CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chemicals/Lithiums - Wikiversity</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikiversitymwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0eb14fa0-a09b-46d2-93bc-49fcc07e3ac6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chemicals/Lithiums","wgTitle":"Chemicals/Lithiums","wgCurRevisionId":2403714,"wgRevisionId":2403714,"wgArticleId":198884,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Pages with broken file links","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Physics templates","Chemicals/Lectures","Chemistry/Lectures"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chemicals/Lithiums","wgRelevantArticleId":198884,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikiversity","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q568","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.101"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/1200px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/800px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/640px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chemicals/Lithiums - Wikiversity"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Lithiums"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikiversity.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikiversity (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikiversity.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Lithiums"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikiversity Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chemicals_Lithiums rootpage-Chemicals skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Main-Page" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-Browse" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Browse"><span>Browse</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-Guided-tours" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Guides"><span>Guided tours</span></a></li><li id="n-Random" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage"><span>Random</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-community" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-community" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Community </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Community_Portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Portal</span></a></li><li id="n-Colloquium" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium"><span>Colloquium</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:News" title="Find background information on current events"><span>News</span></a></li><li id="n-Projects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Community_projects"><span>Projects</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Sandbox"><span>Sandbox</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikiversity.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikiversity" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikiversity-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 9.125em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikiversity [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikiversity" aria-label="Search Wikiversity" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikiversity [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiversity.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chemicals%2FLithiums" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chemicals%2FLithiums" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiversity.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chemicals%2FLithiums" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chemicals%2FLithiums" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Edismiss\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"center\" style=\"\"\u003E\n\u003Cbig\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikiversity:Why_create_an_account%3F\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Wikiversity:Why create an account?\"\u003EWhy create a Wikiversity account?\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/big\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmic_rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmic_rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cosmic rays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmic_rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Neutrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Neutrinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opticals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Visuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Violets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Oranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrareds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrareds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Infrareds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrareds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Metallicities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Plasmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Liquids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Solids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_lithiums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_lithiums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Native lithiums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_lithiums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Compounds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compounds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithium_nitrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium_nitrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Lithium nitrate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium_nitrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium_chloride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium_chloride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Lithium chloride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium_chloride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium_aluminium_hydride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium_aluminium_hydride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Lithium aluminium hydride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium_aluminium_hydride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Organometallics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Nucleosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmic_ray_spallation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmic_ray_spallation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Cosmic ray spallation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmic_ray_spallation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Glasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopic_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopic_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Spectroscopic terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopic_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliogony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliogony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Heliogony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliogony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photospheres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photospheres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Photospheres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photospheres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_winds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_winds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Solar winds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_winds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_twins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_twins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>Solar twins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_twins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_twins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_twins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>Binary twins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_twins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giant_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giant_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">31</span> <span>Giant stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giant_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">32</span> <span>Red giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_dwarfs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_dwarfs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">33</span> <span>Brown dwarfs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_dwarfs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">34</span> <span>L stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactic_halos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactic_halos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35</span> <span>Galactic halos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactic_halos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmogony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmogony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">36</span> <span>Cosmogony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmogony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma-ray_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma-ray_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">37</span> <span>Gamma-ray detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma-ray_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium-drifted_silicon_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium-drifted_silicon_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">38</span> <span>Lithium-drifted silicon detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-drifted_silicon_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_telescopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_telescopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">39</span> <span>Ultraviolet telescopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">40</span> <span>Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">41</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">42</span> <span>Hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">43</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">44</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">45</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemicals/Lithiums</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikiversity.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ليثيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليثيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q568#sitelinks-wikiversity" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Lithiums" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Resource</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chemicals/Lithiums" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuss</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Lithiums"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Lithiums"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chemicals/Lithiums" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chemicals/Lithiums" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&oldid=2403714" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chemicals%2FLithiums&id=2403714&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FChemicals%2FLithiums"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FChemicals%2FLithiums"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikimedia_projects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikimedia_projects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedia Projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Commons" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikibooks" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Project:Main_Page"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikidata" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikinews" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiquote" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikisource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikispecies" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikivoyage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="n-Wiktionary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Project:Main_Page"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="n-Meta-Wiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Outreach" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Outreach</span></a></li><li id="n-MediaWiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikimania" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania"><span>Wikimania</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Chemicals%2FLithiums"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chemicals%2FLithiums&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lithium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Lithium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q568" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiversity</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Chemicals" title="Chemicals">Chemicals</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrum_Lines_of_Li.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spectrum_Lines_of_Li.png/400px-Spectrum_Lines_of_Li.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Spectrum_Lines_of_Li.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>This spectrograph shows the visual spectral lines of lithium. Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:T_c951" class="extiw" title="w:User:T c951">T c951</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lithiums</b> is a lecture from the school of <a href="/wiki/School:Chemistry" title="School:Chemistry">chemistry</a> about the various lithiums that occur or are manufactured. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmic_rays">Cosmic rays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cosmic rays" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Cosmic rays"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661592">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resource: <a href="/wiki/Radiation/Cosmic_rays" title="Radiation/Cosmic rays">Radiation/Cosmic rays</a></div> <p>The "presence in ... cosmic radiation [is] of a much greater proportion of "secondary" nuclei, such as lithium, beryllium and boron, than is found generally in the universe."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaisser_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaisser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrons">Neutrons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neutrons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Neutrons"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resource: <a href="/wiki/Radiation/Neutrons" title="Radiation/Neutrons">Radiation/Neutrons</a></div> <p>"Seven percent of a normal solar mass contains nearly 2 X 10<sup>51</sup> iron atoms. The total number of admixed protons is of the order of 4 X 10<sup>50</sup>. Almost all of these are converted to neutrons by the <sup>12</sup>C(<i>p</i>,γ)<sup>13</sup>N(e<sup>+</sup>ν)<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>13</sup>C(α,<i>n</i>)<sup>16</sup>O reactions. Since significant synthesis of heavy elements requires the production of 10-10<sup>2</sup> neutrons per iron nucleus (Clayton <i>et al.</i> 1961; Seeger, Fowler, and Clayton 1965; Seeger and Fowler 1966), it may be seen that significant <i>s</i>-process production of heavy elements [such as lithium] would occur only if the metal content of the star is less than solar by two orders of magnitude."<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorptive reactions with prompt reactions - Low energy neutrons are typically detected indirectly through absorption reactions. Typical absorber materials used have high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" class="extiw" title="w:Cross section (physics)">cross sections</a> for absorption of neutrons and include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3" class="extiw" title="w:Helium-3">Helium-3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-6" class="extiw" title="w:Lithium-6">Lithium-6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron-10" class="extiw" title="w:Boron-10">Boron-10</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235" class="extiw" title="w:Uranium-235">Uranium-235</a>. Each of these reacts by emission of high energy ionized particles, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_identification#Specific_ionization" class="extiw" title="w:Particle identification">ionization track</a> of which can be detected by a number of means. Commonly used reactions include <sup>3</sup>He(n,p) <sup>3</sup>H, <sup>6</sup>Li(n,α) <sup>3</sup>H, <sup>10</sup>B(n,α) <sup>7</sup>Li and the fission of uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsoul_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsoul-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protons">Protons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Protons"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Protons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Protons (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Protons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton astronomy (page does not exist)">Proton astronomy</a></div> <p>"Although the mean metal abundance <i>M/H</i> varies from a factor 12 to 250 relative to the Sun, the abundance of lithium is very constant in all these [halo and old disk] stars, but the coolest ones where the convection zone is deep enough to induce <sup>7</sup>Li destruction by proton fusion."<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[T]he lithium has a fragile nucleus which is destroyed by proton fusion when the temperature reaches 2 10<sup>6</sup> K."<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[F]or the limit between "halo stars" and "old disk stars", [there is] a discontinuity in the relation <i>δ(U - B)</i> versus [Fe/H] at about [Fe/H] = -1.0 dex ... "halo stars" ... are metal deficient by a factor ranging from 12 to 250 relative to the Sun. ... "old disk stars" ... are metal deficient by a factor ranging from 2 to 10."<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These well-known metal deficient stars have "high dispersion spectra in the blue wavelength range".<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In all the stars analysed ... it is very unlikely that the lithium observed in the atmosphere was produced, even in part, inside the stars themselves, and then transported up into the atmospheres."<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[T]he lithium rich stars are not statistically younger than the lithium poor stars."<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrinos">Neutrinos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neutrinos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Neutrinos"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Neutrinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Neutrinos (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Neutrinos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino astronomy (page does not exist)">Neutrino astronomy</a></div> <p>There is a practical "possibility for utilizing lithium as a solar-neutrino detector".