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id="toc-Prominent_examples_in_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_examples_in_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prominent examples in state politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_examples_in_state_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent examples in state politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_examples_in_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mississippi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mississippi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>North Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alabama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Alabama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arkansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Arkansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-William_Furbush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Furbush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>William Furbush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Furbush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Building societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>UK politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>French politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpetbagger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ذو الخرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذو الخرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbaggers" title="Carpetbaggers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carpetbaggers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbaggers" title="Carpetbaggers – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carpetbaggers" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیاستگر خوش‌نشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاستگر خوش‌نشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8E%AB%EB%B0%B0%EA%B1%B0" title="카펫배거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카펫배거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="カーペットバッガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーペットバッガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Саквояжник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саквояжник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карпетбагер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карпетбагер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpetbager" title="Karpetbager – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karpetbager" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carpetbagger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%A2" title="提包客 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="提包客" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q113886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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Northerners who moved South after the Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpetbaggers" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carpetbagger (disambiguation)">Carpetbagger (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpetbagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/220px-Carpetbagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/330px-Carpetbagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carpetbagger.jpg/440px-Carpetbagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="3163" /></a><figcaption>1872 cartoon depiction of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> as a carpetbagger</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">history of the United States</a>, <b>carpetbagger</b> is a largely historical pejorative used by <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southerners</a> to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northerners</a> who came to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican politics</a> (including the right of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> to vote and hold office) and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction Era</a> (1865–1877). The word is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">scalawag</a>, a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction. </p><p>White Southerners commonly denounced carpetbaggers collectively during the post-war years, fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be allied politically with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty men from the North, including educated <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free blacks</a> and slaves who had escaped to the North and returned South after the war, were elected from the South as Republicans to Congress. The majority of Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were from the North.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the end of the Reconstruction era, the term has been used to denote people who move into a new area for purely economic or political reasons despite not having ties to that place. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bag" title="Carpet bag">carpet bag</a>, a form of cheap luggage, made from carpet fabric, which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. It is now used in the United States to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Parachute_candidate" title="Parachute candidate">parachute candidate</a>, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a short time, or without having other significant community ties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a 1912 book by Oliver Temple Perry,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secretary_of_State" title="Tennessee Secretary of State">Tennessee Secretary of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a> Andrew J. Fletcher "was one of the first, if not the very first, in the State to denounce the hordes of greedy office-seekers who came from the North in the rear of the army in the closing days of the [U.S. Civil] War", in the June 1867 <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stump speech</a> that he delivered across Tennessee in support of the re-election of the disabled Tennessee Governor <a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No one more gladly welcomes the Northern man who comes in all sincerity to make a home here, and to become one of our people, than I, but for the adventurer and the office-seeker who comes among us with one dirty shirt and a pair of dirty socks, in an old rusty carpet bag, and before his washing is done becomes a candidate for office, I have no welcome.</p></blockquote> <p>That was the origin of the term "carpet bag", and out of it grew the well known term "carpet-bag government".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom at the end of the 20th century, carpetbagger developed another meaning, referring to people who joined a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organization</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building society</a>, in order to force it to <a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">demutualize</a>, that is, to convert into a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>, seeking personal financial gain by that means.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican Party in the South comprised three groups after the Civil War, and white Democratic Southerners referred to two in derogatory terms. <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> were white Southerners who supported the Republican party, "carpetbaggers" were recent arrivals in the region from the North, and <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> were freed slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-BoyerClark2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyerClark2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags and 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...most carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal gain with a commitment to taking part in an effort "to substitute the civilization of freedom for that of slavery"...Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforming_impulse">Reforming impulse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforming impulse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1862, Northern <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> moved to areas in the South that had fallen under Union control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schoolteachers and religious missionaries went to the South to teach the freedmen; some were sponsored by northern churches. Some were abolitionists who sought to continue the struggle for racial equality; they often became agents of the federal <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, which started operations in 1865 to assist the vast numbers of recently emancipated slaves. The bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the mostly illiterate Black and <a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor White</a> population. Other Northerners who moved to the South did so to participate in the profitable business of rebuilding railroads and various other forms of infrastructure that had been destroyed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time most blacks were enslaved, many were prohibited from being educated and attaining literacy. Southern states had no public school systems, and upper-class white Southerners either sent their children to private schools (including in England) or hired private tutors. After the war, hundreds of Northern white women moved South, many to teach the newly freed African-American children. They joined like-minded Southerners, most of which were employed by the Methodist and Baptist Churches, who spent much of their time teaching and preaching to slave and freedpeople congregations both before and after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_motives">Economic motives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wealth,_per_capita,_in_the_United_States,_from_9th_US_Census_(1872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg/220px-Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg/330px-Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg/440px-Wealth%2C_per_capita%2C_in_the_United_States%2C_from_9th_US_Census_%281872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Map of the United States in 1872, showing the disparity of wealth between the North and South during the Reconstruction Era</figcaption></figure> <p>Carpetbaggers also established banks and retail businesses. Most were former Union soldiers eager to invest their savings and energy in this promising new frontier, and civilians lured south by press reports of "the fabulous sums of money to be made in the South in raising cotton." Foner notes that "joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves as agents of sectional reconciliation and the South's "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economic initiative, the "Puritan work ethic", and self-discipline, they believed that only "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carpetbaggers tended to be well educated and middle class in origin. Some had been lawyers, businessmen, and newspaper editors. The majority (including 52 of the 60 who served in Congress during Reconstruction) were veterans of the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leading "black carpetbaggers" believed that the interests of capital and labor were identical and that the freedmen were entitled to little more than an "honest chance in the race of life."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Northern and Southern Republicans shared a modernizing vision of upgrading the Southern economy and society, one that would replace the inefficient <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">Southern plantation</a> regime with railroads, factories, and more efficient farming. They actively promoted public schooling and created numerous colleges and universities. The Northerners were especially successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. In 1870, Northerners controlled 21% of the South's railroads (by mileage); 19% of the directors were from the North. By 1890, they controlled 88% of the mileage; 47% of the directors were from the North.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_examples_in_state_politics">Prominent examples in state politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prominent examples in state politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippi">Mississippi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mississippi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Union General <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>, a native of Maine, was appointed military governor and later was elected as Republican governor of Mississippi during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era (United States)">Reconstruction era</a>. Ames tried unsuccessfully to ensure equal rights for black Mississippians. His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in Mississippi in 1868 included 30 white Southerners, 17 Southern freedmen and 24 non-southerners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. They included four men who had lived in the South before the war, two of whom had served in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. Among the more prominent were Gen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beroth_B._Eggleston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beroth B. Eggleston (page does not exist)">Beroth B. Eggleston</a>, a native of New York; Col. A.T. Morgan, of the Second Wisconsin Volunteers; Gen. W.S. Barry, former commander of a Colored regiment raised in Kentucky; an Illinois general and lawyer who graduated from Knox College; Maj. W.H. Gibbs, of the Fifteenth Illinois infantry; Judge W. B. Cunningham, of Pennsylvania; and Cap. E.J. Castello, of the Seventh Missouri infantry. They were among the founders of the Republican party in Mississippi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They were prominent in the politics of the state until 1875, but nearly all left Mississippi in 1875 to 1876 under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Liners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Liners (page does not exist)">White Liners</a>. These white <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary organizations">paramilitary organizations</a>, described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", worked openly to violently overthrow Republican rule, using intimidation and assassination to turn Republicans out of office and suppress freedmen's voting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippi Representative <a href="/wiki/Wiley_P._Harris" title="Wiley P. Harris">Wiley P. Harris</a>, a Democrat, stated in 1875: </p> <blockquote><p>If any two hundred Southern men backed by a Federal administration should go to Indianapolis, turn out the Indiana people, take possession of all the seats of power, honor, and profit, denounce the people at large as assassins and barbarians, introduce corruption in all the branches of the public administration, make government a curse instead of a blessing, league with the most ignorant class of society to make war on the enlightened, intelligent, and virtuous, what kind of social relations would such a state of things beget.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_T._Morgan" title="Albert T. Morgan">Albert T. Morgan</a>, the Republican sheriff of Yazoo, Mississippi, received a brief flurry of national attention when insurgent white Democrats took over the county government and forced him to flee. He later wrote <i>Yazoo; Or, on the Picket Line of Freedom in the South</i> (1884).