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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#222; text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Monarchy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Albanese ministry</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/60px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/120px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Australian_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/60px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/120px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Australian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Australian Senate">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sue_Lines" title="Sue Lines">Sue Lines</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Dick" title="Milton Dick">Milton Dick</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Burke" title="Tony Burke">Tony Burke</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a> (LP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_Peter_Dutton" title="Shadow ministry of Peter Dutton">Shadow Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gageler" title="Stephen Gageler">Stephen Gageler</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Keane" title="Patrick Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Gordon" title="Michelle Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edelman" title="James Edelman">Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Steward_(judge)" title="Simon Steward (judge)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Gleeson" title="Jacqueline Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beech-Jones" title="Robert Beech-Jones">Beech-Jones</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Debra_Mortimer" title="Debra Mortimer">Debra Mortimer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Alstergren" title="Will Alstergren">Will Alstergren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Australian_court_hierarchy">State and territory courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Australian legal system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>Recent elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Federal electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electoral divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums and plebiscites</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_Australia" title="Voter registration in Australia">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Political funding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">States and territories</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and assemblies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#State_and_territory_courts_and_tribunals">State courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">State electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Local government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_government_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of local government political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Australia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Australian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Australian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Ideologies</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Australia" title="Monarchism in Australia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #00843D;border-bottom:1px solid #00843D;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales" title="Portal:New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Victoria" title="Portal:Victoria">Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Queensland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tasmania" title="Category:Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Category:Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Territory" title="Category:Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>judiciary of Australia</b> comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and Territories of Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> sits at the apex of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Australian court hierarchy</a> as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. </p><p>The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a>, the judicial power of the Commonwealth is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the federal Parliament. These courts include the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a>. Federal jurisdiction can also be vested in State courts. </p><p>The Supreme Courts of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and Territories</a> are <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Superior_and_inferior_courts">superior</a> <a href="/wiki/Court_of_record" title="Court of record">courts of record</a> with general and unlimited jurisdiction within their own State or Territory. </p><p>Like the Supreme Courts of the States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a> are superior courts of record, which means that they have certain inherent procedural and <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt</a> powers. But unlike their State counterparts, their subject-matter jurisdiction must be conferred by statute. Under the doctrine of "accrued jurisdiction", the Federal Court can, however, rule on issues outside its explicit jurisdiction, provided that they are part of a larger controversy that the court does have jurisdiction over.<sup id="cite_ref-Allsop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allsop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> has limited trial powers, but very rarely exercises them. It has ample power to transfer cases started there to another, more appropriate court, so that the High Court can conserve its energies for its appellate functions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> are administered by the same courts, in a manner similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Judicature_Acts" title="Judicature Acts">Judicature Acts</a> in the United Kingdom. Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judges">Judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-s72_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s72-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most judges have previously practised as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>. Federal judges may only serve until age 70.<sup id="cite_ref-s72_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s72-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no constitutional limit on the length of service of state court judges, but state laws usually fix a retirement age. For example, in New South Wales, judges must retire at age 72,<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_Retirement_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW_Retirement-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they can remain as "acting judges" until age 76.