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alt="VelikiLogo" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/themes/Tehnicka_Enciklopedija_v1/includes/images/Logo.png';"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav></div><div id="content" class="main-content-inner">  <div class="single-post"> <article > <div class="content" id="post-33395"> <div class='main_text'> <div class='potpis_a'>Autor: <a href='https://www.lzmk.hr/o-zavodu/leksikografi/godinic-mikulcic-vlatka'>V. Godinić Mikulčić</a></div><div class='potpis_a'>Objavljeno: <time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-04T12:42:42+01:00">4. siječnja 2021</time>.</div><div class='potpis_a'>Ažurirano: 18. srpnja 2022.</div><hr class="fancy-line3"><p><span class="naslov">vitamini,</span> organski spojevi raznovrsnih struktura i kemijskih svojstava, u malim količinama nužni za rast, razvoj i normalno djelovanje organizma.</p> <p>Zbog iznimno male dnevne potrebe (između 3 μg i 60 mg) nazivaju se i mikronutrijentima. Klasificiraju se prema biološkoj funkciji, a prema topivosti razlikuju se oni topivi u vodi (vitamin C i vitamini skupine B) i oni topivi u mastima (vitamin A, D, E i K). U organizmu imaju ulogu katalizatora i regulatora. Vitamini su nezamjenjivi dijelovi enzima, bioloških katalizatora kemijskih reakcija, te sudjeluju u sintezi, pretvorbi i razgradnji lipida, ugljikohidrata, proteina i nukleinskih kiselina. Za razliku od drugih biološki važnih spojeva, u čovjekovu se organizmu ne mogu sintetizirati, nego ih je potrebno unositi namirnicama koje sadrže vitamine (odn. <span class="italic">provitamine</span>) ili pak pripravcima (dodatcima prehrani). <span class="italic">Provitamini</span> su vitaminske preteče koji se u organizmu pregrađuju u vitamine, primjerice iz karotenoida nastaje vitamin A, a iz derivata kolesterola vitamin D. Vitaminima slične tvari, kao što su <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=27519">inozitol</a>, <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32420">kolin</a> i <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=46569">para-aminobenzojeva kiselina</a>, te neke druge tvari s vitaminskim djelovanjem (poput <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=19855">flavonoida</a>) ponekad se pogrešno smatra vitaminima. <span class="italic">Vitaminski pripravci</span> proizvode se iz koncentriranih izvora hranjivih tvari ili drugih tvari s hranjivim ili fiziološkim učinkom, a na tržište se krajnjem potrošaču mogu stavljati isključivo zapakirani pojedinačno ili u kombinaciji. Njihova je svrha dodatno obogatiti uobičajenu prehranu radi održavanja zdravlja. Vitamini se industrijski najčešće proizvode kemijskom sintezom, izdvajanjem iz prirodnih tvari, ili biotehnološki s pomoću mikroorganizama. Tako primjerice neke vrste kvasaca i bakterija proizvode vitamine skupine B i ergosterol (provitamin D<sub>2</sub>), a plijesni β-karoten (provitamin A).</p> <section class="KontejnerSlika"> <div class="remover"></div> <div class="adder"></div> <div class="cnt"> <figure class="PodrucjeSlike"> <div class="remover"></div> <p><figure id="attachment_44311" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-44311" style="width: 667px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1186.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-44311" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1186.jpg" alt="" width="667" height="500" srcset="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1186.jpg 667w, https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1186-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-44311" class="wp-caption-text">Dio pogona poduzeća Pliva za proizvodnju C vitamina</figcaption></figure></figure> </div> </section> <p><span class="podnaslov_2" id="33395_1">Povijesni razvoj</span></p> <p>Prije otkrića vitamina tek četiri nutritivna faktora smatralo se nužnima za zdravlje: proteine, ugljikohidrate, masti i minerale. Ipak, bilo je poznato da mora postojati još neki faktor čiji je nadostatak uzrok bolesti poput <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=56483">skorbuta</a>, <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=7081">beriberija</a> ili <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=51619">rahitisa</a>, a koja su kroz nekoliko otkrića u XVIII. st. i posebice XIX. st. objašnjena kao stanja koja nastaju zbog nedostatka vitamina. Znanost o prehrani, pokusima s izuzimanjem i dodavanjem prehrambenih faktora u životinja, tada je dobila velik zamah, a kemičari su izolirali vitamine, pronašli njihovu kemijsku strukturu te razvili metode njihove sinteze. Naziv je 1911. uveo poljski biokemičar Casimir Funk, koji je izolirao tiamin (vitamin B1) te je, smatrajući ga vitalno važnim <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=2284">aminom</a>, osmislio naziv vitamin. Do 1948. otkiveno je svih 13 vitamina. Vitamini su se od početka označavali slovima (A, B, C, D, E, K), a otkrivanjem strukturno srodnih spojeva slovima su se dodavali brojevi (npr. D<sub>3</sub>). Uz oznake slovima često se rabe i nazivi koji upućuju na kemijsku građu. Hrana je bila jedini izvor vitamina do 1930-ih. Uskoro je započela komercijalna proizvodnja vitamina B kompleksa i polusintetičkoga vitamina C. Znanstvenici Stanton A. Harris i Karl Folkers 1939. prvi su u svijetu opisali sintezu piridoksin-hidroklorida (vitamin B<sub>6</sub>). Poslije su je proširili i prilagodili za industrijske svrhe, no postupak proizvodnje sastojao se od sedam kemijskih faza, što se pokazalo neisplativim. Današnja se godišnja proizvodnja vitamina u svijetu procjenjuje na približno 100 000 t, od čega je oko 40% biotehnološka proizvodnja (vitamini B<sub>2</sub> i B<sub>12</sub> potpuno, a vitamini C i E te provitamin ergosterol djelomično). Među najvažnijim su svjetskim proizvođačima poduzeća F. Hoffmann-La Roche iz Švicarske, BASF iz Njemačke, Takeda, Sumitomo, Riken i Vitamin iz Japana te Merck iz SAD-a.</p> <p><span class="podnaslov_2" id="33395_2">Proizvodnja u Hrvatskoj</span></p> <p>U Hrvatskoj vitamine proizvodi poduzeće → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/pliva-d-d/">Pliva</a></span> iz Zagreba, koje se već u početcima proizvodnje svrstalo među najveće proizvođače vitamina C i vitamina B<sub>6</sub> u svijetu. Proizvodnja vitamina C započela je 1953. prema vlastitoj patentiranoj tehnologiji u poluindustrijskim količinama od nekoliko desetaka kilograma. Jedan od glavnih projektanata postrojenja za proizvodnju vitamina C bio je → <a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/rajner-ernest/"><span class="kapitelhen">Ernest Rajner</span></a>, a → <a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/tamburasev-gavra/"><span class="kapitelhen">Gavra Tamburašev</span></a> uspostavio je tehnološke postupke. Već 1956. proizvodilo se nekoliko tona, a 1961. godišnji kapacitet novoizgrađenoga postrojenja iznosio je 100 t. Dodatnim proširivanjem postrojenja i poboljšanjem proizvodnoga postupka uvođenjem fermentativnog postupka dobivanja sorboze iz sorbitola dostignut je proizvodni kapacitet više od 1300 t na godinu.</p> <section class="KontejnerSlika"> <div class="remover"></div> <div class="adder"></div> <div class="cnt"> <figure class="PodrucjeSlike"> <div class="remover"></div> <p><figure id="attachment_38285" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38285" style="width: 385px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Te0048.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-38285" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Te0048.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="500" srcset="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Te0048.jpg 385w, https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Te0048-231x300.jpg 231w" sizes="(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-38285" class="wp-caption-text">Postrojenje za separaciju intermedijera u proizvodnji vitamina C u tvornici Pliva</figcaption></figure></figure> </div> </section> <p>Plivinim je znanstvenicima 1950-ih cilj bio pronaći nov postupak za proizvodnju vitamina B<sub>6</sub> koji bi bio ekonomičniji od već poznatih. Nakon pronalaska konkurentnoga puta sinteze piridoksin-hidroklorida (vitamin