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<li id="toc-Early_frozen_desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_frozen_desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early frozen desserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_frozen_desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Expansion in popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Retail sales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retail_sales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Retail sales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Retail_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialty_job" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_job"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Specialty job</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_job-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ingredients and definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingredients_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ostwald_ripening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostwald_ripening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ostwald ripening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostwald_ripening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_safety_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_safety_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Food safety concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_safety_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryogenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryogenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cryogenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryogenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice cream</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomys" title="Roomys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roomys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%88%9D" title="አይስ ክሬም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይስ ክሬም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsr%C4%93am" title="Īsrēam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsrēam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مثلجات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثلجات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պաղպաղակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղպաղակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE" title="আইচ ক্ৰীম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আইচ ক্ৰীম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xel%C3%A1u" title="Xeláu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeláu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_takaiak" title="Ka takaiak – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ka takaiak" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typy%27are%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Typy'are'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Typy'are'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondurma" title="Dondurma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dondurma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دوندورما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوندورما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="আইসক্রিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসক্রিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_krim" title="Is krim – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Is krim" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-k%C3%AE-l%C3%AEm" title="Peng-kî-lîm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-kî-lîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Туңдырма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Туңдырма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Марожанае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марожанае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марозіва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марозіва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="आइसक्रीम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइसक्रीम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbetes" title="Sorbetes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sorbetes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сладолед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сладолед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speiseeis" title="Speiseeis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Speiseeis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienn-skorn" title="Dienn-skorn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dienn-skorn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelat" title="Gelat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gelat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmrzlina" title="Zmrzlina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zmrzlina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufen_i%C3%A2" title="Hufen iâ – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hufen iâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_(f%C3%B8devare)" title="Is (fødevare) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Is (fødevare)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لاباني – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاباني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speiseeis" title="Speiseeis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speiseeis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%CA%BC_yistin%C3%AD" title="Abeʼ yistiní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Abeʼ yistiní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4tis" title="Jäätis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäätis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Παγωτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C3%A2" title="Ślâ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ślâ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helado" title="Helado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacia%C4%B5o" title="Glaciaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glaciaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izozki" title="Izozki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izozki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بستنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بستنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_glac%C3%A9e" title="Crème glacée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crème glacée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar_reoite" title="Uachtar reoite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uachtar reoite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%B2iteag" title="Reòiteag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reòiteag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeado" title="Xeado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AE" title="આઇસ્ક્રીમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આઇસ્ક્રીમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ice cream" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAn-kit-l%C3%ACn" title="Pên-kit-lìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pên-kit-lìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BC" title="아이스크림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이스크림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պաղպաղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաղպաղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="आइसक्रीम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइसक्रीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladoled" title="Sladoled – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sladoled" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_krim" title="Es krim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Es krim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gelato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%90%83%E1%93%AF%E1%91%AF%E1%93%96%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᐃᓯᑯᓖᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᐃᓯᑯᓖᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rj%C3%B3ma%C3%ADs" title="Rjómaís – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rjómaís" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gelato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="גלידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88s_krim" title="Ès krim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ès krim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82" title="ಐಸ್ ಕ್ರೀಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಸ್ ಕ್ರೀಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნაყინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაყინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Балмұздақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балмұздақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лымвый – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лымвый" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A8m_glase" title="Krèm glase – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Krèm glase" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besten%C3%AE" title="Bestenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bestenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Балмуздак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балмуздак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1" title="ກະແລມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະແລມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacies_edibilis" title="Glacies edibilis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glacies edibilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sald%C4%93jums" title="Saldējums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saldējums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace_(Dessert)" title="Glace (Dessert) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Glace (Dessert)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledai" title="Ledai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ledai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbett" title="Sorbett – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sorbett" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagylalt" title="Fagylalt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fagylalt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сладолед – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сладолед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82" title="ഐസ്‌ക്രീം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസ്‌ക്രീം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihikirimi" title="Aihikirimi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aihikirimi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="आईस्क्रीम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आईस्क्रीम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ايس كريم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايس كريم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskrim" title="Aiskrim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aiskrim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ADng-g%C3%AC-l%C4%93ng" title="Bĭng-gì-lēng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bĭng-gì-lēng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Эйня – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эйня" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="ရေခဲမုန့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေခဲမုန့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisi_kirimu" title="Aisi kirimu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aisi kirimu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomijs" title="Roomijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roomijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="アイスクリーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスクリーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskriim" title="Aiskriim – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aiskriim" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskrem" title="Iskrem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iskrem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskrem" title="Iskrem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iskrem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzqaymoq" title="Muzqaymoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muzqaymoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਆਈਸ ਕਰੀਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਸ ਕਰੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آئس کریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئس کریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%98" title="ការ៉េម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការ៉េម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskrim" title="Aiskrim – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aiskrim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lody" title="Lody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorvete" title="Sorvete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sorvete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enghe%C8%9Bat%C4%83" title="Înghețată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înghețată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Мороженое – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мороженое" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisakulimi" title="Aisakulimi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aisakulimi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ice cream" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akullorja" title="Akullorja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akullorja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilatu" title="Jilatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jilatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Ice cream" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ice cream" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmrzlina" title="Zmrzlina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zmrzlina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladoled" title="Sladoled – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladoled" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaato" title="Jalaato – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jalaato" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85" title="ئایسکرێم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایسکرێم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сладолед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сладолед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladoled" title="Sladoled – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sladoled" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89skrim" title="Éskrim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éskrim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6" title="Jäätelö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jäätelö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbetes" title="Sorbetes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sorbetes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="குளிர்களி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளிர்களி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Туңдырма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Туңдырма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82" title="ఐస్ క్రీం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐస్ క్రీం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1" title="ไอศกรีม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอศกรีม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Яхмос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Яхмос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9t%C3%B3no" title="Tsétóno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tsétóno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಐಸ್ ಕ್ರೀಮ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಐಸ್ ಕ್ರೀಮ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondurma" title="Dondurma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dondurma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Морозиво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морозиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آئس کریم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئس کریم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%89" title="ماروژنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماروژنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunae" title="Gaunae – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gaunae" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4hine" title="Jähine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jähine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_l%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Kem lạnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kem lạnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%C3%A4t%C3%BCs" title="Ijätüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ijätüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbetes" title="Sorbetes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sorbetes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E7%B3%95" title="雪糕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雪糕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayisikhirimi" title="Ayisikhirimi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ayisikhirimi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="אייזקרעם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזקרעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E7%B3%95" title="雪糕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雪糕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%C4%81" title="Ledā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ledā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%B7%87%E6%B7%8B" title="冰淇淋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰淇淋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_krim" title="Es krim – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Es krim" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сладоляд – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Сладоляд" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0in%C9%99bij%C9%99" title="Šinəbijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Šinəbijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Frozen dessert</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ice cream (disambiguation)">Ice cream (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Ice cream</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream,_chocolate_syrup,_and_a_wafer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ice_cream_with_whipped_cream%2C_chocolate_syrup%2C_and_a_wafer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="3147" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a> ice cream served with <a href="/wiki/Whipped_cream" title="Whipped cream">whipped cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate sauce">chocolate sauce</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_dessert" title="Frozen dessert">Frozen dessert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">sweetener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">Gelato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frozen_custard" title="Frozen custard">frozen custard</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Ice_Cream" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Ice Cream">Cookbook: Ice cream</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" class="extiw" title="commons:Ice cream">Media: Ice cream</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ice cream</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Frozen_dessert" title="Frozen dessert">frozen dessert</a> typically made from <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> that has been flavoured with a <a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">sweetener</a>, either <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> or an alternative, and a <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">cocoa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, or with fruit, such as strawberries or peaches. <a href="/wiki/Food_colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Food colouring">Food colouring</a> is sometimes added in addition to <a href="/wiki/Food_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Food stabilizer">stabilizers</a>. The mixture is cooled below the freezing point of water and stirred to incorporate air spaces and prevent detectable <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> from forming. It can also be made by <a href="/wiki/Whisk" title="Whisk">whisking</a> a flavoured cream base and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> together. The result is a smooth, semi-solid <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> that is solid at very low temperatures (below 2 °C or 35 °F). It becomes more <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleable</a> as its temperature increases. </p><p>Ice cream may be served in dishes, eaten with a spoon, or licked from edible wafer <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">ice cream cones</a> held by the hands as <a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">finger food</a>. Ice cream may be served with other desserts—such as <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pie</a>—or used as an ingredient in cold dishes—like <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_float" title="Ice cream float">ice cream floats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">sundaes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cake" title="Ice cream cake">ice cream cakes</a>—or in baked items such as <a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a>. </p><p>Italian ice cream is <a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">gelato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frozen_custard" title="Frozen custard">Frozen custard</a> is a type of rich ice cream. <a href="/wiki/Soft_serve" title="Soft serve">Soft serve</a> is softer and is often served at amusement parks and fast-food restaurants in the United States. Ice creams made from cow's milk alternatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goat's</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">sheep's milk</a>, or milk substitutes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>), are available for those who are <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerant</a>, allergic to dairy protein, or <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a> "nice cream"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a 100% fruit-based vegan alternative. <a href="/wiki/Frozen_yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen yoghurt">Frozen yoghurt</a>, or "froyo", is similar to ice cream but uses <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a> and can be lower in fat. Fruity <a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherbet_(frozen_dessert)" title="Sherbet (frozen dessert)">sherbets</a> are not ice creams but are often available in ice cream shops. </p><p>The meaning of the name <i>ice cream</i> varies from one country to another. In some countries, such as the United States, <i>ice cream</i> applies only to a specific variety, and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to the relative quantities of the main ingredients, notably the amount of cream.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are sometimes labelled "<b>frozen dairy dessert</b>" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries, such as Italy and Argentina, one word is used for all variants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_frozen_desserts">Early frozen desserts</h3></div> <p>The origins of frozen desserts are obscure, although several accounts exist about their history. Some sources describe frozen desserts as originating in <a href="/wiki/Persia_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia (Iran)">Persia (Iran)</a> as far back as 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cookbook#History" title="Cookbook">Roman cookbook</a> dating back to the 1st-century includes recipes for sweet desserts that are sprinkled with snow,<sup id="cite_ref-rsc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are Persian records from the second century for sweetened drinks chilled with ice.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kakig%C5%8Dri" title="Kakigōri">Kakigōri</a></i></span> is a Japanese dessert made with ice and flavoured syrup. The origins of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakigōri</i></span> date back to the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> in Japanese history, when blocks of ice saved during the colder months would be shaved and served with sweet syrup to the Japanese aristocracy during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kakigōri</i></span>'s origin is referred to in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pillow_Book" title="The Pillow Book">The Pillow Book</a></i>, a book of observations written by <a href="/wiki/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Sei Shōnagon">Sei Shōnagon</a>, who served the Imperial Court during the Heian period.