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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>French and Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saratoga_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saratoga_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Saratoga campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saratoga_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_last_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_last_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>One last attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_last_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Abandonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_attraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tourist attraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fort_history_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_history_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Fort history sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_history_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_history_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_history_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Battle history sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_history_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Ticonderoga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="قلعة تيكونديروجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلعة تيكونديروجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Форт Тыкандэрога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Форт Тыкандэрога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevnost_Ticonderoga" title="Pevnost Ticonderoga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pevnost Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A8%EB%8D%94%EB%A1%9C%EA%B0%80_%EC%9A%94%EC%83%88" title="타이컨더로가 요새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이컨더로가 요새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AC%E7%A0%A6" title="タイコンデロガ砦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイコンデロガ砦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_Ticonderoga" title="Forte Ticonderoga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forte Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)" title="Тикондерога (форт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тикондерога (форт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fort Ticonderoga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Форт Тајкондерога – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Форт Тајкондерога" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%A0%A1" title="提康德罗加堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="提康德罗加堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%A0%A1" title="提康德罗加堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="提康德罗加堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1438776" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Ticonderoga&params=43_50_30_N_73_23_15_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°50′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°23′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.84167°N 73.38750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.84167; -73.38750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic French fort in New York State</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Fort Ticonderoga</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga,_Ticonderoga,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The fort's configuration is described in detail below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg/300px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg/450px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg/600px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_Ticonderoga%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fort Ticonderoga from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Defiance_(New_York)" title="Mount Defiance (New York)">Mount Defiance</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Adirondack.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal."><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/New_York_Adirondack.svg/300px-New_York_Adirondack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/New_York_Adirondack.svg/450px-New_York_Adirondack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/New_York_Adirondack.svg/600px-New_York_Adirondack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.167%;left:80.152%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Ticonderoga"><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of New York Adirondack Park</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal."><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/300px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/450px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/600px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.167%;left:79.669%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Ticonderoga"><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of New York</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal."><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/300px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/450px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/600px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.551%;left:85.1%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Ticonderoga"><img alt="The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga_(village),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticonderoga (village), New York">Ticonderoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Ticonderoga&params=43_50_30_N_73_23_15_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°50′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°23′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.84167°N 73.38750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.84167; -73.38750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">21,950 acres (34.3 sq mi; 88.8 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1755–1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chartier_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re,_Marquis_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière">Marquis de Lotbinière</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a>-style fortress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000519">66000519</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 9, 1960<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_engagements_at_Ticonderoga-Carillon" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_engagements_at_Ticonderoga-Carillon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Military engagements at Ticonderoga-Carillon</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">1758</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">1759</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">1775</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">1777</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png/305px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png/458px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png/610px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1758_Restored.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a 1758 map showing the fort's layout</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fort Ticonderoga</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), formerly <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carillon" title="Fort Carillon">Fort Carillon</a>, is a large 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">star fort</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French</a> at a narrows near the south end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian military engineer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chartier_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re,_Marquis_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière">Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière</a> during the action in the "North American theater" of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in America. The fort was of strategic importance during the 18th-century colonial conflicts between Great Britain and France, and again played an important role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p><p>The site controlled a river portage alongside the mouth of the rapids-infested <a href="/wiki/La_Chute_River" title="La Chute River">La Chute River</a>, in the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) between Lake Champlain and <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a>. It was strategically placed for the trade routes between the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> Valley and the French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> Valley. </p><p>The terrain amplified the importance of the site. Both lakes were long and narrow and oriented north–south, as were the many ridge lines of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> which extend as far south as <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. The mountains created nearly impassable terrains to the east and west of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a> that the site commanded. </p><p>The name "Ticonderoga" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquois</a> word <i>tekontaró:ken</i>, meaning "it is at the junction of two waterways".<sup id="cite_ref-NameCite_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NameCite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1758 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a>, 4,000 French defenders were able to repel an attack by 16,000 British troops near the fort. In 1759, the British returned and drove a token French <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> from the fort. The British controlled the fort at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, but the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Green Mountain Boys">Green Mountain Boys</a> and other state militia under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">captured it</a> on May 10, 1775. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> led a party to transport many of the fort's cannon to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to assist in the siege against the British, who <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">evacuated the city</a> in March 1776. The Americans held the fort until June 1777, when British forces under General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">occupied high ground above it</a>; the threat resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> troops withdrawing from the fort and its surrounding defenses. The only direct attack on the fort during the Revolution took place in September 1777, when <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_of_Pittsfield" title="John Brown of Pittsfield">John Brown</a> led 500 Americans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture it from about 100 British defenders. </p><p>The British abandoned the fort after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a>, and it ceased to be of military value after 1781. The United States allowed the fort to fall into ruin, and local residents stripped it of much of its usable materials. It was purchased by a private family in 1820 and became a stop on tourist routes of the area. Early in the 20th century, its private owners restored the fort. The Fort Ticonderoga Association now operates it as a tourist attraction, museum, and research center. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_early_history">Geography and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, which forms part of the border between <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> together formed an important travel route that was used by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> long before the arrival of European colonists. The route was relatively free of obstacles to navigation, with only a few <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portages</a>. One strategically important place on the route lies at a narrows near the southern end of Lake Champlain, where Ticonderoga Creek, known in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial times</a> as La Chute River, because it was named by French colonists, enters the lake, carrying water from <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a>. Although the site provides commanding views of the southern extent of Lake Champlain, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Defiance_(New_York)" title="Mount Defiance (New York)">Mount Defiance</a>, at 853 ft (260 m), and two other hills (Mount Hope and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Independence_(Vermont)" title="Mount Independence (Vermont)">Mount Independence</a>) overlook the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white engraving. Two masses of Native North Americans face each other in the center, firing at each other with bows and arrows. In front of each group there are a number of canoes pulled up against the shore of a body of water. In the background are trees. Between the two groups stands a single man wearing some sort of armor. He is firing a rifle or musket at the group on the right, and a puff of smoke rises from the weapon. Further back near the trees are two other men who are also firing weapons at the group on the right. Two wounded individuals are lying on the ground next to the group on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/220px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/330px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/440px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Engraving after a 1609 drawing by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Champlain</a> of a Native American battle near Ticonderoga</figcaption></figure> <p>Native Americans had occupied the area for centuries before French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> first arrived there in 1609. Champlain recounted that the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquins</a>, with whom he was traveling, battled a group of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan5_8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan5_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1642, French missionary <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> was the first white man to traverse the portage at Ticonderoga while escaping a battle between the Iroquois and members of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan9_10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan9_10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French, who had <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">colonized</a> the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> valley to the north, and the English, who had taken over the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch settlements</a> that became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> to the south, began contesting the area as early as 1691, when <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Schuyler" title="Pieter Schuyler">Pieter Schuyler</a> built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan15_18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan15_18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colonial conflicts reached their height in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, which began in 1754 as the North American front of the Seven Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChamplainValley1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The map is oriented with north to the top. The lower section of the map shows Saratoga, New York and Fort Edward, on the Hudson River. Red markers depict the position of John Burgoyne's army near Saratoga at the time of its surrender in 1777. A line of mountains is shown to the right of the Hudson, extending northward but eventually bending off the map to the east. North of Fort Edward are Fort George, at the southern end of Lake George, and Skenesborough, near the southern end of Lake Champlain. About one third of the way up the map, Lake George joins with Champlain, and Fort Ticonderoga is shown at the northwest side of the junction. Lake Champlain extends to the north and is dotted with islands. There is a red line marking the boundary between New York and Quebec, and the upper third of the map shows the Richelieu River extending north to meet the Saint Lawrence River at Sorel, with Montreal southwest of that point." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChamplainValley1777.jpg/170px-ChamplainValley1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChamplainValley1777.jpg/255px-ChamplainValley1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChamplainValley1777.jpg/340px-ChamplainValley1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A 1777 map depicting <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1755, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">Battle of Lake George</a>, the French decided to construct a fort here. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal">Marquis de Vaudreuil</a>, the governor of the French <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada, New France">Province of Canada</a>, sent his cousin <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chartier_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re,_Marquis_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière">Michel Chartier de Lotbinière</a> to design and construct a fortification at this militarily important site, which the French called Fort Carillon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Carillon" has variously been attributed to the name of a former French officer, Philippe de Carrion du Fresnoy, who established a trading post at the site in the late 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum29_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum29-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (more commonly) to the sounds made by the rapids of La Chute River, which were said to resemble the chiming bells of a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nester110_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nester110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction on the <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star-shaped fort</a>, which Lotbinière based on designs of the renowned French military engineer <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a>, began in October 1755 and then proceeded slowly during the warmer-weather months of 1756 and 1757, using troops stationed at nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. Frédéric">Fort St. Frédéric</a> and from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoetzel297_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoetzel297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work in 1755 consisted primarily of beginning construction on the main walls and on the Lotbinière <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubt</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">outwork</a> to the west of the site that provided additional coverage of La Chute River. During the next year, the four main <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> were built, as well as a sawmill on La Chute. Work slowed in 1757, when many of the troops prepared for and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_William_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort William Henry">attack on Fort William Henry</a>. The barracks and <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">demi-lunes</a> were not completed until spring 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan19_25_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan19_25-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walls_and_bastions">Walls and bastions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Walls and bastions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French built the fort to control the south end of Lake Champlain and prevent the British from gaining military access to the lake. Consequently, its most important defenses, the Reine and Germaine bastions, were directed to the northeast and northwest, away from the lake, with two demi-lunes further extending the works on the land side. The Joannes and Languedoc bastions overlooked the lake to the south, providing cover for the landing area outside the fort. The walls were seven feet (2.1 m) high and fourteen feet (4.3 m) thick, and the whole works was surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a> and a dry <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> five feet (1.5 m) deep and fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide. When the walls were first erected in 1756, they were made of squared wooden timbers, with earth filling the gap. The French then began to <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">dress the walls with stone</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> about one mile (1.6 km) away, although this work was never fully completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nester110_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nester110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the main defenses became ready for use, the fort was armed with <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> hauled from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and Fort St. Frédéric.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann75_76_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann75_76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inside_and_outside">Inside and outside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inside and outside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fort contained three <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">storehouses</a>. One bastion held a bakery capable of producing 60 loaves of bread a day. A <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">powder magazine</a> was hacked out of the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> beneath the Joannes bastion. All the construction within the fort was of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Nester110_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nester110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> protected an area outside the fort between the southern wall and the lake shore. This area contained the main landing for the fort and additional storage facilities and other works necessary for maintenance of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Nester110_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nester110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it became apparent in 1756 that the fort was too far to the west of the lake, the French constructed an additional redoubt to the east to enable cannon to cover the lake's <a href="/wiki/Narrows" title="Narrows">narrows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chartrand36_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartrand36-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks,_canon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left"><img alt="Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG/120px-Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG/180px-Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG/240px-Fort_Ticonderoga_barracks%2C_canon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga,_inside_the_first_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right"><img alt="Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg/120px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg/180px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg/240px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_inside_the_first_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga,_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right"><img alt="Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg/120px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg/180px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg/240px-Fort_Ticonderoga%2C_store_room_and_powder_magazine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forttic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front of the fort"><img alt="Front of the fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Forttic1.jpg/120px-Forttic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Forttic1.jpg/180px-Forttic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Forttic1.jpg/240px-Forttic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front of the fort</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forttic2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the lake from the front"><img alt="View of the lake from the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Forttic2.jpg/120px-Forttic2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Forttic2.jpg/180px-Forttic2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Forttic2.jpg/240px-Forttic2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the lake from the front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forttic3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Back view of the fort"><img alt="Back view of the fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Forttic3.jpg/120px-Forttic3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Forttic3.jpg/180px-Forttic3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Forttic3.jpg/240px-Forttic3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Back view of the fort</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1758, the fort was largely complete; the only ongoing work thereafter consisted of dressing the walls with stone. Still, General <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Montcalm</a> and two of his <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineers</a> surveyed the works in 1758 and found something to criticize in almost every aspect of the fort's construction; the buildings were too tall and thus easier for attackers' cannon fire to hit, the powder magazine leaked, and the <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> was of poor quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critics apparently failed to notice the fort's significant strategic weakness: several nearby hills overlooked the fort and made it possible for besiegers to fire down on the defenders from above.