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 6, 1875, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Revels</a>, a Mississippi Republican and the first African American U.S. Senator, wrote a letter to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> that was widely reprinted. Revels denounced Ames and Northerners for manipulating the Black vote for personal benefit, and for keeping alive wartime hatreds: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since reconstruction, the masses of my people have been, as it were, enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers, who, caring nothing for country, were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous, to secure power to themselves, and perpetuate it...My people have been told by these schemers, when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican. This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people...The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has, in my opinion, been obliterated in this state, except perhaps in some localities, and would have long since been entirely obliterated, were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past, and inculcate a hatred between the races, in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office, and its emoluments, to control my people, the effect of which is to degrade them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Elza_Jeffords" title="Elza Jeffords">Elza Jeffords</a>, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio who fought with the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>, remained in Mississippi after the conclusion of the Civil War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg, Mississippi 16 days after he left Congress. The next Republican congressman from the state was not elected until 80 years later in 1964: <a href="/wiki/Prentiss_Walker" title="Prentiss Walker">Prentiss Walker</a> of Mize, Mississippi, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Carolina">North Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corruption was a charge made by Democrats in North Carolina against the Republicans, notes the historian Paul Escott, "because its truth was apparent."<sup id="cite_ref-Escott_160_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escott_160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historians <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> and <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a> have noted that Democrats as well as Republicans received bribes and participated in decisions about the railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_1988,_pp._387_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_1988,_pp._387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Littlefield" title="Milton S. Littlefield">Milton S. Littlefield</a> was dubbed the "Prince of Carpetbaggers", and bought votes in the legislature "to support grandiose and fraudulent railroad schemes". Escott concludes that some Democrats were involved, but Republicans "bore the main responsibility for the issue of $28 million in state bonds for railroads and the accompanying corruption. This sum, enormous for the time, aroused great concern." Foner says Littlefield disbursed $200,000 (bribes) to win support in the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well as Republicans were guilty of taking the bribes and making the decisions on the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_1988,_pp._387_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_1988,_pp._387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Carolina Democrats condemned the legislature's "depraved villains, who take bribes every day"; one local Republican officeholder complained, "I deeply regret the course of some of our friends in the Legislature as well as out of it in regard to financial matters, it is very embarrassing indeed."<sup id="cite_ref-Escott_160_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escott_160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escott notes that extravagance and corruption increased taxes and the costs of government in a state that had always favored low expenditure. The context was that a planter elite kept taxes low because it benefited them. They used their money toward private ends rather than public investment. None of the states had established public school systems before the Reconstruction state legislatures created them, and they had systematically underinvested in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Planters whose properties occupied prime riverfront locations relied on river transportation, but smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-Escott_160_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escott_160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escott claimed "Some money went to very worthy causes—the 1869 legislature, for example, passed a school law that began the rebuilding and expansion of the state's public schools. But far too much was wrongly or unwisely spent" to aid the Republican Party leadership. A Republican county commissioner in Alamance eloquently denounced the situation: "Men are placed in power who instead of carrying out their duties...form a kind of school for to graduate Rascals. Yes if you will give them a few Dollars they will liern you for an accomplished Rascal. This is in reference to the taxes that are rung from the labouring class of people. Without a speedy reformation I will have to resign my post."<sup id="cite_ref-Escott_160_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escott_160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Tourg%C3%A9e" title="Albion W. Tourgée">Albion W. Tourgée</a>, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, moved to North Carolina, where he practiced as a lawyer and was appointed a judge. He once opined that "Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourgée later wrote <i>A Fool's Errand</i>, a largely autobiographical novel about an idealistic carpetbagger persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Carolina">South Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A politician in South Carolina who was called a carpetbagger was <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain" title="Daniel Henry Chamberlain">Daniel Henry Chamberlain</a>, a New Englander who had served as an officer of a predominantly black regiment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>. He was appointed South Carolina's attorney general from 1868 to 1872 and elected Republican governor from 1874 to 1877. As a result of the national <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>, Chamberlain lost his office. He was narrowly re-elected in a campaign marked by egregious voter fraud and violence against freedmen by Democratic <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a>, who succeeded in suppressing the black vote in some majority-black counties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving in South Carolina, Chamberlain was a strong supporter of Negro rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some historians of the early 1800s, who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> that believed that the Reconstruction era was fatally flawed, claimed that Chamberlain later was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> to become a white supremacist. They also wrote that he supported <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and laissez-faire in the economy. They portrayed "liberty" in 1896 as the right to rise above the rising tide of equality. Chamberlain was said to justify white supremacy by arguing that, in evolutionary terms, the Negro obviously belonged to an inferior social order.<sup id="cite_ref-Simkins_and_Woody._1932_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simkins_and_Woody._1932-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Woodward_Stearns" title="Charles Woodward Stearns">Charles Woodward Stearns</a>, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina: <i>The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter</i> (1873).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis_Cardozo" title="Francis Lewis Cardozo">Francis Lewis Cardozo</a>, a black minister from New Haven, Connecticut, served as a delegate to South Carolina's 1868 Constitutional Convention. He made eloquent speeches advocating that the plantations be broken up and distributed among the freedmen. They wanted their own land to farm and believed they had already paid for land by their years of uncompensated labor and the trials of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Simkins_and_Woody._1932_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simkins_and_Woody._1932-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Warmoth" title="Henry C. Warmoth">Henry C. Warmoth</a> was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. As governor, Warmoth was plagued by accusations of corruption, which continued to be a matter of controversy long after his death. He was accused of using his position as governor to trade in state bonds for his personal benefit. In addition, the newspaper company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Warmoth supported the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> for freedmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner_1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warmoth struggled to lead the state during the years when the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a>, a white Democratic terrorist organization, conducted an open campaign of violence and intimidation against Republicans, including freedmen, with the goals of regaining Democratic power and white supremacy. They pushed Republicans from political positions, were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coushatta Massacre">Coushatta Massacre</a>, disrupted Republican organizing, and preceded elections with such intimidation and violence that black voting was sharply reduced. Warmoth stayed in Louisiana after Reconstruction, as white Democrats regained political control of the state. He died in 1931 at age 89.