B<sub>6</sub>), industrijska je proizvodnja tog vitamina prema vlastitoj tehnologiji u novootvorenome pogonu započela 1959. Početni kapacitet proizvodnje dostizao je tek približno 300 kg na godinu. Tijekom sljedećih godina postupak je znatno poboljšan pa je nakon nekoliko rekonstrukcija proizvodnoga postrojenja godišnji kapacitet proizvodnje povećan na približno 70 t. U unapređenju proizvodnje posebno su se istaknuli Berislav Glunčić (1930–2013), Nedjeljko Kujundžić (1942), Krunoslav Kovačević (1943), Stjepan Mutak (1942) i → <a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/seiwerth-rativoj/"><span class="kapitelhen">Rativoj Seiwerth</span></a>. U Plivi je na sintezi vitamina radio i → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/butula-ivan/">Ivan Butula</a></span>.</p> <p>Kako su se piridoksin-hidroklorid i mnogi drugi kemijski proizvodi uglavnom izvozili na zapadno tržište, trebalo je u skladu sa zahtjevima uvoditi suvremenije analitičke metode za praćenje stupnja reakcije koje su se usporedno razvijale. Uz određivanje sadržaja izravnim analizama prema funkcijskim skupinama, postupno su se uvodile i kromatografske metode. Prva je bila plinska kromatografija, a uz nju su se razvijale i metode priprave hlapljivog uzorka, kao npr. esterifikacija. U postupku analize piridoksin-hidroklorida, među prvima je uvedena kromatografija na papiru kao analitička metoda, a potom i tankoslojna kromatografija na sloju silika-gela, pa se lakše mogao pratiti tijek i kraj kemijske reakcije.</p> <p>U Plivi je razvijena i → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/cedevita/">Cedevita</a></span>, najpoznatiji i najdugovječniji vitaminski napitak u Hrvatskoj. Multivitaminske granule Cedevite s okusom naranče kakve danas znamo izumio je 1969. farmaceut Martin Stanković, dok je njezina proizvodnja započela godinu dana kasnije. Od samog je početka u svom sastavu imala devet vitamina: C, B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>3</sub>, B<sub>5</sub>, B<sub>6</sub>, B<sub>9</sub>, B<sub>12</sub> i E. Tadašnju Cedevitu potrošači su nabavljali u staklenim bočicama koje su, uz mjericu za doziranje, bile pakirane u kartonske kutijice, a 1970-ih zamijenile su ih plastične smeđe bočice. Cedevita je tako više podsjećala na lijek, a prodavala se samo u ljekarnama. Prva moderna tvornica za proizvodnju izgrađena je 1983., a do danas je sedam puta restrukturirana u najsuvremeniji tehnološki pogon. Nalazi se u zagrebačkoj Planinskoj ulici, gdje se proizvodi količina od približno 9000 t na godinu.</p> <section class="KontejnerSlika"> <div class="remover"></div> <div class="adder"></div> <div class="cnt"> <figure class="PodrucjeSlike"> <div class="remover"></div> <p><figure id="attachment_41347" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-41347" style="width: 493px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HTE2_0705.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-41347" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HTE2_0705.jpg" alt="" width="493" height="500" srcset="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HTE2_0705.jpg 493w, https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HTE2_0705-296x300.jpg 296w" sizes="(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-41347" class="wp-caption-text">Cedevita naranča, 1972.</figcaption></figure></figure> </div> </section> <p>Na → <a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/prehrambeno-biotehnoloski-fakultet-u-zagrebu/"><span class="kapitelhen">Prehrambeno-biotehnološkom fakultetu</span></a> u Zagrebu, kolegije i istraživanja povezane s vitaminima vode → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/kniewald-zlatko/">Zlatko Kniewald</a></span>, → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/komes-drazenka/">Draženka Komes</a></span> i → <span class="kapitelhen"><a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/mrsa-vladimir/">Vladimir Mrša</a></span>.</p> <hr class="fancy-line3"><div class='InfoOkvir2'><div><span class='te_icon_more_ostalo' id='33395'></span><span class='ostali_podatci'>Ostali podatci</span><div class='ost_podatci' id='ost_podatci_33395'><div class='rubrika'><div class='naslov_rubrike'>Što pročitati?