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known written process to artificially make ice is known not from culinary texts, but the 13th-century writings of Syrian historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abu_Usaybia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abu Usaybia">Ibn Abu Usaybia</a> in his book “Kitab Uyun al-anba fi tabaqat-al-atibba“ (Book of Sources of Information on the Classes of Physicians) concerning medicine in which Ibn Abu Usaybi’a attributes the process to an even older author, Ibn Bakhtawayhi, of whom nothing is known.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ice cream production became easier with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-ocss_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocss-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, cream could be chilled easily but not frozen. It was the addition of salt that lowered the melting point of ice, which had the effect of drawing heat from the cream and allowing it to freeze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matkakulfi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matkakulfi.jpg/220px-Matkakulfi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matkakulfi.jpg/330px-Matkakulfi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matkakulfi.jpg/440px-Matkakulfi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">Kulfi</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Matki_(earthen_pot)" title="Matki (earthen pot)">matka pot</a> from India</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> to its capital, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, used to create <a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">kulfi</a>, a popular frozen dairy dessert from the Indian subcontinent often described as "traditional Indian ice cream."<sup id="cite_ref-ref55yozaq_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref55yozaq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>The technique of "freezing" was not known from any European sources prior to the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ocss_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocss-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 16th century, authors made reference to the refrigerant effect that happened when salt was added to ice, causing it to freeze. However, it was not until the latter part of the 17th century that sorbets and ice creams were made using this process.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ice cream's spread throughout Europe is sometimes attributed to Moorish traders, but more often <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>. Though it is not mentioned in any of his writings, Polo is often credited with introducing <a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbet</a>-style desserts to Italy after learning of them during his travels to China.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a legend, the Italian duchess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> is said to have introduced flavoured sorbet ices to France when she brought some Italian chefs with her to France upon marrying the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>) in 1533.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in fact, no Italian chefs were present in France during the Medici period,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is known that ice cream already existed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> before Catherine de Medici was born.<sup id="cite_ref-Backer-2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backer-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred years later, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> was reportedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence to support these legends.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <p>As far back as 1665, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Catalogue des Marchandises rares...</i></span>, edited in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> by Jean Fargeon,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed a type of frozen sorbet. While the composition of this sorbet is not provided, Fargeon specified that it was consumed frozen using a container that was plunged into a mixture of ice and saltpetre. These sorbets were transported in pots made of clay and sold for three livres per pound. </p><p>According to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Isle des Hermaphrodites</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the practice of cooling beverages with ice and snow had already emerged in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, particularly in the court, during the 16th century. The narrator notes that his hosts stored ice and snow, which they later added to their wine. This practice slowly progressed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> and was likely a necessary step towards the creation of ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, as early as 1682, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Nouveau confiturier françois</i></span> provided a recipe for a specific type of ice cream, called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"neige de fleur d'orange"</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Backer-2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backer-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1686, Italian <a href="/wiki/Procopio_Cut%C3%B2" title="Procopio Cutò">Francesco dei Coltelli</a> opened an ice cream café in Paris, and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years, another 250 cafés opened in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recipe in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for flavoured ices appears in 1674, in <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Lemery">Nicholas Lemery</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Recueil de curiositéz rares et nouvelles de plus admirables effets de la nature</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recipes for <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">sorbetti</i></span> saw publication in the 1694 edition of Antonio Latini's <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Lo Scalco alla Moderna</i></span> (The Modern Steward).<sup id="cite_ref-Cool_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recipes for flavoured ices begin to appear in François Massialot's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits</i></span>, starting with the 1692 edition. Massialot's recipes result in a coarse, pebbly texture. Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4></div> <p>The first recorded mention of ice cream in England was in 1671. <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a> described the dishes served at the Feast of St George at Windsor in for Charles II in 1671 and included "one plate of ice cream".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only table at the banquet with ice cream on it was that of the King.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recipe for ice cream in English was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts">Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts</a>,</i> a book dedicated to confectionary, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1718:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Glaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_Glaces.jpg/220px-Les_Glaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_Glaces.jpg/330px-Les_Glaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_Glaces.jpg/440px-Les_Glaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Noblewomen eating ice cream in a French caricature, 1801</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>To ice cream. </p><p> Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten'd, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking the Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in a Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; then take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou'd freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten'd; put enough in the Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Mrs. Mary Eale's Receipts</i> (1718)</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg/220px-Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg/330px-Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg/440px-Art_of_Cookery_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>Title page to <i>The Art of Cookery</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1751 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_made_Plain_and_Easy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> includes a recipe for ice cream: "H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream...set it [the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt."<sup id="cite_ref-oed_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1768 saw the publication of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office</i></span> by M. Emy, a cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavoured ices and ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1769 Domenico Negri, an Italian confectioner, founded a business in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Square" title="Berkeley Square">Berkeley Square</a> London which would become famous for its ice creams.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His shop was at the Sign of the Pineapple (an emblem used by confectioners) and his trade card said he sold "All Sorts of English, French and Italian wet and dry'd Sweet Meats, Cedrati and Bergamot Chips, Naples Diavoloni, All sorts of Baskets & Cakes, fine and Common Sugar plums", but most importantly, "all Sorts of Ice, Fruits and creams in the best Italian manner."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789 Frederick Nutt, who served an apprenticeship at Negri's establishment, first published The Complete Confectioner. The book had 31 different recipes for ice creams, some with fresh fruit, others with jams, and some using fruit syrups. Flavours included ginger, chocolate, brown breadcrumbs and one flavoured with Parmesan cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>An early North American reference to ice cream is from 1744: "Among the rarities<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was served by the lady of Governor Bland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Who brought ice cream to the United States first is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and other cities during the colonial era. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. Records, kept by a merchant from Chatham street, New York, show George Washington spending approximately $200 on ice cream in the summer of 1790. The same records show president Thomas Jefferson having an 18-step recipe for ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is incorrect that Jefferson introduced ice cream to America, as is <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">popularly believed</a>, he did help to introduce <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_ice_cream" title="Vanilla ice cream">vanilla ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_2007_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>, wife of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, served ice cream at her husband's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inaugural_balls" title="United States presidential inaugural balls">Inaugural Ball</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small-scale hand-cranked ice cream freezers were invented in England by <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Marshall" title="Agnes Marshall">Agnes Marshall</a> and in America by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Maria_Donaldson_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Maria Donaldson Johnson">Nancy Johnson</a> in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_in_popularity">Expansion in popularity</h3></div> <p>In the Mediterranean, ice cream appears to have been accessible to ordinary people by the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice cream became popular and inexpensive in England in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss émigré <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gatti" title="Carlo Gatti">Carlo Gatti</a> set up the first stand outside <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> station in 1851. He sold scoops in shells for one penny. Prior to this, ice cream was an expensive treat confined to those with access to an ice house.