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan26_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan26-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lotbinière, who may have won the job of building the fort only because he was related to Governor Vaudreuil, had lost a bid to become Canada's chief engineer to Nicolas Sarrebource de Pontleroy, one of the two surveying engineers, in 1756, all of which may explain the highly negative report. Lotbinière's career suffered for years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-LBio_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBio-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#Nester">William Nester</a>, in his exhaustive analysis of the Battle of Carillon, notes additional problems with the fort's construction. The fort was small for a Vauban-style fort, about 500 feet (150 m) wide, with a barracks capable of holding only 400 soldiers. Storage space inside the fort was similarly limited, requiring the storage of provisions outside the fort's walls in exposed places. Its <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> was small, and the <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> was supposedly poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Nester111_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nester111-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum28_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hand-drawn manuscript map. The northern end of Lake George is visible at the bottom of the map, with the short La Chute River going north and east to join with a narrow section of Lake Champlain. A trail is marked from the northern end of Lake George to the area near Fort Ticonderoga, which is located to the north of the mouth of the La Chute. Military lines are drawn near the fort, and there are other map elements that are labeled by letters. There is a key explaining the letters in the lower-right section of the manuscript." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg/220px-Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg/330px-Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg/440px-Ticonderoga_attack_plan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Restored manuscript map, dated May 29, 1759, for the British plan of attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">1759 Battle of Ticonderoga</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French and Indian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg/330px-Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg/440px-Daguerreotype_of_the_ruins_of_Fort_Ticonderoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1757, the French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_William_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort William Henry">captured Fort William Henry</a> in an action launched from Fort Carillon.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonMade109_15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonMade109_15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, and a string of other French victories in 1757, prompted the British to organize a large-scale attack on the fort as part of a multi-campaign strategy against French Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonMade126_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonMade126-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1758, British General <a href="/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(British_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abercrombie (British Army general)">James Abercromby</a> began amassing a large force at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry" title="Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a> in preparation for a <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaign</a> directed up the Champlain Valley. These forces landed at the north end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a>, only four miles from the fort, on July 6.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonMade132_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonMade132-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French general <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Louis-Joseph de Montcalm</a>, who had only arrived at Carillon in late June, engaged his troops in a flurry of work to improve the fort's outer defenses. They built, over two days, entrenchments around a rise between the fort and Mount Hope, about three-quarters of a mile (one kilometer) northwest of the fort, and then constructed an <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a> (felled trees with sharpened branches pointing out) below these entrenchments.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonC242_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonC242-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They conducted the work unimpeded by military action, as Abercromby failed to advance directly to the fort on July 7. Abercromby's second-in-command, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_Howe,_3rd_Viscount_Howe" title="George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe">George Howe</a>, had been killed when his column encountered a French reconnaissance troop. Abercromby "felt [Howe's death] most heavily" and may have been unwilling to act immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonMade135_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonMade135-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 8, 1758, Abercromby ordered a <a href="/wiki/Frontal_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal attack">frontal attack</a> against the hastily assembled French works. Abercromby tried to move rapidly against the few French defenders, opting to forgo <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field cannon</a> and relying instead on the numerical superiority of his 16,000 troops. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a>, the British were soundly defeated by the 4,000 French defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-AndersonMade135_8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndersonMade135_8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle took place far enough away from the fort that its guns were rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Few_uses_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Few_uses-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability, which affected future military operations in the area, notably during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux51_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux51-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the French victory, Montcalm, anticipating further British attacks, ordered additional work on the defenses, including the construction of the Germain and Pontleroy <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> (named for the engineers under whose direction they were constructed) to the northeast of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHPS1913_619_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHPS1913_619-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoetzel453_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoetzel453-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British did not attack again in 1758, so the French withdrew all but a small garrison of men for the winter in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Atherton419_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atherton419-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British under General <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Jeffery Amherst</a> captured the fort the following year in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">1759 Battle of Ticonderoga</a>. In this confrontation 11,000 British troops, using emplaced artillery, drove off the token garrison of 400 Frenchmen. The French, in withdrawing, used explosives to destroy what they could of the fort<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan56_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spike#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:spike">spiked</a> or dumped cannons that they did not take with them. Although the British worked in 1759 and 1760 to repair and improve the fort,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann90_91_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann90_91-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not part of any further significant action in the war. After the war, the British <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> the fort with a small number of troops and allowed it to fall into disrepair. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haldimand" title="Frederick Haldimand">Frederick Haldimand</a>, in command of the fort in 1773, wrote that it was in "ruinous condition".<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan59_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan59-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Revolutionary_War">Early Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a></div> <p>In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga, in disrepair, was still manned by a token British force. They found it extremely useful as a supply and communication link between Canada (which they had taken over after their victory in the Seven Years' War) and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 10, 1775, less than one month after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> was ignited with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, the British garrison of 48 soldiers was surprised by a small force of <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Green Mountain Boys">Green Mountain Boys</a>, along with militia volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin70_72_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin70_72-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen claimed to have said, "Come out you old Rat!" to the fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin71_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin71-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also later said that he demanded that the British commander surrender the fort "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!"; however, his surrender demand was made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort's commander, who did later appear and surrender his sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin71_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin71-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the capture of the fort, the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> forces obtained a large supply of cannons and other armaments, much of which <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">transported to</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> during the winter of 1775–1776. Ticonderoga's cannons were instrumental in ending the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a> when they were used to <a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">fortify Dorchester Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin73_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin73-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Dorchester Heights secured by the Patriots, the British were forced to evacuate the city in March 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by the Patriots made communication between the British Canadian and American commands much more difficult. </p><p>Benedict Arnold remained in control of the fort until 1,000 Connecticut troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hinman" title="Benjamin Hinman">Benjamin Hinman</a> arrived in June 1775. Because of a series of political maneuvers and miscommunications, Arnold was never notified that Hinman was to take command. After a delegation from Massachusetts (which had issued Arnold's commission) arrived to clarify the matter, Arnold resigned his commission and departed, leaving the fort in Hinman's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin80_97_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin80_97-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white engraving, captioned "Capture of Fort Ticonderoga". Two men, one holding a lit lantern and the other with his left hand raised and a sword in his right hand, stand in the center, facing the doorway of a stone building to the right. A man stands in the doorway, wearing a nightgown and nightcap, and holding a lit candle on a candlestick. Behind him a woman is visible. To the right of the doorway is a small cannon or mortar. In the background on the left men in uniform are visible, as are stacked cannonballs, cannons, and a ladder leaning against a wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fort_Ticonderoga_1775_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Ethan Allen, demanding that the fort be surrendered</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in July 1775, Ticonderoga was used as a staging area for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">invasion of Quebec</a>, planned to begin in September. Under the leadership of generals <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a>, men and materiel for the invasion were accumulated there through July and August.