</div><div class='polje_rubrike'><p>M. Dumić, B. Glunčić, K. Kovačević, N. Kujundžić: <span class="italic">Pedeset godina od prve sinteze Vitamina B<sub>6</sub> i trideset godina proizvodnje u PLIVI.</span> Praxis Veterinaria, 27(1989), str. 81–106.</p> </div></div><div class='rubrika'><div class='naslov_rubrike'>Iz arhive LZMK-a</div><div class='polje_rubrike'><p>J. Vorkapić-Furač: <a href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/tehnickaenciklopedija/vitamini.pdf"><span class="italic kapitelhen">VITAMINI</span></a><span class="italic">.</span> Tehnička enciklopedija, sv. 13, 1997., str. 478–488.</p> <p><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=64892"><span class="italic kapitelhen">VITAMINI</span></a><span class="italic">.</span> Hrvatska opća enciklopedija, sv. 11, 2009., str. 430–431.</p> </div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class='glavni_nosac_info'><div class='info'><div class='sadrzaj'><div class='sadrzaj_header'><span class='te_icon_more_sadrzaj' id='33395'></span><span class='sadrzaj_naslov'>Sadržaj</span></div><div class='sadrzaj_container' id='33395'><div class='sadrzaj_podnaslov' id='33395' data-podnaslov='1'><a href='#33395_1'>Povijesni razvoj</a><a href='#33395_2'>Proizvodnja u Hrvatskoj</a></div></div></div><div class='InfoOkvir'><div class='naslov_clanka'>vitamini</div><div class="PodrucjeSlike"><a href='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1215.jpg' alt=''><div class='istaknuta_slika'><div class='feat_img slika_landscape'><img src='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HTE2_1215.jpg'></div></div></a></div><hr class="fancy-line3"><div class='definicija'>Organski spojevi raznovrsnih struktura i kemijskih svojstava.</div><hr class="fancy-line3"><div><span class='te_icon_more_kategorije' id='33395'></span><span class='kategorije_podatci'>Kategorije i područja</span><div class='kat_podatci' id='kat_podatci_33395'><div class='rubrika'><div class='naslov_rubrike'>Kategorija</div><div class='polje_rubrike'><a id='12' href='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/kategorija/opci-pojmovi/'>opći pojmovi</a></div></div><div class='rubrika'><div class='naslov_rubrike'>Područje</div><div class='polje_rubrike'><a id='26' href='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/struka/biokemijsko-inzenjerstvo/'>biotehnologija</a>,<br><a id='686' href='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/struka/farmacija/'>farmaceutska tehnologija</a></div></div><div class='rubrika'><div class='naslov_rubrike'>Uže područje</div><div class='polje_rubrike'><a id='908' href='https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/uza_podrucja/biotehnoloska-proizvodnja/'>biotehnološka proizvodnja</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </article> </div> </div>   </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <hr class="fancy-line3"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="site-footer-inner col-sm-12"> <div class="site-info"> <div class="zavodlogo">   <img src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/themes/Tehnicka_Enciklopedija_v1/includes/images/Zavodlogo.svg" alt="LZ Logo" /> </div> <a href="http://www.lzmk.hr/" title="Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža">Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža </a> <span>© 2018</span>  </div> <a href="#" class="scrollup"></a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.3" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-translations"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function( domain, translations ) { var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages; localeData[""].domain = domain; wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain ); } )( "contact-form-7", {"translation-revision-date":"2024-11-26 20:56:47+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.0.1","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=3; plural=(n % 10 == 1 && n % 100 != 11) ? 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