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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolachi_settlement_and_the_first_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolachi_settlement_and_the_first_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kolachi settlement and the first port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolachi_settlement_and_the_first_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 British control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finance_and_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_and_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Finance and banking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_and_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Media and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Revenue collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_population_density_per_km2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_population_density_per_km2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 District population density per km2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_population_density_per_km2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metrobus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrobus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Metrobus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrobus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Bus_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Bus_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 People's Bus Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Bus_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karachi_Circular_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karachi_Circular_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Karachi Circular Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karachi_Circular_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tramway_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tramway_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Tramway service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tramway_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Civic administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civic administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 City government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Historical background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_councils_(2001–11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_councils_(2001–11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Union councils (2001–11) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_councils_(2001–11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_Municipal_Corporations_(2011–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_Municipal_Corporations_(2011–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 District Municipal Corporations (2011–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_Municipal_Corporations_(2011–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 City planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Municipal services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Municipal_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Municipal services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Municipal_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police,_Ambulance,_Firefighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police,_Ambulance,_Firefighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Police, Ambulance, Firefighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police,_Ambulance,_Firefighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts_literacy_rate_(10_years_and_above)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_literacy_rate_(10_years_and_above)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Districts literacy rate (10 years and above) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_literacy_rate_(10_years_and_above)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Higher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment,_tourism_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment,_tourism_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Entertainment, tourism and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entertainment,_tourism_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Entertainment, tourism and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Entertainment,_tourism_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Shopping malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Theatre and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Social issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime_&_Lawlessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_&_Lawlessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Crime & Lawlessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_&_Lawlessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karachi_Operation_by_Pakistan_Rangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karachi_Operation_by_Pakistan_Rangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karachi_Operation_by_Pakistan_Rangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_&_Linguistic_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_&_Linguistic_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Ethnic & Linguistic conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_&_Linguistic_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Poor infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_flooding_in_monsoon_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_flooding_in_monsoon_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Urban flooding in monsoon season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_flooding_in_monsoon_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Karachi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" > 175 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsji" title="Karatsji – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karatsji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AB%E1%89%BA" title="ከራቺ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከራቺ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="كراتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كراتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80" title="কৰাচী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৰাচী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A1chi" title="Karáchi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Karáchi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99ra%C3%A7i" title="Kəraçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəraçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="করাচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করাচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Карачы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карачы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Карачы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карачы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2" title="ཀ་ར་ཆི – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀ་ར་ཆི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Pakistan)" title="Karachi (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pakistan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karachi (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pakistan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A1%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Karáčí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karáčí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%97%DE%A9" title="ކަރާޗީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަރާޗީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADyol_Yii%CA%BC_Haineezt%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Níyol Yiiʼ Haineeztą́ą́ʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Níyol Yiiʼ Haineeztą́ą́ʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Καράτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καράτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Карачи ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Карачи ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%89io" title="Karaĉio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karaĉio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatxi" title="Karatxi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karatxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80" title="કરાચી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કરાચી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%98" title="카라치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Կարաչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարաչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Di" title="Karači – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Karači" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="קראצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasii" title="Karasii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karasii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕರಾಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಾಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="კარაჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარაჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%B2%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کَرٲچی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَرٲچی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kera%C3%A7%C3%AE" title="Keraçî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keraçî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5" title="ຄາຣາຈີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາຣາຈີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachium" title="Karachium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Karachium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%81%C4%8Di" title="Karāči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karāči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Dis" title="Karačis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karačis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaci" title="Karaci – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Karaci" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacsi" title="Karacsi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karacsi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF" title="കറാച്ചി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കറാച്ചി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="კარაჩი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარაჩი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="كاراتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاراتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကရာချိမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရာချိမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%81" title="カラチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80" title="କରାଚୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କରାଚୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਰਾਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਾਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8D" title="کراچۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کراچۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8" title="ការ៉ាជី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការ៉ាជី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatschi" title="Karatschi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Karatschi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaczi" title="Karaczi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karaczi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carachi" title="Carachi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carachi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%96" title="Карачі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карачі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="कराची – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कराची" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaci" title="Karaci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Karaci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%8A" title="ڪراچي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪراچي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A1%C4%8Di" title="Karáči – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karáči" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Di" title="Karači – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karači" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaczi" title="Karaczi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Karaczi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaaji" title="Karaaji – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Karaaji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کەراچی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەراچی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Карачи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карачи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கராச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கராச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Di" title="Karači – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Karači" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80" title="కరాచీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కరాచీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="การาจี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การาจี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D3%A3" title="Карочӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карочӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%96" title="Карачі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карачі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کراچی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کراچی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%89" title="كاراچى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاراچى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Di" title="Karači – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Karači" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87" title="卡拉奇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡拉奇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99" title="קאראטשי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאראטשי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87" title="卡拉奇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡拉奇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7i" title="Karaçi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Karaçi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%8Dis" title="Karačis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karačis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87" title="卡拉奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡拉奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karachi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaci" title="Karaci – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Karaci" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8660" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karachi&params=24_51_36_N_67_0_36_E_type:city(20382881)_region:PK-SD">24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Sindh, Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Pakistan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karachi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karachi (disambiguation)">Karachi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Megacity in Sindh, Pakistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Karachi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>ڪراچي‎</li><li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کراچی</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div 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href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/124px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/186px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/248px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4612" data-file-height="3406" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_City" title="Dolmen City">Dolmen City</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_(KMC)_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/140px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/210px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/280px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="3093" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">KMC Building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg/132px-Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg/198px-Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg/264px-Another_beautiful_View_of_%22Mohatta_Palace%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohatta_Palace" title="Mohatta Palace">Mohatta Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/132px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/198px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/264px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7908" data-file-height="5276" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_Port_Trust_(KPT)_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg/268px-Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg/402px-Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg/536px-Karachi_Port_Trust_%28KPT%29_Head_Office_Building_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7400" data-file-height="4282" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust_Building" title="Karachi Port Trust Building">Karachi Port Trust Building</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_City_Flag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Karachi"><img alt="Flag of Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karachi_City_Flag.png/100px-Karachi_City_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karachi_City_Flag.png/150px-Karachi_City_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karachi_City_Flag.png/200px-Karachi_City_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Quaid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarina_Singh2008164-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">the East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> City of Lights,<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a> Bride of the Cities<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt_JaninScott_A._Mandia201298-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESind_Muslim_College1965-5">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_Transport_Network.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi is located in Karachi"><img alt="Karachi is located in Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Karachi_Transport_Network.png/250px-Karachi_Transport_Network.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Karachi_Transport_Network.png/375px-Karachi_Transport_Network.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Karachi_Transport_Network.png/500px-Karachi_Transport_Network.png 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="2128" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.052%;left:25.047%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Karachi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Map of the city of Karachi</div>Show map of Karachi</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi is located in Pakistan"><img alt="Karachi is located in Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pakistan_location_map.svg/250px-Pakistan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pakistan_location_map.svg/375px-Pakistan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pakistan_location_map.svg/500px-Pakistan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.496%;left:32.55%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Karachi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Sindh province</div>Show map of Pakistan</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi is located in Asia"><img alt="Karachi is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.904%;left:26.498%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Karachi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Pakistan</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi is located in Earth"><img alt="Karachi is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.189%;left:68.614%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Karachi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Asia</div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karachi&params=24_51_36_N_67_0_36_E_type:city(20382881)_region:PK-SD">24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1729</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Metropolitan council</th><td class="infobox-data">1880; 145 years ago (1880)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City council</th><td class="infobox-data">City Complex, <a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Town" title="Gulshan Town">Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts<a href="#cite_note-govt-6">[6]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>7</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Central_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Central Karachi">Central Karachi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/District_of_East_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="District of East Karachi">East Karachi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/District_of_South_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="District of South Karachi">South Karachi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/District_of_West_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="District of West Karachi">West Karachi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Metropolitan Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karachi" title="Government of Karachi">Government of Karachi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Karachi" title="Mayor of Karachi">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Wahab" title="Murtaza Wahab">Murtaza Wahab</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Karachi" title="Mayor of Karachi">Deputy mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Salman Murad<a href="#cite_note-dawn-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Karachi">Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hassan Naqvi<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,527 km2 (1,362 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Pakistan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2023_Census-12">[12]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,382,881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in Pakistan">1st (Pakistan)</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities proper by population">12th (world)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,779/km2 (14,970/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Karachiite<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Postal_Codes_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Postal Codes in Karachi">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">74XXX–75XXX<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Pakistan" title="List of dialling codes in Pakistan">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">021<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP/PPP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$200 billion (2021)<a href="#cite_note-nation.com.pk-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-finance.gov.pk-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">KHI</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Breeze" title="Karachi Breeze">Karachi Breeze</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest district by area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir District</a> (2,160 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest district by population (2023 census)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a> (3,950,031)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Densest district by population (2023 census)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a> (55,396/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest area by <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Saddar Town</a> ($40 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmc.gos.pk/">www.kmc.gos.pk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Karachi (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈrɑːtʃi/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کراچی <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[kə.ɾɑː.t͡ʃiː]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڪراچي‎; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[kəˈraːtʃi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/Karachi_pronunciation.ogg\/Karachi_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Karachi pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Karachi_pronunciation.ogg/Karachi_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Karachi pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Pakistani province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and 12th <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">largest</a> in the world, with a population of over 20 million.<a href="#cite_note-2023_Census-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is situated at the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">southern tip of the country</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> coast and formerly served as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)">country's capital</a> from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">beta-global city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> it is Pakistan's premier industrial and <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> with an estimated GDP of over $200 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachi&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nation.com.pk-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-finance.gov.pk-17">[17]</a> Karachi is a metropolitan city and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions,<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Publishing_Group-22">[22]</a> as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities.<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-dw.com-24">[24]</a> The region has been inhabited for millennia,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of Kolachi as recently as 1729.<a href="#cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014-27">[27]</a> The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform the city into a major seaport, and connect it with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Pakistan" title="History of rail transport in Pakistan">extensive railway network</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014-27">[27]</a> At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Publishing_Group-22">[22]</a> Afterwards, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muslim immigrants</a> from India,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> coupled with an exodus of most of its <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> residents.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout the country and other regions in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-30">[30]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 Census of Pakistan</a>, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and has significant communities representing almost every <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">ethnic group in Pakistan</a>. Karachi holds more than two million <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengali immigrants</a>, a million <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a>, and up to <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya people in Pakistan">400,000 Rohingyas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Falling_back-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-cidcm.umd.edu-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachi&action=edit">[update]</a>, which is the largest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd's-37">[37]</a> Karachi collects 35% of <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Pakistan's tax revenue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and generates approximately 25% of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan's entire GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adb-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-coastline-40">[40]</a> Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi,<a href="#cite_note-stepmother-41">[41]</a> while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Pakistan's foreign trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rand_Corporation-2014-42">[42]</a> Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-Rand_Corporation-2014-42">[42]</a> It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a>, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and has hosted the annual <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week" title="Karachi Fashion Week">Karachi Fashion Week</a> since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-violentEnd-49">[49]</a> The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM political party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> militants, initiated in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_TImes-50">[50]</a> As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">[26]</a> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Mai_Kolachi" title="Mai Kolachi">Mai Kolachi</a>, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it.<a href="#cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">[26]</a> The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth, was used for the first time in a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dutch_East_India_Company-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-resources.huygens.knaw.nl-2015-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Karachi" title="History of Karachi">History of Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Karachi_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Karachi history">Timeline of Karachi history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg/220px-PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg/330px-PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg/440px-PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7791" data-file-height="4382" /></a><figcaption>The 15th–18th century <a href="/wiki/Chaukhandi_tombs" title="Chaukhandi tombs">Chaukhandi tombs</a> are a Tentative <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> sites have been excavated in the <a href="/wiki/Mulri_Hills" title="Mulri Hills">Mulri Hills</a> along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, with ancient <a href="/wiki/Flint_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint tools">flint tools</a> discovered at several sites. The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, and may have been the site of <a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a>, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Krokola" title="Krokola">Krokola</a>, a natural harbour west of the Indus where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> sailed his fleet for <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Malir_River" title="Malir River">Malir River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> though some believe it was located near <a href="/wiki/Gizri" title="Gizri">Gizri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a>, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of <a href="/wiki/Morontobara" title="Morontobara">Morontobara</a> and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Manora,_Karachi" title="Manora, Karachi">Manora Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keamari_(locality)" title="Keamari (locality)">Kiamari</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a>), respectively, based on Greek descriptions.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 711 CE, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and Indus Valley and the port of <a href="/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a>, from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghazi_Beg" title="Mirza Ghazi Beg">Mirza Ghazi Beg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a> was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> incursions into <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. In 1553–54, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a>, mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chaukhandi_tombs" title="Chaukhandi tombs">Chaukhandi tombs</a> in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolachi_settlement_and_the_first_port">Kolachi settlement and the first port</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manora_Beach,_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Manora_Beach%2C_Karachi_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manora_Fort,_Karachi" title="Manora Fort, Karachi">Manora Fort</a>, built-in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3 February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.</figcaption></figure> The first port was established by the <a href="/wiki/Kalhora" title="Kalhora">Kalhoras</a> near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 19th century Karachi historian <a href="/wiki/Seth_Naomal_Hotchand" title="Seth Naomal Hotchand">Seth Naomal Hotchand</a> recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro, which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1725, a band of <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> settlers from <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat</a> had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014b-77">[77]</a> A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro, which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi").<a href="#cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">[26]</a> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Mai_Kolachi" title="Mai Kolachi">Mai Kolachi</a>, a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">[26]</a> Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Baniyas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014b-77">[77]</a> and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_Road" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road">Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The name Karachee was used for the first time in a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dutch_East_India_Company-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-resources.huygens.knaw.nl-2015-53">[53]</a> In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan of Kalat">Khan of Kalat</a>, which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014b-77">[77]</a> In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a>, triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014b-77">[77]</a> The Talpurs built the <a href="/wiki/Manora_Fort,_Karachi" title="Manora Fort, Karachi">Manora Fort</a> in 1797,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qasimi">al-Qasimi</a> pirates.