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_Acting_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW_Acting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australian_court_hierarchy">Australian court hierarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australian court hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;"></th> <th style="width:20%;">General federal law</th> <th style="width:20%;">Family law</th> <th style="width:20%;">Employment law</th> <th style="width:20%;">General State/Territory law </th></tr> <tr> <td>Apex court</td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superior courts (appellate jurisdiction)</td> <td><b>Full Court of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></td> <td><b>Full Court of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b> <i>(appeal originating from Division 1 of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Federal</i><br /><b>Fair Work Division of the Full Court of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b><br /><i>State/Territory</i><br />Various</td> <td><i>All matters</i> <br /><b>Court of Appeal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland#Composition" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria#Jurisdiction_of_Supreme_Court" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Vic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia#Structure" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">WA</a>); <b>Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Courts" title="Norfolk Island">NI</a>)<br /> <p><i>Civil matters</i> <br /><b>Court of Appeal</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Appeal">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory#Other" title="Supreme Court of the Northern Territory">NT</a>); <b>Full Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia#Jurisdiction" title="Supreme Court of South Australia">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tasmania#Jurisdiction_of_the_Court" title="Supreme Court of Tasmania">Tas</a>)<br /> <i>Criminal matters</i> <br /><b>Court of Criminal Appeal</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Criminal_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory#Other" title="Supreme Court of the Northern Territory">NT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia#Jurisdiction" title="Supreme Court of South Australia">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Supreme Court of Tasmania">Tas</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superior courts (trial jurisdiction)</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></td> <td><b>Family Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Family Court of Western Australia">WA</a> - <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Rest of Australia</a>)</td> <td><i>Federal/Victoria/Territories</i><br /><b>Fair Work Division of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b><br /><i>Other States</i><br />Various</td> <td><b>Supreme Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">NI</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Northern Territory">NT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia" title="Supreme Court of South Australia">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Supreme Court of Tasmania">Tas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Vic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">WA</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intermediate courts</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b> <i>(does not hear WA family law matters)</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Federal/Victoria/Territories</i><br /><b>Fair Work Division of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b><br /><i>Other States</i><br /><b>Industrial Court</b> (Qld); <b>Employment Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Employment_Court" title="South Australian Employment Court">SA</a>) <b>Supreme Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Court_of_New_South_Wales#Abolition_of_the_Court" title="Industrial Court of New South Wales">NSW</a>)</td> <td><b>District Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="District Court of New South Wales">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_South_Australia" title="District Court of South Australia">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="District Court of Western Australia">WA</a>); <b>County Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/County_Court_of_Victoria" title="County Court of Victoria">Vic</a>)<br /> <p><i>No intermediate court</i> (ACT - NI - NT - Tas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inferior courts</td> <td><b>Magistrates' Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court of Queensland">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court of South Australia">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court of Tasmania">Tas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Victoria" title="Magistrates' Court of Victoria">Vic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Magistrates Court of Western Australia">WA</a>); <p><b>Local Court</b> (<a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local Court of New South Wales">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Court of Northern Territory">NT</a>); <b>Court of Petty Sessions</b> (<a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Court_of_Petty_Sessions" title="Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions">NI</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quasi-judicial tribunals for e.g. <a href="/wiki/Small_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Small claims">small claims</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Administrative_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative review">administrative review</a></td> <td><i>Administrative review</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Appeals_Tribunal" title="Administrative Appeals Tribunal">Administrative Appeals Tribunal</a></b> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_courts_and_tribunals#Sitting_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals">Other tribunals</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></i> <br /><b>Social Services and Child Support Division of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Appeals_Tribunal" title="Administrative Appeals Tribunal">Administrative Appeals Tribunal</a></b></td> <td><i>Federal/Victoria/Territories</i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission" title="Fair Work Commission">Fair Work Commission</a></b><br /><i>Other States</i><br /><b>Industrial Relations Commission</b> (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Relations_Commission_of_New_South_Wales" title="Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales">NSW</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland_Industrial_Relations_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queensland Industrial Relations Commission (page does not exist)">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Industrial_Relations_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australia Industrial Relations Commission">WA</a>); <b>Employment Tribunal</b> (<a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Employment_Court#South_Australian_Employment_Tribunal" title="South Australian Employment Court">SA</a>)</td> <td><i>Administrative review and/or small claims</i> <b><a href="/wiki/ACT_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal">ACAT</a></b> (ACT) - <b><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal">NCAT</a></b> (NSW) - <b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal">NTCAT</a></b> (NT) - <b><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal">QCAT</a></b> (Qld) - <b><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">VCAT</a></b> (Vic) - <b><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">SACAT</a></b> (SA) - <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tasmanian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals">Various</a></i> (Tas) - <b><a href="/wiki/State_Administrative_Tribunal_of_Western_Australia" title="State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia">SAT</a></b> (WA) <br /> <p><i>Minor claims division in <b>Magistrates Court</b></i> (SA - Tas - WA)<br /> <i>Other tribunals</i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Capital_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals">ACT</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of New South Wales courts and tribunals">NSW</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals">NT</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Queensland_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Queensland courts and tribunals">Qld</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of South Australian courts and tribunals">SA</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tasmanian_courts_and_tribunals#Sitting_tribunals" title="List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals">Tas</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Victorian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Victorian