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gatti built an 'ice well' to store ice that he cut from <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal" title="Regent's Canal">Regent's Canal</a> under a contract with the <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent's Canal Company">Regent's Canal Company</a>. By 1860, he expanded the business and began importing ice on a large scale from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. </p><p>In New Zealand, a newspaper advertisement for ice cream appeared in 1866, claiming to be the first time ice cream was available in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial manufacturing was underway in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice cream rapidly gained in popularity in New Zealand throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018, exported ice cream products included new flavors such as <a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a> to cater specifically to Asian markets.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnes Marshall, regarded as the "queen of ices" in England, did much to popularize ice cream recipes and make its consumption into a fashionable middle-class pursuit. She wrote four books: <i>The Book of Ices</i> (1885), <i>Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery</i> (1888), <i>Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Larger Cookery Book of Extra Recipes</i> (1891) and <i>Fancy Ices</i> (1894) and gave public lectures on cooking. She even suggested using liquid nitrogen to make ice cream. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cream soda">Ice cream soda</a> was invented in the 1870s, adding to ice cream's popularity. The invention of this cold treat is attributed to American Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The <a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">ice cream sundae</a> originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to support any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue laws</a>, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_Rivers,_Wisconsin" title="Two Rivers, Wisconsin">Two Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>. Both the <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">ice cream cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banana_split" title="Banana split">banana split</a> became popular in the early 20th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg/170px-Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg/255px-Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg/340px-Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Marshall" title="Agnes Marshall">Agnes Marshall</a>, "queen of ices", instrumental in making ice-cream fashionable</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of the cone being used as an edible receptacle for the ice cream is in <i>Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery</i> of 1888. Her recipe for "Cornet with Cream" said that "the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons".<sup id="cite_ref-whatscookingamerica.net_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatscookingamerica.net-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historicfood.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicfood.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatscookingamerica.net_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatscookingamerica.net-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice cream cone was popularized in the US at the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whatscookingamerica.net_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatscookingamerica.net-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the <a href="/wiki/Soda_shop" title="Soda shop">soda shop</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soda_fountain" title="Soda fountain">soda fountain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_parlor" title="Ice cream parlor">ice cream parlor</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">American Prohibition</a>, the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a> and saloons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._(FRONT).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/220px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/330px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/440px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption>Children in <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street" title="Maxwell Street">Chicago</a> surround an ice cream vendor in 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Johnson%27s" title="Howard Johnson's">Howard Johnson's</a> restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors", and <a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a> made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy (the company now boasts that it has developed over 1,000 varieties). </p><p>One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream, which has more air mixed in, thereby reducing costs. The soft ice cream machine fills a cone or dish from a <a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">spigot</a>. In the United States, chains such as <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Queen" title="Dairy Queen">Dairy Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvel_(franchise)" title="Carvel (franchise)">Carvel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tastee-Freez" title="Tastee-Freez">Tastee-Freez</a> helped popularize soft-serve ice cream. Baskin-Robbins would later incorporate it into their menu. </p><p>Technological innovations such as these have introduced various food additives into ice cream, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizing agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which some people have an <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">intolerance</a>. Recent awareness of this issue has prompted a number of manufacturers to start producing gluten-free ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s saw thicker ice creams being sold as "premium" and "super-premium" varieties under brands such as <a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s" title="Ben & Jerry's">Ben & Jerry's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_Shoppe_Ice_Cream_Company" title="Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Company">Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4agen-Dazs" title="Häagen-Dazs">Häagen-Dazs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <p>Ice cream is a colloidal <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> made with water, ice, milk fat, milk protein, sugar and air.<sup id="cite_ref-Goff-1997-Colloidal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goff-1997-Colloidal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goff-1993-Polysaccharides_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goff-1993-Polysaccharides-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water and fat have the highest proportions by weight creating an emulsion that has dispersed phase as fat globules. The emulsion is turned into foam by incorporating air cells which are frozen to form dispersed ice cells. The triacylglycerols in fat are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">nonpolar</a> and will adhere to themselves by <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals interactions">Van der Waals interactions</a>. Water is polar, thus emulsifiers are needed for dispersion of fat. Also, ice cream has a colloidal phase of foam which helps in its light texture. Milk proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> protein present in ice cream are amphiphilic, can adsorb water and form <a href="/wiki/Micelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Micelles">micelles</a> which will contribute to its consistency. The proteins contribute to the emulsification, aeration and texture. <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharide</a>, is usually used as a sweetening agent. <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a>, which is sugar present in milk, will cause freezing point depression. Thus, on freezing some water will remain unfrozen and will not give a hard texture.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too much lactose will result in a non ideal texture because of either excessive freezing point depression or lactose crystallization.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EismaschineBoku.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EismaschineBoku.JPG/220px-EismaschineBoku.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EismaschineBoku.JPG/330px-EismaschineBoku.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EismaschineBoku.JPG/440px-EismaschineBoku.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Boku Europa <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">ice cream maker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions. Making it was quite laborious; ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame or brick <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">ice houses</a>, insulated by straw. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in the summer. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Tudor" title="Frederic Tudor">Frederic Tudor</a> of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into a big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world. </p><p>Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This is called the pot-freezer method.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbeti%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorbetière (page does not exist)">sorbetière</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/sorbeti%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:sorbetière">fr</a>]</span></i></span> (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone. </p><p>The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on 9 September 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design. </p><p>In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Fussell" title="Jacob Fussell">Jacob Fussell</a> of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-Alta_Dena_Dairy_ice_cream_factory_in_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption>An ice cream factory in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a> during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice, and, when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry was underway. </p><p>In modern times, a common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer. Some more expensive models have an built-in freezing element. A newer method is to add <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula for a few seconds; a similar technique, advocated by <a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a> as ideal for home cooks, is to add <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> to the mixture while stirring for a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another method is to use a pre-frozen solution of salt and water, which gradually melts as the ice cream freezes. </p><p>An unusual method of making ice cream was done during World War II by American fighter pilots based in the South Pacific. They attached pairs of 5-US-gallon (19 L) cans to their aircraft. The cans were fitted with a small propeller, this was spun by the slipstream and drove a stirrer, which agitated the mixture while the intense cold of high altitude froze it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B-17 crews in Europe did something similar on their bombing runs as did others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retail_sales">Retail sales</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg/220px-Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg/330px-Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg/440px-Mystic_Ice_Cream_flavor_selection_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Selection of ice cream flavors available at an ice cream shop in <a href="/wiki/Fruitland_Park,_Florida" title="Fruitland Park, Florida">Fruitland Park, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg/220px-Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg/330px-Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg/440px-Pappagallo_j%C3%A4%C3%A4tel%C3%B6kioski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ice cream kiosk in <a href="/wiki/Eken%C3%A4s,_Finland" title="Ekenäs, Finland">Ekenäs, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large <a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">cartons</a> (vats and <a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">squrounds</a>) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milk_bar" title="Milk bar">milk bars</a>, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In 2015, the US produced nearly 900 million US gallons (3.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> L; 750,000,000 imp gal) of ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_job">Specialty job</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_bike34.