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Keane,_1st_Baron_Keane" title="John Keane, 1st Baron Keane">John Keane</a> in February 1839.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201442-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_control">British control</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_street_in_Old_Town,_Karachi,_India._Photograph,_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg/220px-A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg/330px-A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg/440px-A_street_in_Old_Town%2C_Karachi%2C_India._Photograph%2C_1897._Wellcome_V0029261.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>An 1897 image of Karachi's Rampart Row street in <a href="/wiki/Mithadar" title="Mithadar">Mithadar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mules_Mansion_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mules_Mansion_01.jpg/220px-Mules_Mansion_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mules_Mansion_01.jpg/330px-Mules_Mansion_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mules_Mansion_01.jpg/440px-Mules_Mansion_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Mules Mansion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/220px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/330px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg/440px-Frere_Hall_Karachi._Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7908" data-file-height="5276" /></a><figcaption>Some of Karachi's most recognized structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a>, date from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_(KMC)_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/220px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/330px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg/440px-Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_%28KMC%29_Head_Office_at_M.A_Jinnah_Road_-_Photo_By_Aliraza_Khatri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>Karachi features several examples of colonial-era <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Municipal Corporation Building">KMC Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> captured Karachi on 3 February 1839 after <a href="/wiki/HMS_Wellesley_(1815)" title="HMS Wellesley (1815)">HMS Wellesley</a> opened fire and quickly destroyed <a href="/wiki/Manora_Fort,_Karachi" title="Manora Fort, Karachi">Manora Fort</a>, which guarded Karachi Harbour at <a href="/wiki/Manora,_Karachi" title="Manora, Karachi">Manora Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and was confined to the walled city in <a href="/wiki/Mithadar" title="Mithadar">Mithadar</a>, with suburbs in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Serai_Quarter" title="Serai Quarter">Serai Quarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">Karachi Cantonment</a>. The British further developed the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">Karachi Cantonment</a> as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Portuguese Goan</a> community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are primarily concentrated in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Sindh's capital was shifted from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> after Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Charles James Napier</a> captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miani" title="Battle of Miani">Battle of Miani</a>. Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February the entire province was amalgamated into the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Edward_Frere" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bartle Edward Frere">Henry Bartle Edward Frere</a>, who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a> in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</a> of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city. Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like <a href="/wiki/Lyari" title="Lyari">Lyari</a>, which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads.<a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-2015-98">[98]</a> At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port,<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> with Indus Steam Flotilla and Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goan Christians</a>, among others, established themselves in Karachi,<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of <a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazir Mansion (Karachi)">Wazir Mansion</a> in 1876 to such migrants from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. Public building works were undertaken at this time in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic</a> styles, including the construction of <a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a> in 1865 and the later <a href="/wiki/Empress_Market" title="Empress Market">Empress Market</a> in 1889. With the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj#Railways" title="British Raj">British India's vast railway system</a>. In 1887, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Port">Karachi Port</a> underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magain_Shalome_Synagogue" title="Magain Shalome Synagogue">Karachi's first synagogue</a> was established in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Committee" title="Karachi Municipal Committee">Municipal area.</a><a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> Under the British, the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Committee" title="Karachi Municipal Committee">city's municipal government</a> was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi, mayor <a href="/wiki/Seth_Harchandrai_Vishandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth Harchandrai Vishandas">Seth Harchandrai Vishandas</a> led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> after large irrigation works in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> By 1924, the Drigh Road Aerodrome was established,<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> now the <a href="/wiki/PAF_Base_Faisal" title="PAF Base Faisal">Faisal Air Force Base</a>. Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> Native Sindhis were upset by this influence,<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg/220px-Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg/330px-Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg/440px-Lord_Mountbatten_and_his_wife_Advena_in_Karachi_14_August_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma">Edwina</a> in Karachi 14 August 1947</figcaption></figure> At the dawn of independence following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan. Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Publishing_Group-22">[22]</a> The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Markovits-2000-104">[104]</a> Riots erupted on 6 January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India,<a href="#cite_note-Markovits-2000-104">[104]</a> with assistance of the Indian government.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajir</a> refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948,<a href="#cite_note-Zamindar-2010-106">[106]</a> leading to a drastic alteration of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi" title="Demographics of Karachi">city's demography</a>. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> until 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,<a href="#cite_note-Zamindar-2010-106">[106]</a> the capital of Sindh shifted again Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> in 1958.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Weightman2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-107">[107]</a> While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions in Karachi">the city is host to</a> numerous <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulates</a> and honorary consulates.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a> programme enacted by President <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Several examples of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architect">Modernist architect</a> were built in Karachi during this period, including the <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a> mausoleum, the distinct <a href="/wiki/Masjid_e_Tooba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid e Tooba">Masjid-e-Tooba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bank_Plaza" title="Habib Bank Plaza">Habib Bank Plaza</a> (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a> from northern Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf States</a>, and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The period also saw <a href="/wiki/Karachi_labour_unrest_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi labour unrest of 1972">labour unrest in Karachi</a>'s industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> from 1972 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets - leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife.<a href="#cite_note-Udupa-2017-114">[114]</a> The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">General Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Udupa-2017-114">[114]</a> Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Udupa-2017-114">[114]</a> This decade also saw an influx of more than one million <a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari</a> immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> which separated from Pakistan in 1971. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi district">Karachi district</a> divided into three districts, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">South</a> districts. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million <a href="/wiki/Afghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan people">Afghan</a> refugees into Karachi fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-violentEnd-49">[49]</a> Conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM party</a>, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochis" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochis">Balochis</a> was sharp.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Operation_Clean-up" title="Operation Clean-up">Operation Clean-up</a> in 1992 – an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi division</a> named <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a> districts. The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">conflict in North-West Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods" title="2010 Pakistan floods">2010 Pakistan floods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">[103]</a> By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings.<a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-2015-98">[98]</a> Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_TImes-50">[50]</a> As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2022 at least one million <a href="/wiki/2022_Pakistan_floods" title="2022 Pakistan floods">flood affectees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> took refuge in Karachi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karachi" title="Geography of Karachi">Geography of Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Karachi" title="Environment of Karachi">Environment of Karachi</a></div> Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Harbour" title="Karachi Harbour">Karachi Harbour</a>, a natural harbour on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Karachi is built on a coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: <a href="/wiki/Chinna_Creek" title="Chinna Creek">Chinna Creek</a>), and farther southeast towards the expansive <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a>. West of Karachi city is the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Monze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Monze">Cape Monze</a>, locally known as <a href="/wiki/Ras_Muari" title="Ras Muari">Ras Muari</a>, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches. Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian tectonic plate</a> meets the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian tectonic plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gagnetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Hills" title="Khasa Hills">Khasa Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulri_Hills" title="Mulri Hills">Mulri Hills</a>, which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between <a href="/wiki/North_Nazimabad" title="North Nazimabad">North Nazimabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orangi" title="Orangi">Orangi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirthar Range">Kirthar Range</a>, and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet).<a href="#cite_note-IIED-122">[122]</a> Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the <a href="/wiki/Malir_River" title="Malir River">Malir River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyari_River" title="Lyari River">Lyari Rivers</a>, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the east of Karachi lies the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> flood plains.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Climate of Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg/250px-Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg/375px-Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg/500px-Karachi_beach_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to other areas of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province.</figcaption></figure> Karachi has a tropical <a href="/wiki/Semi_arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi arid">semi arid</a> climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: BSh), formerly a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a>, dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. 296 mm (12 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late June–September <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during the summer monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm.<a href="#cite_note-heatwave-125">[125]</a> The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India. The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750–850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-pakmet-127">[127]</a> The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and the lowest is 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on 21 January 1934.<a href="#cite_note-pakmet-127">[127]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Karachi (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8 (118.0) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 (116.6) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #E60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 (109.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (0.42) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (0.22) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (0.44) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (0.36) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.1 (3.39) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.7 (4.12) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (0.50) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (0.22) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">318 (12.53) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.0 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,949.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990),<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity, 1966-1990)<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and Karachi Extremes (1931–2018)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glimpse of I. I. Chundrigar Road, as captured from the southern vantage point overlooking Chinna Creek."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/1100px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/1650px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/2200px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="1696" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" title="File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg"> </a></div>Glimpse of <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a>, as captured from the southern vantage point overlooking <a href="/wiki/Chinna_Creek" title="Chinna Creek">Chinna Creek</a>.</div></div></div> The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Mithadar" title="Mithadar">Mithadar</a> neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule. British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-92">[92]</a> The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-92">[92]</a> The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-92">[92]</a> Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">Karachi Cantonment</a> as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-92">[92]</a> The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Chinna_Creek" title="Chinna Creek">Chinna Creek</a> prior to independence, although the seaside area of <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a> was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a> being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a> Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of <a href="/wiki/Orangi" title="Orangi">Orangi</a>. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of <a href="/wiki/Nazimabad" title="Nazimabad">Nazimabad</a>, and upper-middle-class <a href="/wiki/North_Nazimabad" title="North Nazimabad">North Nazimabad</a>, which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as <a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">Defence</a>, an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>. Karachi's coastal plains along the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including <a href="/wiki/Baba_and_Bhit_Islands" title="Baba and Bhit Islands">Baba and Bhit Islands</a>, Oyster Rocks, and <a href="/wiki/Manora,_Karachi" title="Manora, Karachi">Manora</a>, a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoal</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sandspit_Beach" title="Sandspit Beach">Sandspit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IIED-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulistan-e-Johar" title="Gulistan-e-Johar">Gulistan-e-Johar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Town" title="Gulshan Town">Gulshan-e-Iqbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_B._Area" title="Federal B. Area">Federal B. Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malir" class="mw-redirect" title="Malir">Malir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landhi_Town" title="Landhi Town">Landhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korangi_Town" title="Korangi Town">Korangi</a> areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services.<a href="#cite_note-Askari-2015-136">[136]</a> 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities.<a href="#cite_note-Askari-2015-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">Economy of Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/220px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/330px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg/440px-Dolmen_Towers_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4612" data-file-height="3406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a> is considered as one of the richest neighbourhoods in Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachi&action=edit">[update]</a>, Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190 billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd's-37">[37]</a> Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP<a href="#cite_note-gdp4-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-adb-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-coastline-40">[40]</a> The city has a large <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a> which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg/220px-Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg/330px-Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg/440px-Highrises_on_II_Chundrigar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a> is considered to be the "downtown" of karachi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg/220px-Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg/330px-Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg/440px-Emaar_Towers_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Under construction high rises in DHA Karachi</figcaption></figure> Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of a number of households (1.3 million households) with annual income above $20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of <a href="/wiki/Mahajir_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a> to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_and_banking">Finance and banking</h3></div> Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a>, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street",<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a> with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Stock_Exchange" title="Pakistan Stock Exchange">Pakistan Stock Exchange</a>, which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by <a href="/wiki/MSCI" title="MSCI">MSCI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_technology">Media and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Karachi">Media in Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema in Karachi">Cinema in Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in Karachi">List of television stations in Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of magazines in Karachi">List of magazines in Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Karachi">List of newspapers in Karachi</a></div> Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos_Owen_Thomas2005121-153">[153]</a> and has seen an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information and communications technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a>. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several independent <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">television</a> and radio stations are based in Karachi, including <a href="/wiki/Business_Plus_(TV_Channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Plus (TV Channel)">Business Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/AAJ_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="AAJ TV">AAJ News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geo_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo TV">Geo TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawish_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawish Television Network">KTN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sindh_TV" title="Sindh TV">Sindh TV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNBC_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="CNBC Pakistan">CNBC Pakistan</a>, TV ONE, <a href="/wiki/Express_News_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Express News (Pakistan)">Express TV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/ARY_Digital" title="ARY Digital">ARY Digital</a>, Indus Television Network, <a href="/wiki/Samaa_TV" title="Samaa TV">Samaa TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abb_Takk_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Abb Takk News">Abb Takk News</a>, <a href="/wiki/BOL_Network" title="BOL Network">Bol TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a>, as well as several local stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector,<a href="#cite_note-stepmother-41">[41]</a> and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value added</a> in large scale manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, <a href="/wiki/Korangi" title="Korangi">Korangi</a>, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Expo_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Expo Centre">Karachi Expo Centre</a> also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of estate</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Area in acres </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S.I.T.E_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="S.I.T.E Industrial Area">SITE Karachi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SITE_Town" title="SITE Town">SITE Town</a></td> <td>1947</td> <td>4700<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Korangi Industrial Area">Korangi Industrial Area</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Town" title="Korangi Town">Korangi Town</a></td> <td>1960</td> <td>8500<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Landhi Industrial Area">Landhi Industrial Area</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Town" title="Landhi Town">Landhi Town</a></td> <td>1949</td> <td>11000<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Karachi_Industrial_Area" title="North Karachi Industrial Area">North Karachi Industrial Area</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Karachi_Town" title="New Karachi Town">New Karachi Town</a></td> <td>1974</td> <td>725<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_B_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal B Industrial Area">Federal B Industrial Area</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulberg_Town,_Karachi" title="Gulberg Town, Karachi">Gulberg Town</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Creek_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Korangi Creek Industrial Park">Korangi Creek Industrial Park</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Creek_Cantonment" title="Korangi Creek Cantonment">Korangi Creek Cantonment</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>250<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Industrial_Zone" title="Bin Qasim Industrial Zone">Bin Qasim Industrial Zone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Town" title="Bin Qasim Town">Bin Qasim Town</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td>25000<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Export_Processing_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Export Processing Zone">Karachi Export Processing Zone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Town" title="Landhi Town">Landhi Town</a></td> <td>1980<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></td> <td>315<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Textile_City" title="Pakistan Textile City">Pakistan Textile City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Town" title="Bin Qasim Town">Bin Qasim Town</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td>1250<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Wharf_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Wharf Industrial Area">West Wharf Industrial Area</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keamari_Town" title="Keamari Town">Keamari Town</a></td> <td></td> <td>430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SITE_Super_Highway_Phase-I" class="mw-redirect" title="SITE Super Highway Phase-I">SITE Super Highway Phase-I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Highway">Super Highway</a></td> <td>1983</td> <td>300<a href="#cite_note-site-173">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SITE_Super_Highway_Phase-II" class="mw-redirect" title="SITE Super Highway Phase-II">SITE Super Highway Phase-II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Highway">Super Highway</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>1000<a href="#cite_note-site-173">[173]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_collection">Revenue collection</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan,_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg/220px-Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg/330px-Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg/440px-Old_building_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan%2C_Now_its_known_as_State_Bank_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10410" data-file-height="5764" /></a><figcaption>The former State Bank of Pakistan building was built during the colonial era.</figcaption></figure> As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-adb-39">[39]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue" title="Federal Board of Revenue">Federal Board of Revenue</a>'s 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.<a href="#cite_note-fbr0607-176">[176]</a> Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports,<a href="#cite_note-fbr0607-176">[176]</a> and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.<a href="#cite_note-fbr0607-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi" title="Demographics of Karachi">Demographics of Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Karachi" title="Ethnic groups in Karachi">Ethnic groups in Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Karachi" title="Religion in Karachi">Religion in Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg/220px-Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg/330px-Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg/440px-Bahadurabad_Area_Karachi_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>Bahadurabad Area has a high population density.</figcaption></figure> Karachi is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu-speaking">Urdu-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> It is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Publishing_Group-22">[22]</a> The city is a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of ethnolinguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census</a> numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> The city's inhabitants are referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> Karachiite in English, and Karāchīwālā in Urdu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277850240">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li .l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> 50.6 (50.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> 13.52 (13.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> 11.12 (11.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> 8.08 (8.08%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> 3.97 (3.97%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> 3.7 (3.70%)</li> <li>Others 9.01 (9.01%)</li> </ol> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Purple;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others 9.01 (9.01%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:green;color:#000" title="Urdu 50.6 (50.6%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.006turn)" title="Urdu 50.6 (50.6%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.506turn)" title="Pashto 13.52 (13.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.516turn)" title="Pashto 13.52 (13.5%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:skyblue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.641turn)" title="Sindhi 11.12 (11.1%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:skyblue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.682turn)" title="Sindhi 11.12 (11.1%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.752turn)" title="Punjabi 8.08 (8.08%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.763turn)" title="Punjabi 8.08 (8.08%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.833turn); background:blue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 25.67563604% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Balochi 3.97 (3.97%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.873turn); background:Pink;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 23.67585852% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Saraiki 3.7 (3.70%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos_Owen_Thomas2005121-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a> is: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers (2023)<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </th> <th>Speakers (2017)<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </th> <th>Speakers (1998)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonah_BlankChristopher_ClaryBrian_Nichiporuk2014-183">[183]</a> </th> <th>Speakers (1981)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_P._Cohen2004-184">[184]</a> </th> <th>Speakers (1972) </th> <th>Speakers (1961) </th> <th>Speakers (1951) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> </th> <td>10,315,905 (50.60%) </td> <td>6,779,142 (42.30%) </td> <td>4,497,747 (48.52%) </td> <td>2,830,098 (54.34%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> </th> <td>2,752,148 (13.52%) </td> <td>2,406,011 (15.01%) </td> <td>1,058,650 (11.42%) </td> <td>453,628 (8.71%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> </th> <td>2,264,189 (11.12%) </td> <td>1,709,877 (10.67%) </td> <td>669,340 (7.22%) </td> <td>327,591 (6.29%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </th> <td>1,645,282 (8.08%) </td> <td>1,719,636 (10.73%) </td> <td>1,292,335 (13.94%) </td> <td>710,389 (13.64%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </th> <td>808,352 (3.97%) </td> <td>648,964 (4.04%) </td> <td>402,386 (4.34%) </td> <td>228,636 (4.39%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> </th> <td>753,903 (3.70%) </td> <td>798,031 (4.98%) </td> <td>195,681 (2.11%) </td> <td>18,228 (0.35%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <th>Others </th> <td>1,817,695 (9.01%) </td> <td>1,963,233 (12.25%) </td> <td>1,153,126 (12.44%) </td> <td>639,560 (12.27%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>All </th> <td>20,357,474 (100%) </td> <td>16,024,894 (100%) </td> <td>9,269,265 (100%) </td> <td>5,208,132 (100%) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The category of "others" includes 653,727 <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> speakers, 75,993 <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> speakers, 50,982 <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> speakers, 30,375 <a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a> speakers, 26,906 <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> speakers, 14,073 <a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Kohistani</a> speakers, 21,860 <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> speakers, 614 <a href="/wiki/Kalasha_language" title="Kalasha language">Kalasha</a> speakers, and 943,165 speakers of other languages<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Eastern_Persian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Eastern Persian)">Dari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Pakistan's independence</a> in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Publishing_Group-22">[22]</a> The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muslim refugees</a> from the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census</a> numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9 million, while <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> city grew 75.3%<a href="#cite_note-stats-192">[192]</a> – though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government,<a href="#cite_note-stats-192">[192]</a> leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18 million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million,<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%.