courts and tribunals">Vic</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Western Australian courts and tribunals">WA</a>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Australian court hierarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Federal Law Courts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_courts_and_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals">Commonwealth courts and tribunals</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Courts of <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian States and Territories</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of New South Wales courts and tribunals">New South Wales courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Victorian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Victorian courts and tribunals">Victorian courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Queensland_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Queensland courts and tribunals">Queensland courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Western Australian courts and tribunals">Western Australian courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of South Australian courts and tribunals">South Australian courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tasmanian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals">Tasmanian courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Capital_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals">Australian Capital Territory courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals">Northern Territory courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island courts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Template:Australian court hierarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Template talk:Australian court hierarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian court hierarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The hierarchy consists of a variety of courts and tribunals at both the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State and Territory</a> levels, with the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> being the highest court in the Australian judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single body<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Australian <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> is applied in the various Australian courts, and ultimately determined by the High Court now that appeals to the (British) <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> have been abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-1968_Act_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1968_Act-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1975_Act_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1975_Act-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Privy_Council_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Privy_Council-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superior_and_inferior_courts">Superior and inferior courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Superior and inferior courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The High Court has described the concept of a superior court (and associated 'notions derived from the position of pre-<a href="/wiki/Judicature_Acts" title="Judicature Acts">Judicature</a> common law courts') as having 'no ready application in Australia to federal courts.'<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Australian courts are frequently characterised as either '<a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior</a>' or 'inferior.' The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the supreme courts of each State and Territory are generally considered to be superior courts. </p><p>The Supreme Court of Victoria includes a specialist list in the Common Law Division known as the <a href="/wiki/Business_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Business courts">Commercial Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court of Queensland has a similarly specialized docket known as the Commercial List.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no single definition of the term 'superior court' (or 'superior <a href="/wiki/Court_of_record" title="Court of record">court of record</a>'). In many respects Australian superior courts are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Courts of England and Wales">Senior Courts of England and Wales</a>. In Australia, superior courts generally: </p> <ul><li>have unlimited jurisdiction in law and equity,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least are not subject to jurisdictional limits as to the remedies they may grant;</li> <li>determine appeals, at least as part of their jurisdiction;</li> <li>are composed of judges whose individual decisions are not subject to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or appeal to a single judge;</li> <li>are composed of judges entitled to the <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style and title</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> Justice; and</li> <li>regularly publish their decisions in written form.</li></ul> <p>Inferior courts are those beneath superior courts in the appellate hierarchy, and are generally seen to include the magistrates' and district (or county) court of each State as well as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court</a>. Inferior courts are typically characterised by: </p> <ul><li>jurisdiction conferred by statute and limited as to subject matter or the quantum of relief; and</li> <li>amenability to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> by a single judge of a superior court where a right of appeal is not available.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_courts">Federal courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These courts among them have <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth</a> law, that is, law made by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Federal parliament</a> of Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Court_of_Australia">High Court of Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High Court of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_1_at_the_High_Court_of_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Court_1_at_the_High_Court_of_Australia.jpg/250px-Court_1_at_the_High_Court_of_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Court_1_at_the_High_Court_of_Australia.jpg/500px-Court_1_at_the_High_Court_of_Australia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Courtroom 1 in the High Court in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> is the highest court in the Australian judicial hierarchy. It was created by section 71 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s71_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has <a href="/wiki/Appellate" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate">appellate</a> jurisdiction over all other courts. It also has <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> in certain matters, including powers of judicial review. The High Court of Australia is paramount to all federal courts. Further, it has an constitutionally entrenched general power of appeal from the Supreme Courts of the States.<sup id="cite_ref-s73_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s73-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KirbyCentenary_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KirbyCentenary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appeals to the High Court are by special leave only, which is generally only granted in cases of public importance, matters involving the interpretation of the Commonwealth Constitution, or where the law has been inconsistently applied across the States and Territories.