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner_1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Luke_Smith" title="George Luke Smith">George Luke Smith</a>, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the U.S. House from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 4th congressional district">Louisiana's 4th congressional district</a> but was unseated in 1874 by the Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_M._Levy" title="William M. Levy">William M. Levy</a>. He then left <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a> for Hot Springs, Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/350px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/525px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/700px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags (left) and carpetbaggers (right) on March 4, 1869, the day Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, will supposedly become president. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, <i>Independent Monitor</i>, September 1, 1868. The cartoonist had actual local politicians in mind. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, <i>Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Searching-Freedom-after-Civil-War/dp/0817318607/">excerpt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alabama">Alabama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alabama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_E._Spencer" title="George E. Spencer">George E. Spencer</a> was a prominent Republican U.S. Senator. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds; purchase of votes; and intimidation of voters by the presence of Federal troops." He was a major speculator in a distressed financial paper.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tunis_Campbell" title="Tunis Campbell">Tunis Campbell</a>, a black New York businessman, was hired in 1863 by Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> to help former slaves in Port Royal, South Carolina. When the Civil War ended, Campbell was assigned to the Sea Islands of Georgia, where he engaged in an apparently successful land reform program for the benefit of the freedmen. He eventually became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a state senator and the head of an African-American militia which he hoped to use against the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner_1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arkansas">Arkansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arkansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a>" was a factional dispute, 1872–74 that culminated in an armed confrontation in 1874 between factions of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Republican Party">Arkansas Republican Party</a> over the disputed 1872 election for governor. The victor in the end was the "Minstrel" faction led by carpetbagger <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Baxter" title="Elisha Baxter">Elisha Baxter</a> over the "Brindle Tail" faction led by Joseph Brooks, which included most of the scalawags. The dispute weakened both factions and the entire Republican Party, enabling the sweeping Democratic victory in the 1874 state elections.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_Furbush">William Furbush</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: William Furbush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Hines_Furbush" title="William Hines Furbush">William Hines Furbush</a>, born a mixed-race slave in Carroll County, Kentucky in 1839 received part of his education in Ohio. He migrated to Helena, Arkansas in 1862. After returning to Ohio in February 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry. </p><p>After the war, Furbush migrated to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, where he continued to work as a photographer. He returned to Ohio after 18 months and moved back to Arkansas by 1870. Furbush was elected to two terms in the Arkansas House of Representatives, 1873–74 (from an African-American majority district in the Arkansas Delta, made up of Phillips and Monroe counties.) He served in 1879–80 from the newly established Lee County.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, the state passed a civil rights law. Furbush and three other black leaders, including the bill's primary sponsor, state senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Dawson" title="Richard A. Dawson">Richard A. Dawson</a>, sued a barkeeper in Little Rock, Arkansas for refusing to serve their group. The suit resulted in the only successful Reconstruction prosecution under the state's civil rights law. In the legislature, Furbush worked to create Lee County, Arkansasfrom portions of Phillips County, Crittenden County, Monroe County, and St. Francis County in eastern Arkansas, which had a black-majority population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the end of his 1873 legislative term, Furbush was appointed as county sheriff by Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Baxter" title="Elisha Baxter">Elisha Baxter</a>. Furbush twice won re-election as sheriff, serving from 1873 to 1878. During his term, he adopted a policy of "fusion", a <a href="/wiki/Post-Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Reconstruction era">post-Reconstruction</a> power-sharing compromise between Populist Democrats and Republicans. Furbush originally was elected as a Republican, but he switched to the Democratic Party at the end of his time as sheriff. Democrats held most of the economic power and cooperating with them could make his future.<sup id="cite_ref-akenc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akenc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878, Furbush was elected again to the Arkansas House. His election is notable because he was elected as a black Democrat during a campaign season notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority eastern Arkansas. He was the first-known black Democrat elected to the Arkansas General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-akenc_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akenc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1879, Furbush left Arkansas for Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-akenc_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akenc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Arkansas in 1888, setting up practice as a lawyer. In 1889, he co-founded the African American newspaper <i>National Democrat.</i> He left the state in the 1890s after it disenfranchised black voters. Furbush died in Indiana in 1902 at a veterans' home.<sup id="cite_ref-akenc_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akenc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carpetbaggers were least numerous in Texas. Republicans controlled the state government from 1867 to January 1874. Only one state official and one justice of the state supreme court were Northerners. About 13% to 21% of district court judges were Northerners, along with about 10% of the delegates who wrote the Reconstruction constitution of 1869. Of the 142 men who served in the 12th Legislature, some 12 to 29 were from the North. At the county level, Northerners made up about 10% of the commissioners, county judges and sheriffs.