<a href="#cite_note-ETT-179">[179]</a> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:LightGreen; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center">Historical Population </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%"> <th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Year</th> <th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Pop.</th> <th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"></th> <th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">%± </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1729" title="1729">1729</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">250</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">14,000</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">5,500.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">15,000</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">7.1%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">16,773</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">11.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">22,227</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">32.5%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">56,859</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">155.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">73,560</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">29.4%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">105,199</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">43.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">136,297</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">29.6%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">186,771</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">37.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">244,162</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">30.7%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">300,779</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">23.2%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">435,887</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">44.9%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">1,137,667</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">161.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">2,044,044</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">79.7%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">3,606,744</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">76.5%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">5,437,984</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">50.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">7,443,663</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">36.9%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">9,802,134</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">31.7%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a></td><td style="padding-left:8px">14,910,352</td><td></td><td style="padding-left:8px">52.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:left">Source:<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201426-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> † Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to large-scale migration after independence in 1947.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province.<a href="#cite_note-taj-197">[197]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Taj_Haider" title="Taj Haider">Taj Haider</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a> claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6 million in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-taj-197">[197]</a> while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_population_density_per_km2">District population density per km2</h3></div> According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a> is the most densely populated district of the seven districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>District </th> <th>Population (2023 census)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </th> <th>Population (2017 census)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> </th> <th>Area (Sq. km.) </th> <th>Density (2023) </th> <th>Density (2017) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Central</a> </th> <td>3,822,325 </td> <td>2,971,382 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>55,396.01 </td> <td>43,063.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a> </th> <td>3,128,971 </td> <td>2,577,556 </td> <td>108 </td> <td>28,971.95 </td> <td>23,866.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">East</a> </th> <td>3,921,742 </td> <td>2,875,315 </td> <td>139 </td> <td>28,213.97 </td> <td>20,685.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">South</a> </th> <td>2,329,764 </td> <td>1,769,230 </td> <td>122 </td> <td>19,096.43 </td> <td>14,501.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">5 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">West</a> </th> <td>2,679,380 </td> <td>2,077,228 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>7,241.57 </td> <td>5,614.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">6 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a> </th> <td>2,068,451 </td> <td>1,829,837 </td> <td>559 </td> <td>3,700.27 </td> <td>3,273.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">7 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a> </th> <td>2,432,248 </td> <td>1,924,364 </td> <td>2,160 </td> <td>1,126.04 </td> <td>890.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> </td> <th>All </th> <td>20,357,474 </td> <td>16,024,894 </td> <td>3,527 </td> <td>5,771.90 </td> <td>4,543.49 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a> In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg/220px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg/330px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg/440px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img88_Charminar_Chowrangi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4673" data-file-height="4673" /></a><figcaption>Karachi is home to large numbers of descendants of refugees and migrants from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous <a href="/wiki/Charminar" title="Charminar">Charminar</a> monument in Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Bahadurabad" title="Bahadurabad">Bahadurabad</a> area.</figcaption></figure> Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajir</a>. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-1998-207">[207]</a> with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-1998-207">[207]</a> The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-stats-192">[192]</a> Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. The city has a sizable community of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani</a>-speaking refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Malabari Muslims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> These ethno-linguistic groups are being <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> in the Urdu-speaking community.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">NWFP</a> migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population,<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-215">[215]</a> with more Pashtun citizens than the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-215">[215]</a> Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Pashtuns from Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Swat_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat Valley">Swat Valley</a>, in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201444-216">[216]</a> Anatol Lieven of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_in_Qatar" title="Georgetown University in Qatar">Georgetown University in Qatar</a> wrote that due to Pashtuns settling the city, "Karachi (not Kabul, Kandahar or Peshawar) is the largest Pashtun city in the world."<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The community forms the bulk of the city's police force.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of <a href="/wiki/Sheedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheedi">Sheedi</a> heritage – a community that traces its roots to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> and independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, thousands of Urdu-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bihari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihari people">Biharis</a> arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a> also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshis in Pakistan">Bengalis living in Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Falling_back-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-cidcm.umd.edu-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> refugees from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated <a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese people in Pakistan">400,000 Rohingya residents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Large scale <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingyas</a> in the world outside of Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Central Asian migrants from <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> have also settled in the city.<a href="#cite_note-conflictedkarachi-222">[222]</a> Domestic workers from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conflictedkarachi-222">[222]</a> Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%93present_Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis">Economic Crisis</a> in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-conflictedkarachi-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the <a href="/wiki/CPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="CPEC">CPEC</a> project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, about 3,000 Polish refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conflictedkarachi-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Karachi<a href="#cite_note-2023_census-227">[227]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religions</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:96.53%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">96.53%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:1.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.12%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:0.14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.14%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg/220px-Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg/330px-Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg/440px-Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3918" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>With a capacity of 800,000 worshippers, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Jamia_Mosque,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Jamia Mosque, Karachi">Grand Jamia Mosque</a> is the largest mosque in Pakistan and 3rd largest in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg/220px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg/330px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg/440px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img40_StPatrick_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5091" data-file-height="3394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Karachi" title="Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a>, built-in 1881, serves as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Karachi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi">Archdiocese of Karachi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg/170px-SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg/255px-SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg/340px-SWAMI_NARAYAN_TEMPLE_HADDID_UDDIN_-_panoramio_-_Haddid_Uddin_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Karachi" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi">Swaminarayan Temple</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> in Karachi.</figcaption></figure> Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Karachiites adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant Christianity</a>, and community of <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a>. The city also is home to large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, and a small community of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a>'s. According to Nichola Khan Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the religious demographics of the city was estimated to be 51.1% Hindu, 42.3% Muslim, with the remaining 7% primarily Christians (both British and native), Sikhs, Jains, with a small number of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Following the independence of Pakistan, the vast majority of Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindu</a> population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city. <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in Karachi City (1872−2023)<a href="#cite_note-KarachiCity1872to2023-232">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1872<a href="#cite_note-Census1872-233">[232]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-234">[233]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<a href="#cite_note-Census1891-235">[234]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1901B-237">[236]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-239">[238]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1921B-241">[240]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1931B-243">[242]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-231">[231]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2017<a href="#cite_note-Census2017B-244">[243]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<a href="#cite_note-Census2023B-245">[244]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td>33,018 </td> <td>55.81% </td> <td>38,946 </td> <td>52.94% </td> <td>52,957 </td> <td>50.34% </td> <td>60,003 </td> <td>51.43% </td> <td>74,075 </td> <td>48.76% </td> <td>100,436 </td> <td>46.31% </td> <td>122,847 </td> <td>46.61% </td> <td>162,447 </td> <td>42.01% </td> <td>14,382,744 </td> <td>96.63% </td> <td>18,189,474 </td> <td>96.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <td>23,157 </td> <td>39.14% </td> <td>24,617 </td> <td>33.47% </td> <td>44,503 </td> <td>42.3% </td> <td>48,169 </td> <td>41.29% </td> <td>66,038 </td> <td>43.47% </td> <td>100,683 </td> <td>46.42% </td> <td>120,595 </td> <td>45.76% </td> <td>192,831 </td> <td>49.87% </td> <td>156,452 </td> <td>1.05% </td> <td>211,138 </td> <td>1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td>2,223 </td> <td>3.76% </td> <td>4,161 </td> <td>5.66% </td> <td>5,986 </td> <td>5.69% </td> <td>6,098 </td> <td>5.23% </td> <td>7,936 </td> <td>5.22% </td> <td>9,649 </td> <td>4.45% </td> <td>12,765 </td> <td>4.84% </td> <td>11,088 </td> <td>2.87% </td> <td>329,702 </td> <td>2.22% </td> <td>416,309 </td> <td>2.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td>748 </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td>937 </td> <td>1.27% </td> <td>1,375 </td> <td>1.31% </td> <td>1,823 </td> <td>1.56% </td> <td>2,165 </td> <td>1.43% </td> <td>2,702 </td> <td>1.25% </td> <td>3,334 </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,435 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>128 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>349 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>535 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>645 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>943 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>99 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>125 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>647 </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>1,118 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>629 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>3,214 </td> <td>0.83% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribal </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>135 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,425 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>2,254 </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>5,835 </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>2,299 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>41 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>53 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/15px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/23px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/30px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8,751 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>7,948 </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4,890 </td> <td>6.65% </td> <td>119 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>96 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>507 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>180 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>11,240 </td> <td>2.91% </td> <td>6,753 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>15,241 </td> <td>0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>59,157 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>73,560 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>105,199 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>116,663 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>151,903 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>216,883 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>263,565 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>386,655 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,884,402 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>18,843,844 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Karachi" title="Islam in Karachi">Islam in Karachi</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Karachi" title="Islam in Karachi">Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim</a>, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-dw.com-24">[24]</a> Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, while 15% are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> primarily follow the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Shah_Ghazi" title="Abdullah Shah Ghazi">Abdullah Shah Ghazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mewa_Shah" title="Mewa Shah">Mewa Shah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a> are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a>, with a significant <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili</a> minority which is further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustaali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaali">Mustaalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymanis</a>. There are over 3000 mosques in Karachi, most famous of which include <a href="/wiki/Grand_Jamia_Mosque" title="Grand Jamia Mosque">Grand Jamia Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Baitul Mukarram Mosque">Baitul Mukarram Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masjid-e-Tooba" title="Masjid-e-Tooba">Masjid-e-Tooba</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Memon_Masjid" title="New Memon Masjid">Memon Masjid</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> Approximately 2.2% of Karachi's population is Christian.<a href="#cite_note-cia-rel-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtis,_Lisa_2009-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religions_2010-251">[250]</a> The city's Christian community is primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a> and a community of <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> They established the posh <a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus_Town" title="Cincinnatus Town">Cincinnatus Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garden_East" title="Garden East">Garden East</a> as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Karachi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG/220px-Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG/330px-Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG/440px-Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_Mandir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Mandir.jpg/220px-Karachi_Mandir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Mandir.jpg/330px-Karachi_Mandir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Karachi_Mandir.jpg/440px-Karachi_Mandir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Shri Swami Narayan Mandir</figcaption></figure> While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> with several active temples in central Karachi. The Hindu community is split into a more affluent <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Hindu">Sindhi Hindu</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindu</a> group that forms part of Karachi's educated middle class, while poorer Hindus of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_people" title="Rajasthani people">Rajasthani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a> descent form the other part and typically serve as menial and day laborers. Wealthier Hindus live primarily in <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Saddar</a>, while poorer ones live and have temples in <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Pura" title="Narayan Pura">Narayanpura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyari" title="Lyari">Lyari</a>. Many streets in central Karachi still retain Hindu names, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mithadar" title="Mithadar">Mithadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Karachi" title="Aram Bagh, Karachi">Aram Bagh</a> (formerly Ram Bagh), and Ramswami. Many Mandirs exist in <a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Saddar</a> which are over 100 years old. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h4></div> Karachi's affluent and influential <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Parsis</a> have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Further waves of Parsi immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> settled in the city in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> In 2023, according to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 census</a>, approximately 1,435 <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> are left in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karachi" title="Transport in Karachi">Transport in Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg/220px-Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg/330px-Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg/440px-Downtown_Nazimabad_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4688" data-file-height="3519" /></a><figcaption>Greenline Metrobus Karachi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Karachi" title="List of streets in Karachi">List of streets in Karachi</a></div> Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 miles) in length,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> serving approximately 5 million vehicles per day. Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The 16 km (10 mi) Karsaz Road connects <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_Museum" title="Pakistan Air Force Museum">PAF Museum</a> in central Karachi to <a href="/wiki/SITE_Town" title="SITE Town">SITE Industrial Area</a>. The Rashid Minhas Road connects <a href="/wiki/Surjani_Town" title="Surjani Town">Surjani Town</a> with <a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal_Town" title="Shah Faisal Town">Shah Faisal Town</a> over a 20 km span. The 19 km (12 mi) University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the <a href="/wiki/Gulistan-e-Johar" title="Gulistan-e-Johar">Gulistan-e-Johar</a> suburb. The 18 km (11 mi) <a href="/wiki/Shahrah-e-Faisal" title="Shahrah-e-Faisal">Shahrah-e-Faisal</a> connects Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Sadar</a> area to the <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a>. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to <a href="/wiki/Federal_B._Area" title="Federal B. Area">Federal B. Area</a>. The 18 km (11 mi) Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to <a href="/wiki/Nazimabad" title="Nazimabad">Nazimabad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lyari_Expressway" title="Lyari Expressway">Lyari Expressway</a> is a 16 km <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Lyari_River" title="Lyari River">Lyari River</a>. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion within the city. To the north of Karachi lies the 39 km <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Northern_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Northern Bypass">Karachi Northern Bypass</a> (M10), which bypasses the city to connect the M-9 Motorway to the <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">N25</a> National Highway. A 39 km (24 mi) Malir Expressway is under construction along the <a href="/wiki/Malir_River" title="Malir River">Malir River</a>. It will link Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">DHA</a> to Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Malir_Town" title="Malir Town">Malir Town</a> and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway. Karachi is the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/M-9_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-9 motorway (Pakistan)">M-9 motorway</a>, which connects Karachi to <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>. The M-9 motorway is part of a larger countrywide motorways network, many of which were built through the <a href="/wiki/China_Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China Pakistan Economic Corridor">China Pakistan Economic Corridor</a> Project. From Hyderabad, motorways provide high-speed road access to all major Pakistani cities, including <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>. Karachi is also the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/N-5_National_Highway" title="N-5 National Highway">N-5 National Highway</a> which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near <a href="/wiki/Torkham_border_crossing" title="Torkham border crossing">Torkham</a>. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Circular_Railway" title="Karachi Circular Railway">Karachi Circular Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway stations in Pakistan">List of railway stations in Pakistan</a></div> Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Pakistan Railways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Karachi_City_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi City Station">Karachi City Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Cantonment Railway Station">Karachi Cantonment Railway Station</a> are the city's two major railway stations.<a href="#cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The city has an international rail link, the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a> which links Karachi Cantonment Station with <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ki_Kothi_railway_station" title="Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station">Bhagat Ki Kothi station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, India.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> The city is the terminus for the <a href="/wiki/Karachi%E2%80%93Peshawar_main_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi–Peshawar main railway line">Main Line-1 Railway</a> which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the <a href="/wiki/China_Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China Pakistan Economic Corridor">China Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>, allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) versus the current average speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metrobus">Metrobus</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metrobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Metrobus">Karachi Metrobus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg/220px-Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg/330px-Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg/440px-Greenline_Station_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_-_Karachi_Metrobus" title="Green Line - Karachi Metrobus">Green line</a> Station</figcaption></figure> The Pakistani Government is developing the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metrobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Metrobus">Karachi Metrobus</a> project, which is a 6-line <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>150-kilometre (93+1⁄4-mile) <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> The Metrobus project was inaugurated by then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> on 25 February 2016. Sharif said the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus".<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People's_Bus_Service">People's Bus Service</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_Bus_Service_(Red)_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg/220px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg/330px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg/440px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Red%29_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Peoples Bus Service (Red)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_Bus_Service_(Pink)_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg/220px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg/330px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg/440px-Peoples_Bus_Service_%28Pink%29_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Peoples Bus Service (Pink)</figcaption></figure> In 2022, provincial government launched <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Bus_Service" title="Peoples Bus Service">Peoples Bus Service</a> having fleet size of 100+ which run on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have wifi, have priority seeting for disabled and elderly and are wheelchair accessible. Red buses are for general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karachi_Circular_Railway">Karachi Circular Railway</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Circular_Railway" title="Karachi Circular Railway">Karachi Circular Railway</a> is a partially active regional <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit system</a> in Karachi, which serves the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi District">Karachi metropolitan area</a>. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> KCR was included in <a href="/wiki/China-Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Pakistan Economic Corridor">CPEC</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> and construction started in 2022. Existing 43 km KCR track and stations would be completely rebuilt into <a href="/wiki/Automated" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated">automated</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system with <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric trains</a>. The route would not be changed however many underpasses and bridges would be built along the route to eliminate 22-level crossings. New KCR would be similar to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orange_Line_(Lahore_Metro)" title="Orange Line (Lahore Metro)">Orange Train</a>. New KCR would have joint stations with <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Breeze" title="Karachi Breeze">Karachi Metrobus</a> at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025. With its hub at <a href="/wiki/Karachi_City_railway_station" title="Karachi City railway station">Karachi City station</a> on <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a>, KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tramway_service">Tramway service</h4></div> A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/tramway" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/tramway">tramway</a> service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a> is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2 million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> (PIA), as well as for <a href="/wiki/Air_Indus" title="Air Indus">Air Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SereneAir" title="SereneAir">Serene Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airblue" title="Airblue">airblue</a>. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf States</a>, Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3></div> The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a>, the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of the Port of Karachi on the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_StimsonKingsley_E._Haynes201243-274">[273]</a> The ports are part of the Maritime <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Karachi" title="Politics of Karachi">Politics of Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Karachi">List of mayors of Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Councils_of_Karachi" title="List of Union Councils of Karachi">List of Union Councils of Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Karachi">Commissioner of Karachi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_government">City government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karachi" title="Government of Karachi">Government of Karachi</a></div> Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations: <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi.</a> Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer. Karachi's urban area also includes six <a href="/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">cantonments</a>, which are administered directly by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistani military</a>, and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate. Key civic bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Water_and_Sewerage_Board" title="Karachi Water and Sewerage Board">Karachi Water and Sewerage Board</a> and KBCA (Karachi Building Control Authority), among others, are under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government of Sindh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Additionally, Karachi's city-planning authority for undeveloped land, the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Development_Authority" title="Karachi Development Authority">Karachi Development Authority</a>, is under control of the government, while two new city-planning authorities, the <a href="/wiki/Lyari_Development_Authority" title="Lyari Development Authority">Lyari Development Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malir_Development_Authority" title="Malir Development Authority">Malir Development Authority</a> were revived by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> government in 2011 – allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan-277">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h4></div> In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Conservancy_Board" title="Karachi Conservancy Board">Karachi Conservancy Board</a> was organized by British administrators to control its spread.