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in the vast majority of cases, the appellate divisions of the Supreme Courts of each State and Territory and the Federal Court are the final courts of appeal. </p><p>Appeals from Australian courts to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> were initially possible, however the <i>Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968</i> closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation,<sup id="cite_ref-1968_Act_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1968_Act-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975</i> closed almost all routes of appeal from the High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-1975_Act_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1975_Act-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></i> eliminated appeals from State Supreme Courts to the Privy Council.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_se" title="Inter se">inter se</a></i> matters with leave of the High Court under section 74 of the Constitution; however, the High Court has indicated it will not grant such leave in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Privy_Council_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Privy_Council-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Court_of_Australia">Federal Court of Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal Court of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG/220px-Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG/330px-Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG/440px-Melbourne_Federal_Court.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, the Federal Courts are housed in the Commonwealth Law Courts Building on the corner of <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_Street" title="La Trobe Street">La Trobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Street,_Melbourne" title="William Street, Melbourne">William</a> streets</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a> primarily hears matters relating to corporations, trade practices, industrial relations, bankruptcy, customs, immigration and other areas of federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-Allsop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allsop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court has original jurisdiction in these areas, and also has the power to hear appeals from a number of tribunals and other bodies (and, in cases not involving family law, from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-FCA_Act_s24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCA_Act_s24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court is a superior court of limited jurisdiction, but below the High Court of Australia in the hierarchy of federal courts, and was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FCA_Act_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCA_Act-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the "Full Court" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FCA_Act_s14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCA_Act_s14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a> is an inferior and intermediate court formed from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Family Court of Australia">Family Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit Court of Australia">Federal Circuit Court</a> with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy law">bankruptcy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights law">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial law">industrial law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer law">trade practices</a>. </p><p>The Federal Circuit and Family Court is split into two divisions: </p> <ul><li>Division 1 is the former Family Court of Australia and is a superior court of record for dealing with family law matters. It contains 35 judges.</li> <li>Division 2 is the former Federal Circuit Court of Australia, and deals with the bulk of family law matters prior to the establishment of the Court, as well as general federal law matters such as migration, bankruptcy and admiralty. It contains 76 judges, 55 of which are specialists in family law and the remainder experts in various areas of general federal law and migration.<sup id="cite_ref-fcfcoa.gov.au_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcfcoa.gov.au-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Court operate under the leadership of one Chief Justice, supported by one Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_judge_(Australia)" title="Chief judge (Australia)">Chief Judge</a> who hold a dual commission to both Divisions of the Court. A second Deputy Chief Judge assists in the management of the general federal law and Fair Work jurisdictions of Division 2.<sup id="cite_ref-fcfcoa.gov.au_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcfcoa.gov.au-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_and_territory_courts_and_tribunals">State and territory courts and tribunals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: State and territory courts and tribunals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Judiciary of Australia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg/303px-Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg/455px-Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg/606px-Supreme_Court_of_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court of Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each state and territory has its own court hierarchy, with varying jurisdiction of each court. However, all states and territories have a supreme court, which is a superior court of record and is the highest court within that state or territory. These courts also have appeal divisions, known by various names across the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Full_court" title="Full court">full court</a>, court of appeal, and court of criminal appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decisions of the High Court are binding on all Australian courts, including state and territory supreme courts. </p><p>State and territory courts can sometimes exercise federal jurisdiction (that is, decide federal matters). However, an attempt by the states and the Commonwealth to pass legislation that would cross-vest state judicial powers in the federal courts was struck down by the High Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Re_Wakim;_Ex_parte_McNally" title="Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally">Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wakim_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakim-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as being unconstitutional. Notwithstanding this failure, however, both state and federal courts can exercise an "accrued jurisdiction," which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. </p><p>Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or County Court in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates' court (or local court) handles <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">summary</a> matters and smaller civil matters. In jurisdictions without district or county courts, most of those matters are dealt with by the supreme courts. In Tasmania and the two mainland territories, however, there is only a magistrates' court below the Supreme Court. </p><p>In three external territories (<a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>) there is a supreme court and a magistrates' court or court of petty sessions. The supreme courts are staffed by judges of other courts, usually the Federal Court. Appeals from those courts lie to the full Federal Court. As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All the states and territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a civil and administrative tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser state or territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to act pursuant to some form of <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved legislation</a>; such as environmental regulations or rental