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1994_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1994-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Ruby" title="George Ruby">George Thompson Ruby</a>, an African American from New York City, who grew up in Portland, Maine, worked as a teacher in New Orleans from 1864 until 1866 when he migrated to Texas. There he was assigned to Galveston, Texas as an agent and teacher for the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>. Active in the Republican Party and elected as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1868–1869, Ruby was later elected as a Texas state senator and had wide influence. He supported construction of railroads to support Galveston business. He was instrumental in organizing African-American dockworkers into the Labor Union of Colored Men, to gain them jobs at the docks after 1870. When Democrats regained control of the state government in 1874, Ruby returned to New Orleans, working in journalism. He also became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Exoduster" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoduster">Exoduster</a> movement. Blacks from the Deep South migrated to homestead in Kansas in order to escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1994_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1994-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG/200px-Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG/300px-Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG/400px-Colfax_Riot_sign_IMG_2401.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Historical marker in Colfax, Louisiana that celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a> (a mass murder of dozens of African Americans) as "the end of carpetbag misrule in the South." Erected in 1950, the sign was removed in 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dunning_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunning school">Dunning school</a> of American historians (1900–1950) espoused <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a> and viewed "carpetbaggers" unfavorably, arguing that they degraded the political and business culture. The revisionist school in the 1930s called them stooges of Northern business interests. After 1960 the <a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">neoabolitionist</a> school emphasized their moral courage.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_societies">Building societies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Building societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Building_society#1980s_and_1990s" title="Building society">Building society § 1980s and 1990s</a></div> <p>In the late 1990s, carpetbagging was used as a term in Great Britain during the wave of <a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">demutualizations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building societies</a>. It described people who joined mutual societies with the hope of making a quick profit from their conversion to joint stock companies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those so-called carpetbaggers were roving financial opportunists, often of modest means, who spotted investment opportunities and aimed to benefit from a set of circumstances to which they were not ordinarily entitled. The best opportunities for carpetbaggers came from opening membership accounts at building societies to qualify for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windfall_gains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windfall gains (page does not exist)">windfall gains</a>, running into thousands of pounds, from the process of conversion and takeover. The influx of such transitory "token" members, who took advantage of the deposit criteria, often instigated or accelerated the demutualisation of the organisation. </p><p>The new investors in those mutuals would receive shares in the newly created public companies, usually distributed at a flat rate, which equally benefited small and large investors, providing a broad incentive for members to vote for leadership candidates who were pushing for demutualisation. Carpetbaggers first was used in this context in early 1997 by the chief executive of <a href="/wiki/The_Woolwich" title="The Woolwich">the Woolwich Building Society</a>, who announced the society's conversion with rules removing the entitlement of the most recent new savers to potential windfalls, stating in a media interview, "I have no qualms about disenfranchising carpetbaggers."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1997 and 2002, a group of pro-demutualization supporters, "Members for Conversion", operated a website, carpetbagger.com, which highlighted the best ways of opening share accounts with UK building societies, and organised demutualisation resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That led many building societies to implement <i>anti-carpetbagging</i> policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating area of the society. Another measure was to insert a charitable assignment clause for new members into the constitution of the organisation, requiring customers opening a savings account to sign a declaration agreeing that any windfall conversion benefits to which they might become entitled would be assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation" title="Charities Aid Foundation">Charities Aid Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term continues to be used within the co-operative movement to, for example, refer to the demutualisation of <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_politics">UK politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: UK politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The analogous term to carpetbagging in Britain is "chicken run", to denote an MP running in a safer constituency to seek re-election. The term was first used by the Labour Party to describe <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Norman Lamont's</a> move from <a href="/wiki/Kingston-upon-Thames_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Kingston-upon-Thames (UK Parliament constituency)">Kingston-upon-Thames</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_and_Knaresborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Harrogate and Knaresborough (UK Parliament constituency)">Harrogate and Knaresborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been used at subsequent elections, to describe MPs including <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Woodward" title="Shaun Woodward">Shaun Woodward</a> (<a href="/wiki/Witney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Witney (UK Parliament constituency)">Witney</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Helens_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency)">St Helens South</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mims_Davies" title="Mims Davies">Mims Davies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastleigh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eastleigh (UK Parliament constituency)">Eastleigh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mid Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid Sussex</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kieran_Mullan" title="Kieran Mullan">Kieran Mullan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crewe_and_Nantwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Crewe and Nantwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Crewe and Nantwich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bexhill_and_Battle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bexhill and Battle (UK Parliament constituency)">Bexhill and Battle</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-politico_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Richard Holden</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_West_Durham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North West Durham (UK Parliament constituency)">North West Durham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Basildon_and_Billericay_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Basildon and Billericay (UK Parliament constituency)">Basildon and Billericay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-politico_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>carpetbagger</i> has also been applied to those who join the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> but lack roots in the working class that the party was formed to represent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and materials to resistance groups in Europe. The OSS called this effort <a href="/wiki/Operation_Carpetbagger" title="Operation Carpetbagger">Operation Carpetbagger</a>. The modified B-24 aircraft used for the night-time missions were referred to as "carpetbaggers". (Among other special features, they were painted a glossy black to make them less visible to searchlights.) Between January and September 1944, Operation Carpetbagger operated 1,860 sorties between <a href="/wiki/RAF_Harrington" title="RAF Harrington">RAF Harrington</a>, England, and various points in occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Agents used this "noise" as cover for their use of Carpetbagger for the nominated Agent who was carrying monies [authentic and counterfeit] to the Underground/Resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, "carpetbagger" may refer to unscrupulous dealers and business managers in indigenous Australian art.