<a href="#cite_note-cdgkhistory-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Committee" title="Karachi Municipal Committee">Karachi Municipal Committee</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-cdgkhistory-278">[277]</a> The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Municipal Corporation">Karachi Municipal Corporation</a> with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.<a href="#cite_note-cdgkhistory-278">[277]</a> In 1976, the body became the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi Metropolitan Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cdgkhistory-278">[277]</a> During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of <a href="/wiki/Harchandrai_Vishandas" title="Harchandrai Vishandas">Harchandrai Vishandas</a>. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Pakistan)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)">Federal Capital Territory</a> of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km2 (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> In 1960, Karachi and Lasbela District merged to create Karachi-Bela Division. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela District</a> transferred to <a href="/wiki/Kalat_Division" title="Kalat Division">Kalat division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi metropolitan</a> area was divided into three (03) districts <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">South</a>. In 1996, again the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi metropolitan</a> area was divided into More two (02) districts <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a>, each with its own municipal corporation.<a href="#cite_note-cdgkhistory-278">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_councils_(2001–11)">Union councils (2001–11)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naimatullah_Khan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Naimatullah_Khan_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Naimatullah_Khan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Naimatullah_Khan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Given the honorary title "Father of Service", <a href="/wiki/Naimatullah_Khan" title="Naimatullah Khan">Naimatullah Khan</a> Advocate (2001–2005) was one of the most successful and respected mayors Karachi ever had.</figcaption></figure> In 2001, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">General Pervez Musharraf</a>, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">towns</a>, and 178 <a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">union councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naimatullah_Khan" title="Naimatullah Khan">Naimatullah Khan</a> was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mustafa_Kamal" title="Syed Mustafa Kamal">Syed Mustafa Kamal</a> was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and <a href="/wiki/Nasreen_Jalil" title="Nasreen Jalil">Nasreen Jalil</a> was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (Nazim) and Deputy Union Mayor (Naib Nazim).<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="District_Municipal_Corporations_(2011–present)">District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)</h4></div> In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a>. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, <a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi District</a> was carved out from District East.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approves formation of the seventh district in Karachi (Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi Metropolitan Corporation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi Metropolitan Corporation</a> (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Between 2016 and 2020 the mayor of Karachi was <a href="/wiki/Waseem_Akhtar" title="Waseem Akhtar">Waseem Akhtar</a> (2016-2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Wahab" title="Murtaza Wahab">Murtaza Wahab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a> was elected the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Karachi" title="Mayor of Karachi">mayor</a> of Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-dawn-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> The position of <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Karachi">Commissioner of Karachi</a> was created, with Iftikhar Ali Shallwani serving this role.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> There are six <a href="/wiki/Cantonments_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonments (Pakistan)">military cantonments</a>, which are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Army">Pakistani Army</a>, and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods. <table class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; backgrond:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em;"><ol> <dl><dd>Districts</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East">Karachi East</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West">Karachi West</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South">Karachi South</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central">Karachi Central</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a></dd></dl> </ol> </td> <td style="background:white; padding:0 0;" class="toccolours"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_admin.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karachi_admin.PNG/350px-Karachi_admin.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karachi_admin.PNG/525px-Karachi_admin.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karachi_admin.PNG/700px-Karachi_admin.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="2480" /></a> </td> <td><ol start="13"> </ol> <dl><dd>Cantonments</dd> <dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">Karachi Cantonment</a></dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Cantonment" title="Clifton Cantonment">Clifton Cantonment</a></dd> <dd>C. <a href="/wiki/Korangi_Creek_Cantonment" title="Korangi Creek Cantonment">Korangi Creek Cantonment</a></dd> <dd>D. <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Cantonment" title="Faisal Cantonment">Faisal Cantonment</a></dd> <dd>E. <a href="/wiki/Malir_Cantonment" title="Malir Cantonment">Malir Cantonment</a></dd> <dd>F. <a href="/wiki/Manora_Cantonment" title="Manora Cantonment">Manora Cantonment</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_planning">City planning</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Development_Authority" title="Karachi Development Authority">Karachi Development Authority</a> (KDA), along with the <a href="/wiki/Lyari_Development_Authority" title="Lyari Development Authority">Lyari Development Authority</a> (LDA) and <a href="/wiki/Malir_Development_Authority" title="Malir Development Authority">Malir Development Authority</a> (MDA), is responsible for the development of most undeveloped land around Karachi. KDA came into existence in 1957 with the task of managing land around Karachi, while the LDA and MDA were formed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. KDA under the control of Karachi's local government and mayor in 2001, while the LDA and MDA were abolished. KDA was later placed under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government of Sindh</a> in 2011. The LDA and MDA were also revived by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> government at the time, allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan-277">[276]</a> City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level. Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">Defence Housing Authority</a> are administered and planned by the military. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_services">Municipal services</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640 million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a>), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> Most of the supply comes from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, and 90 MGD from the <a href="/wiki/Hub_Dam" title="Hub Dam">Hub Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachi&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamini_Narayanan2015165-298">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/K-IV_water_project" title="K-IV water project">K-IV water project</a> is under development at a cost of $876 million. It would connect <a href="/wiki/Keenjhar_Lake" title="Keenjhar Lake">Keenjhar Lake</a> to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650 million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260 million gallons upon completion.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitation">Sanitation</h3></div> 98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system,<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> The city generates approximately 472 million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> Three treatment plants are available, in <a href="/wiki/SITE_Town" title="SITE Town">SITE Town</a> (Gutter Baghicha), <a href="/wiki/Mahmudabad,_Karachi" title="Mahmudabad, Karachi">Mehmoodabad</a>, and Mauripur.<a href="#cite_note-shehri.org-2018-94">[94]</a> 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up,<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2–7 times per month, flooding some city streets.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> Households in <a href="/wiki/Orangi" title="Orangi">Orangi</a> self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the <a href="/wiki/Orangi_Pilot_Project" title="Orangi Pilot Project">Orangi Pilot Project</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project.<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe.<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> Residents also maintain the sewer pipes,<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network.<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine.<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned – 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services,<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad".<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> compared to 35% in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> and 16% in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPDC-297">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3></div> The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is <a href="/wiki/K-Electric" title="K-Electric">K-Electric</a>. It was government owned but was privatised in 2019. Government still has some shares. However <a href="/wiki/HUBCO" class="mw-redirect" title="HUBCO">HUBCO</a> is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants. Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a> Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Complex">KANUPP</a> (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. <a href="/wiki/Jhimpir" title="Jhimpir">Jhimpir</a>, a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW. 75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> season (May to August). Many <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police,_Ambulance,_Firefighting">Police, Ambulance, Firefighting</h3></div> Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education in Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bvs_608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bvs_608.jpg/220px-Bvs_608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bvs_608.jpg/330px-Bvs_608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bvs_608.jpg/440px-Bvs_608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B._V._S._Parsi_High_School" title="B. V. S. Parsi High School">Bai Virbaijee Soparivala (B.V.S.) Parsi High School</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg/220px-FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg/330px-FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg/440px-FAST-NU_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Computer_and_Emerging_Sciences" title="National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences">FAST NUCES</a> Karachi campus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts_literacy_rate_(10_years_and_above)">Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)</h3></div> According to 2023 Census of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Central</a> is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the seven districts of Karachi: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>District </th> <th>Literate Population % (2023 census)<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> </th> <th>2017 census<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> </th> <th>Increase/Decrease </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Central</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">83.55% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">81.52% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">79.86% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">80.49% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">South</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">78.57% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">77.79% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">East</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">80.07% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">75.96% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">5 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">West</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">67.43% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">65.61% (including <a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a>) </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">6 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">62.07% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">- </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">7 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a> </th> <td style="text-align: Center;">63.14% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">63.69% </td> <td style="text-align: Center;">↓ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Karachi" title="List of schools in Karachi">List of schools in Karachi</a></div> Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a> (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a>); <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">intermediate</a> (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">graduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">advanced</a> degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education. Several of Karachi's schools, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_High_School,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's High School, Karachi">St Patrick's High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Convent_School,_Karachi" title="St Joseph's Convent School, Karachi">St Joseph's Convent School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_English_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's English High School">St Paul's English High School</a>, are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher">Higher</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Karachi" title="List of colleges in Karachi">List of colleges in Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Karachi" title="List of universities in Karachi">List of universities in Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Karachi" title="List of medical schools in Karachi">List of medical schools in Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJCollegeKarachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DJCollegeKarachi.jpg/220px-DJCollegeKarachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DJCollegeKarachi.jpg/330px-DJCollegeKarachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DJCollegeKarachi.jpg/440px-DJCollegeKarachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/D._J._Sindh_Government_Science_College" title="D. J. Sindh Government Science College">D. J. Sindh Government Science College</a> is one of Karachi's oldest universities and dates from 1887.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg/220px-Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg/330px-Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg/440px-Silver_Jubilee_Gate_Karachi_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Karachi University is the city's largest by number of students, number of departments & occupied land area.</figcaption></figure> Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial</a> era. The <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam</a> founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/D._J._Sindh_Government_Science_College" title="D. J. Sindh Government Science College">D. J. Sindh Government Science College</a> in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The <a href="/wiki/NED_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="NED University of Engineering and Technology">Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology</a> (NED), was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The <a href="/wiki/Dow_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Dow University of Health Sciences">Dow University of Health Sciences</a> was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>, founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Karachi" title="Institute of Business Administration, Karachi">Institute of Business Administration</a> (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dawood_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawood University of Engineering and Technology">Dawood University of Engineering and Technology</a>, which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_Engineering_College" title="Pakistan Navy Engineering College">Pakistan Navy Engineering College</a> (PNEC), operated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>, is associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a> (NUST) in Islamabad. Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a>, founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_School_of_Art_and_Architecture" title="Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture">Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture</a> was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. <a href="/wiki/Hamdard_University" title="Hamdard University">Hamdard University</a> is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Computer_and_Emerging_Sciences" title="National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences">National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences</a> (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. <a href="/wiki/Bahria_University" title="Bahria University">Bahria University</a> (BU) founded in 2000, is one of the major general institutions of Pakistan with their campuses in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore offers degree programs in Management Sciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology">Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology</a> (SSUET) offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Institute_of_Economics_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology">Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology</a> (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology</a> (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iqra_University" title="Iqra University">Iqra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_University" title="Habib University">Habib University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Dow University of Health Sciences">Dow University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Medical_and_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Medical and Dental College">Jinnah Medical and Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">Jinnah Sindh Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Institute_of_Economics_and_Technology" title="Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology">Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Medical_and_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United Medical and Dental College">United Medical and Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_National_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaquat National Medical College">Liaquat National Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cost_%26_Management_Accountants_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Pakistan">Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Pakistan</a> (ICMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Business Management">Institute of Business Management</a> (CBM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Karachi">List of hospitals in Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Karachi" title="Environment of Karachi">Environment of Karachi</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aga_Khan_University_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga Khan University's hospital"><img alt="Aga Khan University's hospital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aga_Khan_University_.jpg/240px-Aga_Khan_University_.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aga_Khan_University_.jpg/360px-Aga_Khan_University_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aga_Khan_University_.jpg/480px-Aga_Khan_University_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aga Khan University's hospital</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lady Dufferin Hospital"><img alt="Lady Dufferin Hospital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg/320px-Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg/480px-Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg/640px-Lady_Dufferin_Hospital-_Virabijee_Katrak_Maternity_Wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lady Dufferin Hospital</div> </li> </ul> Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges,<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> including the Indus Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Dufferin_Hospital" title="Lady Dufferin Hospital">Lady Dufferin Hospital</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karachi_Institute_of_Heart_Diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases (page does not exist)">Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Cardiovascular_Diseases,_Pakistan" title="National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pakistan">National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Hospital">Civil Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Military_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Military Hospital">Combined Military Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssues_in_National,_Regional,_and_Environmental_Health_and_Medicine2013-308">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/PNS_Rahat" class="mw-redirect" title="PNS Rahat">PNS Rahat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndocrine_System_Diseases:_New_Insights_for_the_Healthcare_Professional2013-309">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/PNS_Shifa" class="mw-redirect" title="PNS Shifa">PNS Shifa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZohra_ZaidiS.W_Lanigan2010-310">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University_Hospital,_Karachi" title="Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi">Aga Khan University Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_National_Hospital" title="Liaquat National Hospital">Liaquat National Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Postgraduate_Medical_Centre" title="Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre">Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohammad_Aslam_UqailiKhanji_Harijan2011-311">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Hospital,_Karachi" title="Holy Family Hospital, Karachi">Holy Family Hospital</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelen_Renaux2011-312">[311]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziauddin Hospital">Ziauddin Hospital</a>. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneth_D._MillerMiklos_Simon2015-313">[312]</a> Karachi municipal authorities in 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-heatwave-125">[125]</a> During 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were available in all major hospitals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Crawford_Veterinary_Hospital" title="Richmond Crawford Veterinary Hospital">Richmond Crawford Veterinary Hospital</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment,_tourism_and_culture">Entertainment, tourism and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Karachi" title="Culture of Karachi">Culture of Karachi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_culture" title="Muhajir culture">Muhajir culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_malls">Shopping malls</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema in Karachi">Cinema in Karachi</a></div> Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_One_Mall" title="Lucky One Mall">Lucky One Mall</a> which hosts more than two hundred stores.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, <a href="/wiki/Dolmen_Malls" title="Dolmen Malls">Dolmen Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a> which was also featured on <a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper <a href="/wiki/Bahria_Icon_Tower" title="Bahria Icon Tower">Bahria Icon Tower</a> will be opened.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The famous "Priest-King" statue of the Indus Valley civilization is displayed at Karachi's National Museum of Pakistan."><img alt="The famous "Priest-King" statue of the Indus Valley civilization is displayed at Karachi's National Museum of Pakistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/232px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/348px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/465px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The famous "Priest-King" statue of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> is displayed at Karachi's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan">National Museum of Pakistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the Mohatta Palace is now a museum open to the public."><img alt="Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the Mohatta Palace is now a museum open to the public." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg/400px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg/600px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg/800px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img17_Mohatta_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="3827" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the <a href="/wiki/Mohatta_Palace" title="Mohatta Palace">Mohatta Palace</a> is now a museum open to the public.</div> </li> </ul> Major landmarks in Karachi include several important museums. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan">National Museum of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohatta_Palace" title="Mohatta Palace">Mohatta Palace</a> exhibit a rich collection of artwork, while the city boasts several private art galleries.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> Additionally, Karachi features the <a href="/wiki/PAF_Museum,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="PAF Museum, Karachi">Pakistan Airforce Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Maritime_Museum" title="Pakistan Maritime Museum">Pakistan Maritime Museum</a> and the country's first interactive science centre, the <a href="/wiki/MagnifiScience_Centre" title="MagnifiScience Centre">MagnifiScience Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a>, the birthplace of Pakistan's founder <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> has also been preserved as a museum open to the public. <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-e-Azam House</a>, the residence of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s residence, also serves as a museum showcasing his furniture and other belongings. Other museums include <a href="/wiki/TDF_Ghar" title="TDF Ghar">TDF Ghar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" title="State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery">State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_cinema">Theatre and cinema</h3></div> Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="National Academy of Performing Arts">National Academy of Performing Arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> located in the former <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Gymkhana,_Karachi" title="Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi">Hindu Gymkhana</a>, offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and <a href="/wiki/Kara_Film_Festival" title="Kara Film Festival">Kara Film Festival</a> annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Music_Conference" title="All Pakistan Music Conference">All Pakistan Music Conference</a>, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and <a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">mushaira</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_&_Lawlessness">Crime & Lawlessness</h3></div> Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities,<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-2015-327">[326]</a> According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (122nd place).<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-2015-327">[326]</a> Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities,<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-2015-327">[326]</a> and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> – lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider.com-332">[331]</a> The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents,<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider.com-332">[331]</a> many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-The_Frontier_Post-2018-333">[332]</a> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-violentEnd-49">[49]</a> Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcello_Balbo2005181-334">[333]</a> Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsline2006-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcello_Balbo2005181-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohammad_Shahid_Alam199649-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid-1990s. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, with a maximum of 15 killings in a single day.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karachi_Operation_by_Pakistan_Rangers">Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers</h4></div> Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_TImes-50">[50]</a> In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">terror</a> or other crime – an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013 – the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smuggling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> With 650 <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicides</a> in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-343">[342]</a> In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381.<a href="#cite_note-The_Frontier_Post-2018-333">[332]</a> Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-343">[342]</a> By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015,<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_&_Linguistic_conflict">Ethnic & Linguistic conflict</h3></div> Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> The 1970s saw major <a href="/wiki/Karachi_labour_unrest_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi labour unrest of 1972">labour struggles in Karachi</a>'s industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> Conflict was especially sharp between <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM party</a> and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Operation_Clean-up" title="Operation Clean-up">Operation Clean-up</a> in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups until the late 2010s and are no more extreme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_infrastructure">Poor infrastructure</h3></div> Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner. Unable to provide housing to large numbers of refugees shortly after independence, Karachi's authorities first issued "slips" to refugees beginning in 1950 – which allowed refugees to settle on any vacant land.<a href="#cite_note-sewer-301">[300]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlements">informal settlements</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Katchi_abadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Katchi abadi">katchi abadis</a>. Approximately half of Karachi's residents still live in these unplanned communities which have limited paved roads and limited utilities.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Development_Update-2016-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/220px-Karachi_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/330px-Karachi_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/440px-Karachi_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Karachi from above</figcaption></figure> Air quality index is one of the worst in the world. Due to desert terrain, there is plenty of dust throughout the year except for rainy season. Vehicles and industries also contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. There is a lot of noise pollution due to traffic. Land pollution is due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Karachi's sewage system is overwhelmed and in disrepair, and sewage commonly gets into the city's water lines. Thousands of hospitalisations each year are attributed to sewage contamination in Karachi's drinking water, and there are annual <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreaks in the city. As of 2011, half of all middle-class children in Karachi have <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">intestinal parasites</a> attributed to poor water quality.<a href="#cite_note-Pappas_2011-351">[350]</a>: 787  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_flooding_in_monsoon_season">Urban flooding in monsoon season</h3></div> Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Pakistani architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Karachi" title="List of tallest buildings in Karachi">List of tallest buildings in Karachi</a></div> Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a>. The downtown districts of <a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a> contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neo-classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust" title="Karachi Port Trust">KPT</a> building to the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a> Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when <a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Market" title="Empress Market">Empress Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Karachi" title="Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> were completed. The <a href="/wiki/Mock_Tudor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mock Tudor">Mock Tudor</a> architectural style was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Gymkhana" title="Karachi Gymkhana">Karachi Gymkhana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Boat_Club" title="Karachi Boat Club">Boat Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance architecture">Neo-Renaissance architecture</a> was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the <a href="/wiki/Sind_Club" title="Sind Club">Sind Club</a> (1883).