<sup id="cite_ref-Veretenkin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veretenkin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opticals">Opticals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opticals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Opticals"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Opticals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Opticals (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Opticals</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical astronomy (page does not exist)">Optical astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/300px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/450px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png/600px-Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>This spectrum for lithium has been calculated using data from the Handbook of Chemistry & Physics. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Epop" class="extiw" title="c:user:Epop">Epop</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p>The "spectral region around the lithium is blended with molecular lines of CN and TiO."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "lithium lines are much stronger in sunspots due to the lower degree of ionization and therefore the influence of blends is smaller."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In addition to the doublets of the lithium resonance lines from the isotopes Li<sup>6</sup> and Li<sup>7</sup> at 670.8 nm we selected the magnetically sensitive line Fe I 617.3 nm (Landé factor <i>g</i> = 2.5) to determine the magnetic field strength <i>B</i>, six nonmagnetic (<i>g</i> = 0) lines [Fe I 406.5, 444.3, 512.4, 543.5, 557.6, and Ni I 491.2 nm] with different atmospherical heights of formation and the K I 769.9 nm line which originates from the same atomic transition as lithium and is similar in mots line parameters except abundance."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The field strength was found to <i>B</i> = 2450 Gauß in an optical height of log τ<sub>500</sub> = -2.5."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "total lithium abundance is ε<sub>Li</sub> = 1.02 and the ratio Li<sup>6</sup>/Li<sup>7</sup> = 0.02."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Some evidence for the existence of a small but notable amount of Li<sup>6</sup> is found."<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visuals">Visuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visuals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Visuals"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Visuals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Visuals (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Visuals</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visual astronomy (page does not exist)">Visual astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg/300px-LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg/450px-LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>These appear to be oxidized lithium pellets. Credit: USGS.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_paraffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/300px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/450px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Lithium is metallic under oil to prevent oxidation. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Tomihahndorf" class="extiw" title="c:user:Tomihahndorf">Tomihahndorf</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light: it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodders2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodders2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transmutation of lithium atoms to <a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium">helium</a> in 1932 was the first fully man-made nuclear reaction, and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in Teller-Ulam design staged thermonuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithium is superconductive below 400 μK at standard pressure<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at higher temperatures (more than 9 K) at very high pressures (>20 GPa).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violets">Violets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Violets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Violets"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Violets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Violets (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Violets</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Violet_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violet astronomy (page does not exist)">Violet astronomy</a></div> <p>"Violet satellite bands are caused by those lithium atoms which undergo an optical transition while a helium atom is nearby."<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oranges">Oranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oranges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oranges"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Oranges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Oranges (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Oranges</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orange astronomy (page does not exist)">Orange astronomy</a></div> <p>Lithium I has an orange line at 610.3 nm. </p><p>The <b>Spite plateau</b> (or <b>Spite lithium plateau</b>) is a baseline in the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">lithium</a> found in old stars orbiting the galactic halo. </p><p>The curve on a graph of the abundance of lithium versus effective surface temperature formed a plateau among old halo stars for effective temperatures below about: </p> <dl><dd>log <i>T</i><sub>eff</sub> ~ 3.75</dd></dl> <p>or roughly 5,600 K. This suggested that the plateau represented the primordial abundance level of lithium in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" class="extiw" title="w:Milky Way">Milky Way</a> with an estimate that the abundance of lithium at the beginning of the galaxy was: </p> <dl><dd><i>N</i><sub>Li</sub> = (11.2 ± 3.8) × 10<sup>−11</sup> <i>N</i><sub>H</sub></dd></dl> <p>where <i>N</i><sub>H</sub> is the abundance of hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Spite_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Lithium depletion through atomic diffusion has been suggested as a solution to the discrepancy between the Spite plateau abundance and the predicted value of the primordial lithium abundance"<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reds">Reds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Reds"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Reds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Reds (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Reds</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red astronomy (page does not exist)">Red astronomy</a></div> <p>In some 824 red giant stars, the Li I 670.78 nm line was detected in several stars, "but only the five objects ... presented a strong line. Indeed, the Li subordinate line at 6103.6 Å was detected in these stars only."<sup id="cite_ref-Monaco_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaco-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrareds">Infrareds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infrareds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Infrareds"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Infrareds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Infrareds (page does not exist)">Radiation astronomy/Infrareds</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrared astronomy (page does not exist)">Infrared astronomy</a></div> <p>Lithium has an infrared line at 812.6 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovina_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovina-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metallicities">Metallicities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metallicities" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Metallicities"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>metallicity</b> (also called <b>Z</b><sup id="cite_ref-Kunth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium. The metallicity of an astronomical object may provide an indication of its age. When the universe first formed, according to the Big Bang theory, it consisted almost entirely of hydrogen which, through primordial nucleosynthesis, created a sizeable proportion of helium and only trace amounts of lithium and beryllium and no heavier elements. Therefore, older stars have lower metallicities than younger stars such as our Sun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plasmas">Plasmas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plasmas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Plasmas"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gases">Gases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gases" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Gases"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Lithium vapor is preferred when generating negative ion beams for Tandem accelerators. In all these cases, a positive ion beam interacts with the cesium or lithium vapor, contained in a charge exchange canal, communicating with a cesium or lithium reservoir."<sup id="cite_ref-Bacal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Resonances have been observed in neutral lithium vapor by absorption spectroscopy for photons in the 50- to 70-eV energy range. These resonances are due to the excitation of a K-shell electron, or the simultaneous excitation of a K-shell electron and an outer electron to final states of the type (1s2pnl) or (1snln′l′)."<sup id="cite_ref-Ederer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ederer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liquids">Liquids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liquids" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Liquids"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solids">Solids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Solids" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Solids"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_lithiums">Native lithiums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Native lithiums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Native lithiums"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Magnesium-Lithium_phase_diagram.png" class="new" title="File:Magnesium-Lithium phase diagram.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="250">File:Magnesium-Lithium phase diagram.png</span></a><figcaption>This is a magnesium-lithium phase diagram. Credit: T. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P. Subramanian, L. Kacprzak, ASM International.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fairuse" title="Template:Fairuse">fairuse</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p>As indicated in the magnesium-lithium phase diagram on the left, lithium occurs in the same crystal structure at lower temperatures as it does up to melting temperature. This is the bcc phase (α-Li). </p><p>"Native lithium is rare in nature. Most of the lithium is extracted from the mining [of] spodumene."<sup id="cite_ref-Shanghai_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanghai-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Compounds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Compounds"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium_nitrate">Lithium nitrate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lithium nitrate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Lithium nitrate"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_nitrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lithium_nitrate.jpg/300px-Lithium_nitrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lithium_nitrate.jpg/450px-Lithium_nitrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lithium_nitrate.jpg/600px-Lithium_nitrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Sample is lithium nitrate. Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Walkerma" class="extiw" title="w:User:Walkerma">Walkerma</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_nitrate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lithium_nitrate.png/250px-Lithium_nitrate.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Lithium_nitrate.png 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a lithium nitrate molecule is shown. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Edgar181" class="extiw" title="c:user:Edgar181">Edgar181</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/250px-Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/375px-Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/500px-Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model shows the unit cell of lithium nitrate, <span class="chemf nowrap">LiNO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>. Credit: Ben Mills.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fairuse" title="Template:Fairuse">fairuse</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Li_{2}CO_{3}+2\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow 2\ LiNO_{3}+\ CO_{2}+\ H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Li_{2}CO_{3}+2\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow 2\ LiNO_{3}+\ CO_{2}+\ H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8311765c67ec092c734fd6baf9d37c487b030db2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:48.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Li_{2}CO_{3}+2\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow 2\ LiNO_{3}+\ CO_{2}+\ H_{2}O} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {LiOH+\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow \ LiNO_{3}+\ H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {LiOH+\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow \ LiNO_{3}+\ H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be34bc3ae65fa2f5badffd9707094094f664cd7d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:35.829ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {LiOH+\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow \ LiNO_{3}+\ H_{2}O} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Compounds (right image) formed from chemical reactions (above) such as lithium nitrate are usually crystalline with a unit cell (center image), made up of one or more molecules (left, Z = number of molecules per unit cell). </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium_chloride">Lithium chloride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lithium chloride" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Lithium chloride"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lithium_chloride.jpg/300px-Lithium_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lithium_chloride.jpg/450px-Lithium_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lithium_chloride.jpg/600px-Lithium_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Sample is lithium chloride. Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Walkerma" class="extiw" title="w:User:Walkerma">Walkerma</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium_aluminium_hydride">Lithium aluminium hydride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lithium aluminium hydride" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Lithium aluminium hydride"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg/300px-Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg/450px-Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg/600px-Lithium_aluminium_hydride.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Diagram is of lithium aluminium hydride. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kemikungen" class="extiw" title="c:User:Kemikungen">Kemikungen</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p>The chemical formula for lithium aluminum hydride is <span class="chemf nowrap">LiAlH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>. </p><p>Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated as LAH, is an inorganic compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlessinger_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlessinger-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organometallics">Organometallics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Organometallics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Organometallics"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methyl_lithium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Methyl_lithium.png/250px-Methyl_lithium.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Methyl_lithium.png/375px-Methyl_lithium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Methyl_lithium.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>This is a diagram of methyl lithium. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Rifleman_82" class="extiw" title="c:user:Rifleman 82">Rifleman 82</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p>On the right is methyl lithium. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nucleosynthesis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Nucleosynthesis"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/wiki/Plasmas/Plasma_objects/Nucleosynthesis" title="Plasmas/Plasma objects/Nucleosynthesis">Plasmas/Plasma objects/Nucleosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{1}^{3}T} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +\gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{1}^{3}T} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +\gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da26ab451107fb81aba2fe6b4c0607d1ef043d11" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{1}^{3}T} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +\gamma }"></span>  + ? MeV</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{4}^{7}Be} +n^{0}\rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +p^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{4}^{7}Be} +n^{0}\rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +p^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6603d7f314c7354efc5c77699cfe72cb63137f7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.31ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{4}^{7}Be} +n^{0}\rightarrow \mathrm {_{3}^{7}Li} +p^{+}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>"Our calculations show that production of [lithium] in low-energy flares [by nucleosynthesis], taking place in the surfaces of T Tauri-like stars, is energetically possible and can give the observed excesses over the interstellar abundance."