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was also used by <a href="/wiki/John_Fahey_(politician)" title="John Fahey (politician)">John Fahey</a>, a former Premier of New South Wales and federal Liberal finance minister, in the context of shoddy "tradespeople" who travelled to Queensland to take advantage of victims following the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Queensland_floods" title="2010–2011 Queensland floods">2010–2011 Queensland floods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the common usage, usually derogatory, refers to politicians who move to different states, districts or areas to run for office despite their lack of local ties or familiarity.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, West Virginia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mooney" title="Alex Mooney">Alex Mooney</a> was attacked as a carpetbagger when he first ran for Congress in 2014, as he had previously been a Maryland State Senator and Chairman of the Maryland Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2022 Republican nominee for Pennsylvania Senator <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a> was prominently attacked as a carpetbagger by his opponent <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">John Fetterman</a> for previously living in New Jersey until months before the election. Fetterman won the election, with some claiming that this attack was vital to his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is now sometimes even used for politicians who relocate from the South to the North for politically opportunistic reasons. For example, former Arkansas First Lady <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> was attacked by opponents as <a href="/wiki/Parachute_candidate" title="Parachute candidate">carpetbagging</a> because she never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race; Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> mocked Clinton by putting an Arkansas flag on top of the New York City Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerthVan_Natta2007200,_204_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerthVan_Natta2007200,_204-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Colorado" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado">2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Boebert" title="Lauren Boebert">Lauren Boebert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Colorado's 3rd congressional district">Colorado's 3rd congressional district</a> was accused of carpetbagging after switching to the less-competitive <a href="/wiki/Colorado%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Colorado's 4th congressional district">4th district</a> for reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside its modern usage in politics, the term can still be applied to unscrupulous individuals coming from the north to profit themselves at Southerner's expense, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)" title="Brian Kelly (American football coach)">Brian Kelly</a>. Kelly left his head coaching position at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish football">Notre Dame</a> to take the same position at <a href="/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football" title="LSU Tigers football">LSU</a>, enticed in no small part by a 10 year, $95 million dollar contract.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite adopting a horrifically fake southern accent and claiming that he'd now have "the resources to win a national championship<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>", Kelly has continued regularly lose to top-10 opponents in embarrassing fashion. He has not offered to return any of his earnings or re-negotiate his contract to reflect his mediocre performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Carpetbag_steak" title="Carpetbag steak">carpetbag steak</a> or carpetbagger steak is an end cut of steak that is pocketed and stuffed with oysters, among other ingredients, such as mushrooms, blue cheese, and garlic. The steak is <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutured</a> with toothpicks or thread, and it sometimes is wrapped in bacon.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of beef and oysters is traditional. The earliest specific reference is in a United States newspaper in 1891. The earliest specific Australian reference is a printed recipe sometime between 1899 and 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_politics">French politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: French politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French politics, carpetbagging is known as parachutage, which means parachuting in French.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rootless cosmopolitans">Rootless cosmopolitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Carpetbaggers" title="The Carpetbaggers">The Carpetbaggers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson,Guppie, Herman, Lyte, Scoff. <i>Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic</i>, 3rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-south-after-reconstruction/">"The South after Reconstruction | Boundless US History"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+South+after+Reconstruction+%7C+Boundless+US+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-ushistory%2Fchapter%2Fthe-south-after-reconstruction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1912" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Oliver Perry (1912). <i>Notable Men of Tennessee, from 1833 to 1875, Their Times and Their Contemporaries</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Men+of+Tennessee%2C+from+1833+to+1875%2C+Their+Times+and+Their+Contemporaries&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/notablemenoftenn00temp_0/page/126/mode/1up?q=Mason&view=theater">https://archive.org/details/notablemenoftenn00temp_0/page/126/mode/1up?q=Mason&view=theater</a> "Notable men of Tennessee, from 1833 to 1875, Their Times and Their Contemporaries"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/259819.stm">"Business: Your Money Is carpetbagging dead?"</a>. BBC. January 22, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Business%3A+Your+Money+Is+carpetbagging+dead%3F&rft.date=1999-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F259819.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyerClark2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoyerClark2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerClarkHawleyKett2009" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F.; Rieser, Andrew (January 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE6pRrQwUMoC&pg=PA362"><i>The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 362ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-22278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-22278-3"><bdi>978-0-547-22278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Vision%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+1865%2C+Concise&rft.pages=362ff&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-547-22278-3&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Clifford+E.&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Kett%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Rieser%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeE6pRrQwUMoC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen L. Vaughn, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Journalism</i> (2007) pp 440-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard H. Abbott, <i>For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution_-_1863-1877" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877</a></i> (1988) p 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willie Lee Rose, <i>Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment</i> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, <i>The Scalawag in Alabama Politics. 