<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Lady_Dufferin_Hospital" title="Lady Dufferin Hospital">Lady Dufferin Hospital</a> (1898)<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Cantonment Railway Station">Cantt. Railway Station</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Italianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate">Italianate</a> buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201434-356">[355]</a> The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the <a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a> area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the <a href="/wiki/Italianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate">Italianate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Gymkhana,_Karachi" title="Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi">Hindu Gymkhana</a> (1925) and <a href="/wiki/Mohatta_Palace" title="Mohatta Palace">Mohatta Palace</a> are examples of Mughal revival buildings.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_School_of_Art_and_Architecture" title="Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture">Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture</a> is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire <a href="/wiki/Nusserwanjee_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusserwanjee building">Nusserwanjee building</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kharadar" title="Kharadar">Kharadar</a> area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_State_Oil" title="Pakistan State Oil">Pakistan State Oil</a> Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> hospital, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Jamia_Mosque" title="Grand Jamia Mosque">Grand Jamia Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masjid_e_Tooba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid e Tooba">Masjid e Tooba</a>, Faran Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Baitul Mukarram Mosque">Baitul Mukarram Mosque</a>, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the <a href="/wiki/Textile_Institute_of_Pakistan" title="Textile Institute of Pakistan">Textile Institute of Pakistan</a>. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouses</a>, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a> features a range of tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bank_Plaza" title="Habib Bank Plaza">Habib Bank Plaza</a>, UBL Tower, PRC Towers, PNSC Building and <a href="/wiki/MCB_Tower" title="MCB Tower">MCB Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Karachi" title="List of sports venues in Karachi">List of sports venues in Karachi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_Cricket_team_match_with_Australia_in_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sindh_Cricket_team_match_with_Australia_in_1935.jpg/220px-Sindh_Cricket_team_match_with_Australia_in_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sindh_Cricket_team_match_with_Australia_in_1935.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_National_Stadium,_Karachi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg/220px-Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg/330px-Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg/440px-Inside_the_National_Stadium%2C_Karachi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Karachi" title="National Stadium, Karachi">National Stadium</a> in Karachi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>'s history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> Karachi is also the place that innovated <a href="/wiki/Tape_ball" title="Tape ball">tape ball</a>, a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test matches</a> played at the National Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball. The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> Karachi Blues,<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> Karachi Greens,<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> and Karachi Whites.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996 Cricket World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Karachi with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium,_1968.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png/220px-Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png/330px-Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png/440px-Pakistan_football_team_against_a_team_from_USSR_at_the_KMC_Stadium%2C_1968.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Pakistan XI football team in a <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_game" title="Exhibition game">friendly</a> against <a href="/wiki/FC_Kairat" title="FC Kairat">FC Kairat</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at the <a href="/wiki/KMC_Football_Stadium" title="KMC Football Stadium">KMC Stadium</a> in 1968.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Lyari" title="Lyari">Lyari</a>, a neighbourhood in Karachi, holds an important place in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> landscape due to its historical and cultural ties to the sport. Dating back several decades, Lyari has been a consistent source of football talent, contributing significantly to the national sports scene.<a href="#cite_note-:0-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-370">[369]</a> One notable aspect is the nickname "Little Brazil" often associated with Lyari.<a href="#cite_note-arab.news-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-372">[371]</a> In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to Balochistan and the locality of Lyari,<a href="#cite_note-:11-373">[372]</a> from where majority of players of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_football_team" title="Pakistan national football team">Pakistan national football team</a> were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a> of Pakistani football.<a href="#cite_note-:123-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-375">[374]</a> Notable players during this period include <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_(footballer)" title="Abdul Ghafoor (footballer)">Abdul Ghafoor</a>, nicknamed the "Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a>" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umer" title="Muhammad Umer">Muhammad Umer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moosa_Ghazi" title="Moosa Ghazi">Moosa Ghazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abid_Ghazi" title="Abid Ghazi">Abid Ghazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turab_Ali" title="Turab Ali">Turab Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nawaz_Baloch" title="Ali Nawaz Baloch">Ali Nawaz Baloch</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-:123-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-375">[374]</a> The Kakri Ground and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Football_Stadium" title="People's Football Stadium">People's Football Stadium</a>, which is one of the major football stadiums in the country are located in the city.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> In 2005, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/2005_South_Asian_Football_Federation_Gold_Cup_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup squads">2005 SAFF Championship</a> at the Peoples Football Stadium, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Geo_Super_Football_League" title="Geo Super Football League">Geo Super Football League</a> in 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3></div> When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> and likely place is said to be Frere Hall. Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Bahria Town Golf Club, Hotel & Golf Club, Arabian Sea Country Club, DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hockey_Club_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockey Club of Pakistan">Hockey Club of Pakistan</a>, UBL Hockey Ground), <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> (KPT Sports Complex), <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khan" title="Jahangir Khan">Jahangir Khan</a> Squash Complex), and <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>. There are marinas and boating clubs. <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Pakistan_Sports_Complex" title="National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex">National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex</a> is <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">First-class cricket</a> venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi. <dl><dt>Professional teams of Karachi</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Club </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Established </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Kings" title="Karachi Kings">Karachi Kings</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Super_League" title="Pakistan Super League">Pakistan Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Karachi" title="National Stadium, Karachi">National Stadium</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Blues" title="Karachi Blues">Karachi Blues</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_T20_Cup" title="National T20 Cup">National T20 Cup</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Karachi" title="National Stadium, Karachi">National Stadium</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Whites">Karachi Whites</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_T20_Cup" title="National T20 Cup">National T20 Cup</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy" title="Quaid-e-Azam Trophy">Quaid-e-Azam Trophy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Karachi" title="National Stadium, Karachi">National Stadium</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Zebras" title="Karachi Zebras">Karachi Zebras</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Haier_T20_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Haier T20 Cup">National T20 League</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_One-day_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="National One-day Championship">National One-day Championship</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Karachi" title="National Stadium, Karachi">National Stadium</a> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_United" title="Karachi United">Karachi United</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Premier_League" title="Pakistan Premier League">Pakistan Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_United_Stadium" title="Karachi United Stadium">Karachi United Stadium</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Diya_W.F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Diya W.F.C.">Diya WFC</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Women_Football_Championship" title="National Women Football Championship">National Women Football Championship</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>2002 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karachi" title="List of people from Karachi">List of people from Karachi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Pakistan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan">List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions in Karachi">Subdivisions in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developments_in_Karachi" title="Developments in Karachi">Developments in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema in Karachi">Cinema in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karachi" title="Cuisine of Karachi">Cuisine of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Karachi" title="List of cemeteries in Karachi">List of cemeteries in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Karachi">List of hospitals in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of magazines in Karachi">List of magazines in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Karachi">List of newspapers in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Karachi" title="List of parks and gardens in Karachi">List of parks and gardens in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karachi" title="List of people from Karachi">List of people from Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of streets of Karachi">List of streets of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Karachi" title="List of tallest buildings in Karachi">List of tallest buildings in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Karachi" title="List of tourist attractions in Karachi">List of tourist attractions in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Karachi" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Karachi">List of cultural heritage sites in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in Karachi">List of television stations in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Councils_of_Karachi" title="List of Union Councils of Karachi">List of Union Councils of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Karachi">Media in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities of Karachi">Sister cities of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karachi" title="Transport in Karachi">Transport in Karachi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KarachiCity1872to2023-232"><a href="#cite_ref-KarachiCity1872to2023_232-0">^</a> 1872-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-231">[231]</a> 2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi District</a>. 2023: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari District</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarina_Singh2008164-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarina_Singh2008164_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarina_Singh2008">Sarina Singh 2008</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Paracha-2014-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paracha-2014_2-18">s</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParacha2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadeem_F._Paracha" title="Nadeem F. 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Penguin Publishing Group. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312216-6"><bdi>978-0-14-312216-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instant+City%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Karachi&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-312216-6&rft.aulast=Inskeep&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbjaCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DInstant%2520City%253A%2520Life%2520and%2520Death%2520in%2520Karachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Today-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_Today_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Today_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas" class="citation news cs1">Abbas, Qaswar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country/1/149333.html">"Karachi: World's most dangerous city"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045121/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country/1/149333.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. <q>Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, with a population of approx. 3.0 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (Mumbai has 2 crore people) is the country's most educated, liberal and secular metropolis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Karachi%3A+World%27s+most+dangerous+city&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Qaswar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fworlds-most-dangerous-country%2F1%2F149333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw.com-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061">"Pakistani journalists face threats from Islamists"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050632/http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. <q>This all happened in the heart of Karachi – a relatively liberal city with a population of more than 15 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistani+journalists+face+threats+from+Islamists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists%2Fa-16221061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahim2013" class="citation news cs1">Mahim, Maher (3 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/">"Karachi's Stone Age proves history didn't start with the Muslims"</a>. The Express Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210506/http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Karachi%27s+Stone+Age+proves+history+didn%27t+start+with+the+Muslims&rft.date=2013-11-03&rft.aulast=Mahim&rft.aufirst=Maher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F626458%2Fthe-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studies_on_Karachi-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_on_Karachi_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_on_Karachi_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_on_Karachi_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_on_Karachi_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_on_Karachi_26-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskari2015" class="citation book cs1">Askari, Sabiah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSbXCgAAQBAJ&q=Studies%20on%20Karachi%3A%20Papers%20Presented%20at%20the%20Karachi%20Conference%202013&pg=PR11">Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7744-2"><bdi>978-1-4438-7744-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Karachi%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+Karachi+Conference+2013&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7744-2&rft.aulast=Askari&rft.aufirst=Sabiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSbXCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DStudies%2520on%2520Karachi%253A%2520Papers%2520Presented%2520at%2520the%2520Karachi%2520Conference%25202013%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gayer-2014-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Laurent (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&q=Karachi%3A%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City">Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City</a>. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351160861" title="Special:BookSources/9789351160861"><bdi>9789351160861</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223071518/https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Karachi%3A%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+City&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789351160861&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xIDBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DKarachi%253A%2520Ordered%2520Disorder%2520and%2520the%2520Struggle%2520for%2520City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir">"Muhajir | people | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218210117/https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Muhajir+%7C+people+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmuhajir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–121, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6"><bdi>978-0-521-67256-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311131126/https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566">archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 20 April 2023, <q>Like Dacca, Karachi was a Hindu-majority city sureounded by a predominantly Muslim-populated hinterland. In 1941 Muslims formed 42 per cent of the population while caste and scheduled-caste Hindus together comprised 50.9 per cent. ... Between 1947 and 1953 Karachi's population increased from 400,000 to 1.3 million. The former Hindu-majority city became dominated by refugees who accounted for just under 60 per cent of the population in 1951 while the Hindu presence slumped to 0.5 per cent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67256-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fin%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Ftwentieth-century-regional-history%2Fpartition-india%3Fformat%3DPB%26isbn%3D9780521672566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunn2008" class="citation book cs1">Brunn, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World%3A%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development">Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5597-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5597-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223064712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World%3A%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+World%3A+World+Regional+Urban+Development&rft.pages=647&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5597-6&rft.aulast=Brunn&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mQ4tc5QpQcC%26q%3DCities%2520of%2520the%2520World%253A%2520World%2520Regional%2520Urban%2520Development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1769101">"Four million added to Karachi's population"</a>. DAWN.COM. 9 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214002733/https://www.dawn.com/news/1769101">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Four+million+added+to+Karachi%27s+population&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1769101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin" class="citation web cs1">Kotkin, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/">"The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231312/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Fastest-Growing+Megacities&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjoelkotkin%2F2013%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falling_back-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falling_back_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falling_back_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3">"Falling back"</a>. Daily Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3">the original</a> on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Falling+back&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cidcm.umd.edu-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cidcm.umd.edu_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cidcm.umd.edu_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103">"Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh"</a>. Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland. 10 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103">the original</a> on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+for+Biharis+in+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Development+and+Conflict+Management%2C+University+of+Maryland&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidcm.umd.edu%2Fmar%2Fchronology.asp%3FgroupId%3D77103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation news cs1">Craig, Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html">"Pakistan cracks down on Afghan immigrants, fearing an influx as U.S. leaves Afghanistan"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025053115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. <q>Qaim Ali Shah, the chief minister of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, said at a news conference in February that there were already more than 1 million illegal Afghan immigrants living in Karachi, a rapidly growing city of 22 million people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pakistan+cracks+down+on+Afghan+immigrants%2C+fearing+an+influx+as+U.S.+leaves+Afghanistan&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan%2F2014%2F05%2F12%2F74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.gov.pk/">"| Ministry of Finance | Government of Pakistan |"</a>. finance.gov.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127164244/http://www.finance.gov.pk/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05645-8"><bdi>978-1-108-05645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Geography+of+India%3A+The+Buddhist+Period%2C+Including+the+Campaigns+of+Alexander%2C+and+the+Travels+of+Hwen-Thsang&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-108-05645-8&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkT5JvRZCixQC%26q%3Dkarachi%2Bdebal%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miers_Elliot" title="Henry Miers Elliot">Elliot, Henry Miers</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ2SHSk3k6cC&pg=PA222">Appendix to the Arabs in Sind, Vol.III, Part 1, of the Historians of India [sic]</a>. 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OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture%3A+Three-Volume+Set&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4LrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillie1890" class="citation book cs1">Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi&pg=PA20">Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future</a>. Thacker, Spink. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062652/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi&pg=PA20#v=snippet&q=kaurashi%20karachi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurrachee%3A+%28Karachi%29+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7tIwAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkaurashi%2Bkarachi%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalocu2002" class="citation book cs1">Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PZtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi">Sindh, Studies Historical</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karachi&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Blair%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195309911.001.0001%2Facref-9780195309911-e-467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider1974" class="citation book cs1">Haider, Azimusshan (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729">History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839–1900</a>. 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University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-509-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-509-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063149/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishrelations0000hutt/page/3">3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Relations+with+Sind%2C+1799%E2%80%931843%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Imperialism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Huttenback&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishrelations0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunderlal2018" class="citation book cs1">Sunderlal, Pandit (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138">British Rule in India</a>. SAGE Publishing India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-803-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-803-8"><bdi>978-93-5280-803-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063200/https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Rule+in+India&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-803-8&rft.aulast=Sunderlal&rft.aufirst=Pandit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcpmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnathan%2Bcrow%2Bsindh%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201442-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201442_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaurent_Gayer2014">Laurent Gayer 2014</a>, pp. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill1846" class="citation book cs1">Neill, John Martin Bladen (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich">Recollections of Four Years' Service in the East with H.M. Fortieth Regiment</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Four+Years%27+Service+in+the+East+with+H.M.+Fortieth+Regiment&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=John+Martin+Bladen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecollectionsoff00neilrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillie1890" class="citation book cs1">Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees">Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future</a>. Thacker, Spink. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063154/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees#v=onepage&q=denso%20hall%20sandstone%201886%20rupees&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurrachee%3A+%28Karachi%29+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7tIwAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddenso%2Bhall%2Bsandstone%2B1886%2Brupees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets">"Preserving cultural assets"</a>. Dawn. Pakistan. 10 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014019/http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3"><bdi>978-0-19-935444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935444-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection">"Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection | The Express Tribune"</a>. tribune.com.pk. 16 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114007/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shehri.org/publications_html/2018%20-%20Local%20&%20City%20Govt.pdf">LOCAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT HANDBOOK – PROVINCE OF SINDH AND KARACHI CITY</a> (PDF). Karachi: Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-9491-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-9491-14-6"><bdi>978-969-9491-14-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200751/http://shehri.org/img/Local%20%26%20City%20Govt%20FINAL%20File.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LOCAL+AND+CITY+GOVERNMENT+HANDBOOK+%E2%80%93+PROVINCE+OF+SINDH+AND+KARACHI+CITY&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Shehri+-+Citizens+for+a+Better+Environment&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-969-9491-14-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshehri.org%2Fpublications_html%2F2018%2520-%2520Local%2520%26%2520City%2520Govt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3"><bdi>978-0-7881-3631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Rob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35">Settlements of the Indus River</a>. Capstone Classroom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-5723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-5723-3"><bdi>978-1-4034-5723-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063056/https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=%22Indus%20steam%20flotilla%22%20%22orient%20inland%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlements+of+the+Indus+River&rft.pub=Capstone+Classroom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4034-5723-3&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprF_ZLZKtggC%26q%3D%2522Indus%2Bsteam%2Bflotilla%2522%2B%2522orient%2Binland%2522%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heitzman-2008-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitzman-2008_97-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitzman2008" class="citation book cs1">Heitzman, James (31 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit">The City in South Asia</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28963-9"><bdi>978-1-134-28963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-134-28963-9&rft.aulast=Heitzman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityinsouthasia0000heit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narayanan-2015-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narayanan-2015_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narayanan-2015_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2015" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242">Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising sustainable cities for South Asia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75541-8"><bdi>978-1-317-75541-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063159/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Urbanism%3A+Reconceptualising+sustainable+cities+for+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75541-8&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Yamini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwUBCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpost%2Bpartition%2Bkarachi%26pg%3DPT242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1858" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, S. H. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41">The Scinde Railway and Indus Flotilla Companies: Their Futility and Hollowness Demonstrated, Also an Exposure of the Delusion which Exists Respecting the Five Per Cent Guarantee, which Insures No Dividend Whatever to the Respective Shareholders</a>. Richardson Brothers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063212/https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41#v=snippet&q=Indus%20steam%20flotilla&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scinde+Railway+and+Indus+Flotilla+Companies%3A+Their+Futility+and+Hollowness+Demonstrated%2C+Also+an+Exposure+of+the+Delusion+which+Exists+Respecting+the+Five+Per+Cent+Guarantee%2C+which+Insures+No+Dividend+Whatever+to+the+Respective+Shareholders&rft.pub=Richardson+Brothers&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diew2AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DIndus%2Bsteam%2Bflotilla%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskari2015" class="citation book cs1">Askari, Sabiah, ed. (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8450-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8450-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-8450-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Karachi%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+Karachi+Conference+2013&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8450-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> [Herbert Feldman [1970]: Karachi Through a Hundred Years: The Centenary History of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).] </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port">Ansari's Trade & Industrial Directory of Pakistan</a>. Ansari Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063604/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ansari%27s+Trade+%26+Industrial+Directory+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Ansari+Publishing+House.