artificially simple model, ignoring much of the biological detail. Hence there is a drive to produce simplified neuron models that can retain significant biological fidelity at a low computational overhead. Algorithms have been developed to produce faithful, faster running, simplified surrogate neuron models from computationally expensive, detailed neuron models.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_Neuron-glia_interactions">Modeling Neuron-glia interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modeling Neuron-glia interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glial cells participate significantly in the regulation of neuronal activity at both the cellular and the network level. Modeling this interaction allows to clarify the <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cycle" title="Potassium cycle">potassium cycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so important for maintaining homeostasis and to prevent epileptic seizures. Modeling reveals the role of glial protrusions that can penetrate in some cases the synaptic cleft to interfere with the synaptic transmission and thus control synaptic communication.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development,_axonal_patterning,_and_guidance"><span id="Development.2C_axonal_patterning.2C_and_guidance"></span>Development, axonal patterning, and guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development, axonal patterning, and guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computational neuroscience aims to address a wide array of questions, including: How do <a href="/wiki/Axons" class="mw-redirect" title="Axons">axons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a> form during development? How do axons know where to target and how to reach these targets? How do neurons migrate to the proper position in the central and peripheral systems? How do synapses form? We know from <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> that distinct parts of the nervous system release distinct chemical cues, from <a href="/wiki/Growth_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> that modulate and influence the growth and development of functional connections between neurons. </p><p>Theoretical investigations into the formation and patterning of synaptic connection and morphology are still nascent. One hypothesis that has recently garnered some attention is the <i>minimal wiring hypothesis</i>, which postulates that the formation of axons and dendrites effectively minimizes resource allocation while maintaining maximal information storage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_processing">Sensory processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sensory processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early models on sensory processing understood within a theoretical framework are credited to <a href="/wiki/Horace_Barlow" title="Horace Barlow">Horace Barlow</a>. Somewhat similar to the minimal wiring hypothesis described in the preceding section, Barlow understood the processing of the early sensory systems to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Efficient_coding_hypothesis" title="Efficient coding hypothesis">efficient coding</a>, where the neurons encoded information which minimized the number of spikes. Experimental and computational work have since supported this hypothesis in one form or another. For the example of visual processing, efficient coding is manifested in the forms of efficient spatial coding, color coding, temporal/motion coding, stereo coding, and combinations of them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further along the visual pathway, even the efficiently coded visual information is too much for the capacity of the information bottleneck, the visual attentional bottleneck.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent theory, <a href="/wiki/V1_Saliency_Hypothesis" title="V1 Saliency Hypothesis">V1 Saliency Hypothesis (V1SH)</a>, has been developed on exogenous attentional selection of a fraction of visual input for further processing, guided by a bottom-up saliency map in the primary visual cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Li2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current research in sensory processing is divided among a biophysical modeling of different subsystems and a more theoretical modeling of perception. Current models of perception have suggested that the brain performs some form of <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_approaches_to_brain_function" title="Bayesian approaches to brain function">Bayesian inference</a> and integration of different sensory information in generating our perception of the physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_control">Motor control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Motor control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many models of the way the brain controls movement have been developed. This includes models of processing in the brain such as the cerebellum's role for error correction, skill learning in motor cortex and the basal ganglia, or the control of the vestibulo ocular reflex. This also includes many normative models, such as those of the Bayesian or optimal control flavor which are built on the idea that the brain efficiently solves its problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_and_synaptic_plasticity">Memory and synaptic plasticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memory and synaptic plasticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">Synaptic plasticity</a></div> <p>Earlier models of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> are primarily based on the postulates of <a href="/wiki/Hebbian_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbian learning">Hebbian learning</a>. Biologically relevant models such as <a href="/wiki/Hopfield_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopfield net">Hopfield net</a> have been developed to address the properties of associative (also known as "content-addressable") style of memory that occur in biological systems. These attempts are primarily focusing on the formation of medium- and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a>, localizing in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. </p><p>One of the major problems in neurophysiological memory is how it is maintained and changed through multiple time scales. Unstable <a href="/wiki/Synapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapses">synapses</a> are easy to train but also prone to stochastic disruption. Stable <a href="/wiki/Synapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapses">synapses</a> forget less easily, but they are also harder to consolidate. It is likely that computational tools will contribute greatly to our understanding of how synapses function and change in relation to external stimulus in the coming decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behaviors_of_networks">Behaviors of networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Behaviors of networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biological neurons are connected to each other in a complex, recurrent fashion. These connections are, unlike most <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a>, sparse and usually specific. It is not known how information is transmitted through such sparsely connected networks, although specific areas of the brain, such as the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>, are understood in some detail.