1865–1881</i> (University of Alabama Press. 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Nelson Current, <i>Those Terrible Carpetbaggers</i> (Oxford University Press. 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godbey, William Baxter, "Autobiography of Rev. W.B. Godbey, A.M.", God's Revivalist Office. Cincinnati. 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Heather Andrea, <i>Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom,</i> University of North Carolina Press,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 1988, pp. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner 1988 pp 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner 1988 pp 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein 1968 p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garner (1902); Harris (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Rable, <i>But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction</i>, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Lemann, <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007, pp.80–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garner 187–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayes1896" class="citation book cs1">Mayes, Edward (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030911923"><i>Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches. 1825-1893</i></a>. Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030911923/page/n167">149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucius+Q.C.+Lamar%3A+His+Life%2C+Times%2C+and+Speeches.+1825-1893&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Publishing+House+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030911923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text in Garner, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escott_160-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Escott_160_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escott_160_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escott_160_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escott_160_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Escott 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner,_1988,_pp._387-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_1988,_pp._387_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_1988,_pp._387_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 1988, pp. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Mark, <i>Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy V. Ferguson</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Christopher, "Summary" of a <i>Fool's Errand</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/tourgee/summary.html">http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/tourgee/summary.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Lemann, <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkins_and_Woody._1932-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simkins_and_Woody._1932_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkins_and_Woody._1932_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simkins and Woody. (1932)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner_1968-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner_1968_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"George Luke Smith", <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbs2015" class="citation book cs1">Hubbs, Guy (May 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uapress.ua.edu/9780817318604/searching-for-freedom-after-the-civil-war/"><i>Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman</i></a> (First ed.). Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. p. cover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817318604" title="Special:BookSources/9780817318604"><bdi>9780817318604</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Freedom+after+the+Civil+War%3A+Klansman%2C+Carpetbagger%2C+Scalawag%2C+and+Freedman&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=cover&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.isbn=9780817318604&rft.aulast=Hubbs&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uapress.ua.edu%2F9780817318604%2Fsearching-for-freedom-after-the-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolfolk (1966); Foner (1968) p 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_F._Woodward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl F. Woodward (page does not exist)">Earl F. Woodward</a>, "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874", <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> (1971) 30#4 pp. 315-336 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40038083">40038083</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner <i>Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction</i> (1993) p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake Wintory, "William Hines Furbush: An African American, Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist and Democrat." <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> 63 (Summer 2004): 107–165. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40024078">40024078</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Keep+out+flood+carpetbaggers%2C+says+reconstruction+inspectorate+John+Fahey&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fkeep-out-flood-carpetbaggers-says-reconstruction-inspectorate-john-fahey%2Fstory-e6frf7jx-1226002024136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/keep-out-flood-carpetbaggers-says-reconstruction-inspectorate-john-fahey/story-e6frf7jx-1226002024136">"Keep out flood carpetbaggers, says reconstruction inspectorate John Fahey"</a>. <i>Herald Sun</i>. Melbourne. July 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Keep+out+flood+carpetbaggers%2C+says+reconstruction+inspectorate+John+Fahey&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fkeep-out-flood-carpetbaggers-says-reconstruction-inspectorate-john-fahey%2Fstory-e6frf7jx-1226002024136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/carpetbagger"><i>Carpetbagger</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. August 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpetbagger&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcarpetbagger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/2014/07/10/west-virginia-newcomer-battles-carpetbagger-label/">"West Virginia Newcomer Battles Carpetbagger Label"</a>. July 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Newcomer+Battles+Carpetbagger+Label&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2F2014%2F07%2F10%2Fwest-virginia-newcomer-battles-carpetbagger-label%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/09/08/pa-senate-race-will-it-matter-that-dr-oz-is-carpetbagger/">"Perspective | In the Pa. Senate race, will it matter that Dr. Oz is a carpetbagger?"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+In+the+Pa.+Senate+race%2C+will+it+matter+that+Dr.+Oz+is+a+carpetbagger%3F&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmade-by-history%2F2022%2F09%2F08%2Fpa-senate-race-will-it-matter-that-dr-oz-is-carpetbagger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClift2022" class="citation news cs1">Clift, Eleanor (November 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/pennsylvania-voters-rejected-the-carpetbagger-dr-oz">"Pennsylvania Voters Rejected the Carpetbagger Dr. Oz"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Flag"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825021129/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces2000/stories/hillary29.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats+Blast+Giuliani+for+Flying+Ark.