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgMeAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkarachi%2B1914%2Blargest%2Bport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gayer-2014a-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gayer-2014a_103-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Laurent (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0BeBAAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PA23">Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3"><bdi>978-0-19-023806-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023806-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0BeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpost%2Bpartition%2Bkarachi%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markovits-2000-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markovits-2000_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markovits-2000_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2000" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (22 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278">The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43127-9"><bdi>978-1-139-43127-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063708/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+World+of+Indian+Merchants%2C+1750%E2%80%931947%3A+Traders+of+Sind+from+Bukhara+to+Panama&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-06-22&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43127-9&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2vu7Odjz6kC%26q%3Dkarachi%2Briots%2B1948%2Bmuslim%2Brefugees%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamindar2007" class="citation book cs1">Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (14 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53">The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51101-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51101-8"><bdi>978-0-231-51101-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063709/https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51101-8&rft.aulast=Zamindar&rft.aufirst=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2u_IU-aoNhwC%26q%3Dkarachi%2Briots%2B1948%2Bmuslim%2Brefugees%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamindar-2010-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamindar-2010_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamindar-2010_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamindar2010" class="citation book cs1">Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi">The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13847-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063605/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13847-5&rft.aulast=Zamindar&rft.aufirst=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5c9ta97GeoC%26q%3Dpost%2Bpartition%2Bkarachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Weightman2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Weightman2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbara_A._Weightman2011">Barbara A. Weightman 2011</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50. Brill Archive. 1968. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party%2C+Government+and+Freedom+in+the+Muslim+World%3A+Three+Articles+Reprinted+from+the+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+2d+Ed.%2C+V.+3%2C+Parts+49%E2%80%9350&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Laurent (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40">Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3"><bdi>978-0-19-935444-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063606/https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935444-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBklRBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarachi%2B1970s%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom">Population Growth and Policies in Mega-cities: Karachi</a>. UN. 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063714/https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Growth+and+Policies+in+Mega-cities%3A+Karachi&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrurrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkarachi%2B1970s%2Bboom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Nichola (15 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205">Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6"><bdi>978-0-19-086978-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063608/https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cityscapes+of+Violence+in+Karachi%3A+Publics+and+Counterpublics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086978-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nichola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC28sDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarachi%2B1970s%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Udupa-2017-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Udupa-2017_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Udupa-2017_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Udupa-2017_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdupaMcDowell2017" class="citation book cs1">Udupa, Sahana; McDowell, Stephen D. (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jwlDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s+zia&pg=PA41">Media as Politics in South Asia</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97221-5"><bdi>978-1-351-97221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+as+Politics+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-351-97221-5&rft.aulast=Udupa&rft.aufirst=Sahana&rft.au=McDowell%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jwlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarachi%2B1970s%2Bzia%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuf1990" class="citation journal cs1">Yusuf, Farhat (July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848">"Afghan refugees population in Pakistan"</a>. Journal of Biosocial Science. 22 (3). Journals.cambridge.org: 269–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021932000018654">10.1017/S0021932000018654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9320">0021-9320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2169475">2169475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33827916">33827916</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060453/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosocial+Science&rft.atitle=Afghan+refugees+population+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=1990-07&rft.issn=0021-9320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33827916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2169475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021932000018654&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Farhat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3Bjsessionid%3DC8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D1636848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2010" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Nichola (5 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCMAgAAQBAJ&q=mqm+pashto+punjabi+sindhi+conflict">Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi Conflict</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135161927" title="Special:BookSources/9781135161927"><bdi>9781135161927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohajir+Militancy+in+Pakistan%3A+Violence+and+Transformation+in+the+Karachi+Conflict&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.isbn=9781135161927&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nichola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSCMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmqm%2Bpashto%2Bpunjabi%2Bsindhi%2Bconflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. 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Retrieved 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Development+Update&rft.atitle=Karachi+City+Diagnostic%3A+livability%2C+sustainability+and+growth+in+the+city+of+Karachi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F935241478612633044%2Fpdf%2F109961-WP-PUBLIC-disclosed-11-9-16-5-pm-Pakistan-Development-Update-Fall-2016-with-compressed-pics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513194342/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2">"Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025"</a>. 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Dawn. 10 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080932/https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=STATISTICS%3A+THE+KARACHI-LAHORE+CENSUS+CONUNDRUM&rft.date=2017-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1356681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/28/ten-major-cities-population-up-by-74pc/">"Ten major cities' population up by 74pc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218175027/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/28/ten-major-cities-population-up-by-74pc/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+major+cities%27+population+up+by+74pc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Ften-major-cities-population-up-by-74pc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201426-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurent_Gayer201426_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaurent_Gayer2014">Laurent Gayer 2014</a>, pp. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222175007/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html">"Population size and growth of major cities"</a>. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+size+and+growth+of+major+cities&rft.pub=Population+Census+Organization%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fpop_major_cities%2Fpop_major_cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about nine million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the <a href="/wiki/National_Database_and_Registration_Authority" title="National Database and Registration Authority">National Database and Registration Authority</a> as well as large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a>, Bangladeshis, Indians, Nepalis and others (incl. Filipinos, Iranians, Iraqis, Burmese). </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748">"The Urban Frontier – Karachi"</a>. NPR. 2 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007221557/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Frontier+%E2%80%93+Karachi&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D91009748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taj-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taj_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taj_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1369642">"Census commissioner rejects political parties' concerns"</a>. Dawn. 10 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131256/https://www.dawn.com/news/1369642">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Census+commissioner+rejects+political+parties%27+concerns&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1369642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131518/http://sindhbos.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf">"Sindh at a Glance – 2016"</a> (PDF). Sindh Bureau of Statistics. Government of Sindh. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sindhbos.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sindh+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Sindh+at+a+Glance+%E2%80%93+2016&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsindhbos.gov.pk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FSindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_1.pdf">"TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH"</a> (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+%E2%80%93+4+AREA%2C+POPULATION+BY+SEX%2C+SEX+RATIO%2C+POPULATION+DENSITY%2C+URBAN+PROPORTION%2C+HOUSEHOLD+SIZE+AND+ANNUAL+GROWTH+RATE+OF+SINDH&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fsindh%2Fdcr%2Ftable_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118090211/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/District%20wise%20Sindh%20TABLE%201%202017%20FINAL.pdf">"TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH"</a> (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/District%20wise%20Sindh%20TABLE%201%202017%20FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+%E2%80%93+4+AREA%2C+POPULATION+BY+SEX%2C+SEX+RATIO%2C+POPULATION+DENSITY%2C+URBAN+PROPORTION%2C+HOUSEHOLD+SIZE+AND+ANNUAL+GROWTH+RATE+OF+SINDH&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2FDistrict%2520wise%2520Sindh%2520TABLE%25201%25202017%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1986" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1986). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3"><bdi>978-0-7881-3631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnells2005" class="citation book cs1">Hinnells, John (2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151350-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151350-3"><bdi>978-0-19-151350-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+Diaspora%3A+Religion+and+Migration&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151350-3&rft.aulast=Hinnells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351160861" title="Special:BookSources/9789351160861"><bdi>9789351160861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+City&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789351160861&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBHAVNANI2014" class="citation book cs1">BHAVNANI, NANDITA (2014). "3". THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA. Westland. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384030339" title="Special:BookSources/9789384030339"><bdi>9789384030339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=THE+MAKING+OF+EXILE%3A+SINDHI+HINDUS+AND+THE+PARTITION+OF+INDIA&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789384030339&rft.aulast=BHAVNANI&rft.aufirst=NANDITA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavnani2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India. Westland. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384030339" title="Special:BookSources/9789384030339"><bdi>9789384030339</bdi></a>. <q>In June 1947, it was initially proposed to settle the muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well-heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of discontented lower-class Muslim refugees living in such close proximity to them. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle-class area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Exile%3A+Sindhi+Hindus+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789384030339&rft.aulast=Bhavnani&rft.aufirst=Nandita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanKudaisya2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tai_Yong" title="Tan Tai Yong">Tan, Tai Yong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kudaisya" title="Gyanesh Kudaisya">Kudaisya, Gyanesh</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda">The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda/page/n248">234</a>–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17297-4"><bdi>978-0-415-17297-4</bdi></a>. <q>In 1947, as the new Federal Government of Pakistan struggled to establish itself in Karachi, a large number of Muslim refugees from northern India came and settled down in the city ... Karachi became the preferred destination of northern Indian Urdu-speaking Muslims who hoped to find white-collar employment opportunities in the cosmopolitan commercial and port city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17297-4&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Tai+Yong&rft.au=Kudaisya%2C+Gyanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftermathpartiti00kuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi-1998-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi-1998_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi-1998_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Khalidi, Omar (Autumn 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002">20837002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Torrent+to+Trickle%3A+Indian+Muslim+Migration+to+Pakistan%2C+1947%E2%80%9397&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20837002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_R_Narayan_Swamy2005" class="citation web cs1">M R Narayan Swamy (5 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610">"Where Malayalees once held sway & Updates at"</a>. Daily News and Analysis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317161132/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Where+Malayalees+once+held+sway+%26+Updates+at&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.au=M+R+Narayan+Swamy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fworld%2Freport_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080304/http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml">"Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent"</a>. Merinews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml">the original</a> on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+and+ethnic+battles+turn+Karachi+into+Beirut+of+South+Asia+%22+Crescent&rft.pub=Merinews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merinews.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitical-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia%2F15875445.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObaid-Chinoy2009" class="citation web cs1">Obaid-Chinoy, Sharmeen (17 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html">"Karachi's Invisible Enemy"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824071128/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karachi%27s+Invisible+Enemy&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.aulast=Obaid-Chinoy&rft.aufirst=Sharmeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Frough%2F2009%2F07%2Fkarachis_invisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211443/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090825%2FFOREIGN%2F708249931">"In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder"</a>. The National. 24 August 2009. 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Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190869786" title="Special:BookSources/9780190869786"><bdi>9780190869786</bdi></a>. <q>... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh-largest conurbation ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cityscapes+of+Violence+in+Karachi%3A+Publics+and+Counterpublics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190869786&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nichola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7435/1/40138_1941_TAB.pdf">"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME XII SIND"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915220525/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7435/1/40138_1941_TAB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CENSUS+OF+INDIA%2C+1941+VOLUME+XII+SIND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F7435%2F1%2F40138_1941_TAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1941-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1941_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1941_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">"Census of India, 1941. Volume 12, Sind"</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">saoa.crl.28215545</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941.+Volume+12%2C+Sind&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1872-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1872_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057642">"Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872"</a>. 1872. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057642">saoa.crl.25057642</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1872.+Census+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%2C+taken+on+the+21.+February+1872.&rft.pages=238&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1881-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678">"Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind"</a>. 1881. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678">saoa.crl.25057678</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224518/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881.+Operations+and+results+in+the+Presidency+of+Bombay%2C+including+Sind&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1891-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1891_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainesIndia_Census_Commissioner1891" class="citation web cs1">Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666">"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states"</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666">saoa.crl.25318666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531191628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1891.+General+tables+for+British+provinces+and+feudatory+states.&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25318666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Jervoise+Athelstane&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25318666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1901-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838">"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1901. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838">saoa.crl.25352838</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154915/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901.+Vol.+1A%2C+India.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25352838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25352838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1901B-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1901B_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1901" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895">"Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay"</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895">saoa.crl.25366895</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901.+Vols.+9-11%2C+Bombay.&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25366895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25366895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Albert_GaitIndia_Census_Commissioner1911" class="citation web cs1">Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779">"Census of India, 1911. Volume 1., Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779">saoa.crl.25393779</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011326/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1911.+Volume+1.%2C+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Calcutta%2C+Supt.+Govt.+Print.%2C+India%2C+1913.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Edward+Albert+Gait&rft.aufirst=Sir&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911B-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1911" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770">"Census of India 1911. Volume 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables"</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770">saoa.crl.25393770</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Volume+7%2C+Bombay.+Pt.+2%2C+Imperial+tables.&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1921-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121">"Census of India 1921. Volume 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1921. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121">saoa.crl.25394121</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528062858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Volume+1%2C+India.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1921B-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1921B_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1921" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131">"Census of India 1921. Volume 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial"</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131">saoa.crl.25394131</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507012628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Volume+8%2C+Bombay+Presidency.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables+%3A+imperial+and+provincial.&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1931-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234">"Census of India 1931. Volume 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables"</a>. 1931. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234">saoa.crl.25793234</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513011937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1931.+Volume+1%2C+India.+Pt.+2%2C+Imperial+tables.&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1931B-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931B_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1931" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128">"Census of India 1931. Volume 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables"</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128">saoa.crl.25797128</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506002440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1931.+Volume+8%2C+Bombay.+Pt.+2%2C+Statistical+tables.&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25797128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25797128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2017B-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2017B_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017">"Final Results (Census-2017)"</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Results+%28Census-2017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fcontent%2Ffinal-results-census-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2023B-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2023B_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results">"7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban"</a>. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 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Retrieved 17 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+Pakistan%27s+Christians%3F&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-35910331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa2001" class="citation news cs1">Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (5 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms">"A Dash of Goa in Pakistan"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219113702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2016. <q>The city, however, has roughly between 12,000 and 15,000 'Goans', a number that has remained fairly constant for the past 190 years, since the first wave of migrating Goans in dhows washed up on its shores in 1820 and made it their home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+Dash+of+Goa+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2001-09-05&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+Moniz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2FA-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan%2Farticleshow%2F9866412.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031747/http://www.pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp">"Population of Hindus in the World"</a>. pakistanhinducouncil.org. 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Retrieved 2 April 2019. <q>As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=OLMT+project+to+face+further+delay&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.au=Adnan%2C+Imran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1941286%2F1-olmt-project-face-delay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan">"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 January 2017. <q>Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+of+orange+trains+starts%2C+says+Kh+Hassan&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264436/turkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi?amp=1">"Turkey offers help in bringing iconic tram service back to Karachi"</a>. 17 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828142222/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264436/turkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi?amp=1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+offers+help+in+bringing+iconic+tram+service+back+to+Karachi&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2264436%2Fturkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piac.com.pk/schedule/display_abc.asp?date=3:16:07+AM">"Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA"</a>. piac.com.pk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=piac.com.pk&rft.atitle=Pakistan+International+Airlines+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+International+Airlines+%E2%80%93+PIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piac.com.pk%2Fschedule%2Fdisplay_abc.asp%3Fdate%3D3%3A16%3A07%2BAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726225316/http://www.piac.com.pk/PIA_About/intnetwork.asp">"Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA"</a>. www.piac.com.pk. 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Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooking+in+Karachi&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Taimur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F09%2F03%2Fcooking-in-karachi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot-2015-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot-2015_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot-2015_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot-2015_327-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. 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Retrieved 3 January 2017. <q>Just three years ago, according to the Numbeo international crime index, Karachi was the sixth most dangerous city in the world. Today it stands at number 31 – and falling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Pakistan+is+winning+its+war+on+terror&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2016%2F12%2Fpakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/karachi-improves-ranking-on-international-crime-and-safety-index-2018/">"Karachi, the 6th most dangerous city in the world previously, has jumped to 50th place"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Karachi+world%27s+%27most+dangerous+megacity%27%3A+Report&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fpakistan%2FKarachi-worlds-most-dangerous-megacity-Report%2Farticleshow%2F22437484.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessinsider.com-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-businessinsider.com_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessinsider.com_332-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1/#10-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41">"The 50 most violent cities in the world"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+50+most+violent+cities+in+the+world&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmost-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1%2F%2310-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Frontier_Post-2018-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Frontier_Post-2018_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Frontier_Post-2018_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103624/https://thefrontierpost.com/karachi-killing-extortion-decreased-2017/">"Karachi: Killing, extortion decreased in 2017 – The Frontier Post"</a>. The Frontier Post. 2 January 2018. 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Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Karachi+target+killings%2C+highest+in+15+years&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F69491%2Fkarachi-target-killings-highest-in-15-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> See Demographics section above. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan">"In 2015, Karachi the most violent region of Pakistan"</a>. The News (Pakistan). 2 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092923/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016. <q>With 1,040 deaths – down from 2,023 in 2014 – recorded in Karachi this past year, the metropolis saw ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=In+2015%2C+Karachi+the+most+violent+region+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/">"Death toll rises: Over 3,200 killings in Karachi make 2013 deadliest year so far"</a>. The Tribune. 18 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084048/http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Death+toll+rises%3A+Over+3%2C200+killings+in+Karachi+make+2013+deadliest+year+so+far&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F660098%2Fdeath-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1244433/frightening-situation-52552-karachiites-fell-victim-street-crime-2016/">"52,552 Karachiites fell victim to street crime in 2016"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 October 2016. <q>Recorded murders in Karachi fell to 650 last year, a 75 percent drop from 2013, while registered extortion was down 80 percent and kidnapping by nearly 90 percent, according to the CPLC, which collates official police data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Karachi+property+prices+soar+after+Pakistan+crime+crackdown&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fpakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dunyanews.tv/en/Crime/368050-Karachi-witnesses-significant-decrease-in-target-k">"Karachi witnesses significant decrease in target killing, extortion cases in 2016"</a>. Dunya TV. 31 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222063156/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Crime/368050-Karachi-witnesses-significant-decrease-in-target-k">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. 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Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=98pc+drop+in+terrorism+in+Karachi%2C+NAP+implementation+report+shows&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F135955398pc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU">"Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown"</a>. Reuters. 29 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022215317/http://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. <q>Karachi property prices jumped 23 percent last year to a record high, outpacing other large cities and the national average of 10 percent, data from property website Zameen.com showed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Karachi+property+prices+soar+after+Pakistan+crime+crackdown&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fpakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ">"Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2016. <q>A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Despite+rising+economy%2C+Pakistan+still+hampered+by+image+problem+leftright+4%2F4leftright&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3"><bdi>978-0-19-023806-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023806-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html">"Pakistan's Karachi is world's 3rd most polluted city. Officials' solution: Masks"</a>. Hindustan Times. 