tenancy regulations. </p><p>A table of the court hierarchy and civil and administrative tribunals of the Australian states and territories follows here: </p> <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" width="90%" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background: #f0f0f0"> <td width="33%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/90px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/120px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></b></td> <td width="34%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Victoria_(Australia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></b></td> <td width="33%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Queensland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">Supreme Court of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Environment_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Land and Environment Court of New South Wales">Land and Environment Court of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="District Court of New South Wales">District Court of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local Court of New South Wales">Local Court of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal">New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (NCAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_of_Victoria" title="County Court of Victoria">County Court of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Victoria" title="Magistrates' Court of Victoria">Magistrates' Court of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (VCAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Queensland" title="Magistrates Court of Queensland">Magistrates Court of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (QCAT)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background: #f0f0f0"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tasmania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/90px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia" title="Supreme Court of South Australia">Supreme Court of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_South_Australia" title="District Court of South Australia">District Court of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_South_Australia" title="Magistrates Court of South Australia">Magistrates Court of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (SACAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Family Court of Western Australia">Family Court of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="District Court of Western Australia">District Court of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Magistrates Court of Western Australia">Magistrates Court of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administrative_Tribunal_of_Western_Australia" title="State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia">State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia</a> (SAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Supreme Court of Tasmania">Supreme Court of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Magistrates Court of Tasmania">Magistrates Court of Tasmania</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background: #f0f0f0"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/90px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/120px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Northern Territory">Supreme Court of the Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local Court of the Northern Territory">Local Court of the Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (NTCAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (ACAT)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Supreme Court of Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Court_of_Petty_Sessions" title="Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions">Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/40px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/60px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/120px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_courts_in_Australia" title="Drug courts in Australia">Drug courts in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Law enforcement in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_courts_and_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals">List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian bar">Victoria Bar Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Allsop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allsop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allsop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Allsop" title="James Allsop">Justice James Allsop</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedJSchol/2007/15.html">An Introduction to the Jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia</a>". <i>[2007] Federal Judicial Scholarship 15</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(NSW)_v_Quin" title="Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin">Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1990/21.html">[1990] HCA 21</a>, (1990) 170 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 1 at 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s72-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s72_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s72_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s72.html">s 72</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSW_Retirement-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSW_Retirement_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Judicial Officers Act 1986</i> (NSW) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/joa1986155/s44.html">s 44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSW_Acting-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSW_Acting_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Supreme Court Act 1970</i> (NSW) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sca1970183/s37.html">s 37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326150451/https://www.fcfcoa.gov.au/fl/appeals">"Family Law: Appeals | Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia"</a>. <i>www.fcfcoa.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcfcoa.gov.au/fl/appeals">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fcfcoa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Family+Law%3A+Appeals+%7C+Federal+Circuit+and+Family+Court+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcfcoa.gov.au%2Ffl%2Fappeals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, <i>1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2012</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Courts~67">Courts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_v_Industrial_Court_of_NSW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW (page does not exist)">Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2010/1.html">[2010] HCA 1</a>, (2010) 239 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 531 at [99].