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I252_270_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I252_270-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 28, after receiving word that British forces at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">Fort Saint-Jean</a>, not far from the New York–<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> border, were nearing completion of boats to launch onto Lake Champlain, Montgomery launched the invasion, leading 1,200 troops down the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I320_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I320-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ticonderoga continued to serve as a staging base for the action in Quebec until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">battle and siege at Quebec City</a> that resulted in Montgomery's death.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithV2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithV2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1776, British troops began to arrive at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, where they broke the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>'s siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14II316_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14II316-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British chased the American forces back to Ticonderoga in June and, after several months of shipbuilding, moved down Lake Champlain under <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> in October. The British destroyed a small fleet of American <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a> in mid-October, but snow was already falling, so the British retreated to winter quarters in Quebec. About 1,700 troops from the Continental Army, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>, wintered at Ticonderoga.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithV2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithV2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton165_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton165-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British offensive resumed the next year in the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> under General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saratoga_campaign">Saratoga campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saratoga campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)</a></div> <p>During the summer of 1776, the Americans, under the direction of General Schuyler, and later under General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>, added substantial defensive works to the area. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Independence_(Vermont)" title="Mount Independence (Vermont)">Mount Independence</a>, which is almost completely surrounded by water, was fortified with trenches near the water, a horseshoe <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> part way up the side, a <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> at the summit, and redoubts armed with cannons surrounding the summit area. These defenses were linked to Ticonderoga with a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a> that was protected by land batteries on both sides. The works on Mount Hope, the heights above the site of Montcalm's victory, were improved to include a star-shaped fort. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Defiance_(New_York)" title="Mount Defiance (New York)">Mount Defiance</a> remained unfortified.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan97_9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan97_9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ticonderoga1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The fort is shown above foreground greenery, photographed through some grass-like plants. Some of the fort's star-points are visible, and a flag is flying from its flagstaff. The sky is a hazy blue-white." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ticonderoga1.jpg/220px-Ticonderoga1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ticonderoga1.jpg/330px-Ticonderoga1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ticonderoga1.jpg/440px-Ticonderoga1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Fort Ticonderoga as seen from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1777, American generals were strategizing about possible British military movements and considered an attempt on the Hudson River corridor a likely possibility. General Schuyler, heading the forces stationed at Ticonderoga, requested 10,000 troops to guard Ticonderoga and 2,000 to guard the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> valley against British invasion from the north. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who had never been to Ticonderoga (his only visit was to be in 1783),<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan123_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan123-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed that an overland attack from the north was unlikely, because of the alleged impregnability of Ticonderoga.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux51_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux51-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with continuing incursions up the Hudson River valley by British forces occupying New York City, led Washington to believe that any attack on the <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> area would be from the south, which, as it was part of the supply line to Ticonderoga, would necessitate a withdrawal from the fort. As a result, no significant actions were taken to further fortify Ticonderoga or significantly increase its garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux52_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux52-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison, about 2,000 men under General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a>, was too small to man all the defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan99_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan99-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Gates, who oversaw the northern defenses, was aware that <a href="/wiki/Mount_Defiance_(New_York)" title="Mount Defiance (New York)">Mount Defiance</a> threatened the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux54_55_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux54_55-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a> had pointed this out as early as 1776, when a shot fired from the fort was able to reach Defiance's summit, and several officers inspecting the hill noted that there were approaches to its summit where <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">gun carriages</a> could be pulled up the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux54_55_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux54_55-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the garrison was too small to properly defend all the existing works in the area, Mount Defiance was left undefended.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux55_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux55-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Wayne left Ticonderoga in April 1777 to join Washington's army; he reported to Washington that "all was well", and that the fort "can never be carried, without much loss of blood".<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux58_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux58-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Where a goat can go, a man can go; and where a man can go, he can drag a gun." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">British Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Phillips (General)">William Phillips</a>, as his men brought cannon to the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Defiance_(New_York)" title="Mount Defiance (New York)">Mount Defiance</a> in 1777</cite></p> </div> <p>General Burgoyne led 7,800 British and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> forces south from Quebec in June 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux47_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux47-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After occupying nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crown_Point" title="Fort Crown Point">Fort Crown Point</a> without opposition on June 30, he prepared to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">besiege Ticonderoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux49_57_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux49_57-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burgoyne realized the <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> advantage of the <a href="/wiki/High_ground" title="High ground">high ground</a>, and had his troops haul cannons to the top of Mount Defiance. Faced with bombardment from the heights (although no shots had yet been fired), General St. Clair ordered Ticonderoga abandoned on July 5, 1777. Burgoyne's troops moved in the next day,<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux65_67_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux65_67-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with advance guards pursuing the retreating Patriot Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux74_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux74-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington, on hearing of Burgoyne's advance and the retreat from Ticonderoga, stated that the event was "not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning".<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux88_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux88-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the abandonment of the "Impregnable Bastion" without a fight, caused "the greatest surprise and alarm" throughout the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ThacherQuote_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThacherQuote-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After public outcry over his actions, General St. Clair was <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> in 1778. He was cleared on all charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Furneaux88_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furneaux88-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_last_attack">One last attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: One last attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the British capture of Ticonderoga, it and the surrounding defenses were garrisoned by 700 British and Hessian troops under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Powell" title="Henry Watson Powell">Henry Watson Powell</a>. Most of these forces were on Mount Independence, with only 100 each at Fort Ticonderoga and a <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouse</a> they were constructing on top of Mount Defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton215_6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton215_6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Washington sent General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> into <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> to "divide and distract the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton216_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton216-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware that the British were housing American <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">prisoners</a> in the area, Lincoln decided to test the British defenses. On September 13, he sent 500 men to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_(village),_New_York" title="Whitehall (village), New York">Skenesboro</a>, which they found the British had abandoned, and 500 each against the defenses on either side of the lake at Ticonderoga. Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_of_Pittsfield" title="John Brown of Pittsfield">John Brown</a> led the troops on the west side, with instructions to release prisoners if possible, and attack the fort if it seemed feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton217_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color painting. In the center is the white-haired Horatio Gates, facing front, wearing a blue military jacket, yellow pants, and knee-length dark boots. His right hand is reaching out to accept the sword of John Burgoyne, who faces to the right, and wears a red coat and white pants. Behind and to his left is another similarly attired officer. Behind him, and to the left of Gates, are Continental Army soldiers wearing a variety of different uniforms; those on the right of the painting are standing behind a brass cannon, and to the far left is a blue-coated man on a gray horse. The background on the left is countryside with hills visible in the distance, and a partly cloudy sky. The background on the right includes a white tent, above which waves a flag similar to the United States flag, although it has a smaller number of stars on the blue field, arranged in a square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Trumbull (painter)">John Trumbull</a>'s depiction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i> at Saratoga</figcaption></figure> <p>Early on September 18, Brown's troops surprised a British contingent holding some prisoners near the Lake George landing, while a detachment of his troops sneaked up Mount Defiance, and captured most of the sleeping construction crew. Brown and his men then moved down the portage trail toward the fort, surprising more troops and releasing prisoners along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton218_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton218-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort's occupants were unaware of the action until Brown's men and British troops occupying the old French lines <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmished</a>. At this point Brown's men dragged two captured six-pound guns up to the lines, and began firing on the fort. The men who had captured Mount Defiance began firing a twelve-pounder from that site.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton219-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The column that was to attack Mount Independence was delayed, and its numerous defenders were alerted to the action at the fort below before the attack on their position began. Their musket fire, as well as <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> fired from ships anchored nearby, intimidated the Americans sufficiently that they never launched an assault on the defensive positions on Mount Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton219-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> persisted, with regular exchanges of cannon fire, until September 21, when 100 Hessians, returning from the Mohawk Valley to support Burgoyne, arrived on the scene to provide reinforcement to the besieged fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton220_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton220-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown eventually sent a <a href="/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> party to the fort to open negotiations; the party was fired on, and three of its five members were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton222_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton222-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown, realizing that the weaponry they had was insufficient to take the fort, decided to withdraw. Destroying many <a href="/wiki/Bateaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateaux">bateaux</a> and seizing a ship on Lake George, he set off to annoy British positions on that lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton222_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton222-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His action resulted in the freeing of 118 Americans and the capture of 293 British troops, while suffering fewer than ten casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton219-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandonment">Abandonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abandonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Burgoyne's <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">defeat at Saratoga</a>, the fort at Ticonderoga became increasingly irrelevant. The British abandoned it and nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crown_Point" title="Fort Crown Point">Fort Crown Point</a> in November 1777, destroying both as best they could prior to their withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-Crego70_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego70-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was occasionally reoccupied by British raiding parties in the following years, but it no longer held a prominent strategic role in the war. It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">surrender at Yorktown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan122_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan122-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the war, area residents stripped the fort of usable building materials, even melting some of the cannons down for their metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Pell91_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pell91-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_attraction">Tourist attraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourist attraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_(View_near_Ticonderoga)_1826-1828.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg/220px-Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg/330px-Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg/440px-Cole_Thomas_Gelyna_%28View_near_Ticonderoga%29_1826-1828.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>'s <i>Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1785, the fort's lands became the property of the state of New York. The state <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donated</a> the property to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union</a> colleges in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton226_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton226-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colleges sold the property to <a href="/wiki/William_Ferris_Pell" title="William Ferris Pell">William Ferris Pell</a> in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-Crego76_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego76-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pell first used the property as a summer retreat. Completion of railroads and canals connecting the area to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> brought tourists to the area,<sup id="cite_ref-Crego73_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego73-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he converted his summer house, known as The Pavilion, into a hotel to serve the tourist trade. In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Smith_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Smith (artist) (page does not exist)">Russell Smith</a> painted <i>Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga</i>, depicting the condition of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Crego75_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego75-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pell family, a politically important clan with influence throughout American history (from <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a>), hired English architect <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bossom" title="Alfred Bossom">Alfred Bossom</a> to restore the fort and formally opened it to the public in 1909 as an historic site. The ceremonies, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by European explorers, were attended by President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan124_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan124-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hyatt_Pell" title="Stephen Hyatt Pell">Stephen Hyatt Pell</a>, who spearheaded the restoration effort, founded the Fort Ticonderoga Association in 1931, which is now responsible for the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton230_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton230-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for the restoration also came from <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Thompson">Robert M. Thompson</a>, father of Stephen Pell's wife, Sarah Gibbs Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-Crego6_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego6-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1900 and 1950, the foundation acquired the historically important lands around the fort, including Mount Defiance, Mount Independence, and much of Mount Hope.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonergan125_127_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonergan125_127-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was rearmed with fourteen 24-pound cannons provided by the British government. These cannons had been cast in England for use during the American Revolution, but the war ended before they were shipped over.<sup id="cite_ref-Pell108_9_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pell108_9-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of two stone buildings with red roofs, surrounding a stone-paved central area. The buildings have entrances on two levels, with wooden stairs outside leading to the doorways on the upper level. An American flag is visible waving in the gap between the buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg/220px-Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg/330px-Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg/440px-Fortticonderoga_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A view of the restored Fort Ticonderoga</figcaption></figure> <p>Designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> by the Department of Interior, the fort is now operated by the foundation as a tourist attraction, early American military museum, and research center. The fort opens annually around May 10, the anniversary of the 1775 capture, and closes in late October.<sup id="cite_ref-FortHours_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortHours-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort has been on a watchlist of <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a> since 1998, because of the poor condition of some of the walls and of the 19th-century pavilion constructed by William Ferris Pell.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pavilion was being restored in 2009. In 2008, the powder magazine, destroyed by the French in 1759, was reconstructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonetti_Associates_Architects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonetti Associates Architects (page does not exist)">Tonetti Associates Architects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in part on the original 1755 plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2008, the withdrawal of a major backer's financial support forced the museum, which was facing significant <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficits</a>, to consider selling one of its major art works, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>'s <i>Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga</i>. However, <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> activities were successful enough to prevent the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-TUArticle_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUArticle-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The not-for-profit Living History Education Foundation conducts teacher programs at Fort Ticonderoga during the summer that last approximately one week. The program trains teachers how to teach Living History techniques, and to understand and interpret the importance of Fort Ticonderoga during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years' War in May and the Seminar on the American Revolution in September.