28 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129071809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Karachi+is+world%27s+3rd+most+polluted+city.+Officials%27+solution%3A+Masks&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fpakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304449/govt-to-revive-karachis-three-sewage-treatment-plants">"Govt to revive Karachi's three sewage treatment plants"</a>. The Express Tribune. 10 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529151956/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304449/govt-to-revive-karachis-three-sewage-treatment-plants">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. 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DAWN.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708062341/https://www.dawn.com/news/1418576">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Encroached+drains%2C+poor+waste+management+put+Karachi+at+risk+of+urban+flooding&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft.aulast=Ilyas&rft.aufirst=Faiza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1418576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2426524/karachi-underwater?amp=1">"Karachi underwater"</a>. The Express Tribune. 16 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153950/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2426524/karachi-underwater?amp=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Karachi+underwater&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2426524%2Fkarachi-underwater%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124715/http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm">"Heritage Revisited"</a>. Historickarachi.com. 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Cricket Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214224/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Test+matches+played+on+National+Stadium%2C+Karachi&rft.pub=Cricket+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcricketarchive.com%2FArchive%2FGrounds%2F22%2F1506_t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html">"First-Class matches played by Karachi"</a>. 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Cricket Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214006/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Class+matches+played+by+Karachi+Blues&rft.pub=Cricket+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcricketarchive.com%2FArchive%2FTeams%2F0%2F444%2FFirst-Class_Matches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html">"First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens"</a>. Cricket Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214125/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Class+matches+played+by+Karachi+Greens&rft.pub=Cricket+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcricketarchive.com%2FArchive%2FTeams%2F0%2F446%2FFirst-Class_Matches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html">"First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites"</a>. 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ESPNcricinfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408071144/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fixtures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Fci%2Fcontent%2Fseries%2F60981.html%3Ftemplate%3Dfixtures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-369"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2023" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Shazia (5 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1740465">"REVIVING FOOTBALL IN LYARI"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pakistantoday.com.pk&rft.atitle=China%27s+Tianjin+Municipality+named+sister-city+to+Karachi%2C+Islamabad&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2021%2F09%2F21%2Fchinas-tianjin-municipality-named-sister-city-to-karachi-islamabad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1472506">"Three Chinese towns named sister cities to Karachi, Gwadar, Multan"</a>. dawn.com. Dawn. 29 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329053301/https://www.dawn.com/news/1472506">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Three+Chinese+towns+named+sister+cities+to+Karachi%2C+Gwadar%2C+Multan&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1472506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Karachi#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Karachi">Bibliography of the history of Karachi</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent_Gayer2014" class="citation cs2">Gayer, Laurent (1 June 2014), Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023806-3"><bdi>978-0-19-023806-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023806-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRailway_Report1970" class="citation cs2">West Pakistan (Pakistan). Transport Commission; Mian Anwer Ali (1970), Report: April 1969 – September 1969, Volume 2, West Pakistan Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report%3A+April+1969+%E2%80%93+September+1969%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=West+Pakistan+Government+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.au=West+Pakistan+%28Pakistan%29.+Transport+Commission&rft.au=Mian+Anwer+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2007" class="citation cs2">Review of Developments in Transport in the ESCAP Region ...: Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1120-534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1120-534-3"><bdi>978-92-1120-534-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Developments+in+Transport+in+the+ESCAP+Region+...%3A+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-1120-534-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos_Owen_Thomas2005" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Amos Owen (3 October 2005), Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia, SAGE, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3396-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-3396-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagi-Nations+and+Borderless+Television%3A+Media%2C+Culture+and+Politics+Across+Asia&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3396-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Amos+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt_JaninScott_A._Mandia2012" class="citation cs2">Janin, Hunt; Mandia, Scott A. (11 October 2012), Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact, <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5956-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5956-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5956-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Sea+Levels%3A+An+Introduction+to+Cause+and+Impact&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5956-8&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rft.au=Mandia%2C+Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSind_Muslim_College1965" class="citation cs2">Sind Muslim College, Karachi (1965), Sind Muslim College Magazine, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sind+Muslim+College+Magazine&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Sind+Muslim+College%2C+Karachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarina_Singh2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sarina_Singh" title="Sarina Singh">Singh, Sarina</a> (2008), Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway, Lonely Planet, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-542-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-542-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-542-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+Karakoram+Highway&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-542-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Weightman2011" class="citation cs2">Weightman, Barbara A. (15 June 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187">Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia</a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-13998-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-13998-1"><bdi>978-1-118-13998-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons+and+Tigers%3A+A+Geography+of+South%2C+East%2C+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-118-13998-1&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqeBfed17zxEC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._H._Senzai2015" class="citation cs2">Senzai, N. H. (17 November 2015), Ticket to India, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4814-2258-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4814-2258-1"><bdi>978-1-4814-2258-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ticket+to+India&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4814-2258-1&rft.aulast=Senzai&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamini_Narayanan2015" class="citation cs2">Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75542-5"><bdi>978-1-317-75542-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Urbanism%3A+Reconceptualising+Sustainable+Cities+for+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75542-5&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Yamini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQUBCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_StimsonKingsley_E._Haynes2012" class="citation cs2">Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA43">Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues</a>, Edward Elgar Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9"><bdi>978-1-78100-796-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Applied+Geography+and+Spatial+Analysis%3A+Addressing+Real+World+Issues&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-796-9&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Kingsley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgiDiR1QQHQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsline2006" class="citation cs2">Newsline, Volume 18, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9"><bdi>978-1-78100-796-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newsline%2C+Volume+18&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-796-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Shahid_Alam1996" class="citation cs2">Shahid Alam, Mohammad (1996), Community Organizations and Urban Development: A Study of Selected Urban Settlements in Karachi, NGO Resource Centre</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Organizations+and+Urban+Development%3A+A+Study+of+Selected+Urban+Settlements+in+Karachi&rft.pub=NGO+Resource+Centre&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Shahid+Alam&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcello_Balbo2005" class="citation cs2">Balbo, Marcello (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCet48XFuJQC&pg=PT95">International Migrants and the City: Bangkok, Berlin, Dakar, Karachi, Johannesburg, Naples, São Paulo, Tijuana, Vancouver, Vladivostok</a>, UN-HABITAT, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1131-747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1131-747-3"><bdi>978-92-1131-747-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Migrants+and+the+City%3A+Bangkok%2C+Berlin%2C+Dakar%2C+Karachi%2C+Johannesburg%2C+Naples%2C+S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+Tijuana%2C+Vancouver%2C+Vladivostok&rft.pub=UN-HABITAT&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-1131-747-3&rft.aulast=Balbo&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCet48XFuJQC%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonah_BlankChristopher_ClaryBrian_Nichiporuk2014" class="citation cs2">Blank, Jonah; Clary, Christopher; Nichiporuk, Brian (30 October 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization</a>, Rand Corporation, p. 19, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-8751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-8751-5"><bdi>978-0-8330-8751-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drivers+of+Long-Term+insecurity+and+Instability+in+Pakistan%3A+Urbanization&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-8751-5&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft.au=Clary%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Nichiporuk%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSZRBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Stephen P. (2004), The Idea of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>, p. 202, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-9761-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssues_in_National,_Regional,_and_Environmental_Health_and_Medicine2013" class="citation cs2">Acton, Q. Ashton (1 May 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrCxJ4F8f0cC&pg=PT278">Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine</a> (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4901-1294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4901-1294-7"><bdi>978-1-4901-1294-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+in+National%2C+Regional%2C+and+Environmental+Health+and+Medicine&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=ScholarlyEditions&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4901-1294-7&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Q.+Ashton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrCxJ4F8f0cC%26pg%3DPT278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndocrine_System_Diseases:_New_Insights_for_the_Healthcare_Professional2013" class="citation cs2">Acton, Q. Ashton (22 July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwtnpymlSe4C&pg=PA404">Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional</a> (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 404, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4816-5848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4816-5848-5"><bdi>978-1-4816-5848-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrine+System+Diseases%3A+New+Insights+for+the+Healthcare+Professional&rft.pages=404&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=ScholarlyEditions&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4816-5848-5&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Q.+Ashton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwtnpymlSe4C%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZohra_ZaidiS.W_Lanigan2010" class="citation cs2">Zaidi, Zohra; S.W Lanigan (10 March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0GFGJfVeFIC&pg=PR10">Dermatology in Clinical Practice</a>, Springer Science & Business Media, p. x, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-862-9"><bdi>978-1-84882-862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dermatology+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-862-9&rft.aulast=Zaidi&rft.aufirst=Zohra&rft.au=S.W+Lanigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0GFGJfVeFIC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Aslam_UqailiKhanji_Harijan2011" class="citation cs2">Aslam Uqaili, Mohammad; Harijan, Khanji (14 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rndnOvfTDW4C&pg=PA259">Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development</a>, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 259, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0109-4"><bdi>978-3-7091-0109-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy%2C+Environment+and+Sustainable+Development&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.isbn=978-3-7091-0109-4&rft.aulast=Aslam+Uqaili&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Harijan%2C+Khanji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrndnOvfTDW4C%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Renaux2011" class="citation cs2">Renaux, Helen (2011), True Children of the Raj, Trafford Publishing, p. 159, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-0177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-0177-3"><bdi>978-1-4669-0177-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Children+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4669-0177-3&rft.aulast=Renaux&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_D._MillerMiklos_Simon2015" class="citation cs2">Miller, Kenneth D.; Simon, Miklos (3 February 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7cxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414">Global Perspectives on Cancer: Incidence, Care, and Experience [2 volumes]: Incidence, Care, and Experience</a>, ABC-CLIO, p. 414, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2858-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2858-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-2858-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Perspectives+on+Cancer%3A+Incidence%2C+Care%2C+and+Experience+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+Incidence%2C+Care%2C+and+Experience&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2858-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Miklos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7cxBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarachi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Karachi at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karachi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Karachi">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karachi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Karachi">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Karachi" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Karachi">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karachi" class="extiw" title="q:Karachi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Karachi" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karachi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karachi" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Karachi">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karachi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Karachi">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Karachi" class="extiw" title="voy:Karachi">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmc.gos.pk/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXyB3JTHus0">Karachi at the end of the Raj</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404211758/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXyB3JTHus0&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 4 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, film by an unknown British soldier, 1942–1947, Mowgli Productions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1606997/understanding-the-truth-behind-the-facade">Growth of the city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218085929/https://www.dawn.com/news/1606997/understanding-the-truth-behind-the-facade">Archived</a> 18 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Karachi475" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karachi" title="Template:Karachi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karachi" title="Template talk:Karachi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karachi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karachi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Karachi475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karachi" title="History of Karachi">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Dahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Dahir">Raja Dahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 War of Independence">1857 War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)">Federal Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Karachi" title="Timeline of Karachi">Timeline of Karachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karachi" title="Geography of Karachi">Geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_and_Bhit_Islands" title="Baba and Bhit Islands">Baba and Bhit Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundal_Island" title="Bundal Island">Bundal Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Monze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Monze">Cape Monze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Beach,_Karachi" title="Clifton Beach, Karachi">Clifton Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Oyster_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifton Oyster Rocks">Clifton Oyster Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Beach,_Karachi" title="French Beach, Karachi">French Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Beach" title="Hawke's Bay Beach">Hawke's Bay Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyari_River" title="Lyari River">Lyari River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_River" title="Malir River">Malir River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manora,_Karachi" title="Manora, Karachi">Manora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistan" title="Paradise Point, Pakistan">Paradise Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandspit_Beach" title="Sandspit Beach">Sandspit Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karachi" title="Administrative divisions of Karachi">Localities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town_Karachi" title="Bahria Town Karachi">Bahria Town Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldia_Town" title="Baldia Town">Baldia Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Town" title="Bin Qasim Town">Bin Qasim Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)#Sindh_Province" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">Cantonments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifton (Karachi)">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">Defence Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadap_Town" title="Gadap Town">Gadap Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulberg_Town,_Karachi" title="Gulberg Town, Karachi">Gulberg Town, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Town" title="Gulshan Town">Gulshan Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Town" title="Jamshed Town">Jamshed Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Town" title="Korangi Town">Korangi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Town" title="Landhi Town">Landhi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquatabad_Town" title="Liaquatabad Town">Liaquatabad Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyari_Town" title="Lyari Town">Lyari Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_Town" title="Malir Town">Malir Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Karachi_Town" title="New Karachi Town">New Karachi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nazimabad_Town" title="North Nazimabad Town">North Nazimabad Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangi_Town" title="Orangi Town">Orangi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Saddar Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal_Town" title="Shah Faisal Town">Shah Faisal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SITE_Town" title="SITE Town">SITE Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karachi" title="Government of Karachi">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Karachi" title="Politics of Karachi">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Karachi" title="Mayor of Karachi">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karachi_local_election_results" title="List of Karachi local election results">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Councils_of_Karachi" title="List of Union Councils of Karachi">Union Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_District_Government_Karachi" title="City District Government Karachi">City District Government Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_Karachi" title="Civic Center, Karachi">Karachi Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Development_Authority" title="Karachi Development Authority">Karachi Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Conservancy_Board" title="Karachi Conservancy Board">Karachi Conservancy Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Commission" title="Karachi Municipal Commission">Karachi Municipal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Municipal_Committee" title="Karachi Municipal Committee">Karachi Municipal Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation" title="Karachi Metropolitan Corporation">Karachi Metropolitan Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Water_and_Sewerage_Board" title="Karachi Water and Sewerage Board">Karachi Water and Sewerage Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Electric" title="K-Electric">K-Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Expo_Center" title="Karachi Expo Center">Karachi Expo Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Safari_Park" title="Karachi Safari Park">Karachi Safari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Zoo" title="Karachi Zoo">Karachi Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Karachi" title="List of tourist attractions in Karachi">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Karachi" title="List of schools in Karachi">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Karachi" title="List of colleges in Karachi">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Karachi" title="List of medical schools in Karachi">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Karachi" title="List of universities in Karachi">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Karachi" title="Health care in Karachi">Hospitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan#Karachi" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Chamber_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry">Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Exchange,_Karachi" title="The Cotton Exchange, Karachi">Karachi Cotton Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Complex">Karachi Nuclear Power Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Shipyard_%26_Engineering_Works" title="Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works">Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Stock Exchange">Karachi Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Pakistan Mercantile Exchange">Pakistan Mercantile Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karachi" title="Transport in Karachi">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karachi#Buses" title="Transport in Karachi">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Breeze" title="Karachi Breeze">Karachi Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Karachi Cantonment railway station">Karachi Cantonment railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Circular_Railway" title="Karachi Circular Railway">Karachi Circular Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_City_railway_station" title="Karachi City railway station">Karachi City railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust_Halt_railway_station" title="Karachi Port Trust Halt railway station">Karachi Port Trust Halt railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyari_Expressway" title="Lyari Expressway">Lyari Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_Expressway" title="Malir Expressway">Malir Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road">Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Hotels and shopping centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avari_Hotels" title="Avari Hotels">Avari Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohri_Bazaar" title="Bohri Bazaar">Bohri Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_Malls" title="Dolmen Malls">Dolmen Malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Market" title="Empress Market">Empress Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_One_Mall" title="Lucky One Mall">Lucky One Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meena_Bazaar,_Karimabad" title="Meena Bazaar, Karimabad">Meena Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Market" title="Zainab Market">Zainab Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sports and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Karachi" title="Culture of Karachi">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Karachi" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Karachi">Cultural heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabbawala" title="Dabbawala">Dabbawala</a></li> <li>Cricket <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_cricket_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi cricket teams">men's</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karachi_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Karachi women's cricket team">women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Blues" title="Karachi Blues">Karachi Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Dolphins" title="Karachi Dolphins">Karachi Dolphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Kings" title="Karachi Kings">Karachi Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Zebras" title="Karachi Zebras">Karachi Zebras</a></li></ul></li> <li>Football <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_United" title="Karachi United">Karachi United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_United_WFC" title="Karachi United WFC">Karachi United WFC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week" title="Karachi Fashion Week">Karachi Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Film_Festival" title="Kara Film Festival">Kara Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Literature_Festival" title="Karachi Literature Festival">Karachi Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karachi_Marathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karachi Marathon (page does not exist)">Karachi Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Boat_Club" title="Karachi Boat Club">Karachi Boat Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Golf_Club" title="Karachi Golf Club">Karachi Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Race_Club" title="Karachi Race Club">Karachi Race Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Yacht_Club" title="Karachi Yacht Club">Karachi Yacht Club</a></li> <li>Arts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="National Academy of Performing Arts">National Academy of Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Arts_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Arts Council">Karachi Arts Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Karachi" title="List of sports venues in Karachi">Sports venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Karachi" title="Air pollution in Karachi">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karachi" title="Cuisine of Karachi">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi" title="Demographics of Karachi">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developments_in_Karachi" title="Developments in Karachi">Developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Karachi" title="Environment of Karachi">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Karachi" title="Ethnic groups in Karachi">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Karachi" title="Flora and fauna of Karachi">Flora and fauna </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Press_Club" title="Karachi Press Club">Karachi Press Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_installations_in_Karachi" title="Military installations in Karachi">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangi_Pilot_Project" title="Orangi Pilot Project">Orangi Pilot Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Karachi" title="Religion in Karachi">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karachi" title="List of people from Karachi">People from Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Karachi" title="List of cemeteries in Karachi">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Karachi">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-governmental_organisations_based_in_Karachi" title="List of non-governmental organisations based in Karachi">Non-governmental organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Karachi" title="List of parks and gardens in Karachi">Parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Karachi" title="List of streets in Karachi">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Karachi" title="List of tallest buildings in Karachi">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_watering_troughs_in_Karachi" title="List of watering troughs in Karachi">Watering troughs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Karachi94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Karachi94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Karachi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_in_Karachi27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karachi_Subdivision" title="Template:Karachi Subdivision"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karachi_Subdivision" title="Template talk:Karachi Subdivision"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karachi_Subdivision" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karachi Subdivision"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_in_Karachi27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_in_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions in Karachi">Subdivisions in Karachi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldia_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldia Subdivision">Baldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Qasim Subdivision">Bin Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadap_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadap Subdivision">Gadap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulberg_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulberg Subdivision">Gulberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulshan Subdivision">Gulshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamshed Subdivisions">Jamshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Keamari Subdivision">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Korangi Subdivision">Korangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Landhi Subdivisions">Landhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquatabad_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaquatabad Subdivision">Liaquatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyari_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyari Subdivision">Lyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Malir Subdivision">Malir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Karachi_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="New Karachi Subdivision">New Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nazimabad_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="North Nazimabad Subdivision">North Nazimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangi_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangi Subdivision">Orangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddar Subdivision">Saddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Faisal Subdivision">Shah Faisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SITE_Subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="SITE Subdivisions">SITE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbourhoods_of_Karachi583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Karachi" title="Template:Neighbourhoods of Karachi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neighbourhoods_of_Karachi" title="Template talk:Neighbourhoods