<sup id="cite_ref-Canal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="right" id="Nucleosynthesis" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%; border: 1px solid gray"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center"> <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="w:Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2"> <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"><div class="center" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/85px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/128px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/170px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="w:Stellar nucleosynthesis">Stellar nucleosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="w:Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="w:Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova nucleosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" class="extiw" title="w:Cosmic ray spallation">Cosmic ray spallation</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center"> <td><b>Related topics</b> </td></tr> <tr align="left" style="background:#f2f2f2"> <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" class="extiw" title="w:Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" class="extiw" title="w:Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-process" class="extiw" title="w:R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process" class="extiw" title="w:S-process">S-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission" class="extiw" title="w:Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr align="right" style="background:#f2f2f2"> <td> <p><small><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nucleosynthesis&action=edit">edit</a></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"[T]here is evidence of lithium production in some stars due to some undefined mechanism. The observations show that the Li abundance on some red giants ... and young stars exceeds the average abundance in the universe by 2 orders of magnitude".<sup id="cite_ref-Kotov_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is "suggested that Li produced in the helium envelopes of red giants comes to the surface of the stars as the result of a strong convection."<sup id="cite_ref-Kotov_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For young stars, "the production of the light elements in nonthermal nuclear reactions seems the most appropriate mechanism that can be responsible for enrichment of stellar photospheres by Li."<sup id="cite_ref-Kotov_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "At least 0.3 metric tons of excited Li and Be nuclei were produced during the solar flare of 1991 November 15. One can estimate the equilibrium concentration of <sup>7</sup>Li nuclei in the solar atmosphere by assuming that they are produced only in solar flares and that a leakage of Li nuclei occurs with the solar wind."<sup id="cite_ref-Kotov_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <sup>7</sup>Be is usually assumed to have been produced by the Big Bang nuclear fusion, excesses (100x) of the isotope on the leading edge<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) relative to the trailing edge suggest that "most of the sun's fusion must occur near the surface rather than the core."<sup id="cite_ref-Dubin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particular reaction </p><p><sup>3</sup>He(α,γ)<sup>7</sup>Be </p><p><sup>3</sup>He + <sup>4</sup>He → <sup>7</sup>Be + γ (429 keV) </p><p>and the associated reaction chains </p><p><sup>7</sup>Be(e<sup>-</sup>,ν<sub>e</sub>)<sup>7</sup>Li(p,α)α </p><p>and </p><p><sup>7</sup>Be(p,γ)<sup>8</sup>B → 2α + e<sup>+</sup> + ν<sub>e</sub> </p><p>generate 14% and 0.1% of the α-particles, respectively, and 10.7% of the present-epoch luminosity of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Krcmar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krcmar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the <sup>7</sup>Be produced is assumed to be deep within the core of the Sun; however, such <sup>7</sup>Be would not escape to reach the leading edge of the LDEF. </p><p>"The light elements deuterium, lithium, beryllium, and boron pose a special problem for any theory of the origin of the elements which proposes that all the elements are built up from hydrogen in the stars. ... The difficulty arises because the lifetimes of these elements against proton capture, at the temperatures and pressures at which most stellar matter exists, are short compared to the stable lifetimes of stars. These elements then cannot be produced in stellar interiors unless they are transported rapidly to the surface, and if they are produced at the surface, non-equilibrium processes must be involved. Further, they can exist in significant quantities at the surface only in the absence of rapid mixing to the interior."<sup id="cite_ref-Bonsack_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonsack-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmic_ray_spallation">Cosmic ray spallation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cosmic ray spallation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Cosmic ray spallation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Def.</b> a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus fragments into many nucleons is called <b>spallation</b>. </p><p>Carbon and oxygen nuclei collide with interstellar matter to form lithium, beryllium and boron in a process termed cosmic ray spallation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glasses">Glasses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Glasses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Glasses"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In the other series of glasses, Li, Na, and K, in particular, that can be formed out to x=0.75, the IR spectra clearly show that this structural group becomes the dominant group in the glass at this composition [4], [5] and [43]."<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Glaciers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Glaciers"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocks/Glaciers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocks/Glaciers (page does not exist)">Rocks/Glaciers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" title="Glaciers">Glaciers</a></div> <p>"Taylor Valley glaciers have the lowest lithium concentrations and lightest δ<sup>7</sup>Li values in the McMurdo Dry Valleys aquatic system."<sup id="cite_ref-Witherow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The δ<sup>7</sup>Li ratios of the glacial snow are among the lightest values observed in surface and groundwater samples (+0.8 to +2.9‰) and are unlike seawater (+30.8‰) (Tomascak, 2004; Rosner et al., 2007). This suggests that marine aerosol or marine-derived salts are not the primary sources of lithium to the glacier surfaces [...] Generally, geologic materials are isotopically lighter than natural water samples because of the preferential retention of <sup>6</sup>Li in the solid phase. Despite this general relationship, Taylor Valley glacier snow samples have δ<sup>7</sup>Li signatures more like granite and rhyolite, which range from −1.2 to +8.0‰ (Tomascak, 2004). Although this wide range of Li isotopic values for granite does not conclusively mean the source to the glaciers is felsic rock, the snow samples are extremely light and resemble aluminosilicates. We therefore conclude that the major source of Li in the glacier ice is likely the dissolution of silicate materials."<sup id="cite_ref-Witherow_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopic_terms">Spectroscopic terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spectroscopic terms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Spectroscopic terms"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electronic configuration is not enough to describe the wavefunction, because for each configuration there are different ways to combine the orbital and spin angular momenta of the electrons (different combinations have different energies). The labels of a wavefunction which indicate the total angular momentum (S, P, D,...) and the spin multiplicity (singlet, doublet, triplet) are called <b>spectroscopic terms</b>. </p><p>You can neglect the electrons in filled sub-shells, so that the spectroscopic term of the ground state of lithium 1s<sup>2</sup>2s is <sup>2</sup>S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sun">Sun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Sun"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/wiki/Stars/Sun" title="Stars/Sun">Stars/Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun (star)">Sun (star)</a></div> <p>"[T]he standard solar models have enjoyed tremendous success recently in terms of agreement between the predicted outer structure and the results from helioseismology[, but] some observed properties of the <a href="/wiki/Stars/Sun" title="Stars/Sun">Sun</a> still defy explanation, such as the degree of Li depletion" [the "solar Li abundance is roughly a factor of 200 below the meteoritic abundance"].<sup id="cite_ref-King_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heliogony">Heliogony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Heliogony" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Heliogony"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resources: <a href="/wiki/Stars/Sun/Heliogony" title="Stars/Sun/Heliogony">Stars/Sun/Heliogony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heliogony" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliogony">Heliogony</a></div> <p>"Using ESO’s very successful HARPS spectrograph, a team of astronomers has found that Sun-like stars which host planets have destroyed their lithium much more efficiently than planet-free stars. This finding does not only shed light on the low levels of this chemical element in the Sun, solving a long-standing mystery, but also provides astronomers with a very efficient way to pick out the stars most likely to host planets. It is not clear what causes the lithium to be destroyed. The general idea is that the planets or the presence of the protoplanetary disc disturb the interior of the star, bringing the lithium deeper down into the star than usual, into regions where the temperature is so hot that it is destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-Calcada_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calcada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photospheres">Photospheres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Photospheres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Photospheres"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "evidence for the overwhelming majority of the Li-atoms in photospheres has its origin not only in nuclear synthesis near the stellar centers, but also by active processes in stellar atmospheres. [...] the lithium [resonance] line [is] near 478 keV."<sup id="cite_ref-Livshits_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livshits-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Approximately 90% of lithium atoms originate from α - α reactions for the typical spectra of an accelerated particles on the Sun [...] During impulsive flares, interaction between the accelerated particles and the ambient medium occurs mainly at low altitudes, i.e., close to the footprints of loops."<sup id="cite_ref-Livshits_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livshits-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_winds">Solar winds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Solar winds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Solar winds"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The solar wind lithium isotopic ratio, (<sup>6</sup>Li/<sup>7</sup>Li)<sub>sw</sub> = 0.032±0.004, has recently been determined from measurements in lunar soil (Chaussidon & Robert 1999)."<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaty_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Light element production by accelerated particle interactions [in] non-solar settings, and for accelerated particles of predominantly low energy, the dominant reactions are <sup>4</sup>He(α,p)<sup>7</sup>Li, <sup>4</sup>He(α,n)<sup>7</sup>Be (with <sup>7</sup>Be decaying to <sup>7</sup>Li) and <sup>4</sup>He(α,x)<sup>6</sup>Li (where x stands for either a proton and a neutron, or a deuteron)."<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaty_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In solar flares, [...] the reaction <sup>4</sup>He(<sup>3</sup>He,p)<sup>6</sup>Li [has a] very low threshold energy and [...] for solar energetic particles <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He can be as large as 1 or even larger (e.g. Reames 1998). Such <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He enhancements are one of the main characteristics of the acceleration mechanism responsible for impulsive solar energetic particle events, as distinguished from gradual events, based on the duration of the accompanying soft X-ray emission."<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaty_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flare "accelerated particle interactions produce enough <sup>6</sup>Li which, combined with photospheric <sup>7</sup>Li, can account for the solar wind <sup>6</sup>Li/<sup>7</sup>Li measured in lunar soil."<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaty_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{2}^{3}He} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow n^{0}+p^{+}+\mathrm {_{3}^{6}Li} +\gamma (3.561MeV).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3.561</mn> <mi>M</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{2}^{3}He} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow n^{0}+p^{+}+\mathrm {_{3}^{6}Li} +\gamma (3.561MeV).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2cf3d2c4282a7587e1fe5b5caed1c7e6c8a8c1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.246ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {_{2}^{3}He} +\mathrm {_{2}^{4}He} \rightarrow n^{0}+p^{+}+\mathrm {_{3}^{6}Li} +\gamma (3.561MeV).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Although the 3.56 MeV line is usually missing from the gamma-ray spectrum during solar flares, there is evidence for significant production of <sup>6</sup>Li in large solar flares by optical observations of sunspots,[17] and measurements of solar wind Li isotopic ratio in lunar soil.[18] </p><p>The "fact that as much as 10<sup>30</sup> Li atoms are produced in large solar flares, suggests that flare produced lithium may be detected in a small area of the solar surface near the foot points of the flaring loops shortly after the time of the flare (see Livshits 1997). In this connection, it is interesting to point out that Ritzenhoff et al. (1997) don’t rule out the presence of <sup>6</sup>Li near a sunspot at a value close to their reported upper limit <sup>6</sup>Li/<sup>7</sup>Li ≤ 0.03, which in fact coincides with the measured solar wind value."<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaty_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stars">Stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Stars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Stars"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resource: <a href="/wiki/Stars/Sciences" title="Stars/Sciences">Stars/Sciences</a></div> <p>TX Piscium (19 Piscium) is "a Li-rich carbon star".<sup id="cite_ref-Goswami_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goswami-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Super Lithium Rich giants (SLIR) are an elusive class of objects, serendipitously discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"J37 has a Li abundance well above the meteoritic value ... Al, S, Si, Ca, Fe, and Ni are supersolar and that C is subsolar. ... Na, Sc, Ti are supersolar, while O is subsolar."<sup id="cite_ref-Laws_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"J37 has a Li abundance near A(Li) = 4.3 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(X)=12+log(N_{X}/N_{H}),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(X)=12+log(N_{X}/N_{H}),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d170859041f9aca1b715b03dd03dfb8128d0b47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(X)=12+log(N_{X}/N_{H}),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>1 dex above the solar system meteoritic value."<sup id="cite_ref-Laws_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass have a large deficiency of light elements — lithium, beryllium, and boron — which burn up almost completely both in the interior and in the convective envelope."<sup id="cite_ref-Tutukov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutukov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_twins">Solar twins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Solar twins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Solar twins"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solar twins have the following qualities:<sup id="cite_ref-soderblum_king1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soderblum_king1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Temperature within 50 K Solar (roughly 5720 to 5830 K)</li> <li>Metallicity of 89—112% (± 0.05 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_exponent" class="extiw" title="w:Decimal exponent">dex</a>) Solar, meaning the star's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proplyd" class="extiw" title="w:proplyd">proplyd</a> would have had almost exactly the same amount of dust for planetary formation</li> <li>No stellar companion, because the Sun itself is solitary</li> <li>An age within 1 billion years Solar (roughly 3.5 to 5.6 Ga)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Identifier </th> <th colspan="2">Coordinates<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Distance<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(ly) </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification" class="extiw" title="w:Stellar classification">Stellar<br />Class</a><sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Temperature<br />(K) </th> <th rowspan="2">Metallicity<br />(dex) </th> <th rowspan="2">Age<br />(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigayear" class="extiw" title="w:Gigayear">Gyr</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension" class="extiw" title="w:Right ascension">Right ascension</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination" class="extiw" title="w:Declination">Declination</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Sun </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>G2V </td> <td>5,778 </td> <td>+0.00 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">18 Scorpii </td> <td>16<sup>h</sup> 15<sup>m</sup> 37.3<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>–08° 22′ 06″ </td> <td>45.1 </td> <td>G2Va </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">5,835 </td> <td>+0.04 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>Low Lithium Abundance<sup id="cite_ref-apj669_2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj669_2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_44594" class="extiw" title="w:HD 44594">HD 44594</a> </td> <td>06<sup>h</sup> 20<sup>m</sup> 06.1<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>-48° 44′ 29″ </td> <td>84 </td> <td>G3V </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">5,840 </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">+0.15 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>Higher depletion of lithium<sup id="cite_ref-aaa512_L5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa512_L5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_195034" class="extiw" title="w:HD 195034">HD 195034</a> </td> <td>20<sup>h</sup> 28<sup>m</sup> 11.8<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+22° 07′ 44″ </td> <td>92 </td> <td>G5 </td> <td>5,760 </td> <td>-0.04 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Takeda_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeda-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">HD 138573 </td> <td>15<sup>h</sup> 32<sup>m</sup> 43.7<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+10° 58′ 06″ </td> <td>101 </td> <td>G5IV-V </td> <td>5,710 </td> <td>–0.03 </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">7.