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cruger_Coffin" title="Marian Cruger Coffin">Marian Cruger Coffin</a>, one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King's Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stamp, red ink on white background. The corners are labeled "3c" in reverse. A banner across the top reads "Fort Ticonderoga", one across the bottom reads "United States Postage". A banner down the left side reads "Bicentennial" in italic script, and one on the right reads "1755–1955". Imagery in the center of the stamp includes a diagram of the fort's layout, a colonial soldier brandishing a sword, and a cannon and cannonballs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg/240px-Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg/360px-Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg/480px-Fort_Ticonderoga-1955_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Stamp issued in 1955 marking Fort Ticonderoga's 200th anniversary</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> has given the name 'Ticonderoga' to <a href="/wiki/USS_Ticonderoga" title="USS Ticonderoga">five different vessels</a>, as well as to entire classes of <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser" title="Ticonderoga-class cruiser">cruisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_aircraft_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticonderoga-class aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BauerShips_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BauerShips-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GSub_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSub-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in the landmarked area are Mount Independence and Mount Defiance, as well as the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ticonderoga pencil, manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Ticonderoga" title="Dixon Ticonderoga">Dixon Ticonderoga</a> Corporation, is named for the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-DixonCorp_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DixonCorp-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Snowshoes_(1757)" title="Battle on Snowshoes (1757)">Battle on Snowshoes (1757)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Snowshoes_(1758)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle on Snowshoes (1758)">Battle on Snowshoes (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(died_1758)" title="Duncan Campbell (died 1758)">Duncan Campbell (died 1758)</a>, Scottish officer of the British Army, subject of a legend about the fort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Reit" title="Seymour Reit">Reit, Seymour</a>. <i>Guns for General Washington: A Story of the American Revolution.</i> Clarion Books, 2001.</li></ul> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#nris">National Register Information System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NHLSUM">NHL summary webpage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NameCite-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NameCite_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Afable">Afable</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan5_8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan5_8_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 5–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan9_10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan9_10_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan15_18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan15_18_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 15, 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonCrucible">Anderson (2000)</a>, pp. 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan17-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan17_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum29-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum29_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nester110-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nester110_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nester110_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nester110_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nester110_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nester">Nester</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan22-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan22_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoetzel297-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoetzel297_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stoetzel">Stoetzel</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan19_25-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan19_25_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 19–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann75_76-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann75_76_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a>, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan19-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan19_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand36-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand36_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chartrand">Chartrand</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan25_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan26-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan26_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBio-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LBio_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpeNicolini-Maschino">Thorpe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nester111-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nester111_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nester">Nester</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum28-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum28_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonMade109_15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonMade109_15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonMade">Anderson (2005)</a>, pp. 109–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonMade126-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonMade126_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonMade">Anderson (2005)</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonMade132-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonMade132_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonMade">Anderson (2005)</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonC242-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonC242_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonCrucible">Anderson (2000)</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonMade135-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonMade135_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonMade">Anderson (2005)</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonMade135_8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonMade135_8_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AndersonMade">Anderson (2005)</a>, pp. 135–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Few_uses-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Few_uses_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chartrand">Chartrand</a> and <a href="#Nester">Nester</a>, who both wrote detailed accounts of the battle, describe only one brief time period during the battle when the cannons on the southwest bastion were fired at an attempted British maneuver on the river.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux51-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux51_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux51_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASHPS1913_619-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASHPS1913_619_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ASHPS1913">ASHPS Annual Report 1913</a>, p. 619</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoetzel453-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoetzel453_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stoetzel">Stoetzel</a>, p. 453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atherton419-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atherton419_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Atherton">Atherton</a>, p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan56-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan56_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann90_91-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann90_91_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a>, pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan59-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan59_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525163426/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/capture-of-fort-ticonderoga.html">"Intelligence Throughout History: The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 1775"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/capture-of-fort-ticonderoga.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Throughout+History%3A+The+Capture+of+Fort+Ticonderoga%2C+1775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fnews-information%2Ffeatured-story-archive%2F2010-featured-story-archive%2Fcapture-of-fort-ticonderoga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin70_72-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin70_72_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin">Martin</a>, pp. 70–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin71-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin71_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin71_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin">Martin</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin73-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin73_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin">Martin</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin80_97-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin80_97_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin">Martin</a>, pp. 80–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I252_270-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I252_270_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith14I">Smith, Vol 1</a>, pp. 252–270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I320-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I320_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith14I">Smith (1907), Vol 1</a>, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithV2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithV2_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithV2_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These events are recounted in detail in <a href="#Smith14II">Smith (1907), Vol 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14II316-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14II316_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith14II">Smith (1907), Vol 2</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton165-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton165_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan101-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan101_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan97_9-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan97_9_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 97–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan123-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan123_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux52-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux52_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan99-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan99_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux54_55-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux54_55_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux54_55_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux55-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux55_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux58-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux58_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux47-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux47_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux49_57-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux49_57_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, pp. 49, 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux65_67-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux65_67_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux74-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux74_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furneaux88-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux88_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furneaux88_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThacherQuote-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThacherQuote_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_Thacher" title="James Thacher">James Thacher</a>, quoted in <a href="#Furneaux">Furneaux</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton215_6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton215_6_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, pp. 