+Flag&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaigns%2Fkeyraces2000%2Fstories%2Fhillary29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerthVan_Natta2007200,_204-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerthVan_Natta2007200,_204_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerthVan_Natta2007">Gerth & Van Natta 2007</a>, pp. 200, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/local/denver/2024/01/26/lauren-boebert-carpetbagger-debate-4th-district-colorado">"Lauren Boebert blasted as carpetbagger in first debate in new congressional district race"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boardroom&rft.atitle=Brian+Kelly+Contract%2C+Salary%2C+%26+Buyout+Breakdown+at+LSU&rft.date=2022-11-12&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboardroom.tv%2Fbrian-kelly-contract-buyout-lsu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/college-football-sports-brian-kelly-baton-rouge-louisiana-state-tigers-football-fff500a827e4674dbbed61b1f2c216ba">"Kelly on leaving Irish for LSU: 'We were on different paths'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. April 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Kelly+on+leaving+Irish+for+LSU%3A+%27We+were+on+different+paths%27&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcollege-football-sports-brian-kelly-baton-rouge-louisiana-state-tigers-football-fff500a827e4674dbbed61b1f2c216ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFluckytrim" class="citation web cs1">luckytrim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdkitchen.com/recipes/recs/374/Carpetbagger_Steak58120.shtml">"Carpetbagger Steak Recipe from"</a>. CDKitchen.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carpetbagger+Steak+Recipe+from&rft.pub=CDKitchen.com&rft.au=luckytrim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdkitchen.com%2Frecipes%2Frecs%2F374%2FCarpetbagger_Steak58120.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoldfoodie.com/2011/11/truth-about-carpetbag-steak.html">"The Truth about Carpetbag Steak"</a>. The Old Foodie. November 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Carpetbag+Steak&rft.pub=The+Old+Foodie&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoldfoodie.com%2F2011%2F11%2Ftruth-about-carpetbag-steak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastingsDolez2003" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Michel; Dolez, Bernard, eds. (2003). <i>Le parachutage politique</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2747549370" title="Special:BookSources/978-2747549370"><bdi>978-2747549370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+parachutage+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2747549370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpetbagger&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ash, Stephen V. <i>When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865</i> University of North Carolina Press, 1995.</li> <li>Barnes, Kenneth C. <i>Who Killed John Clayton</i>. Duke University Press, 1998; violence in Arkansas.</li> <li>Brown, Canter Jr. "Carpetbagger Intrigues, Black Leadership, and a Southern Loyalist Triumph: Florida's Gubernatorial Election of 1872" <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>, 1994 72 (3): 275–301. ISSN 0015-4113. Shows how African Americans joined Redeemers to defeat corrupt carpetbagger running for reelection.</li> <li>Bryant, Emma Spaulding. <i>Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger's Wife, Ardent Feminist; Letters and Diaries, 1860–1900</i> Fordham University Press, 2004. 503 pp.</li> <li>Campbell, Randolph B. "Carpetbagger Rule in Reconstruction Texas: an Enduring Myth." <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>, 1994 97 (4): 587–596. ISSN 0038-478X</li> <li>Candle, TX. "Louis Post as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina: Reconstruction as a Forerunner of the Progressive Movement". <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i> 34#4 (1975): 423–432.</li> <li>Current, YO mama. <i>Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation</i> (1988), a favorable view.</li> <li>Currie-Mcdaniel, Ruth. <i>Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant</i>, Fordham University Press, 1999; religious reformer in South Carolina.</li> <li>Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic. 3rd. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.</li> <li>Durden, Robert Franklin; <i>James Shepherd Pike: Republicanism and the American Negro, 1850–1882</i> Duke University Press, 1957</li> <li>Paul D. Escott; <i>Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1850–1900</i>, University of North Carolina Press, 1985.</li> <li>Fleming, Walter L. <i>Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial</i> 2 vol 1906. Uses broad collection of primary sources.</li> <li>Foner, Eric. <i>Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction</i>, Oxford University Press, 1993, Revised, 1996, LSU Press.</li> <li>Foner, Eric. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhvA0S_op38C">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1988). Harper & Row, 1988, recent standard history.</li> <li>Fowler, Wilton B. "A Carpetbagger's Conversion to White Supremacy." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i>, 1966 43 (3): 286–304. ISSN 0029-2494</li> <li>Galdieri, Christopher J. 2019. Stranger in a Strange State: The Politics of Carpetbagging from Robert Kennedy to Scott Brown. SUNY Press.</li> <li>Garner, James Wilford. <i>Reconstruction in Mississippi</i> (1902)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerthVan_Natta2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gerth" title="Jeff Gerth">Gerth, Jeff</a>; <a href="/wiki/Don_Van_Natta_Jr." title="Don Van Natta Jr.">Van Natta, Don</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Her_Way_(book)" title="Her Way (book)"><i>Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton</i></a>. New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01742-8"><bdi>978-0-316-01742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Way%3A+The+Hopes+and+Ambitions+of+Hillary+Rodham+Clinton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-316-01742-8&rft.aulast=Gerth&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Van+Natta%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpetbagger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harris, William C. <i>The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi</i> Louisiana State University Press, 1979.</li> <li>Harris, William C. "James Lynch: Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction", <i>Historian</i> 1971 34 (1): 40–61. ISSN 0018-2370; Lynch was Mississippi's first African American secretary of state.</li> <li>Klein, Maury. "Southern Railroad Leaders, 1865–1893: Identities and Ideologies" <i>Business History Review</i>, 1968 42 (3): 288–310. ISSN 0007-6805 Fulltext in JSTOR.</li> <li>Morrow, Ralph E.; <i>Northern Methodism and Reconstruction</i> Michigan State University Press, 1956.</li> <li>Olsen, Otto H. <i>Carpetbagger's Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgee</i> (1965)</li> <li>Post, Louis F. "A 'Carpetbagger' in South Carolina", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a></i> Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan. 1925), pp. 10–79 autobiography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713666">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Prince, K. Stephen. "Legitimacy and Interventionism: Northern Republicans, the 'Terrible Carpetbagger,' and the Retreat from Reconstruction." <i>Journal of the Civil War Era</i> 2#4 (2012): 538–63</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simkins,_Francis_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Simkins, Francis Butler">Simkins, Francis Butler</a>, and Robert Hilliard Woody. <i>South Carolina during Reconstruction</i> (1932).</li> <li>Tunnell, Ted. <i>Edge of the Sword: The Ordeal of Carpetbagger Marshall H. Twitchell in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. LSU Press, 2001, on Louisiana.</li> <li>Tunnell, Ted. "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southern History">Journal of Southern History</a></i>, (Nov 2006) 72#4.</li> <li>Twitchell, Marshall Harvey. <i>Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell.</i> ed by Ted Tunnell; Louisiana State University Press, 1989. 216 pp.</li> <li>Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk; <i>The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881</i>. University of Alabama Press, 1991</li> <li>Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and Democrat", <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i>, 2004 63 (2): 107–165. ISSN 0004-1823</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=15">Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)" <i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture</i> (2006).</a></li> <li>Woolfolk, Sarah Van V. "George E. Spencer: a Carpetbagger in Alabama", <i>Alabama Review</i>, 1966 19 (1): 41–52. 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