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-apj130_5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj130_5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">HD 142093 </td> <td>15<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 00.6<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+15° 14′ 09″ </td> <td>103 </td> <td>G2V </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">5,841 </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">–0.15 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-apj130_5_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj130_5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_98618" class="extiw" title="w:HD 98618">HD 98618</a> </td> <td>11<sup>h</sup> 21<sup>m</sup> 29.1<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+58° 29′ 04″ </td> <td>126 </td> <td>G5V </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">5,851 </td> <td>+0.03 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>Low Lithium Abundance<sup id="cite_ref-apj669_2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj669_2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_143436" class="extiw" title="w:HD 143436">HD 143436</a> </td> <td>16<sup>h</sup> 00<sup>m</sup> 18.8<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+00° 08′ 13″ </td> <td>141 </td> <td>G0 </td> <td>5,768 </td> <td>+0.00 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-apj130_5_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj130_5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_129357" class="extiw" title="w:HD 129357">HD 129357</a> </td> <td>14<sup>h</sup> 41<sup>m</sup> 22.4<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+29° 03′ 32″ </td> <td>154 </td> <td>G2V </td> <td>5,749 </td> <td>–0.02 </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">8.2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-apj130_5_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj130_5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_133600" class="extiw" title="w:HD 133600">HD 133600</a> </td> <td>15<sup>h</sup> 05<sup>m</sup> 13.2<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+06° 17′ 24″ </td> <td>171 </td> <td>G0 </td> <td>5,808 </td> <td>+0.02 </td> <td style="background-color:Moccasin;">6.3 </td> <td>Low Lithium Abundance<sup id="cite_ref-apj669_2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj669_2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_101364" class="extiw" title="w:HD 101364">HD 101364</a> </td> <td>11<sup>h</sup> 40<sup>m</sup> 28.5<sup>s</sup> </td> <td>+69° 00′ 31″ </td> <td>208 </td> <td>G5V </td> <td>5,795 </td> <td>+0.02 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>Low Lithium Abundance<sup id="cite_ref-apj669_2_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj669_2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vazquez_et_al_2010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vazquez_et_al_2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binary_twins">Binary twins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Binary twins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Binary twins"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16 Cyg A and B are binary solar twins.<sup id="cite_ref-King1997_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<b>16 Cygni</b> or <b>16 Cyg</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/triple_star" class="extiw" title="w:triple star">triple star</a> system approximately 69 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/light-year" class="extiw" title="w:light-year">light-years</a> away from Earth in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/constellation" class="extiw" title="w:constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" class="extiw" title="w:Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>. It consists of two <a href="/wiki/Sun_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun (star)">Sun</a>-like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yellow_dwarf" class="extiw" title="w:yellow dwarf">yellow dwarf</a> stars, 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B, together with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red_dwarf" class="extiw" title="w:red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, 16 Cygni C. In 1996 an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extrasolar_planet" class="extiw" title="w:extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> was discovered in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eccentricity_(orbit)" class="extiw" title="w:eccentricity (orbit)">eccentric</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orbit" class="extiw" title="w:orbit">orbit</a> around 16 Cygni B. </p><p>16 Cygni is a hierarchal triple system. Stars A and C form a close binary with a projected separation of 73 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit" class="extiw" title="w:Astronomical unit">AU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raghavan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raghavan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orbital_elements" class="extiw" title="w:orbital elements">orbital elements</a> of the A–C binary are currently unknown. At a distance of 860 AU from A is a third component designated 16 Cygni B. </p><p>"B orbits between 100 and 160 degrees inclination, that is against the A–C pole such that 90 degrees would be ecliptical.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Both 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B are yellow dwarf stars like our Sun. According to data from the Geneva–Copenhagen survey, both stars have masses similar to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmberg_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmberg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmberg13631_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmberg13631-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age estimates for the two stars vary slightly, but 16 Cygni is likely to be much older than the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" class="mw-disambig" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, at around 10,000 million years old. 16 Cygni C is much fainter than either of these stars, and may be a red dwarf.<sup id="cite_ref-raghavan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raghavan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Despite differing in <i>T</i><sub>eff</sub> by only 35-40 K, the Li abundances of 16 Cyg A and B differ by a factor of ≥ 4.5. The solar photospheric abundance is intermediate to the two values. This intermediacy indicates that the Sun, whose highly depleted photospheric Li abundance is in gross conflict with standard stellar models, is not an isolated anomaly in its Li abundance evolution."<sup id="cite_ref-King1997_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In 1996 an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extrasolar_planet" class="extiw" title="w:extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eccentricity_(orbit)" class="extiw" title="w:eccentricity (orbit)">eccentric</a> orbit was announced around the star 16 Cygni B.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochran_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochran-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planet's orbit takes 798.5 days to complete, with a semimajor axis of 1.68 AU.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>""For the 16 Cyg B system, only particles inside of about 0.3 AU remained stable [within a million years of formation], leaving open the possibility of short-period planets". For them, observation rules out any such planet of over a Neptune mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittenmyer_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittenmyer-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Giant_stars">Giant stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Giant stars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Giant stars"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg/250px-Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg/375px-Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg/500px-Stellar_evolutionary_tracks-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>This image shows sample stellar evolutionary tracks for single stars, zero initial rotational velocity, and solar metallicity. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rursus" class="extiw" title="c:User:Rursus">Rursus</a>.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Free_media" title="Template:Free media">free media</a>}}</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Notation</b>: let the symbol <b>AGB</b> indicate an <b>asymptotic giant branch</b> star with a hydrogen-exhausted core. </p><p><b>Notation</b>: let the symbol <b>E-AGB</b> indicate an AGB star with a hydrogen-exhausted core. </p><p>For a 7 <i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub> AGB model sequence, "[o]n the E-AGB, the convective envelope appears clearly separated from the stellar core by a radiative layer ... Density and temperature drop significantly within this layer".<sup id="cite_ref-Bloecker_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloecker-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "As evolution proceeds luminosity and radiation pressure increase ... The base of the convective envelope moves inwards into deeper and hotter parts of the interior until nuclear reactions become important ... just before the first thermal pulse ..., the radiative "buffer" layer disappears, and the convection cuts into the hydrogen-burning shell. ... high lithium abundances ... in ... oxygen rich, luminous (<i>M</i><sub>bol</sub> = -6.2... -6.8) AGB stars [are produced at the base of the convective envelope which] has a base temperature of 75 ˑ 10<sup>6</sup>K, sufficient to reduce the duration of the Li-rich phase well below 10<sup>4</sup>yrs".<sup id="cite_ref-Bloecker_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloecker-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_giants">Red giants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Red giants" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Red giants"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some 824 red giant stars, the Li I 670.78 nm line was detected in several stars, "but only the five objects ... presented a strong line."<sup id="cite_ref-Monaco_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaco-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The lithium content of red-giant stars is highly variable (Wallerstein and Conti 1969). The largest amounts of lithium are found in three carbon stars, WZ Cas, WX Cyg, and T Ara, being of the order of 10<sup>-2</sup> of calcium. ... Boesgaard (1970) has found a similar high lithium abundance in the S star T Sgr. This is a higher ratio of lithium to calcium than is found in T Tauri stars or in meteorites."<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[S]ince the majority of carbon and S giants do not possess nearly so much lithium [as has been detected in some red-giant stars], it is necessary to postulate that the production process involves some unusual events."<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[H]elium-burning shell flashes in advanced stages of stellar evolution [may] occasionally induce complete convection of the outer envelope down to the helium-burning shell. If the hydrogen mixing is relatively small for the first 10<sup>7</sup> seconds, the result may be the production of large amounts of heavy elements by the <i>s</i>-process. When complete mixing commences, the <sup>3</sup>He in the envelope will be converted to <sup>7</sup>Be, and the subsequent delayed electron capture to form <sup>7</sup>Li may allow enough lithium to remain near the surface to account for the very large lithium abundances in some S and carbon red-giant stars. ... the <sup>7</sup>Li/<sup>6</sup>Li ratio in these stars should be quite large (> 100)."<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brown_dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Brown dwarfs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Brown dwarfs"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the incontrovertible brown dwarf substellar objects are "identified by the presence of the 670.8 nm lithium [I] line. The most notable of these objects was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229" class="extiw" title="w:Gliese 229">Gliese 229</a>B, which was found to have a temperature and luminosity well below the stellar range. Remarkably, its near-infrared spectrum clearly exhibited a methane absorption band at 2 micrometres, a feature that had previously only been observed in gas giant atmospheres and the atmosphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. Methane absorption is not expected at the temperatures of main-sequence stars. This discovery helped to establish yet another spectral class even cooler than L dwarfs known as "T dwarfs" for which Gl 229B is the prototype. ... <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" class="extiw" title="w:Lithium">Lithium</a> is generally present in brown dwarfs and not in low-mass stars. [T]he presence of the lithium <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spectral_line" class="extiw" title="w:spectral line">line</a> in a candidate brown dwarf's spectrum is a strong indicator that it is indeed substellar. The use of lithium to distinguish candidate brown dwarfs from low-mass stars is commonly referred to as the <b>lithium test</b> ... Some brown dwarfs emit X-rays; and all "warm" dwarfs continue to glow tellingly in the red and infrared spectra until they cool to planetlike temperatures (under 1000 K)."<sup id="cite_ref-BrownDwarf_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownDwarf-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L_stars">L stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: L stars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: L stars"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Definition_of_spectrl_type_L.png" class="new" title="File:Definition of spectrl type L.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="250">File:Definition of spectrl type L.png</span></a><figcaption>Spectral type L star uses differences in the filter intensities for J, R and K<sub>s</sub>. Credit: J. Davy Kirkpatrick, I. Neill Reid, James Liebert, Roc M. Cutri, Brant Nelson, Charles A. Beichman, Conard C. Dahn, David G. Monet, John E. Gizis, and Michael F. Skrutskie.</figcaption></figure> <p>A "new spectral class <i>L</i> [has the major spectroscopic signatures of] metallic oxides [...] replaced by metallic hydrides and neutral alkali metals [...]."<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"At least five of the 20 2MASS L dwarfs show the 6708 Å lithium doublet at low resolution, the strongest having an equivalent width of 18.5 Å."<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galactic_halos">Galactic halos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Galactic halos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Galactic halos"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Spite plateau</b> (or <b>Spite lithium plateau</b>) is a baseline in the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">lithium</a> found in old stars orbiting the galactic halo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cosmogony" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Cosmogony"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resource: <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></div> <p>"From the cosmogony point of view, there can be many different pathways to form a planet, and this casts some doubt that planet formation could be either an adequate physical quantity or a useful observational criterion to define what a planet is. In practice, it is convenient to adopt a planet definition that heavily relies on the mass of the object because the mass can be either measured directly or it has an impact on observable quantities such as surface gravity. For solar composition the boundary [brown dwarfs] BDs and planets is determined by deuterium fusion, which ceases to be stable at around 13 Jupiter masses [18, 19]. Just as the lithium test has effectively been applied as a tool to distinguish between very low-mass stars and BDs [6, 43, 46, 62, 72], the deuterium test has been proposed to distinguish between BDs and planets [9] but it has not been carried out yet because it is observationally very challenging. This important observational test may have to wait for the advent of the 30-meter class generation of ground-based telescopes such as the European Extremely Large Telescope or the American Thirty Meter Telescope. Particularly promising targets are nearby late-T dwarfs with effective temperatures around 500K that appear to have peculiar properties indicative of young age and planetary mass, such as for example ULASJ1335+11 [37]."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"A possible link between lithium depletion, rotational history and the presence of exoplanets has been explored for solar-type main-sequence stars [15]."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gamma-ray_detectors">Gamma-ray detectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gamma-ray detectors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Gamma-ray detectors"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPGe_detector90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/thumb/6/6b/HPGe_detector90.jpg/250px-HPGe_detector90.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/thumb/6/6b/HPGe_detector90.jpg/375px-HPGe_detector90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/thumb/6/6b/HPGe_detector90.jpg/500px-HPGe_detector90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>High-purity germanium detector (disconnected from liquid nitrogen dewar) is imaged. Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sergio.ballestrero" class="extiw" title="w:User:Sergio.ballestrero">Sergio.ballestrero</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annihilation_Radiation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Annihilation_Radiation.JPG/250px-Annihilation_Radiation.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Annihilation_Radiation.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>A Germanium detector spectrum shows the electron-positron annihilation radiation peak (under the arrow). Note the width of the peak compared to the other gamma rays visible in the spectrum. Credit: Hidesert.</figcaption></figure> <p>Germanium detectors are mostly used for spectroscopy in nuclear physics. Germanium can have a depleted, sensitive thickness of centimeters, and therefore can be used as a total absorption detector for gamma rays up to few MeV. These detectors are also called <b>high-purity germanium</b> detectors (HPGe) or hyperpure germanium detectors. Germanium crystals were doped with lithium ions (Ge(Li)), in order to produce an intrinsic region in which the electrons and holes would be able to reach the contacts and produce a signal. HPGe detectors commonly use lithium diffusion to make an n<sup>+</sup> ohmic contact, and boron implantation to make a p<sup>+</sup> contact. Coaxial detectors with a central n<sup>+</sup> contact are referred to as n-type detectors, while p-type detectors have a p<sup>+</sup> central contact. The thickness of these contacts represents a dead layer around the surface of the crystal within which energy depositions do not result in detector signals. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithium-drifted_silicon_detectors">Lithium-drifted silicon detectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Lithium-drifted silicon detectors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Lithium-drifted silicon detectors"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1970s, new semiconductor detectors have been developed (silicon or germanium doped with lithium: Si(Li) or Ge(Li)). X-ray photons are converted to electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor and are collected to detect the X-rays. When the temperature is low enough (the detector is cooled by Peltier effect or even cooler liquid nitrogen), it is possible to directly determine the X-ray energy spectrum; this method is called energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS); it is often used in small X-ray fluorescence spectrometers. These detectors are sometimes called "solid state detectors". Detectors based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) and its alloy with zinc, cadmium zinc telluride, have an increased sensitivity, which allows lower doses of X-rays to be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ultraviolet_telescopes">Ultraviolet telescopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet telescopes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Ultraviolet telescopes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultraviolet telescopes 10 nm - 400 nm resemble optical telescopes, but conventional aluminium-coated mirrors cannot be used and alternative coatings such as magnesium fluoride or lithium fluoride are used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer">Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/250px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/375px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/500px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer is shown in a pre-launch clean room. Credit: NASA.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer</b> (<b>FUSE</b>) detected light in the far ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, between 90.5-119.5 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanometre" class="extiw" title="w:nanometre">nanometres</a>, which is mostly unobservable by other telescopes. Its primary mission was to characterize universal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/deuterium" class="extiw" title="w:deuterium">deuterium</a> in an effort to learn about the stellar processing times of deuterium left over from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang" class="extiw" title="w:Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. The telescope comprises four individual mirrors. Each of the four mirrors is a 39-by-35 cm (15.4-by-13.8 in) off-axis parabola. Two mirror segments are coated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/silicon_carbide" class="extiw" title="w:silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> for reflectivity at the shortest ultraviolet wavelengths, and two mirror segments are coated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lithium_fluoride" class="extiw" title="w:lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</a> over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aluminum" class="extiw" title="w:aluminum">aluminum</a> that reflects better at longer wavelengths. Each mirror has a corresponding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/astigmatism" class="extiw" title="w:astigmatism">astigmatism</a>-corrected, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/holography" class="extiw" title="w:holography">holographically</a>-ruled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diffraction_grating" class="extiw" title="w:diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a>, each one on a curved substrate so as to produce four 1.65 m (5.4 ft) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" class="extiw" title="w:Henry Augustus Rowland">Rowland</a> circle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spectrograph" class="extiw" title="w:spectrograph">spectrographs</a>. The dispersed ultraviolet light is detected by two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/microchannel_plate_detector" class="extiw" title="w:microchannel plate detector">microchannel plate</a> intensified double delay-line detectors, whose surfaces are curved to match the curvature of the focal plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahnow_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahnow-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recent history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Recent history"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>recent history</b> period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present. </p><p>"Lithium was discovered in 1817 by Johann Arfvedson in Stockholm, Sweden. The name is derived from the Greek, [λίθος] (lithos), meaning stone."<sup id="cite_ref-Mysterioso_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mysterioso-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypotheses">Hypotheses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Hypotheses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section's source code: Hypotheses"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main resource: <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">Hypotheses</a></div> <ol><li>Lithium can be produced by muon induced fusion.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670040">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minerals/Metals/Alkalis" title="Minerals/Metals/Alkalis">Minerals/Metals/Alkalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Lithium" title="The periodic table/Lithium">The periodic table/Lithium</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661605">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaisser-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaisser_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Thomas K. Gaisser (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qJ7Z6oIMqeUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&ots=IxjwLxBwXu&sig=voHKIYstBlBYla4jcbur_b-Zwxs"><i>Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521339316" title="Special:BookSources/0521339316">0521339316</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qJ7Z6oIMqeUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&ots=IxjwLxBwXu&sig=voHKIYstBlBYla4jcbur_b-Zwxs">http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qJ7Z6oIMqeUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&ots=IxjwLxBwXu&sig=voHKIYstBlBYla4jcbur_b-Zwxs</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-01-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Rays+and+Particle+Physics&rft.aulast=Thomas+K.+Gaisser&rft.au=Thomas+K.+Gaisser&rft.date=1990&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B279&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0521339316&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DqJ7Z6oIMqeUC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR15%26ots%3DIxjwLxBwXu%26sig%3DvoHKIYstBlBYla4jcbur_b-Zwxs&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">A. G. W. Cameron; W. A. Fowler (February 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...164..111C">"Lithium and the s-PROCESS in Red-Giant Stars"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>164</b> (02): 111-4. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F150821">10.1086/150821</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...164..111C">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...164..111C</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+and+the+s-PROCESS+in+Red-Giant+Stars&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=A.+G.+W.+Cameron&rft.au=A.+G.+W.+Cameron&rft.au=W.+A.+Fowler&rft.date=February+1971&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=02&rft.pages=111-4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F150821&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1971ApJ...164..111C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsoul-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsoul_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas (1995). <i>Measurement and Detection of Radiation</i>. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis. pp. 467–501. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56032-317-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56032-317-5">1-56032-317-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measurement+and+Detection+of+Radiation&rft.aulast=Tsoulfanidis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Tsoulfanidis%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B467%E2%80%93501&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=1-56032-317-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spite-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-4">4.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-5">4.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Spite_4-6">4.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">F. Spite; M. Spite (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A%26A...115..357S">"Abundance of lithium in unevolved halo stars and old disk stars - Interpretation and consequences"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>115</b> (2): 357-66<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A%26A...115..357S">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A%26A...115..357S</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-05-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+lithium+in+unevolved+halo+stars+and+old+disk+stars+-+Interpretation+and+consequences&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=F.+Spite&rft.au=F.+Spite&rft.au=M.+Spite&rft.date=November+1982&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357-66&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1982A%2526A...115..357S&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veretenkin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Veretenkin_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">E. P. Veretenkin; V. N. Gavrin; E. A. Yanovich (January 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01123252?LI=true">"Use of metallic lithium for detecting solar neutrinos"</a>. <i>Soviet Atomic Energy</i> <b>58</b> (1): 82-3. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01123252">10.1007/BF01123252</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01123252?LI=true">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01123252?LI=true</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-02-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Use+of+metallic+lithium+for+detecting+solar+neutrinos&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Atomic+Energy&rft.aulast=E.+P.+Veretenkin&rft.au=E.+P.+Veretenkin&rft.au=V.+N.+Gavrin&rft.au=E.+A.+Yanovich&rft.date=January+1%2C+1985&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-3&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01123252&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252FBF01123252%3FLI%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritzenhoff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-3">6.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-4">6.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ritzenhoff_6-5">6.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">S. Ritzenhoff; E.H. Schrter; W. Schmidt (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...328..695R">"The lithium abundance in sunspots"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>328</b> (12): 695-701<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...328..695R">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...328..695R</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-04-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+lithium+abundance+in+sunspots&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=S.+Ritzenhoff&rft.au=S.+Ritzenhoff&rft.au=E.H.+Schrter&rft.au=W.+Schmidt&rft.date=December+1997&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=695-701&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997A%2526A...328..695R&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodders2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lodders2003_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Numerical data from: <span class="citation Journal">Lodders, Katharina (10 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043527/http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf">"Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> (The American Astronomical Society) <b>591</b> (2): 1220–1247. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375492">10.1086/375492</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043527/http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043527/http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Solar+System+Abundances+and+Condensation+Temperatures+of+the+Elements&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Lodders&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft.au=Lodders%2C%26%2332%3BKatharina&rft.date=10+July+2003&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1220%E2%80%931247&rft.pub=The+American+Astronomical+Society&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F375492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20151107043527%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fweft.astro.washington.edu%2Fcourses%2Fastro557%2FLODDERS.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Graphed at <a href="/wiki/File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg" title="File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg">File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604211457/https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">Nuclear Weapon Design</a>. Federation of American Scientists (1998-10-21). fas.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tuoriniemi, Juha; Juntunen-Nurmilaukas, Kirsi; Uusvuori, Johanna; Pentti, Elias; Salmela, Anssi; Sebedash, Alexander (2007). "Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure". <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7141): 187–9. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05820">10.1038/nature05820</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495921">17495921</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Superconductivity+in+lithium+below+0.4%E2%80%89millikelvin+at+ambient+pressure&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Tuoriniemi&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft.au=Tuoriniemi%2C%26%2332%3BJuha&rft.au=Juntunen-Nurmilaukas%2C%26%2332%3BKirsi&rft.au=Uusvuori%2C%26%2332%3BJohanna&rft.au=Pentti%2C%26%2332%3BElias&rft.au=Salmela%2C%26%2332%3BAnssi&rft.au=Sebedash%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7141&rft.pages=187%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature05820&rft_id=info:pmid/17495921&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Struzhkin, V. V.; Eremets, M. I.; Gan, W; Mao, H. K.; Hemley, R. J. (2002). "Superconductivity in dense lithium". <i>Science</i> <b>298</b> (5596): 1213–5. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078535">10.1126/science.1078535</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386338">12386338</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Superconductivity+in+dense+lithium&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Struzhkin%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Struzhkin%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Eremets%2C+M.+I.&rft.au=Gan%2C+W&rft.au=Mao%2C+H.+K.&rft.au=Hemley%2C+R.+J.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5596&rft.pages=1213%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1078535&rft_id=info:pmid/12386338&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahan_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">G. D. Mahan (April 24, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375960172910560">"Violet satellite bands in the spectra of Li perturbed by He"</a>. <i>Physics Letters A</i> <b>39</b> (2): 145-6. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2872%2991056-0">10.1016/0375-9601(72)91056-0</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375960172910560">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375960172910560</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Violet+satellite+bands+in+the+spectra+of+Li+perturbed+by+He&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+A&rft.aulast=G.+D.+Mahan&rft.au=G.+D.+Mahan&rft.date=April+24%2C+1972&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2872%2991056-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F0375960172910560&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lind-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lind_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">K. Lind; M. Asplund; P. S. Barklem (August 2009). "Departures from LTE for neutral Li in late-type stars". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>503</b> (2): 541-4. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200912221">10.1051/0004-6361/200912221</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Departures+from+LTE+for+neutral+Li+in+late-type+stars&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=K.+Lind&rft.au=K.+Lind&rft.au=M.+Asplund&rft.au=P.+S.+Barklem&rft.date=August+2009&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=541-4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200912221&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monaco-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monaco_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monaco_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">L. Monaco; S. Villanova; C. Moni Bidin; G. Carraro; D. Geisler; P. Bonifacio; O. A. Gonzalez; M. Zoccali <i>et al</i>. (May 2011). "Lithium-rich giants in the Galactic thick disk". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> <b>529</b> (5): 10. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201016285">10.1051/0004-6361/201016285</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium-rich+giants+in+the+Galactic+thick+disk&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=L.+Monaco&rft.au=L.+Monaco&rft.au=S.+Villanova&rft.au=C.+Moni+Bidin&rft.au=G.+Carraro&rft.au=D.+Geisler&rft.au=P.+Bonifacio&rft.au=O.+A.+Gonzalez&rft.au=M.+Zoccali&rft.au=L.+Jilkova&rft.date=May+2011&rft.volume=529&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201016285&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovina-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovina_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">L. A. Yakovina; Ya. V. Pavlenko (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001KFNT...17..446Y">"On the lithium abundance determination in the atmospheres of super-Li-RICH CARBON stars using the resonance and subordinate Li I lines. I"</a>. <i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Kinematika i Fizika Nebesnykh Tel</i></span></i> <b>17</b> (5): 446-58<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001KFNT...17..446Y">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001KFNT...17..446Y</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+lithium+abundance+determination+in+the+atmospheres+of+super-Li-RICH+CARBON+stars+using+the+resonance+and+subordinate+Li+I+lines.