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1968_Act-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Act_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Act_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/pcoaa1968361968397/">Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968</a></i> (Cth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1975_Act-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1975_Act_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1975_Act_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/pcfthca1975417/">Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975</a></i> (Cth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Privy_Council-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Privy_Council_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Privy_Council_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although Gibbs CJ, Mason, Wilson and Dawson JJ referred to the 'theoretical possibility' of an appeal to the Privy Council under the <i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s74.html">s 74</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attorney-General_v_Finch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attorney-General v Finch (page does not exist)">Attorney-General v Finch</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1984/40.html">[1984] HCA 40</a>, (1984) 155 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 107, the following year Court described the grant of a s 74 certificate as 'impossible' in <i><a href="/wiki/Kirmani_v_Captain_Cook_Cruises_Pty_Ltd_(No_2)" title="Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2)">Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2)</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1985/27.html">[1985] HCA 27</a>, (1985) 159 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Re_McJannet;_Ex_Parte_Minister_for_Employment_Training_%26_Industrial_Relations_(Qld)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Re McJannet; Ex Parte Minister for Employment Training & Industrial Relations (Qld) (page does not exist)">Re McJannet; Ex Parte Minister for Employment Training & Industrial Relations (Qld)</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1995/31.html">[1995] HCA 31</a>, (1995) 184 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 620 at p. 653 (Toohey, McHugh and Gummow JJ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Federal Court of Australia Act 1976</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fcoaa1976249/s5.html">s 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/areas/commercial-court">"Commercial Court"</a>. <i>The Supreme Court of Victoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Supreme+Court+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Commercial+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.vic.gov.au%2Fareas%2Fcommercial-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/750856/sc-pd-01-of-2023.pdf">"SUPREME COURT OF QUEENSLAND PRACTICE DIRECTION NO 1 OF 2023, Commercial List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUPREME+COURT+OF+QUEENSLAND+PRACTICE+DIRECTION+NO+1+OF+2023%2C+Commercial+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.qld.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0004%2F750856%2Fsc-pd-01-of-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <i>Supreme Court Act 1970</i> (NSW) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sca1970183/s23.html">s 23</a>; <i>Constitution of Queensland 2001</i> (Qld) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/coq2001288/s58.html">s 58</a>; <i>Supreme Court Act 1935</i> (SA) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sca1935183/s17.html">s 17</a>; <i>Constitution Act 1975</i> (Vic) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ca1975188/s85.html">s 85</a>; <i>Supreme Court Act 1935</i> (WA) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/sca1935183/s16.html">s 16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although designation as a 'superior court of record' does not necessarily exclude the possibility of judicial review: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_v_Industrial_Court_of_NSW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW (page does not exist)">Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2010/1.html">[2010] HCA 1</a>, (2010) 239 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 531 at [107].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s71-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s71_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s71.html">s 71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s73-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s73_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s73.html">s 73</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KirbyCentenary-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KirbyCentenary_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2003/11.pdf">"The High Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of the United States - A Centenary Reflection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The University of Western Australia Law Review</i>. <b>31</b>: 171<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Western+Australia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+High+Court+of+Australia+and+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States+-+A+Centenary+Reflection&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FUWALawRw%2F2003%2F11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/30-3-13.pdf">"Maximising special leave performance in the High Court of Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNSW Law Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">731–</span>732, <span class="nowrap">743–</span>747<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNSW+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Maximising+special+leave+performance+in+the+High+Court+of+Australia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E731-%3C%2Fspan%3E732%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E743-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2F30-3-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/2/enacted"><i>Australia Act</i> 1986 (Imp)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004A03181"><i>Australia Act</i> 1986 (Cth)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCA_Act_s24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCA_Act_s24_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Federal Court of Australia Act 1976</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fcoaa1976249/s24.html">s 24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCA_Act-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCA_Act_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fcoaa1976249/">Federal Court of Australia Act 1976</a></i> (Cth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCA_Act_s14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCA_Act_s14_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Federal Court of Australia Act 1976</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fcoaa1976249/s14.html">s 14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcfcoa.gov.au-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fcfcoa.gov.au_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcfcoa.gov.au_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcfcoa.gov.au/about">"About the Court | Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia"</a>. <i>www.fcfcoa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fcfcoa.gov.au&rft.atitle=About+the+Court+%7C+Federal+Circuit+and+Family+Court+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcfcoa.gov.au%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/hot-topics-courts-and-tribunals/jurisdiction-and-hierarchy-courts">"Jurisdiction and hierarchy of courts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of NSW">State Library of NSW</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Library+of+NSW&rft.atitle=Jurisdiction+and+hierarchy+of+courts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Fhot-topics-courts-and-tribunals%2Fjurisdiction-and-hierarchy-courts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakim-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wakim_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Re_Wakim;_Ex_parte_McNally" title="Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally">Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/27.html">[1999] HCA 27</a>, (1999) 27 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 511.