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesia_bike34.JPG/220px-Indonesia_bike34.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesia_bike34.JPG/330px-Indonesia_bike34.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesia_bike34.JPG/440px-Indonesia_bike34.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A bicycle-based ice cream street vendor in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, jobs specialize in the selling of ice cream. The title of a person who works in this speciality is often called an 'ice cream man', however women also specialize in the selling of ice cream. People in this line of work often sell ice cream on beaches. On beaches, ice cream is either sold by a person who carries a box full of ice cream and is called over by people who want to purchase ice cream, or by a person who drives up to the top of the beach and rings a bell. In the second method, people go up to the top of the beach and purchase ice cream straight from the ice cream seller, who is often in an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">ice cream van</a>. In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg/220px-East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg/330px-East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg/440px-East_Village_ice_cream_truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a> vendor delivery</figcaption></figure> <p>Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from travelling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music or folk melodies (such as "<a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Straw" title="Turkey in the Straw">Turkey in the Straw</a>"). The driver of an ice cream van drives throughout neighbourhoods and stops every so often, usually every block. The seller on the ice cream van sells the ice cream through a large window; this window is also where the customer asks for ice cream and pays. Ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music box</a> noise rather than actual music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients_and_definitions">Ingredients and definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg/220px-Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg/330px-Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg/440px-Black_sesame_soft_ice_cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_sesame" class="mw-redirect" title="Black sesame">Black sesame</a> soft ice cream, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries have regulations controlling what can be described as ice cream. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, Food Labelling Regulations (1996) sets a requirement of at least 5% fat and 2.5% milk protein in order to be sold as ice cream within the UK. In rest of the European Union, a trade organization called European Ice Cream Association calls for minimum dairy fat content of 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> rules state that to be described as "ice cream", a product must have the following composition:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>greater than 10% milk fat</li> <li>6 to 10% milk and non-fat milk solids: this component, also known as the milk solids-not-fat or serum solids, contains the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">caseins</a> and whey proteins) and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (lactose) found in milk</li></ul> <p>It generally also has:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>12 to 16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and glucose-based <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a> sweeteners</li> <li>0.2 to 0.5% stabilizers and emulsifiers</li> <li>55 to 64% water, which comes from the milk or other ingredients.</li></ul> <p>These compositions are percentage by weight. Since ice cream can contain as much as half air by volume, these numbers may be reduced by as much as half if cited by volume. In terms of dietary considerations, the percentages by weight are more relevant. Even low-fat products have high caloric content: Ben and Jerry's No-Fat Vanilla Fudge, for instance, contains 150 calories (630 kJ) per half-cup due to its high sugar content.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drugs_Act" title="Food and Drugs Act">Food and Drugs Act</a> and Regulations, ice cream in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is divided into "Ice cream mix" and "Ice cream". Each have a different set of regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Ice cream" must be at least 10 percent milk fat, and must contain at least 180 grams (6.3 oz) of solids per litre. When cocoa, chocolate syrup, fruit, nuts, or confections are added, the percentage of milk fat can be 8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Ice cream mix" is defined as the pasteurized mix of cream, milk and other milk products that are not yet frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may contain eggs, artificial or non-artificial flavours, cocoa or chocolate syrup, a food colour, an agent that adjusts the pH level in the mix, salt, a stabilizing agent that does not exceed 0.5% of the ice cream mix, a <a href="/wiki/Sequestrant" title="Sequestrant">sequestering agent</a> which preserves the food colour, <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">edible casein</a> that does not exceed 1% of the mix, <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> mono fatty acids in an amount that will not exceed 0.35% of the ice cream mix, and sorbitan tristearate in an amount that will not exceed 0.035% of the mix.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice cream mix may not include less than 36% solid components.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IceCreamSandwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IceCreamSandwich.jpg/220px-IceCreamSandwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IceCreamSandwich.jpg/330px-IceCreamSandwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IceCreamSandwich.jpg/440px-IceCreamSandwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Ice cream sandwich</figcaption></figure> <p>Ice cream is considered a colloidal system. It is composed by ice cream crystals and aggregates, air that does not mix with the ice cream by forming small bubbles in the bulk and partially coalesced fat globules. This dispersed phase made from all the small particles is surrounded by an unfrozen continuous phase composed by sugars, proteins, salts, polysaccharides and water. Their interactions determine the properties of ice cream, whether soft and whippy or hard.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostwald_ripening">Ostwald ripening</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnum_ice_cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Magnum_ice_cream.jpg/220px-Magnum_ice_cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Magnum_ice_cream.jpg/330px-Magnum_ice_cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Magnum_ice_cream.jpg/440px-Magnum_ice_cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate-glazed <a href="/wiki/Magnum_(ice_cream)" title="Magnum (ice cream)">Magnum</a> ice cream bar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a> is the explanation for the growth of large crystals at the expense of small ones in the dispersion phase. This process is also called migratory recrystallization. It involves the formation of sharp crystals. Theories about Ostwald recrystallization admit that after a period of time, the recrystallization process can be described by the following equation: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=r(0)+Rt\exp(1/n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=r(0)+Rt\exp(1/n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/641fb3c221a996b434f68c8704a2a0ffe4b3c34c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.08ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=r(0)+Rt\exp(1/n)}"></span> </p><p>Where r (0) is the initial size, n the order of recrystallization, and t a time constant for recrystallization that depends on the rate R (in units of size/time). </p><p>To make ice cream smooth, recrystallization must occur as slowly as possible, because small crystals create smoothness, meaning that r must decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_safety_concerns">Food safety concerns</h2></div> <p>From the perspective of food chemistry, ice cream is a colloid or foam. The dietary emulsifier plays an important role in ice cream. Soy lecithin and polysorbate are two popular emulsifiers used for ice cream production. A mouse study in 2015 shows that two commonly used dietary emulsifiers <a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a> (CMC) and <a href="/wiki/Polysorbate_80" title="Polysorbate 80">polysorbate 80</a> (P80) can potentially cause inflammatory bowel diseases, weight gain, and other metabolic syndromes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_varieties_by_country" title="List of ice cream varieties by country">List of ice cream varieties by country</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ice_cream" title="Special:EditPage/Ice cream">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around the world, different cultures have developed unique versions of ice cream, suiting the product to local tastes and preferences. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_ice_cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italian_ice_cream.jpg/220px-Italian_ice_cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italian_ice_cream.jpg/330px-Italian_ice_cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italian_ice_cream.jpg/440px-Italian_ice_cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Italian ice cream, <a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">gelato</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The most traditional Argentine <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">helado</i></span> (ice cream) is very similar to Italian gelato, in large part due to the historical influence of Italian immigrants on Argentinian customs. </p><p>Per capita, Australians and New Zealanders are among the leading ice cream consumers in the world, eating 18 litres (4.0 imp gal; 4.8 US gal) and 20 litres (4.4 imp gal; 5.3 US gal) each per year respectively, behind the United States where people eat 23 litres (5.1 imp gal; 6.1 US gal) each per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibisworld_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibisworld-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, besides the popular flavours such as vanilla, chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ice_cream" title="Coffee ice cream">coffee</a>, mango and strawberry, many Chinese ice-cream manufacturers have also introduced other traditional Chinese flavours such as black sesame and red bean. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faloodeh1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/180px-Faloodeh1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/270px-Faloodeh1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/360px-Faloodeh1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>In Iran, a popular ice cream-like treat is <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">fālūde</a></i></span> (also called <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">paloodeh</i></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">paludeh</i></span> or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">fālūdhaj</i></span>), which contains <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</a> noodles, sugar syrup and <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a>. It is often served with <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> juice and sometimes ground <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Greece, ice cream in its modern form, or <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">pagotó</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">παγωτό</span>), was introduced at least from the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>India is one of the largest producers of ice cream in the world, but most of its ice cream is consumed domestically. One of its most well-known ice creams is the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">kulfi</a></i> available in both usual and local flavours like mango, rose, <i>badam</i> (almond), strawberry, <i>kesar</i> (saffron), pistachio, chocolate and can contain nuts, rose petals, saffron stalks, and pieces of other sweets like <a href="/wiki/Rabri" title="Rabri">rabdri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>. </p><p><i>Golas</i> are summer treat consisting of shaved ice packed into a popsicle form on a stick and soaked in flavoured sugar syrup, a popular choice being <i>kala khatta</i>, made from the sweet and sour <a href="/wiki/Syzygium_cumini" title="Syzygium cumini">jamun</a> fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indonesia, a type of traditional ice cream called <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">es puter</i></span> or "stirred ice cream" is made from <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaves, sugar—and flavors that include <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a>, chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Adzuki_bean" title="Adzuki bean">red bean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a>. </p><p>In Iran, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">fālūdeh</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فالوده</span>) or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">pālūde</i></span> (Persian: <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پالوده</span></span>) is a Persian sorbet made of thin vermicelli noodles, frozen with sugar syrup and rose water. The dessert is often served with lime juice and sometimes ground pistachios. </p><p>Italian ice cream, or <a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">gelato</a> as it is known, is a traditional and popular dessert in Italy. Much of the production is still hand-made and flavoured by each individual shop in "<i>produzione propria</i>" gelaterias. Gelato is made from whole milk, sugar, sometimes eggs, and natural flavourings. Gelato typically contains 7–8% fat, less than ice cream's minimum of 10%. </p><p><span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Sorbetes" title="Sorbetes">Sorbetes</a></i></span> is a Philippine version of common ice cream usually peddled from carts by peddlers who roam streets in the Philippines. Despite the similarities between the name <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">sorbetes</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbet</a></i>, <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">sorbetes</i></span> is not a type of sorbet. </p><p>In Spain, ice cream is often in the style of Italian gelato. Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">helado</i></span> can be found in many cafés or speciality ice cream stores. While many traditional flavours are sold, cafés may also sell flavours like nata, <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crema_catalana" title="Crema catalana">crema catalana</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">tiramisu</a>. In the 1980s, the Spanish industry was known for creating many creative and weird <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_bar" title="Ice cream bar">ice cream bars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Syria, there is a traditional ice cream called <a href="/wiki/Booza" title="Booza">booza</a>. It is made by freezing dairy milk with <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a> and sahlab (<a href="/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">salep</a>), giving it a distinctive stretchy and chewy texture. </p><p><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Dondurma" title="Dondurma">Dondurma</a></i></span> is the name given to ice cream in Turkey. Dondurma typically includes milk, sugar, salep, and mastic. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>million adults buy ice cream as a treat, in a market worth £1.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion (according to a report produced in September 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, ice cream made with just cream, sugar, and a flavouring (usually fruit) is sometimes referred to as "Philadelphia style"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ice cream. Ice cream that uses eggs to make a <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a> is sometimes called "French ice cream". American federal labelling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% <a href="/wiki/Milk_Fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk Fat">milk fat</a>. Americans consume about 23 litres of ice cream per person per year—the most in the world. According to <a href="/wiki/The_NPD_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The NPD Group">the NPD Group</a>, the most popular ice cream flavours in the U.S. are vanilla and chocolate with a combined market share of 40% as of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cones">Cones</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Ice cream cone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenSoft_icecream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GreenSoft_icecream.jpg/170px-GreenSoft_icecream.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GreenSoft_icecream.jpg/255px-GreenSoft_icecream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GreenSoft_icecream.jpg/340px-GreenSoft_icecream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Green_tea_ice_cream" title="Green tea ice cream">green tea ice cream</a> cone</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Mrs A.B.Marshall's Cookery Book,</i> published in 1888,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorsed serving ice cream in cones.<sup id="cite_ref-www.canalmuseum.org.uk_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.canalmuseum.org.uk-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnes Marshall was a celebrated <a href="/wiki/Food_writing" title="Food writing">cookery writer</a> of her day and helped to popularize ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>. </p><p>Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">St. Louis World's Fair</a> in 1904. According to legend, an ice cream vendor at the fair ran out of cardboard dishes. The vendor at the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Waffle" title="Waffle">waffle</a> booth next door, unsuccessful in the intense heat, offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles. The new product sold well and was widely copied by other vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-historicfood.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicfood.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatscookingamerica.net_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatscookingamerica.net-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg/220px-Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg/330px-Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg/440px-Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A bowl of <a href="/wiki/Dippin%27_Dots" title="Dippin' Dots">Dippin' Dots</a> Rainbow Ice ice cream</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, some commercial ice cream makers began to use liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, thus eliminating the need for a conventional ice cream freezer.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preparation results in a column of white condensed <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapour</a> cloud. The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming" with liquid nitrogen, is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporized. Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw. Good results can also be achieved with the more readily available <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>, and authors such as <a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a> have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_ice_cream" title="Winter ice cream">Winter ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">Sundae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-stimulus_headache" title="Cold-stimulus headache">Cold-stimulus headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">Gelato</a> – Italian ice cream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_social" title="Ice cream social">Ice cream social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dairy_products" title="List of dairy products">List of dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_desserts" title="List of desserts">List of desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_brands" title="List of ice cream brands">List of ice cream brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_flavors" title="List of ice cream flavors">List of ice cream flavors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_parlor_chains" title="List of ice cream parlor chains">List of ice cream parlor chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a> – a blended mix of ice cream, milk and syrups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Maria_Donaldson_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Maria Donaldson Johnson">Nancy Maria Donaldson Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_serve" title="Soft serve">Soft serve</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the small-batch ice cream business <a href="/wiki/Nice_Cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Cream">Nice Cream</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514083818/http://www.idfa.org/facts/icmonth/page5.cfm">"Ice Cream Labeling: What Does it all Mean?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Foodservice_Distributors_Association" title="International Foodservice Distributors Association">International Foodservice Distributors Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idfa.org/news--views/media-kits/ice-cream/ice-cream-labeling/">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ice+Cream+Labeling%3A+What+Does+it+all+Mean%3F&rft.pub=International+Foodservice+Distributors+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfa.org%2Fnews--views%2Fmedia-kits%2Fice-cream%2Fice-cream-labeling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/17/dining/remembering-when-breyers-ice-cream-was-you-know-ice-cream.html">"Ice Cream's Identity Crisis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 17 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082038/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/17/dining/remembering-when-breyers-ice-cream-was-you-know-ice-cream.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Royal Society of chemistry. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceicecream00clar_002/page/n21">4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+of+Ice+Cream&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+chemistry&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceicecream00clar_002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3023286/nice-ice-baby-whats-those-pricey-kakigori-shaved-ice-desserts">"Nice ice, baby: what's in those pricier Japanese shaved ice desserts"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 18 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050531/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3023286/nice-ice-baby-whats-those-pricey-kakigori-shaved-ice-desserts">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Pillow+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FThe_Pillow_Book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYako2019" class="citation web cs1">Yako, Nao (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/09/26/news/natural-ice-becoming-popular-source-for-shaved-frozen-treat/">"Natural ice becoming popular source for shaved frozen treat"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Advertiser</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817024609/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/09/26/news/natural-ice-becoming-popular-source-for-shaved-frozen-treat/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Advertiser&rft.atitle=Natural+ice+becoming+popular+source+for+shaved+frozen+treat&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Yako&rft.aufirst=Nao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staradvertiser.com%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2Fnews%2Fnatural-ice-becoming-popular-source-for-shaved-frozen-treat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeirWeir2010" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Caroline; Weir, Robin (2010). <i>Ice Creams, Sorbets & Gelati:The Definitive Guide</i>. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Creams%2C+Sorbets+%26+Gelati%3AThe+Definitive+Guide&rft.pages=217&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Weir%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocss-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocss_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocss_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Darra, ed. 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Perpignan: Presses universitaires de Perpignan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35412-382-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35412-382-6"><bdi>978-2-35412-382-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1366226853">1366226853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+glace+et+ses+usages.