+I&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Russian-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ru%22%3EKinematika+i+Fizika+Nebesnykh+Tel%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+containing+Russian-language+text%5D%5D&rft.aulast=L.+A.+Yakovina&rft.au=L.+A.+Yakovina&rft.au=Ya.+V.+Pavlenko&rft.date=October+2001&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=446-58&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001KFNT...17..446Y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kunth_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Kunth/Kunth1.html">http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Kunth/Kunth1.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bacal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bacal_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Martha Bacal and Walter Reichelt (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1686733">"Metal vapor confinement in vacuum"</a>. <i>Review of Scientific Instruments</i> <b>45</b> (6): 769. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1686733">10.1063/1.1686733</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1686733">https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1686733</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 May 2019</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Metal+vapor+confinement+in+vacuum&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Scientific+Instruments&rft.aulast=Martha+Bacal+and+Walter+Reichelt&rft.au=Martha+Bacal+and+Walter+Reichelt&rft.date=1974&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=769&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.1686733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.1686733&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ederer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ederer_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">D. L. Ederer, T. Lucatorto, and R. P. Madden (30 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1537">"Autoionization Spectra of Lithium"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i> <b>25</b> (22): 1537-9. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.25.1537">10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1537</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1537">https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1537</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 May 2019</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Autoionization+Spectra+of+Lithium&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.aulast=D.+L.+Ederer%2C+T.+Lucatorto%2C+and+R.+P.+Madden&rft.au=D.+L.+Ederer%2C+T.+Lucatorto%2C+and+R.+P.+Madden&rft.date=30+November+1970&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=1537-9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.25.1537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprl%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.25.1537&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanghai-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanghai_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2527938">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREF2011" class="citation web cs1">Shanghai Xuanshi Machinery Co., Ltd. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quarryingequipment.net/Metal-Mining-Quarrying/Lithium-Quarrying.html">"Xuanshi"</a>. Shanghai, PRC: Shanghai Xuanshi Machinery Co., Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xuanshi&rft.place=Shanghai%2C+PRC&rft.pub=Shanghai+Xuanshi+Machinery+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Shanghai+Xuanshi+Machinery+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quarryingequipment.net%2FMetal-Mining-Quarrying%2FLithium-Quarrying.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AChemicals%2FLithiums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlessinger-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schlessinger_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Finholt, A. E.; Bond, A. C.; Schlesinger, H. I. (1947). "Lithium Aluminum Hydride, Aluminum Hydride and Lithium Gallium Hydride, and Some of their Applications in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>69</b> (5): 1199–1203. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01197a061">10.1021/ja01197a061</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+Aluminum+Hydride%2C+Aluminum+Hydride+and+Lithium+Gallium+Hydride%2C+and+Some+of+their+Applications+in+Organic+and+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.aulast=Finholt&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft.au=Finholt%2C%26%2332%3BA.+E.&rft.au=Bond%2C%26%2332%3BA.+C.&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C%26%2332%3BH.+I.&rft.date=1947&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1199%E2%80%931203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja01197a061&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Canal_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ramon Canal (May 1974). "Nucleosynthesis of Lithium in Low-Energy Flares". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>189</b> (5): 531-4. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F152831">10.1086/152831</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nucleosynthesis+of+Lithium+in+Low-Energy+Flares&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Ramon+Canal&rft.au=Ramon+Canal&rft.date=May+1974&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=531-4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F152831&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotov-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kotov_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kotov_21-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kotov_21-2">21.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kotov_21-3">21.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Yu. D. Kotov; S. V. Bogovalov; O. V. Endalova; M. Yoshimori (December 1996). "7Li Production in Solar Flares". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>473</b> (12): 514-8. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F178162">10.1086/178162</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=7Li+Production+in+Solar+Flares&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Yu.+D.+Kotov&rft.au=Yu.+D.+Kotov&rft.au=S.+V.+Bogovalov&rft.au=O.+V.+Endalova&rft.au=M.+Yoshimori&rft.date=December+1996&rft.volume=473&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=514-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F178162&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">G. J. Fishman; B. A. Harmon; J. C. Gregory; T. A. Parnell; P. Peters; G. W. Phillips; S. E. King; R. A. Augusts <i>et al</i>. (February 1991). "Observation of 7Be on the surface of LDEF spacecraft". <i>Nature</i> <b>349</b> (6311): 678-80. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F349678a0">10.1038/349678a0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Observation+of+7Be+on+the+surface+of+LDEF+spacecraft&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=G.+J.+Fishman&rft.au=G.+J.+Fishman&rft.au=B.+A.+Harmon&rft.au=J.+C.+Gregory&rft.au=T.+A.+Parnell&rft.au=P.+Peters&rft.au=G.+W.+Phillips&rft.au=S.+E.+King&rft.au=R.+A.+Augusts&rft.au=J.+C.+Rftter&rft.date=February+1991&rft.volume=349&rft.issue=6311&rft.pages=678-80&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F349678a0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dubin_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maurice Dubin; Robert K. Soberman (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9604074v1"><i>Resolution of the Solar Neutrino Anomaly</i></a>. pp. 8<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9604074v1">http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9604074v1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolution+of+the+Solar+Neutrino+Anomaly&rft.aulast=Maurice+Dubin&rft.au=Maurice+Dubin&rft.au=Robert+K.+Soberman&rft.date=April+1996&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fpdf%2Fastro-ph%2F9604074v1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krcmar-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krcmar_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">M. Krčmar; Z. Krečak; A. Ljubičić; M. Stipčević; D. A. Bradley (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v64/i11/e115016">"Search for solar axions using <sup>7</sup>Li"</a>. <i>Physical Review D</i> <b>64</b> (11): 4. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.64.115016">10.1103/PhysRevD.64.115016</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v64/i11/e115016">http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v64/i11/e115016</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Search+for+solar+axions+using+%3Csup%3E7%3C%2Fsup%3ELi&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.aulast=M.+Kr%C4%8Dmar&rft.au=M.+Kr%C4%8Dmar&rft.au=Z.+Kre%C4%8Dak&rft.au=A.+Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.au=M.+Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.au=D.+A.+Bradley&rft.date=November+2001&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.64.115016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprd.aps.org%2Fabstract%2FPRD%2Fv64%2Fi11%2Fe115016&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonsack-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonsack_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Walter K. Bonsack (November 1959). "The Abundance of Lithium and Convective Mixing in Stars of Type K". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>130</b> (11): 843-71. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F146777">10.1086/146777</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Abundance+of+Lithium+and+Convective+Mixing+in+Stars+of+Type+K&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Walter+K.+Bonsack&rft.au=Walter+K.+Bonsack&rft.date=November+1959&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=843-71&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F146777&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cho-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cho_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jaephil Cho; Steve W Martin (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022309302009171">"Infrared spectroscopy of glasses and polycrystals in the series xCs<sub>2</sub>S+(1−x)B<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>"</a>. <i>Journal of non-crystalline solids</i> <b>298</b> (2-3): 176-92<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022309302009171">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022309302009171</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-08-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Infrared+spectroscopy+of+glasses+and+polycrystals+in+the+series+xCs%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ES%2B%281%E2%88%92x%29B%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ES%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+non-crystalline+solids&rft.aulast=Jaephil+Cho&rft.au=Jaephil+Cho&rft.au=Steve+W+Martin&rft.date=March+2002&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=2-3&rft.pages=176-92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0022309302009171&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherow-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Witherow_27-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Witherow_27-1">27.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">RA Witherow; WB Lyons; GM Henderson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.seti.org/jbishop/AntarcticDryValleys/papers/Witherow(2010)ChemGeol_Li_isotopes_DryValleys.pdf">"Lithium isotopic composition of the McMurdo Dry Valleys aquatic systems"</a>. <i>Chemical Geology</i> <b>275</b>: 139-47. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2010.04.017">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.04.017</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.seti.org/jbishop/AntarcticDryValleys/papers/Witherow(2010)ChemGeol_Li_isotopes_DryValleys.pdf">ftp://ftp.seti.org/jbishop/AntarcticDryValleys/papers/Witherow(2010)ChemGeol_Li_isotopes_DryValleys.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-09-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+isotopic+composition+of+the+McMurdo+Dry+Valleys+aquatic+systems&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.aulast=RA+Witherow&rft.au=RA+Witherow&rft.au=WB+Lyons&rft.au=GM+Henderson&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=275&rft.pages=139-47&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2010.04.017&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.seti.org%2Fjbishop%2FAntarcticDryValleys%2Fpapers%2FWitherow%282010%29ChemGeol_Li_isotopes_DryValleys.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-King_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jeremy R. King; Constantine P. Deliyannis; Merchant Boesgaard (April 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/478/2/778/pdf/0004-637X_478_2_778.pdf">"The <sup>9</sup>Be Abundances of α Centauri A and B and the Sun: Implications for Stellar Evolution and Mixing"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>478</b> (2): 778<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/478/2/778/pdf/0004-637X_478_2_778.pdf">http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/478/2/778/pdf/0004-637X_478_2_778.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%3Csup%3E9%3C%2Fsup%3EBe+Abundances+of+%CE%B1+Centauri+A+and+B+and+the+Sun%3A+Implications+for+Stellar+Evolution+and+Mixing&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Jeremy+R.+King&rft.au=Jeremy+R.+King&rft.au=Constantine+P.+Deliyannis&rft.au=Merchant+Boesgaard&rft.date=April+1%2C+1997&rft.volume=478&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=778&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F478%2F2%2F778%2Fpdf%2F0004-637X_478_2_778.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calcada-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Calcada_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFL._Calçada2009" class="citation web cs1">L. Calçada (11 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0942a/">"Burning lithium inside a star (artist's impression)"</a>. European Southern Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burning+lithium+inside+a+star+%28artist%27s+impression%29&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.au=L.+Cal%C3%A7ada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feso0942a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AChemicals%2FLithiums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livshits-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Livshits_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Livshits_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">M. A. Livshits (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004958522216#page-1">"The Amount of Lithium Produced during Impulsive Flares"</a>. <i>Solar Physics</i> <b>173</b> (2): 377-81. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004958522216">10.1023/A:1004958522216</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004958522216#page-1">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004958522216#page-1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-10-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Amount+of+Lithium+Produced+during+Impulsive+Flares&rft.jtitle=Solar+Physics&rft.aulast=M.+A.+Livshits&rft.au=M.+A.+Livshits&rft.date=July+1997&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-81&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1004958522216&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004958522216%23page-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramaty-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaty_31-0">31.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaty_31-1">31.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaty_31-2">31.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaty_31-3">31.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaty_31-4">31.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Reuven Ramaty; Vincent Tatischeff; J. P. Thibaud; Benzion Kozlovsky; Natalie Mandzhavidze (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...534L.207R">"<sup>6</sup>Li from Solar Flares"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>534</b> (2): L207-10. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F312671">10.1086/312671</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...534L.207R">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...534L.207R</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2014-04-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%3Csup%3E6%3C%2Fsup%3ELi+from+Solar+Flares&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Reuven+Ramaty&rft.au=Reuven+Ramaty&rft.au=Vincent+Tatischeff&rft.au=J.+P.+Thibaud&rft.au=Benzion+Kozlovsky&rft.au=Natalie+Mandzhavidze&rft.date=May+2000&rft.volume=534&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L207-10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F312671&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2000ApJ...534L.207R&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goswami-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goswami_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Aruna Goswami; N. Kameswara Rao; David L. Lambert; Guillermo Gonzalez (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..796G">"On the Hydrogen Deficient Nature of Z Ursae Minoris"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i> <b>109</b>: 796-8. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F133946">10.1086/133946</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..796G">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..796G</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-07-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Hydrogen+Deficient+Nature+of+Z+Ursae+Minoris&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.aulast=Aruna+Goswami&rft.au=Aruna+Goswami&rft.au=N.+Kameswara+Rao&rft.au=David+L.+Lambert&rft.au=Guillermo+Gonzalez&rft.date=July+1997&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=796-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F133946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997PASP..109..796G&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">V Hill; L Pasquini (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...348L..21H">"A Super Lithium Rich giant in the metal-poor open cluster Berkeley 21"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>348</b> (08): L21-4<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...348L..21H">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...348L..21H</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-07-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Super+Lithium+Rich+giant+in+the+metal-poor+open+cluster+Berkeley+21&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=V+Hill&rft.au=V+Hill&rft.au=L+Pasquini&rft.date=August+1999&rft.volume=348&rft.issue=08&rft.pages=L21-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999A%2526A...348L..21H&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laws-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Laws_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Laws_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chris Laws; Guillermo Gonzalez (October 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/595/2/1148">"A Reevaluation of the Super-LITHIUM-rich Star in NGC 6633"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>595</b> (2): 1148-53. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F377449">10.1086/377449</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/595/2/1148">http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/595/2/1148</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-07-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Reevaluation+of+the+Super-LITHIUM-rich+Star+in+NGC+6633&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Chris+Laws&rft.au=Chris+Laws&rft.au=Guillermo+Gonzalez&rft.date=October+1%2C+2003&rft.volume=595&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1148-53&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F377449&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F595%2F2%2F1148&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tutukov-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tutukov_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">AV Tutukov (July-August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991SvA....35..415T">"Formation of Planetary Systems during the Evolution of Close Binary Stars"</a>. <i>Soviet Astronomy</i> <b>35</b> (4): 415-7<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991SvA....35..415T">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991SvA....35..415T</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-12-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Planetary+Systems+during+the+Evolution+of+Close+Binary+Stars&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Astronomy&rft.aulast=AV+Tutukov&rft.au=AV+Tutukov&rft.date=July-August+1991&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=415-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1991SvA....35..415T&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soderblum_king1998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-soderblum_king1998_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">D. R. Soderblom; J. R. King (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowell.edu/users/jch/workshop/drs/drs-p1.html">"Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization"</a>. <i>Solar Analogs : Characteristics and Optimum Candidates</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lowell.edu/users/jch/workshop/drs/drs-p1.html">http://www.lowell.edu/users/jch/workshop/drs/drs-p1.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-02-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Solar-Type+Stars%3A+Basic+Information+on+Their+Classification+and+Characterization&rft.jtitle=Solar+Analogs+%3A+Characteristics+and+Optimum+Candidates&rft.aulast=D.+R.+Soderblom&rft.au=D.+R.+Soderblom&rft.au=J.+R.+King&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowell.edu%2Fusers%2Fjch%2Fworkshop%2Fdrs%2Fdrs-p1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-1">37.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD_37-2">37.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/"><i>SIMBAD Astronomical Database</i></a>. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/">http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft.pub=Centre+de+Donn%C3%A9es+astronomiques+de+Strasbourg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Williams, D.R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html"><i>Sun Fact Sheet</i></a>. NASA<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html">http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-06-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Fact+Sheet&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BD.R.&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fsunfact.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj669_2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj669_2_39-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj669_2_39-1">39.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj669_2_39-2">39.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj669_2_39-3">39.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Meléndez, Jorge; Ramírez, Iván (November 2007). "HIP 56948: A Solar Twin with a Low Lithium Abundance". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>669</b> (2): L89–L92. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F523942">10.1086/523942</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HIP+56948%3A+A+Solar+Twin+with+a+Low+Lithium+Abundance&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Mel%C3%A9ndez%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Mel%C3%A9ndez%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Iv%C3%A1n&rft.date=November+2007&rft.volume=669&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L89%E2%80%93L92&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F523942&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa512_L5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aaa512_L5_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sousa, S. G.; Fernandes, J.; Israelian, G.; Santos, N. C. (March 2010). "Higher depletion of lithium in planet host stars: no age and mass effect". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>512</b>: L5. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201014125">10.1051/0004-6361/201014125</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Higher+depletion+of+lithium+in+planet+host+stars%3A+no+age+and+mass+effect&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Sousa%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Sousa%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+J.&rft.au=Israelian%2C+G.&rft.au=Santos%2C+N.+C.&rft.date=March+2010&rft.volume=512&rft.pages=L5&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201014125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takeda-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Takeda_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Takeda, Y.; Tajitsu (2009). "High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Study of Solar Twins: HIP 56948, HIP 79672, and HIP 100963". <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i> <b>61</b>: 471.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-Dispersion+Spectroscopic+Study+of+Solar+Twins%3A+HIP+56948%2C+HIP+79672%2C+and+HIP+100963&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.aulast=Takeda%2C+Y.&rft.au=Takeda%2C+Y.&rft.au=Tajitsu&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=471&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj130_5-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj130_5_42-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj130_5_42-1">42.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj130_5_42-2">42.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apj130_5_42-3">42.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">King, Jeremy R.; Boesgaard, Ann M.; Schuler, Simon C. (November 2005). "Keck HIRES Spectroscopy of Four Candidate Solar Twins". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i> <b>130</b> (5): 2318–25. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F452640">10.1086/452640</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Keck+HIRES+Spectroscopy+of+Four+Candidate+Solar+Twins&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.aulast=King%2C+Jeremy+R.&rft.au=King%2C+Jeremy+R.&rft.au=Boesgaard%2C+Ann+M.&rft.au=Schuler%2C+Simon+C.&rft.date=November+2005&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2318%E2%80%9325&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F452640&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vazquez_et_al_2010-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-vazquez_et_al_2010_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Vázquez, M.; Pallé, E.; Rodríguez, P. Montañés (2010). <i>Is Our Environment Special?, In: </i>The Earth as a Distant Planet: A Rosetta Stone for the Search of Earth-Like Worlds<i></i>. Springer New York. pp. 391–418. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1684-6">10.1007/978-1-4419-1684-6</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1683-9">978-1-4419-1683-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Our+Environment+Special%3F%2C+In%3A+%27%27The+Earth+as+a+Distant+Planet%3A+A+Rosetta+Stone+for+the+Search+of+Earth-Like+Worlds%27%27&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+M.&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+M.&rft.au=Pall%C3%A9%2C+E.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+P.+Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B391%26ndash%3B418&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1684-6&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-1683-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King1997-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-King1997_44-0">44.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-King1997_44-1">44.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jeremy R. King; Constantine P. Deliyannis; Daniel D. Hiltgen; Alex Stephens; Katia Cunha; Ann Merchant Boesgaard (05 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AJ....113.1871K">"Lithium Abundances in the Solar Twins 16 Cyg A and B and the Solar Analog α Cen A, Calibration of the 6707 Å Li Region Linelist, and Implications"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i> <b>113</b> (5): 1871-83. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F118399">10.1086/118399</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AJ....113.1871K">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AJ....113.1871K</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-08-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+Abundances+in+the+Solar+Twins+16+Cyg+A+and+B+and+the+Solar+Analog+%CE%B1+Cen+A%2C+Calibration+of+the+6707+%C3%85+Li+Region+Linelist%2C+and+Implications&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.aulast=Jeremy+R.+King&rft.au=Jeremy+R.+King&rft.au=Constantine+P.+Deliyannis&rft.au=Daniel+D.+Hiltgen&rft.au=Alex+Stephens&rft.au=Katia+Cunha&rft.au=Ann+Merchant+Boesgaard&rft.date=05+1997&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1871-83&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F118399&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997AJ....113.1871K&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raghavan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-raghavan_45-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-raghavan_45-1">45.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deepak Raghavan, Todd J. Henry, Brian D. Mason, John P. Subasavage, Wei‐Chun Jao, Thom D. Beaulieu, Nigel C. Hambly (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/523/64035.html">"Two Suns in The Sky: Stellar Multiplicity in Exoplanet Systems"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>646</b> (1): 523–542. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F504823">10.1086/504823</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/523/64035.html">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/523/64035.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+Suns+in+The+Sky%3A+Stellar+Multiplicity+in+Exoplanet+Systems&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Deepak+Raghavan%2C+Todd+J.+Henry%2C+Brian+D.+Mason%2C+John+P.+Subasavage%2C+Wei%E2%80%90Chun+Jao%2C+Thom+D.+Beaulieu%2C+Nigel+C.+Hambly&rft.au=Deepak+Raghavan%2C+Todd+J.+Henry%2C+Brian+D.+Mason%2C+John+P.+Subasavage%2C+Wei%E2%80%90Chun+Jao%2C+Thom+D.+Beaulieu%2C+Nigel+C.+Hambly&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=646&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=523%E2%80%93542&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F504823&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2FEJ%2Farticle%2F0004-637X%2F646%2F1%2F523%2F64035.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hauser-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hauser_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">H. Hauser and G. Marcy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/316328">"The Orbit of 16 Cygni AB"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i> <b>111</b> (757): 321–34. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F316328">10.1086/316328</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/316328">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/316328</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Orbit+of+16+Cygni+AB&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.aulast=H.+Hauser+and+G.+Marcy&rft.au=H.+Hauser+and+G.+Marcy&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=757&rft.pages=321%E2%80%9334&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F316328&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F316328&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmberg-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmberg_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Holmberg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13627"><i>Record 13627, In: </i>Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood<i></i></a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13627">http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13627</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 November 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+13627%2C+In%3A+%27%27Geneva-Copenhagen+Survey+of+Solar+neighbourhood%27%27&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.au=Holmberg&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvizier.u-strasbg.fr%2Fviz-bin%2FVizieR-5%3F-out.add%3D.%26-source%3DV%2F117A%2Fnewcat%26recno%3D13627&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmberg13631-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmberg13631_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Holmberg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13631"><i>Record 13631, In: </i>Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood<i></i></a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13631">http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=13631</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 November 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+13631%2C+In%3A+%27%27Geneva-Copenhagen+Survey+of+Solar+neighbourhood%27%27&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.au=Holmberg&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvizier.u-strasbg.fr%2Fviz-bin%2FVizieR-5%3F-out.add%3D.%26-source%3DV%2F117A%2Fnewcat%26recno%3D13631&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochran-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cochran_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cochran, Artie P. Hatzes, R. Paul Butler, Geoffrey W.Marcy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/483/1/457/35587.html">"The Discovery of a Planetary Companion to 16 Cygni B"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>483</b> (1): 457–63. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F304245">10.1086/304245</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/483/1/457/35587.html">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/483/1/457/35587.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+a+Planetary+Companion+to+16+Cygni+B&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Cochran%2C+Artie+P.+Hatzes%2C+R.+Paul+Butler%2C+Geoffrey+W.Marcy&rft.au=Cochran%2C+Artie+P.+Hatzes%2C+R.+Paul+Butler%2C+Geoffrey+W.Marcy&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=483&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=457%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F304245&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2FEJ%2Farticle%2F0004-637X%2F483%2F1%2F457%2F35587.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Butler; Wright, J. T.; Marcy, G. W.; Fischer, D. A.; Vogt, S. S.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, H. R. A.; Carter, B. D. <i>et al</i>. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/505/64046.html">"Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>646</b> (1): 505–22. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F504701">10.1086/504701</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/505/64046.html">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/646/1/505/64046.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catalog+of+Nearby+Exoplanets&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.au=Butler&rft.au=Wright%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+T.&rft.au=Marcy%2C%26%2332%3BG.+W.&rft.au=Fischer%2C%26%2332%3BD.+A.&rft.au=Vogt%2C%26%2332%3BS.+S.&rft.au=Tinney%2C%26%2332%3BC.+G.&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BH.+R.+A.&rft.au=Carter%2C%26%2332%3BB.+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=646&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=505%E2%80%9322&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F504701&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2FEJ%2Farticle%2F0004-637X%2F646%2F1%2F505%2F64046.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittenmyer-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wittenmyer_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wittenmyer; Endl, Michael; Cochran, William D.; Levison, Harold F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/134/3/1276/205882.html">"Dynamical and Observational Constraints on Additional Planets in Highly Eccentric Planetary Systems"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i> <b>134</b> (3): 1276–84. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F520880">10.1086/520880</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/134/3/1276/205882.html">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/134/3/1276/205882.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dynamical+and+Observational+Constraints+on+Additional+Planets+in+Highly+Eccentric+Planetary+Systems&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.aulast=Wittenmyer&rft.au=Wittenmyer&rft.au=Endl%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Cochran%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+D.&rft.au=Levison%2C%26%2332%3BHarold+F.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1276%E2%80%9384&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F520880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2FEJ%2Farticle%2F1538-3881%2F134%2F3%2F1276%2F205882.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloecker-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bloecker_52-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bloecker_52-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">T. Blöcker; D. Schönberner (April 1991). "A 7 <i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub> AGB model sequence not complying with the core mass-luminosity relation". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i> <b>244</b> (2): L43-6.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+7+%27%27M%27%27%3Csub%3E%E2%8A%99%3C%2Fsub%3E+AGB+model+sequence+not+complying+with+the+core+mass-luminosity+relation&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=T.+Bl%C3%B6cker&rft.au=T.+Bl%C3%B6cker&rft.au=D.+Sch%C3%B6nberner&rft.date=April+1991&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L43-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownDwarf-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownDwarf_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf">"Brown dwarf, In: <i>Wikipedia</i>"</a>. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brown+dwarf%2C+In%3A+Wikipedia&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation%2C+Inc&rft.date=2012-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrown_dwarf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AChemicals%2FLithiums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkpatrick-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_54-0">54.