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Australian court hierarchy</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Judiciary+of+Australia">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2018" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Cat (12 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1819/Quick_Guides/Crime">"Crime and law enforcement: A quick guide to key internet links"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Crime+and+law+enforcement%3A+A+quick+guide+to+key+internet+links&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp1819%2FQuick_Guides%2FCrime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Courts_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Courts" title="Template:Australian Courts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Courts" title="Template talk:Australian Courts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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Family Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Disputed_Returns_(Australia)" title="Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)">Court of Disputed Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_courts_and_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals">List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New South Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="District Court of New South Wales">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local Court of New South Wales">Local Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of New South Wales courts and tribunals">List of New South Wales courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victoria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_of_Victoria" title="County Court of Victoria">County Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Victoria" title="Magistrates' Court of Victoria">Magistrates' Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Victorian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Victorian courts and tribunals">List of Victorian courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queensland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Queensland" title="Magistrates Court of Queensland">Magistrates' Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Queensland_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Queensland courts and tribunals">List of Queensland courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Family Court of Western Australia">Family Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="District Court of Western Australia">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Magistrates Court of Western Australia">Magistrates Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Western Australian courts and tribunals">List of Western Australian courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia" title="Supreme Court of South Australia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_South_Australia" title="District Court of South Australia">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_South_Australia" title="Magistrates Court of South Australia">Magistrates' Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of South Australian courts and tribunals">List of South Australian courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tasmania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Supreme Court of Tasmania">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Tasmania" title="Magistrates Court of Tasmania">Magistrates Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tasmanian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals">List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australian Capital Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Magistrates Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Capital_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals">List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Northern Territory">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Court_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local Court of the Northern Territory">Local Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals">List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norfolk Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Court_of_Petty_Sessions" title="Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions">Court of Petty Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_quasi-judicial_tribunals194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Tribunals" title="Template:Australian Tribunals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Tribunals" title="Template talk:Australian Tribunals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Tribunals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Tribunals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_quasi-judicial_tribunals194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Australian <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Review_Tribunal" title="Administrative Review Tribunal">Administrative Review Tribunal</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_courts_and_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals"><i>various others</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New South Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal">New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (NCAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victoria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (VCAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queensland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (QCAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administrative_Tribunal_of_Western_Australia" title="State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia">State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia</a> (SAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (SACAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tasmania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tasmanian_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals">Various</a></i> <ul><li>Anti-Discrimination Tribunal</li> <li>Mental Health Tribunal</li> <li>Medical Practitioners Tribunal</li> <li>Mining Tribunal</li> <li>Motor Accidents Compensation Tribunal</li> <li>Resource Management and Planning Appeal Tribunal</li> <li>Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Tribunal</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australian Capital Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal">ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (ACAT)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal">Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> (NTCAT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australia253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Australia253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet_of_Australia" title="Shadow cabinet of Australia">Shadow Cabinet</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_elections" title="Timeline of Australian elections">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br /> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">NT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">UAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardworking_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardworking Families">Hardworking Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langer_vote" title="Langer vote">Langer vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playmander" title="Playmander">Playmander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_test" title="Pub test">Pub test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_quiet_Australians" title="The quiet Australians">Quiet Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_family" title="Working family">Working Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_(marketing)" title="Worm (marketing)">Worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles726" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a 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Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Palau" title="Judiciary of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Judiciary of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Judiciary of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_American_Samoa" title="Judiciary of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hawaii" title="Judiciary of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a 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