&rft.place=Perpignan&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Perpignan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1366226853&rft.isbn=978-2-35412-382-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1366226853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser1999" class="citation book cs1">Visser, Margaret (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iijF4QSwPssC"><i>Much Depends on Dinner</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Grove Atlantic Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3651-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-3651-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Much+Depends+on+Dinner&rft.pages=297&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3651-0&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiijF4QSwPssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.procope.com/">"Restaurant Le Procope"</a> (in Italian). procope.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309041331/http://www.procope.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restaurant+Le+Procope&rft.pub=procope.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.procope.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014). Tom Jaine (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890807357">890807357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=403&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890807357&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallings1979" class="citation journal cs1">Stallings, W.S. Jr. (November 1979). "Ice Cream and Water Ices in 17th and 18th Century England". <i>Petit Propos Culinaires</i> (3): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fppc.29570">10.1558/ppc.29570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petit+Propos+Culinaires&rft.atitle=Ice+Cream+and+Water+Ices+in+17th+and+18th+Century+England&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1979-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fppc.29570&rft.aulast=Stallings&rft.aufirst=W.S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEales1985" class="citation book cs1">Eales, Mary (1985) [1718]. <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts"><i>Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts</i></a>. London: Prospect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907325-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-907325-25-4"><bdi>0-907325-25-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228661650">228661650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Mary+Eales%27s+Receipts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228661650&rft.isbn=0-907325-25-4&rft.aulast=Eales&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20735/20735-h/20735-h.htm#ice_cream">"Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205032/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20735/20735-h/20735-h.htm#ice_cream">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Mary+Eales%27s+Receipts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F20735%2F20735-h%2F20735-h.htm%23ice_cream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace2018" class="citation book cs1">Grace, Maria (2018). <i>How Jane Austen Kept her Cool - An A to Z History of Georgian Ice Cream</i>. Great Britain: White Soup Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998093796" title="Special:BookSources/9780998093796"><bdi>9780998093796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jane+Austen+Kept+her+Cool+-+An+A+to+Z+History+of+Georgian+Ice+Cream&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=White+Soup+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780998093796&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 3nd ed. 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/90780"><i>s.v.</i> 'ice cream'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1996" class="citation book cs1">David, Elizabeth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59649098"><i>Harvest of the cold months</i></a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017641-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-017641-1"><bdi>0-14-017641-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59649098">59649098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+of+the+cold+months.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59649098&rft.isbn=0-14-017641-1&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F59649098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutt2022" class="citation book cs1">Nutt, Frederick (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgMqAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Complete Confectioner or The Whole Art of Confectionary Made Easy: Also Receipts for Home-made Wines, Cordials, French and Italian Liqueurs &c</i></a>. S. Leigh and Baldwin Cradock, and Joy (published 1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094251/https://books.google.com/books?id=WgMqAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Confectioner+or+The+Whole+Art+of+Confectionary+Made+Easy%3A+Also+Receipts+for+Home-made+Wines%2C+Cordials%2C+French+and+Italian+Liqueurs+%26c&rft.pub=S.+Leigh+and+Baldwin+Cradock%2C+and+Joy&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.aulast=Nutt&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgMqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1744 in <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History & Biography</i> (1877) <b>1</b>:126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/explore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream/">"Explore the History of Ice Cream | The History Kitchen"</a>. <i>PBS Food</i>. 11 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717103238/https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/explore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Food&rft.atitle=Explore+the+History+of+Ice+Cream+%7C+The+History+Kitchen&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffood%2Fthe-history-kitchen%2Fexplore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idfa.org/news-views/media-kits/ice-cream/the-history-of-ice-cream">"The History of Ice Cream – International Dairy Foods Association"</a>. <i>www.idfa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219043336/http://www.idfa.org/news-views/media-kits/ice-cream/the-history-of-ice-cream">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idfa.org&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ice+Cream+%E2%80%93+International+Dairy+Foods+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfa.org%2Fnews-views%2Fmedia-kits%2Fice-cream%2Fthe-history-of-ice-cream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers_2007-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myers_2007_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2007" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Richard L. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/100mostimportant0000myer"><i>The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide</i></a></span> (1. publ. ed.). 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CRC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalproperti00aran_779/page/n398">385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439835364" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439835364"><bdi>978-1439835364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Properties+of+Foods%3A+Novel+Measurement+Techniques+and+Applications&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439835364&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalproperti00aran_779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartelGoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartel, Richard W.; Goff, H.Douglass (2013). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/icecream00goff"><i>Ice Cream</i></a></span> (7th ed.). New York: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/icecream00goff/page/n366">358</a>, 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6095-4"><bdi>978-1-4614-6095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Cream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=358%2C+359&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6095-4&rft.aulast=Hartel&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Goff%2C+H.Douglass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ficecream00goff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChassaingKorenGoodrichPoole2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chassaing, Benoit; Koren, Omry; Goodrich, Julia K.; Poole, Angela C.; Srinivasan, Shanthi; Ley, Ruth E.; Gewirtz, Andrew T. 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If the <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">erratum</a> has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Erratum" title="Template:Erratum">erratum</a>|...}}</code> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Erratum" title="Template:Erratum">erratum</a>|...|checked=yes}}</code>.</span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibisworld-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibisworld_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427031709/http://www.ferret.com.au/articles/31/0c02a331.asp">"Business Outlook: ice cream manufacturing (based on a report to be found through www.ibisworld.com.au)"</a>. Reed Business Information. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferret.com.au/articles/31/0c02a331.asp">the original</a> on 27 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Outlook%3A+ice+cream+manufacturing+%28based+on+a+report+to+be+found+through+www.ibisworld.com.au%29&rft.pub=Reed+Business+Information&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferret.com.au%2Farticles%2F31%2F0c02a331.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/102452/ice-gola-summer/">"The Long & Fascinating History Behind Ice Gola, India's Go-To Summer Treat"</a>. <i>The Better India</i>. 26 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127071708/https://www.thebetterindia.com/102452/ice-gola-summer/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Better+India&rft.atitle=The+Long+%26+Fascinating+History+Behind+Ice+Gola%2C+India%27s+Go-To+Summer+Treat&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebetterindia.com%2F102452%2Fice-gola-summer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/07/06/articulo/1499326164_567700.html">"Así inventamos el Frigo pie, el Drácula, el Calippo y el Twister"</a>. <i>Verne</i> (in Spanish). 8 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001233021/https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/07/06/articulo/1499326164_567700.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verne&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+inventamos+el+Frigo+pie%2C+el+Dr%C3%A1cula%2C+el+Calippo+y+el+Twister&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverne.elpais.com%2Fverne%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2Farticulo%2F1499326164_567700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.just-food.com/store/product.aspx?id=81857">"Ice Cream – UK"</a>. <i>just-food.com</i>. Aroq Ltd. September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=just-food.com&rft.atitle=Ice+Cream+%E2%80%93+UK&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.just-food.com%2Fstore%2Fproduct.aspx%3Fid%3D81857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein,_Bruce1999" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Bruce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025113728/http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/PEACH-ICE-CREAM-PHILADELPHIA-STYLE-101911">"Peach Ice Cream, Philadelphia Style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9Net,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CondéNet, Inc.">CondéNet, Inc.</a>, reprinted from William Morrow and Co.'s The Ultimate Ice Cream Book. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/PEACH-ICE-CREAM-PHILADELPHIA-STYLE-101911">the original</a> on 25 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peach+Ice+Cream%2C+Philadelphia+Style&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9Net%2C+Inc.%2C+reprinted+from+William+Morrow+and+Co.%27s+The+Ultimate+Ice+Cream+Book&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Frecipes%2Ffood%2Fviews%2FPEACH-ICE-CREAM-PHILADELPHIA-STYLE-101911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodchannel.com/articles/article/the-top-15-most-popular-ice-cream-flavors/">"The Top 10 Most Popular Ice Cream Flavors"</a>. The Food Network. 