of Karachi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Karachi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods of Karachi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbourhoods_of_Karachi583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Councils_of_Karachi" title="List of Union Councils of Karachi">Neighbourhoods</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baldia_Town" title="Baldia Town">Baldia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Colony" title="Afridi Colony">Afridi Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abidabad" title="Abidabad">Abidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan-e-Ghazi" title="Gulshan-e-Ghazi">Gulshan-e-Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamnagar,_Karachi" title="Islamnagar, Karachi">Islam Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittehad_Town" title="Ittehad Town">Ittehad Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_Camp" title="Muhajir Camp">Muhajir Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mujahid_Colony" title="Muslim Mujahid Colony">Muslim Mujahid Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Abadi" title="Nai Abadi">Nai Abadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Colony" title="Naval Colony">Naval Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasheedabad" title="Rasheedabad">Rasheedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeedabad,_Karachi" title="Saeedabad, Karachi">Saeedabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Town" title="Bin Qasim Town">Bin Qasim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Goth" title="Abdullah Goth">Abdullah Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Colony" title="Cattle Colony">Cattle Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaghar">Gaghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan-e-Hadeed" title="Gulshan-e-Hadeed">Gulshan-e-Hadeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hyderi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Hyderi">Ibrahim Hyderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Colony" title="Landhi Colony">Landhi Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidabad" title="Qaidabad">Quaidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehri_Goth" title="Rehri Goth">Rehri Goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gadap_Town" title="Gadap Town">Gadap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darsano_Chana" title="Darsano Chana">Darsano Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadap" title="Gadap">Gadap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujro" title="Gujro">Gujro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghopir" class="mw-redirect" title="Manghopir">Manghopir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjani_Town" title="Surjani Town">Surjani Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymarabad" title="Maymarabad">Maymarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Memon_Goth" title="Murad Memon Goth">Murad Memon Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Goth_Town" title="Sohrab Goth Town">Sohrab Goth Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songal" title="Songal">Songal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Goth" title="Yousuf Goth">Yousuf Goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulberg_Town,_Karachi" title="Gulberg Town, Karachi">Gulberg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisha_Manzil" title="Aisha Manzil">Aisha Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancholi" title="Ancholi">Ancholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizabad_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azizabad (Karachi)">Azizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimabad,_Karachi" title="Karimabad, Karachi">Karimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosa_Colony" title="Moosa Colony">Moosa Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseerabad,_Karachi" title="Naseerabad, Karachi">Naseerabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafiq_Mill_Colony" title="Shafiq Mill Colony">Shafiq Mill Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Pump,_Karachi" title="Water Pump, Karachi">Water Pump, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaseenabad" title="Yaseenabad">Yaseenabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Town" title="Gulshan Town">Gulshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Centre,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Centre, Karachi">CIvic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurabad" title="Bahadurabad">Bahadurabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Colony" title="Hyderabad Colony">Hyderabad Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Mercantile_Society" title="Delhi Mercantile Society">Delhi Mercantile Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eissa_Nagri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eissa Nagri">Eissa Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillani_railway_station" title="Gillani railway station">Gillani railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulistan-e-Johar" title="Gulistan-e-Johar">Gulistan-e-Johar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan-e-Iqbal" title="Gulshan-e-Iqbal">Gulshan-e-Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzar-e-Hijri" title="Gulzar-e-Hijri">Gulzar-e-Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamali_Colony" title="Jamali Colony">Jamali Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroville_Colony" title="Metroville Colony">Metroville Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwan_Goth" title="Pehlwan Goth">Pehlwan Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Ilahi_Buksh_Colony" title="Pir Ilahi Buksh Colony">P.I.B. Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safoora_Goth" title="Safoora Goth">Safooran Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Nagar" title="Shanti Nagar">Shanti Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Town" title="Jamshed Town">Jamshed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Colony" title="Akhtar Colony">Akhtar Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azam_Basti" title="Azam Basti">Azam Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Jacob_Lines" title="Central Jacob Lines">Central Jacob Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanesar_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanesar Goth">Chanesar Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_East" title="Garden East">Garden East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_West" title="Garden West">Garden West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Quarters" title="Jamshed Quarters">Jamshed Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jut_Line" title="Jut Line">Jut Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudabad,_Karachi" title="Mahmudabad, Karachi">Mahmudabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Colony" title="Manzoor Colony">Manzoor Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery,_Karachi" title="Nursery, Karachi">Nursery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Quarters" title="Pakistan Quarters">Pakistan Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.E.C.H.S_Block_2" title="P.E.C.H.S Block 2">P.E.C.H.S Block 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.E.C.H.S_Block_6" title="P.E.C.H.S Block 6">P.E.C.H.S Block 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Muslim_Cooperative_Housing_Society" title="Sindh Muslim Cooperative Housing Society">Sindh Muslim Cooperative Housing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_Bazaar" title="Soldier Bazaar">Soldier Bazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keamari_Town" title="Keamari Town">Keamari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_and_Bhit_Islands" title="Baba and Bhit Islands">Baba Bhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutta_Village" title="Bhutta Village">Bhutta Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabo_Pat" title="Gabo Pat">Gabo Pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakapir" title="Kakapir">Kakapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_(locality)" title="Keamari (locality)">Keamari (locality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Keamari Subdivision">Keamari Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machar_Colony" title="Machar Colony">Machar Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maripur" title="Maripur">Maripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salehabad,_Pakistan" title="Salehabad, Pakistan">Salehabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Pir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Pir">Shams Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_(Karachi)" title="Sher Shah (Karachi)">Shershah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanabad,_Karachi" title="Sultanabad, Karachi">Sultanabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Town" title="Korangi Town">Korangi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_Colony" title="Bilal Colony">Bilal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_Goth" title="Chakra Goth">Chakra Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzar_Colony" title="Gulzar Colony">Gulzar Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani_Colony" title="Hasrat Mohani Colony">Hasrat Mohani Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Quarters" title="Hundred Quarters">Hundred Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Sector_33" title="Korangi Sector 33">Korangi Sector 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Taj_Colony" title="Mustafa Taj Colony">Mustafa Taj Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Colony" title="Nasir Colony">Nasir Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Town" title="Zaman Town">Zaman Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landhi_Town" title="Landhi Town">Landhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awami_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Awami Colony">Awami Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutto Nagar">Bhutto Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmee_Colony" title="Burmee Colony">Burmee Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawood_Chowrangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawood Chowrangi">Dawood Chowrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Ajmeer_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawaja Ajmeer Colony">Khawaja Ajmeer Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi" title="Korangi">Korangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landhi" title="Landhi">Landhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moinabad,_Karachi" title="Moinabad, Karachi">Moinabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslimabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslimabad">Muslimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzafarabad,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzafarabad, Karachi">Muzafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharafi_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharafi Goth">Sharafi Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherabad, Sindh">Sherabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaquatabad_Town" title="Liaquatabad Town">Liaquatabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasi_Shaheed" title="Abbasi Shaheed">Abbasi Shaheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandhani_Colony" title="Bandhani Colony">Bandhani Colony</a></li> <li>Commercial area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak_Khana" title="Dak Khana">Dak Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdous_Colony" title="Firdous Colony">Firdous Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquatabad" title="Liaquatabad">Liaquatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Colony" title="Mujahid Colony">Mujahid Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazimabad" title="Nazimabad">Nazimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimabad,_Karachi" title="Qasimabad, Karachi">Qasimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizvia_Society" title="Rizvia Society">Rizvia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifabad_(Karachi)" title="Sharifabad (Karachi)">Sharifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Market_(Karachi)" title="Super Market (Karachi)">Super Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyari_Town" title="Lyari Town">Lyari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Taj_Colony" title="Agra Taj Colony">Agra Taj Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Colony" title="Allama Iqbal Colony">Allama Iqbal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi,_Karachi" title="Baghdadi, Karachi">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Colony" title="Bihar Colony">Bihar Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakiwara" title="Chakiwara">Chakiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryaabad" title="Daryaabad">Daryaabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabad" title="Nawabad">Nawabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragiwara" title="Ragiwara">Ragiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Baig_Line" title="Shah Baig Line">Shah Baig Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singo_Lane" title="Singo Lane">Singo Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malir_Town" title="Malir Town">Malir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gharibabad" title="Gharibabad">Gharibabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Brohi_Goth" title="Ghazi Brohi Goth">Ghazi Brohi Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar-e-Tayyar" title="Jafar-e-Tayyar">Jafar-e-Tayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Board" title="Kala Board">Kala Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhra_Par,_Karachi" title="Khokhra Par, Karachi">Khokhra Par</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Colony,_Karachi" title="Model Colony, Karachi">Model Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Town" title="Saadi Town">Saadi Town</a></li> <li>Saadi Garden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudabad" title="Saudabad">Saudabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usmanabad" title="Usmanabad">Usmanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town_Karachi" title="Bahria Town Karachi">Bahria Town Karachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Karachi_Town" title="New Karachi Town">New Karachi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zar_Ghaffari" title="Abu Zar Ghaffari">Abu Zar Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Colony" title="Faisal Colony">Faisal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah_Colony" title="Fatima Jinnah Colony">Fatima Jinnah Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhra,_Karachi" title="Godhra, Karachi">Godhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulshan-e-Saeed" title="Gulshan-e-Saeed">Gulshan-e-Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ahsan" title="Hakim Ahsan">Hakim Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana" title="Kalyana">Kalyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamiso_Goth" title="Khamiso Goth">Khamiso Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Ajmeer_Nagri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawaja Ajmeer Nagri">Khawaja Ajmeer Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madina_Colony,_New_Karachi_Town" title="Madina Colony, New Karachi Town">Madina Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Bhutto_Colony" title="Shah Nawaz Bhutto Colony">Shah Nawaz Bhutto Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Nazimabad_Town" title="North Nazimabad Town">North Nazimabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_Zone,_Karachi" title="Buffer Zone, Karachi">Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_Zone_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer Zone II">Buffer Zone II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq-e-Azam" title="Farooq-e-Azam">Farooq-e-Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderi" title="Hyderi">Hyderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandu_Goth" title="Khandu Goth">Khandu Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Bhutto_Colony" title="Nusrat Bhutto Colony">Nusrat Bhutto Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naya_Nazimabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Nazimabad">Naya Nazimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahar_Ganj,_Karachi" title="Pahar Ganj, Karachi">Pahar Ganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paposh_Nagar" title="Paposh Nagar">Paposh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Hassan" title="Sakhi Hassan">Sakhi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadman,_Karachi" title="Shadman, Karachi">Shadman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orangi_Town" title="Orangi Town">Orangi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Goth" title="Baloch Goth">Baloch Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_Colony" title="Bilal Colony">Bilal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisti_Nagar" title="Chisti Nagar">Chisti Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Nagar" title="Data Nagar">Data Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabol_Colony" title="Gabol Colony">Ghabool Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad,_Karachi" title="Ghaziabad, Karachi">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifabad" title="Hanifabad">Hanifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Colony" title="Haryana Colony">Haryana Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Baloch_Colony" title="Iqbal Baloch Colony">Iqbal Baloch Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madina_Colony,_Orangi_Town" title="Madina Colony, Orangi Town">Madina Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nagar" title="Mohammad Nagar">Mohammad Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mominabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mominabad">Mominabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahidabad" title="Mujahidabad">Mujahidabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddar_Town" title="Saddar Town">Saddar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Railway_Colony" title="City Railway Colony">City Railway Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Lines,_Karachi" title="Civil Lines, Karachi">Civil Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehkashan" title="Kehkashan">Kehkashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden,_Karachi" title="Garden, Karachi">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazdarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazdarabad">Gazdarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_Para" title="Ghanchi Para">Ghanchi Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Pura" title="Islam Pura">Islam Pura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millat_Nagar" title="Millat Nagar">Millat Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharadar" title="Kharadar">Kharadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Wara" title="Nanak Wara">Nanak Wara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Haji_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Haji Camp">Old Haji Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serai_Quarter" title="Serai Quarter">Serai Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal_Town" title="Shah Faisal Town">Shah Faisal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Falah_Society" title="Al-Falah Society">Al-Falah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drigh_Colony" title="Drigh Colony">Drigh Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_Khan_Goth" title="Moria Khan Goth">Moria Khan Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natha_Khan_Goth" title="Natha Khan Goth">Natha Khan Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Sadat_Colony" title="Pak Sadat Colony">Pak Sadat Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah-e-Aam_Society" title="Rafah-e-Aam Society">Rafa-e-Aam Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raita_Plot" title="Raita Plot">Raita Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal_Colony" title="Shah Faisal Colony">Shah Faisal Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SITE_Town" title="SITE Town">SITE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Colony" title="Banaras Colony">Banaras Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawani_Chali" title="Bhawani Chali">Bhawani Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Colony" title="Frontier Colony">Frontier Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamia_Colony" title="Islamia Colony">Islamia Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanabad_(Karachi)" title="Jahanabad (Karachi)">Jahanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroville" title="Metroville">Metrovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Golimar" title="Old Golimar">Old Golimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golimar,_Karachi" title="Golimar, Karachi">Golimar</a> (new name <a href="/wiki/Gulbahar" title="Gulbahar">Gulbahar</a>)</li> <li>Pak Colony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasba_Colony" title="Qasba Colony">Qasba Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">Cantonments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Cantonment" title="Clifton Cantonment">Clifton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">Defence Housing Authority, Karachi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Cantonment" title="Faisal Cantonment">Faisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Creek_Cantonment" title="Korangi Creek Cantonment">Korangi Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_Cantonment" title="Malir Cantonment">Malir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manora_Cantonment" title="Manora Cantonment">Manora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S.I.T.E_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="S.I.T.E Industrial Area">SITE Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Korangi Industrial Area">Korangi Industrial Area</a></li> <li>Landhi Industrial Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Karachi_Industrial_Area" title="North Karachi Industrial Area">North Karachi Industrial Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_B_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal B Industrial Area">Federal B Industrial Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Creek_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Korangi Creek Industrial Park">Korangi Creek Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Qasim_Industrial_Zone" title="Bin Qasim Industrial Zone">Bin Qasim Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Export_Processing_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Export Processing Zone">Karachi Export Processing Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Textile_City" title="Pakistan Textile City">Pakistan Textile City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wharf_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Wharf Industrial Area">West Wharf Industrial Area </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SITE_Super_Highway_Phase-I" class="mw-redirect" title="SITE Super Highway Phase-I">SITE Super Highway Phase-I </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SITE_Super_Highway_Phase-II" class="mw-redirect" title="SITE Super Highway Phase-II">SITE Super Highway Phase-II </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Sindh288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Template:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Template talk:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Sindh288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Sindh" title="List of districts in Sindh">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Provincial capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiari_District" title="Matiari District">Matiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District" title="Tando Allahyar District">Tando Allahyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/100px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/150px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/200px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazimabad_District_(Karachi_Central)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazimabad District (Karachi Central)">Nazimabad (Karachi Central)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qambar_Shahdadkot_District" title="Qambar Shahdadkot District">Qambar Shahdadkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District" title="Mirpur Khas District">Mirpur Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District" title="Naushahro Feroze District">Naushahro Feroze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad District">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghotki_District" title="Ghotki District">Ghotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C2NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate (upper house)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly (lower house)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_cities_in_Pakistan289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_cities" title="Template:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_cities" title="Template talk:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_cities_in_Pakistan289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">Major cities in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burewala" title="Burewala">Burewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal" title="Chakwal">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot" title="Chiniot">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Gujar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang" title="Jhang">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasur" title="Kasur">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal" title="Khanewal">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharian" title="Kharian">Kharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin" title="Mandi Bahauddin">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali" title="Mianwali">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okara,_Pakistan" title="Okara, Pakistan">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan" title="Rahim Yar Khan">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiqabad,_Punjab" title="Sadiqabad, Punjab">Sadiqabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura" title="Sheikhupura">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh" title="Toba Tek Singh">Toba Tek Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang" title="Talagang">Talagang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badin" title="Badin">Badin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotri" title="Kotri">Kotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabshah" title="Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battagram" title="Battagram">Battagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.I.Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="D.I.Khan">D.I.Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan" title="Haripur, Pakistan">Haripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat, Pakistan">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabi" title="Swabi">Swabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timergara" title="Timergara">Timergara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_(city)" title="Tank (city)">Tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaman" title="Chaman">Chaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdar" title="Khuzdar">Khuzdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh,_Azad_Kashmir" title="Bagh, Azad Kashmir">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimber" title="Bhimber">Bhimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli" title="Kotli">Kotli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur,_Azad_Kashmir" title="Mirpur, Azad Kashmir">Mirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalakot" title="Rawalakot">Rawalakot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller;"><div>*Federal capital **Provincial/Territorial capitals</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Seoul Metropolitan Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1815" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1815" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8660#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000105629973">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/160654448">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206375/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4097647-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79106326">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142553124">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142553124">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-wdw2h","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.660","walltime":"5.360","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38800,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1217531,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":155781,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":76,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1457505,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4463.580 1 -total"," 43.10% 1923.657 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.46% 868.579 196 Template:Cite_web"," 18.12% 808.805 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 16.43% 733.349 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.33% 371.980 77 Template:Cite_book"," 6.10% 272.125 58 Template:Cite_news"," 6.09% 271.871 24 Template:Sfn"," 4.22% 188.237 1 Template:Hlist"," 3.57% 159.321 23 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[\"CITEREFBouchet,_MaxLiu,_SifanParilla,_JosephKabbani,_Nader2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Albert_GaitIndia_Census_Commissioner1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndocrine_System_Diseases:_New_Insights_for_the_Healthcare_Professional2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayer2014\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuardian_Sport2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasanPervaizRaza2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeitzman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_Renaux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinnells2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt_JaninScott_A._Mandia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuttenback1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlyas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInskeep2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssues_in_National,_Regional,_and_Environmental_Health_and_Medicine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanjua2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaroszyńska-Kirchmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonah_BlankChristopher_ClaryBrian_Nichiporuk2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser_BengaliMahpara_Sadaqat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarachi_(Pakistan)1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_D._MillerMiklos_Simon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambrick1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurent_Gayer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_R_Narayan_Swamy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansoor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcello_Balbo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrindle1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Aslam_UqailiKhanji_Harijan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Shahid_Alam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_(publishers.)1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._H._Senzai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsline2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObaid-Chinoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPak_Property_Mela2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParacha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPithawalla1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPithawalla1950\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPithawalla1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaheel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRailway_Report1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_StimsonKingsley_E._Haynes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamad2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarina_Singh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayeedHusainRaza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSind_Muslim_College1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunHsingLiuLu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunderlal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahirSobaniQuadriAhmed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanGeng2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanKudaisya2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdupaMcDowell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent1797\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaraich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeb_Desk2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamini_Narayanan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusuf1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamindar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamindar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZohra_ZaidiS.W_Lanigan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtoot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFur-Rehman2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 20,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 26,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 77,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 196,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 12,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Districts of Sindh\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 14,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Karachi\"] = 1,\n [\"Karachi Historical Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Karachi Towns\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Megacities\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 56,\n [\"Naskh\"] = 2,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 10,\n [\"Neighbourhoods of Karachi\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistani cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 92,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 12,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"World's most populous urban areas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","17.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","14.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","6.0"],["recursiveClone 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