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also unknown what the computational functions of these specific connectivity patterns are, if any. </p><p>The interactions of neurons in a small network can be often reduced to simple models such as the <a href="/wiki/Ising_model" title="Ising model">Ising model</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> of such simple systems are well-characterized theoretically. Some recent evidence suggests that dynamics of arbitrary neuronal networks can be reduced to pairwise interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known, however, whether such descriptive dynamics impart any important computational function. With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-photon microscopy">two-photon microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_imaging" title="Calcium imaging">calcium imaging</a>, we now have powerful experimental methods with which to test the new theories regarding neuronal networks. </p><p>In some cases the complex interactions between <i>inhibitory</i> and <i>excitatory</i> neurons can be simplified using <a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">mean-field theory</a>, which gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Cowan_model" title="Wilson–Cowan model">population model</a> of neural networks.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many neurotheorists prefer such models with reduced complexity, others argue that uncovering structural-functional relations depends on including as much neuronal and network structure as possible. Models of this type are typically built in large simulation platforms like GENESIS or NEURON. There have been some attempts to provide unified methods that bridge and integrate these levels of complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_attention,_identification,_and_categorization"><span id="Visual_attention.2C_identification.2C_and_categorization"></span>Visual attention, identification, and categorization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visual attention, identification, and categorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visual attention can be described as a set of mechanisms that limit some processing to a subset of incoming stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attentional mechanisms shape what we see and what we can act upon. They allow for concurrent selection of some (preferably, relevant) information and inhibition of other information. In order to have a more concrete specification of the mechanism underlying visual attention and the binding of features, a number of computational models have been proposed aiming to explain psychophysical findings. In general, all models postulate the existence of a saliency or priority map for registering the potentially interesting areas of the retinal input, and a gating mechanism for reducing the amount of incoming visual information, so that the limited computational resources of the brain can handle it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example theory that is being extensively tested behaviorally and physiologically is the <a href="/wiki/V1_Saliency_Hypothesis" title="V1 Saliency Hypothesis">V1 Saliency Hypothesis</a> that a bottom-up saliency map is created in the primary visual cortex to guide attention exogenously.<sup id="cite_ref-Li2002_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computational neuroscience provides a mathematical framework for studying the mechanisms involved in brain function and allows complete simulation and prediction of neuropsychological syndromes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition,_discrimination,_and_learning"><span id="Cognition.2C_discrimination.2C_and_learning"></span>Cognition, discrimination, and learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cognition, discrimination, and learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computational modeling of higher cognitive functions has only recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> begun. Experimental data comes primarily from <a href="/wiki/Single-unit_recording" title="Single-unit recording">single-unit recording</a> in <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> function as integrators of information from multiple sensory modalities. There are some tentative ideas regarding how simple mutually inhibitory functional circuits in these areas may carry out biologically relevant computation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> seems to be able to discriminate and adapt particularly well in certain contexts. For instance, human beings seem to have an enormous capacity for memorizing and <a href="/wiki/Face_perception" title="Face perception">recognizing faces</a>. One of the key goals of computational neuroscience is to dissect how biological systems carry out these complex computations efficiently and potentially replicate these processes in building intelligent machines. </p><p>The brain's large-scale organizational principles are illuminated by many fields, including biology, psychology, and clinical practice. <a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a> attempts to consolidate these observations through unified descriptive models and databases of behavioral measures and recordings. These are the bases for some quantitative modeling of large-scale brain activity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind (<a href="/wiki/CRUM" class="mw-redirect" title="CRUM">CRUM</a>) is another attempt at modeling human cognition through simulated processes like acquired rule-based systems in decision making and the manipulation of visual representations in decision making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness"><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the ultimate goals of psychology/neuroscience is to be able to explain the everyday experience of conscious life. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> made some attempts to formulate consistent frameworks for future work in <a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">neural correlates of consciousness</a> (NCC), though much of the work in this field remains speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_clinical_neuroscience">Computational clinical neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Computational clinical neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computational_clinical_neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational clinical neuroscience">Computational clinical neuroscience</a> is a field that brings together experts in neuroscience, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision sciences">decision sciences</a> and computational modeling to quantitatively define and investigate problems in <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">neurological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">psychiatric diseases</a>, and to train scientists and clinicians that wish to apply these models to diagnosis and treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predictive_computational_neuroscience">Predictive computational neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Predictive computational neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predictive computational neuroscience is a recent field that combines signal processing, neuroscience, clinical data and machine learning to predict the brain during coma <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or anesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is possible to anticipate deep brain states using the EEG signal. These states can be used to anticipate hypnotic concentration to administrate to the patient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_Psychiatry">Computational Psychiatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Computational Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computational_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational psychiatry">Computational psychiatry</a> is a new emerging field that brings together experts in <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> to provide an understanding of psychiatric disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuromorphic_computing">Neuromorphic computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neuromorphic computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></div> <p>A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons (made from silicon) to do computations (See: <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">neuromorphic computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_neural_network" title="Physical neural network">physical neural network</a>). One of the advantages of using a <a href="/wiki/Physical_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical model">physical model</a> computer such as this is that it takes the computational load of the processor (in the sense that the structural and some of the functional elements don't have to be programmed since they are in hardware). In recent times,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neuromorphic technology has been used to build supercomputers which are used in international neuroscience collaborations. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a> <a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a> supercomputer and the BrainScaleS computer.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">Action potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_neuron_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological neuron models">Biological neuron models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_approaches_to_brain_function" title="Bayesian approaches to brain function">Bayesian brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_simulation" title="Brain simulation">Brain simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_anatomy" title="Computational anatomy">Computational anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitzHugh%E2%80%93Nagumo_model" title="FitzHugh–Nagumo model">FitzHugh–Nagumo model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_equation" title="Goldman equation">Goldman equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model" title="Hodgkin–Huxley model">Hodgkin–Huxley model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear dynamics">Nonlinear dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_coding" title="Neural coding">Neural coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">Neural oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromimetic_intelligence" title="Neuromimetic intelligence">Neuromimetic intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Theoretical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_model" title="Theta model">Theta model</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrappenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Trappenberg, Thomas P. (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalscomp00ttra"><i>Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience</i></a></span>. United States: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalscomp00ttra/page/n17">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851582-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851582-1"><bdi>978-0-19-851582-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Computational+Neuroscience&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851582-1&rft.aulast=Trappenberg&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalscomp00ttra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_S._ChurchlandChristof_KochTerrence_J._Sejnowski1993" class="citation book cs1">Patricia S. Churchland; Christof Koch; Terrence J. Sejnowski (1993). "What is computational neuroscience?". In Eric L. Schwartz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604124206/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7195"><i>Computational Neuroscience</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 46–55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7195">the original</a> on 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+computational+neuroscience%3F&rft.btitle=Computational+Neuroscience&rft.pages=46-55&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Patricia+S.+Churchland&rft.au=Christof+Koch&rft.au=Terrence+J.+Sejnowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fitem%2Fdefault.asp%3Fttype%3D2%26tid%3D7195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayan_P.Abbott,_L._F.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dayan" title="Peter Dayan">Dayan P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Abbott" title="Larry Abbott">Abbott, L. F.</a> (2001). <i>Theoretical neuroscience: computational and mathematical modeling of neural systems</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04199-7"><bdi>978-0-262-04199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+neuroscience%3A+computational+and+mathematical+modeling+of+neural+systems&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04199-7&rft.au=Dayan+P.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+L.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstner,_W.Kistler,_W.Naud,_R.Paninski,_L.2014" class="citation book cs1">Gerstner, W.; Kistler, W.; Naud, R.; Paninski, L. (2014). <i>Neuronal Dynamics</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107447615" title="Special:BookSources/9781107447615"><bdi>9781107447615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuronal+Dynamics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107447615&rft.au=Gerstner%2C+W.&rft.au=Kistler%2C+W.&rft.au=Naud%2C+R.&rft.au=Paninski%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanMarkram2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, Xue; Markram, Henry (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513977">"A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroinformatics</i>. <b>13</b>: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffninf.2019.00032">10.3389/fninf.2019.00032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-5196">1662-5196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513977">6513977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133838">31133838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroinformatics&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Simulation+Neuroscience&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-5196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31133838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffninf.2019.00032&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Xue&rft.au=Markram%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Trappenberg (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDsA1EVCx0C"><i>Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience</i></a>. 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F.</a> (2001). <i>Theoretical neuroscience: computational and mathematical modeling of neural systems</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04199-7"><bdi>978-0-262-04199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+neuroscience%3A+computational+and+mathematical+modeling+of+neural+systems&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04199-7&rft.au=Dayan+P.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+L.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliasmith,_ChrisAnderson,_Charles_H.2003" class="citation book cs1">Eliasmith, Chris; Anderson, Charles H. (2003). <i>Neural engineering: Representation, computation, and dynamics in neurobiological systems</i>. Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-05071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-05071-5"><bdi>978-0-262-05071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neural+engineering%3A+Representation%2C+computation%2C+and+dynamics+in+neurobiological+systems&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-05071-5&rft.au=Eliasmith%2C+Chris&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinHuxley1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Hodgkin AL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley AF</a> (28 August 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12991237">"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve"</a>. <i>J. Physiol</i>. <b>117</b> (4): 500–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1952.sp004764">10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392413">1392413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12991237">12991237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Physiol.