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_54-1">54.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">J. Davy Kirkpatrick; I. Neill Reid; James Liebert; Roc M. Cutri; Brant Nelson; Charles A. Beichman; Conard C. Dahn; David G. Monet <i>et al</i>. (10 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307414/pdf">"Dwarfs Cooler than "M": The Definition of Spectral Type "L" Using Discoveries from the 2-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS)"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>519</b> (2): 802-33<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307414/pdf">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307414/pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2017-04-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dwarfs+Cooler+than+%22M%22%3A+The+Definition+of+Spectral+Type+%22L%22+Using+Discoveries+from+the+2-Micron+All-Sky+Survey+%282MASS%29&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=J.+Davy+Kirkpatrick&rft.au=J.+Davy+Kirkpatrick&rft.au=I.+Neill+Reid&rft.au=James+Liebert&rft.au=Roc+M.+Cutri&rft.au=Brant+Nelson&rft.au=Charles+A.+Beichman&rft.au=Conard+C.+Dahn&rft.au=David+G.+Monet&rft.au=John+E.+Gizis&rft.date=10+July+1999&rft.volume=519&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=802-33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1086%2F307414%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_55-0">55.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_55-1">55.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">E. L. Martín (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aasp.kiev.ua/volume2/109-113-Martin.pdf">"Exoplanet plenitude"</a>. <i>Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics</i> <b>2</b> (11): 109-13<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://aasp.kiev.ua/volume2/109-113-Martin.pdf">http://aasp.kiev.ua/volume2/109-113-Martin.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-12-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exoplanet+plenitude&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Astronomy+and+Space+Physics&rft.aulast=E.+L.+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.au=E.+L.+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.date=November+2012&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=109-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faasp.kiev.ua%2Fvolume2%2F109-113-Martin.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahnow-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sahnow_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">D.J. Sahnow (1995-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fuse.pha.jhu.edu/papers/technical/aas95/aas95.html"><i>The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Mission</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fuse.pha.jhu.edu/papers/technical/aas95/aas95.html">http://fuse.pha.jhu.edu/papers/technical/aas95/aas95.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Ultraviolet+Spectroscopic+Explorer+Mission&rft.aulast=D.J.+Sahnow&rft.au=D.J.+Sahnow&rft.date=1995-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffuse.pha.jhu.edu%2Fpapers%2Ftechnical%2Faas95%2Faas95.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chemicals/Lithiums"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mysterioso-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mysterioso_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFMysterioso2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/User:Mysterioso" title="User:Mysterioso">Mysterioso</a> (26 July 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_periodic_table/Lithium">"The periodic table/Lithium"</a>. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%2FLithium&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft.au=Mysterioso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_periodic_table%2FLithium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AChemicals%2FLithiums" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661604">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chemistry_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E87600;;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2577368">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670038">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemistry_resources" title="Template:Chemistry resources"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#E87600;;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Chemistry_resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Chemistry resources (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#E87600;;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemistry_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemistry resources"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#E87600;;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chemistry_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_resources" title="Chemistry resources"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Chemistry resources</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-base_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base equilibrium">Acid-Base Equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Actinides" title="Chemicals/Actinides">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoms,_Molecules,_and_Ions" title="Atoms, Molecules, and Ions">Atoms, Molecules, and Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Berylliums" title="Chemicals/Berylliums">Berylliums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Borons" title="Chemicals/Borons">Borons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Carbons" title="Chemicals/Carbons">Carbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Equilibrium" title="Chemical Equilibrium">Chemical Equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Reactions" title="Chemicals/Reactions">Chemical reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonding" title="Covalent bonding">Covalent Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominant_group/Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominant group/Chemistry (page does not exist)">Dominant group/Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrochemistry (page does not exist)">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_structure" title="Electronic structure">Electronic Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Fluorines" title="Chemicals/Fluorines">Fluorines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formulas,_equations,_and_reactions" title="Formulas, equations, and reactions">Formulas, Equations, and Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Electrochemistry" title="Fundamental Electrochemistry">Fundamental Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_Nuclear_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamental Nuclear Chemistry (page does not exist)">Fundamental Nuclear Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_chemistry" title="Fundamentals of chemistry">Fundamentals of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Organic_Chemistry" title="Fundamental Organic Chemistry">Fundamental Organic Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gases_and_gas_laws" title="Gases and gas laws">Gases and Gas Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Heliums" title="Chemicals/Heliums">Heliums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Hydrogens" title="Chemicals/Hydrogens">Hydrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_polymer_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction to polymer chemistry">Introduction to polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" title="Ionic bond">Ionic Bonding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lithiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_relations_in_chemistry_and_stoichiometry" title="Mass relations in chemistry and stoichiometry">Mass relations in Chemistry and Stoichiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Materials" title="Chemicals/Materials">Materials sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_and_measurements" title="Matter and measurements">Matter and Measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Neons" title="Chemicals/Neons">Neons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Nitrogens" title="Chemicals/Nitrogens">Nitrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Oxidanes" title="Chemicals/Oxidanes">Oxidanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicals/Oxygens" title="Chemicals/Oxygens">Oxygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_matter" title="Properties of matter">Properties of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum chemistry (page does not exist)">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_theory_of_the_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum theory of the atom (page does not exist)">Quantum Theory of the Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Chemistry (page does not exist)">Radiation astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Rates of Reaction - Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" title="Surface chemistry">Surface chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FF7E00;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Astatine" title="The periodic table/Astatine">Astatine atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Beryllium" title="The periodic table/Beryllium">Beryllium atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">Beta decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_spectrometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass spectrometry (page does not exist)">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_is_organic_chemistry%3F" title="What is organic chemistry?">What is organic chemistry?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_for_novices" title="Biochemistry for novices">Biochemistry for Novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Year_General_College_Chemistry" title="First Year General College Chemistry">First Year General College Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_biochemistry" title="Medical biochemistry">Medical biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_astronomy/Courses/Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles (page does not exist)">Principles of radiation astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Portals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FF7E00;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Analytical_chemistry" title="Portal:Analytical chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Portal:Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biochemistry" title="Portal:Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biophysical_Chemistry" title="Portal:Biophysical Chemistry">Biophysical Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemical_engineering" title="Portal:Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electrochemistry" title="Portal:Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food_chemistry" title="Portal:Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Green_chemistry" title="Portal:Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mineralogy" title="Portal:Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Polymer_chemistry" title="Portal:Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alternative_medicine" title="Portal:Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Business" title="School:Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Chemistry" title="School:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Geology" title="School:Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Medicine" title="School:Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Pharmacy" title="School:Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Physics_and_Astronomy" title="School:Physics and Astronomy">Physics and Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School:Veterinary_medicine" title="School:Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FF7E00;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamines_synthesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphetamines synthesis (page does not exist)">Amphetamines synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Lessons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-base_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base chemistry">Acid-base chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-base_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base equilibrium">Acid-base equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_and_bases" title="Acids and bases">Acids and bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Actinoids" title="The periodic table/Actinoids">Actinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Alkaline_Metals" title="The periodic table/Alkaline Metals">Alkaline Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Alkaline-Earth_Metals" title="The periodic table/Alkaline-Earth Metals">Alkaline-Earth Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium atom">Aluminium atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry/Amino_Acids" title="Biochemistry/Amino Acids">Amino Acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" title="Atomic structure">Atomic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases" title="Bases">Bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basics_of_chemistry" title="Basics of chemistry">Basics of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_for_novices" title="Biochemistry for novices">Biochemistry for Novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_chemistry" title="Body chemistry">Body chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonding_and_chemical_structure" title="Bonding and chemical structure">Bonding and chemical structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_periodic_table/Boron" title="The periodic table/Boron">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biochemistry/Pressure_ideal_Boltzmann_gas_exercise" title="Portal:Biochemistry/Pressure ideal Boltzmann gas exercise">Pressure ideal Boltzmann gas exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry/Enzymes" title="Biochemistry/Enzymes">Enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Original research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FF7E00;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosynthesis_of_a_human_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosynthesis of a human protein (page does not exist)">Biosynthesis of a human protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_project" title="Gene project">Gene project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expressions_in_human_exploration_beyond_low_earth_orbits" title="Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits">Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_project" title="Gene project">Gene project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_favored_by_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources favored by women">Resources favored by women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FF7E00;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cesium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Cesium (page does not exist)">History of Cesium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E87600;;width:1%;background:#65000B; color:#ffffff;">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#E87600;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_projects_in_chemistry" title="Advanced projects in chemistry">Advanced projects in chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_project" title="Gene project">Gene project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2415560"></style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:250px; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:10px; margin-right:0px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="padding:0px 10px; white-space:nowrap"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/36px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/48px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/36px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/48px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/36px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/48px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/34px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/46px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/31px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/41px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/36px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/48px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/36px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/48px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithiums" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/36px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/48px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </p> </div> <div style="padding:0px 10px;">Learn more about <b>Lithiums</b></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&oldid=2403714">https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&oldid=2403714</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_templates" title="Category:Physics templates">Physics templates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals/Lectures" title="Category:Chemicals/Lectures">Chemicals/Lectures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry/Lectures" title="Category:Chemistry/Lectures">Chemistry/Lectures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_file_links" title="Category:Pages with broken file links">Pages with broken file links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 June 2022, at 04:24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:About">About Wikiversity</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Chemicals/Lithiums&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-52mj9","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.930","walltime":"1.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36691,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":318499,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":85240,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":122485,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 856.038 1 -total"," 67.42% 577.164 1 Template:Reflist"," 47.00% 402.365 51 Template:Citation/core"," 43.53% 372.621 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.70% 117.307 1 Template:Lang"," 11.66% 99.791 4 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 81.149 1 Template:Chemistry_resources"," 9.27% 79.378 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.24% 53.448 17 Template:Main"," 6.10% 52.212 8 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.292","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12835893,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-bg75k","timestamp":"20241122232453","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chemicals\/Lithiums","url":"https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Chemicals\/Lithiums","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q568","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q568","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-07-19T01:05:08Z","dateModified":"2022-06-30T04:24:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Lithium_Raies_Spectrales.png","headline":"chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3"}</script> </body> </html>