215–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton216-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton216_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton217-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton217_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton218-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton218_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton219-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton219_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton220-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton220_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton222-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton222_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton222_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego70-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego70_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crego">Crego</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan122-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan122_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pell91-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pell91_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pell">Pell</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton226-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton226_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego76-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego76_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crego">Crego</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego73-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego73_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crego">Crego</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego75-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego75_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crego">Crego</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan124-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan124_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton230-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton230_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego6-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego6_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crego">Crego</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonergan125_127-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonergan125_127_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lonergan">Lonergan (1959)</a>, pp. 125–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pell108_9-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pell108_9_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pell">Pell</a>, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FortHours-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FortHours_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FortHours">Fort Hours</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditional-building.com/Previous-Issues-10/OctoberProject10Tonetti.html">"Tonetti Associates Architects' Historic Reconstruction at Fort Ticonderoga"</a>, <i>Traditional Building Magazine</i>, October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foster_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Foster">Foster</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUArticle-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TUArticle_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TU081218">Albany Times Union, December 18, 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinghistoryed.org">"Index"</a>. Livinghistoryed.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index&rft.pub=Livinghistoryed.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinghistoryed.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortticonderoga.org/education/workshop-seminars">"Workshops & Seminars"</a>. <i>Fort Ticonderoga</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fort+Ticonderoga&rft.atitle=Workshops+%26+Seminars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortticonderoga.org%2Feducation%2Fworkshop-seminars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628013533/http://www.fortticonderoga.org/visit/what-to-see/formal-garden">"The King's Garden"</a>. Fort Ticonderoga. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortticonderoga.org/visit/what-to-see/formal-garden">the original</a> on June 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Garden&rft.pub=Fort+Ticonderoga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortticonderoga.org%2Fvisit%2Fwhat-to-see%2Fformal-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BauerShips-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BauerShips_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bauer">Bauer</a>, pp. 36, 65, 67, 118, 119, 217, 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSub-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSub_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GSub">US Office of Naval Records</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NRHPINV">Ashton</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DixonCorp-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DixonCorp_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DixonCorp">Dixon Ticonderoga Corporation</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_history_sources">Fort history sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fort history sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chartrand" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (2008). <i>The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763</i>. New York: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-255-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-255-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191891156">191891156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forts+of+New+France+in+Northeast+America+1600%E2%80%931763&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191891156&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-255-4&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Crego" class="citation book cs1">Crego, Carl R. (2004). <i>Fort Ticonderoga</i>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3502-9"><bdi>978-0-7385-3502-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56032864">56032864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Ticonderoga&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56032864&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3502-9&rft.aulast=Crego&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kaufmann" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, J. E.; Idzikowski, Tomasz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306812941"><i>Fortress America: The Forts that Defended America, 1600 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81294-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81294-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56912995">56912995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+America%3A+The+Forts+that+Defended+America%2C+1600+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56912995&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81294-1&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Idzikowski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780306812941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hamilton" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Edward (1964). <i>Fort Ticonderoga, Key to a Continent</i>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965281">965281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Ticonderoga%2C+Key+to+a+Continent&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965281&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lonergan" class="citation book cs1">Lonergan, Carroll Vincent (1959). <i>Ticonderoga, Historic Portage</i>. Ticonderoga, New York: Fort Mount Hope Society Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2000876">2000876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ticonderoga%2C+Historic+Portage&rft.place=Ticonderoga%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fort+Mount+Hope+Society+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2000876&rft.aulast=Lonergan&rft.aufirst=Carroll+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pell" class="citation book cs1">Pell, Stephen (1966). <i>Fort Ticonderoga: A Short History</i>. Ticonderoga, New York: Fort Ticonderoga Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/848305">848305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Ticonderoga%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Ticonderoga%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fort+Ticonderoga+Museum&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F848305&rft.aulast=Pell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_history_sources">Battle history sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle history sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AndersonMade" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande"><i>The War that made America</i></a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03454-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03454-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03454-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60671897">60671897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+that+made+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60671897&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03454-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarthatmadeameri00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AndersonCrucible" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0"><i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</i></a></span>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70636-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70636-3"><bdi>978-0-375-70636-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253943947">253943947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253943947&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70636-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrucibleofwarsev00ande_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Atherton" class="citation book cs1">Atherton, William Henry (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dmtaxmIuqcC"><i>Montreal, 1535–1914, Under British Rule, Volume 1</i></a>. Montreal: S. J. Clarke. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6683395">6683395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montreal%2C+1535%E2%80%931914%2C+Under+British+Rule%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=S.+J.+Clarke&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6683395&rft.aulast=Atherton&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dmtaxmIuqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Furneaux" class="citation book cs1">Furneaux, Rupert (1971). <i>The Battle of Saratoga</i>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1305-0"><bdi>978-0-8128-1305-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/134959">134959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Saratoga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F134959&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1305-0&rft.aulast=Furneaux&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ketchum" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M. (1999). <i>Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6123-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6123-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41397623">41397623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saratoga%3A+Turning+Point+of+America%27s+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41397623&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6123-9&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Martin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James Kirby (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldre0000mart"><i>Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5560-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-5560-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36343341">36343341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%3A+Revolutionary+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36343341&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5560-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James+Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldre0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nester" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61555"><i>The Epic Battles of the Ticonderoga, 1758</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7321-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7321-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7321-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/105469157">105469157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+Battles+of+the+Ticonderoga%2C+1758&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F105469157&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7321-4&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D61555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith14I" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls9BAAAAIAAJ"><i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 1</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306706332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306706332"><bdi>978-0306706332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/259236">259236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%3A+Canada%2C+and+the+American+Revolution%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F259236&rft.isbn=978-0306706332&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLs9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith14II" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19VBAAAAIAAJ"><i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 2</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306706332" title="Special:BookSources/9780306706332"><bdi>9780306706332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/259236">259236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%3A+Canada%2C+and+the+American+Revolution%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F259236&rft.isbn=9780306706332&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19VBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stoetzel" class="citation book cs1">Stoetzel, Donald I (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1763</i>. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-4517-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-4517-0"><bdi>978-0-7884-4517-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243602289">243602289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+French+and+Indian+War+in+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931763&rft.place=Westminster%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243602289&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-4517-0&rft.aulast=Stoetzel&rft.aufirst=Donald+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Afable" class="citation book cs1">Afable, Patricia O.; Beeler, Madison S. (1996). "Place Names". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). <i>Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a>. Vol. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-048774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-048774-3"><bdi>978-0-16-048774-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43957746">43957746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Place+Names&rft.btitle=Languages&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43957746&rft.isbn=978-0-16-048774-3&rft.aulast=Afable&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O.&rft.au=Beeler%2C+Madison+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ASHPS1913" class="citation book cs1">American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmgAAAAAYAAJ"><i>Annual Report, 1913</i></a>. Albany, New York: J.B. Lyon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1480703">1480703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report%2C+1913&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=J.B.+Lyon&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1480703&rft.au=American+Scenic+and+Historic+Preservation+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmgAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NRHPINV" class="citation web cs1">Ashton, Charles H; Hunter, Richard W (August 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000519_text">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination: Fort Ticonderoga / Mount Independence National Historic Landmark"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+%E2%80%93+Nomination%3A+Fort+Ticonderoga+%2F+Mount+Independence+National+Historic+Landmark&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1983-08&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Charles+H&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Richard+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F66000519_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000519_photos">Accompanying 40 photos, from 1983, 1967, and 1980.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13.5 MB)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bauer" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). <i>Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants</i>. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26202-9"><bdi>978-0-313-26202-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24010356">24010356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+Ships+of+the+U.S.+Navy%2C+1775%E2%80%931990%3A+Major+Combatants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24010356&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26202-9&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Jack&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Stephen+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Foster" class="citation web cs1">Foster, Margaret (July 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2008/todays-news/fort-ticonderoga-rededicates.html">"Fort Ticonderoga Rededicates Green Replica of Building Lost in 1759"</a>. <i>Preservation magazine</i>. National Trust for Historic Preservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preservation+magazine&rft.atitle=Fort+Ticonderoga+Rededicates+Green+Replica+of+Building+Lost+in+1759&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preservationnation.org%2Fmagazine%2F2008%2Ftodays-news%2Ffort-ticonderoga-rededicates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TU081218" class="citation news cs1">Nearing, Brian (December 18, 2008). "Fort Ticonderoga art sale scrapped". <i>Albany Times Union</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albany+Times+Union&rft.atitle=Fort+Ticonderoga+art+sale+scrapped&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.aulast=Nearing&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Polmar" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman (2001). <i>The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet</i> (17 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-656-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-656-6"><bdi>978-1-55750-656-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Institute+Guide+to+the+Ships+and+Aircraft+of+the+U.S.+Fleet&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=17&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-656-6&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpeNicolini-Maschino1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thorpe, F.J.; Nicolini-Maschino, Sylvette (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chartier_de_lotbiniere_michel_4E.html">"Chartier de Lotbinière, Michel, Marquis de Lotbinière"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chartier+de+Lotbini%C3%A8re%2C+Michel%2C+Marquis+de+Lotbini%C3%A8re&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft.au=Nicolini-Maschino%2C+Sylvette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fchartier_de_lotbiniere_michel_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GSub" class="citation book cs1">United States Office of Naval Records (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScsBAAAAMAAJ"><i>German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada</i></a>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50058251">50058251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Submarine+Activities+on+the+Atlantic+Coast+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50058251&rft.au=United+States+Office+of+Naval+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScsBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DixonCorp" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dixonusa.com/index.cfm/fuseaction=Ticonderoga.home">"Dixon Ticonderoga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Ticonderoga" title="Dixon Ticonderoga">Dixon Ticonderoga</a> Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dixon+Ticonderoga&rft.pub=Dixon+Ticonderoga+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dixonusa.com%2Findex.cfm%2Ffuseaction%3DTiconderoga.home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FortHours" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortticonderoga.org/hours-directions">"Fort Ticonderoga Hours and Rates"</a>. Fort Ticonderoga Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Ticonderoga+Hours+and+Rates&rft.pub=Fort+Ticonderoga+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortticonderoga.org%2Fhours-directions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NHLSUM" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118075255/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=372&ResourceType=District">"NHL summary webpage for Fort Ticonderoga"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=372&ResourceType=District">the original</a> on November 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHL+summary+webpage+for+Fort+Ticonderoga&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D372%26ResourceType%3DDistrict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Ticonderoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fort_Ticonderoga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortticonderoga.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <ul><li>Timeline <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortticonderoga.org/history-and-collections/timeline">18th & 19th</a> century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) No. NY-3212, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny0211/">Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Ticonderoga, Essex County, NY</a>", 5 photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiclakes.org/Ticonderoga/Ticonderoga.html">Fort Ticonderoga history</a> at Historic Lakes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishbattles.com/battle_of_Ticonderoga.htm">Battle of Ticonderoga – 1758</a> at British Battles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalatomic.com/AmericanHistory/ticonderoga.html">Capture of Ticonderoga</a> at Thrilling Incidents in American History</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_NY.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Allegany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Broome_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chemung_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chenango_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clinton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cortland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Erie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Genesee_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Kings (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Livingston_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nassau_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">New York (Manhattan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ontario_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orleans_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oswego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otsego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Putnam_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Richmond (Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seneca_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Lawrence County, New York">St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Steuben_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tioga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ulster_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, New York">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wayne_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yates_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a></li> <li>New York City <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">Manhattan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_below_14th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street">Below 14th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">14th–59th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_59th_to_110th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets">59th–110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_above_110th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street">Above 110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_on_islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands">Minor islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Peekskill,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Peekskill, New York">Peekskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Poughkeepsie, New York"> Poughkeepsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhinebeck,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhinebeck, New York">Rhinebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yonkers,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="List of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in New York">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li>National Historic Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York_City" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York">Outside New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61w66zd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&oldid=1246057512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ticonderoga&oldid=1246057512</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1757_establishments_in_New_France" title="Category:1757 establishments in New France">1757 establishments in New France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Revolution_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" 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