&rft.atitle=A+quantitative+description+of+membrane+current+and+its+application+to+conduction+and+excitation+in+nerve&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=500-44&rft.date=1952-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1392413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12991237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1952.sp004764&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Huxley%2C+AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jphysiol.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12991237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BialekRieke,_FredDavid_WarlandRob_de_Ruyter_van_Steveninck1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bialek" title="William Bialek">William Bialek</a>; Rieke, Fred; David Warland; Rob de Ruyter van Steveninck (1999). <i>Spikes: exploring the neural code</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68108-7"><bdi>978-0-262-68108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spikes%3A+exploring+the+neural+code&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68108-7&rft.au=William+Bialek&rft.au=Rieke%2C+Fred&rft.au=David+Warland&rft.au=Rob+de+Ruyter+van+Steveninck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutter,_Erik_de2001" class="citation book cs1">Schutter, Erik de (2001). <i>Computational neuroscience: realistic modeling for experimentalists</i>. Boca Raton: CRC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2068-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-2068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+neuroscience%3A+realistic+modeling+for+experimentalists&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2068-2&rft.au=Schutter%2C+Erik+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSejnowski,_Terrence_J.Hemmen,_J._L._van2006" class="citation book cs1">Sejnowski, Terrence J.; Hemmen, J. L. van (2006). <i>23 problems in systems neuroscience</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=23+problems+in+systems+neuroscience&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514822-0&rft.au=Sejnowski%2C+Terrence+J.&rft.au=Hemmen%2C+J.+L.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._ArbibShun-ichi_AmariPrudence_H._Arbib2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Arbib; Shun-ichi Amari; Prudence H. Arbib (2002). <i>The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01197-6"><bdi>978-0-262-01197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Brain+Theory+and+Neural+Networks&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01197-6&rft.au=Michael+A.+Arbib&rft.au=Shun-ichi+Amari&rft.au=Prudence+H.+Arbib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoping2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaoping" title="Li Zhaoping">Zhaoping, Li</a> (2014). <i>Understanding vision: theory, models, and data</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199564668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199564668"><bdi>978-0199564668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+vision%3A+theory%2C+models%2C+and+data&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199564668&rft.aulast=Zhaoping&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+neuroscience" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_(software)" title="Brian (software)">BRIAN</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> based simulator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Reference_Connectome" title="Budapest Reference Connectome">Budapest Reference Connectome</a>, web based 3D visualization tool to browse connections in the human brain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_(software)" title="Emergent (software)">Emergent</a>, neural simulation software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GENESIS_(software)" title="GENESIS (software)">GENESIS</a>, a general neural simulation system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEST_(software)" title="NEST (software)">NEST</a> is a simulator for spiking neural network models that focuses on the dynamics, size and structure of neural systems rather than on the exact morphology of individual neurons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computational_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/mathematics/journal/13408">Journal of Mathematical Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/10827">Journal of Computational Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/neco">Neural Computation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_Neurodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cognitive Neurodynamics (page does not exist)">Cognitive Neurodynamics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontiersin.org/neuroscience/computationalneuroscience/">Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">PLoS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/specialty.aspx?s=752&name=neuroinformatics&x=y">Frontiers in Neuroinformatics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_and_Systems_Neuroscience" title="Computational and Systems Neuroscience">Computational and Systems Neuroscience</a> (COSYNE) – a computational neuroscience meeting with a systems neuroscience focus.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsorg.org">Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS)</a> – a yearly computational neuroscience meeting.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nips.cc">Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)</a>– a leading annual conference covering mostly machine learning.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccneuro.org/">Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (CCN)</a> – a computational neuroscience meeting focusing on computational models capable of cognitive tasks.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309063503/http://www.iccn2007.org/">International Conference on Cognitive Neurodynamics (ICCN)</a> – a yearly conference.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705131550/http://www.icms.org.uk/workshops/mathneuro">UK Mathematical Neurosciences Meeting</a>– a yearly conference, focused on mathematical aspects.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094455/http://www.nncn.de/Aktuelles-en/bernsteinsymposium/Symposium/view?set_language=en">Bernstein Conference on Computational Neuroscience (BCCN)</a>– a yearly computational neuroscience conference ].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.areadne.org/index.html">AREADNE Conferences</a>– a biennial meeting that includes theoretical and experimental results.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_neuroscience&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_Computational_Neuroscience">Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a>, an online expert curated encyclopedia on computational neuroscience and dynamical systems</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Development of the nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural network (artificial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">Neural network (biological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochip" title="Neurochip">Neurochip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Neurodegenerative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromanagement" title="Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">Neuromodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Self-awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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