8 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323124823/http://www.foodchannel.com/articles/article/the-top-15-most-popular-ice-cream-flavors/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+10+Most+Popular+Ice+Cream+Flavors&rft.pub=The+Food+Network&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodchannel.com%2Farticles%2Farticle%2Fthe-top-15-most-popular-ice-cream-flavors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221180739/https://www.rabelaisbooks.com/pages/books/6347/mrs-a-b-marshall-agnes-b-marshall/mrs-a-b-marshalls-cookery-book-with-seventy-illustrations">"Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Cookery Book, with seventy illustrations"</a>. <i>Rabelais fine books</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabelaisbooks.com/pages/books/6347/mrs-a-b-marshall-agnes-b-marshall/mrs-a-b-marshalls-cookery-book-with-seventy-illustrations">the original</a> on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rabelais+fine+books&rft.atitle=Mrs.+A.B.+Marshall%27s+Cookery+Book%2C+with+seventy+illustrations.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabelaisbooks.com%2Fpages%2Fbooks%2F6347%2Fmrs-a-b-marshall-agnes-b-marshall%2Fmrs-a-b-marshalls-cookery-book-with-seventy-illustrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.canalmuseum.org.uk-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.canalmuseum.org.uk_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/ice/marshall.htm">"The Ice House – ice trade and ice cream"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131210955/http://canalmuseum.org.uk/ice/marshall.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ice+House+%E2%80%93+ice+trade+and+ice+cream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalmuseum.org.uk%2Fice%2Fmarshall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331031542/http://www.subzeroicecream.com/press/coldfacts2006.pdf">"Mmmm...Cryogenically Frozen Ice Cream"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cold Facts</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 6–7. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subzeroicecream.com/press/coldfacts2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Facts&rft.atitle=Mmmm...Cryogenically+Frozen+Ice+Cream&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.subzeroicecream.com%2Fpress%2Fcoldfacts2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heston At Home- Heston Blumenthal</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice_cream" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice cream">Ice cream</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ice_cream" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ice cream">ice cream</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.uconn.edu/blog/2011/08/how-its-made-uconn-dairy-bar-ice-cream">How It's Made: UConn Dairy Bar Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/selected-internet/icecream.html">Selected Internet Resources – Ice Cream / Science Reference Section, Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice_cream" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice_cream" title="Template:Ice cream"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice_cream" title="Template talk:Ice cream"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice_cream" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice cream"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice_cream" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ice cream</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_flavors" title="List of ice cream flavors">Flavors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_ice_cream" title="Bacon ice cream">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_ice_cream" title="Beer ice cream">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_Tortoni" title="Biscuit Tortoni">Biscuit Tortoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_raspberry_ice_cream" title="Black raspberry ice cream">Black raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon_(ice_cream)" title="Blue moon (ice cream)">Blue moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_Brickle" title="Butter Brickle">Butter Brickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_pecan" title="Butter pecan">Butter pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_ice_cream" title="Cherry ice cream">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_ice_cream" title="Chocolate ice cream">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie_dough_ice_cream" title="Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream">Chocolate chip cookie dough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ice_cream" title="Coffee ice cream">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookies_and_cream" title="Cookies and cream">Cookies and cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_ice_cream" title="Crab ice cream">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_ice_cream" title="Garlic ice cream">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goody_Goody_Gum_Drops" title="Goody Goody Gum Drops">Goody Goody Gum Drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_ice_cream" title="Grape ice cream">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea_ice_cream" title="Green tea ice cream">Green tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halvah_ice_cream" title="Halvah ice cream">Halvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokey_pokey_(ice_cream)" title="Hokey pokey (ice cream)">Hokey pokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate_chip" title="Mint chocolate chip">Mint chocolate chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_mist" title="Moon mist">Moon mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Tracks" title="Moose Tracks">Moose Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_ice_cream" title="Neapolitan ice cream">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_ice_cream" title="Oyster ice cream">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_ice_cream" title="Pistachio ice cream">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queso_ice_cream" title="Queso ice cream">Queso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_ripple" title="Raspberry ripple">Raspberry ripple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_road_(ice_cream)" title="Rocky road (ice cream)">Rocky road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_raisin" title="Rum raisin">Rum raisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sili_ice_cream" title="Sili ice cream">Sili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spumoni" title="Spumoni">Spumoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stracciatella_(ice_cream)" title="Stracciatella (ice cream)">Stracciatella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_ice_cream" title="Strawberry ice cream">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superman_(ice_cream_flavor)" title="Superman (ice cream flavor)">Superman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaberry_ice_cream" title="Teaberry ice cream">Teaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_tail_ice_cream" title="Tiger tail ice cream">Tiger tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutti_frutti" title="Tutti frutti">Tutti frutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ube_ice_cream" title="Ube ice cream">Ube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_ice_cream" title="Vanilla ice cream">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_bar" title="Ice cream bar">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastani" title="Bastani">Bastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booza" title="Booza">Booza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cake" title="Ice cream cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_ice_cream" title="Cornish ice cream">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondurma" title="Dondurma">Dondurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_float" title="Ice cream float">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-dried_ice_cream" title="Freeze-dried ice cream">Freeze-dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_ice_cream" title="Fried ice cream">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbetes" title="Sorbetes">Sorbetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir-fried_ice_cream" title="Stir-fried ice cream">Stir-fried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/99_Flake" title="99 Flake">99 Flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_roll" title="Arctic roll">Arctic roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_split" title="Banana split">Banana split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananas_Foster" title="Bananas Foster">Bananas Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombe_glac%C3%A9e" title="Bombe glacée">Bombe glacée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_li%C3%A9geois" title="Café liégeois">Café liégeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherries_jubilee" title="Cherries jubilee">Cherries jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choc_ice" title="Choc ice">Choc ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choc-top" title="Choc-top">Choc-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creme_de_papaya" title="Creme de papaya">Creme de papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_blanche_(dessert)" title="Dame blanche (dessert)">Dame blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mix-in" title="Mix-in">Mix-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_ice_cream" title="Mochi ice cream">Mochi ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfait" title="Parfait">Parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Melba" title="Peach Melba">Peach Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poire_belle_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" title="Poire belle Hélène">Poire belle Hélène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_sandwich" title="Ice cream sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizzling_brownie" title="Sizzling brownie">Sizzling brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghettieis" title="Spaghettieis">Spaghettieis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_(ice_cream)" title="Splice (ice cream)">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">Sundae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_sundae" title="Bacon sundae">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Opulence_Sundae" title="Golden Opulence Sundae">Golden Opulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_glory" title="Knickerbocker glory">Knickerbocker glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_(Zamboanga)" title="Knickerbocker (Zamboanga)">Knickerbocker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartufo" title="Tartufo">Tartufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccotto" title="Zuccotto">Zuccotto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Cream_for_Breakfast_Day" title="Ice Cream for Breakfast Day">Ice Cream for Breakfast Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_social" title="Ice cream social">Ice cream social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ice_Cream_Month" title="National Ice Cream Month">National Ice Cream Month</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_brands" title="List of ice cream brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_parlor_chains" title="List of ice cream parlor chains">Parlor chains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gatti" title="Carlo Gatti">Carlo Gatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelato_University" title="Gelato University">Gelato University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_varieties_by_country" title="List of ice cream varieties by country">Geography of ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cart" title="Ice cream cart">Ice cream cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_parlor" title="Ice cream parlor">Ice cream parlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_lick" title="Penny lick">Penny lick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_custard" title="Frozen custard">Frozen custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_yogurt" title="Frozen yogurt">Frozen yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">Gelato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granita" title="Granita">Granita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_ice" title="Italian ice">Italian ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">Kulfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semifreddo" title="Semifreddo">Semifreddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shave_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Shave ice">Shave ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaved_ice" title="Shaved ice">Shaved ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbet_(frozen_dessert)" title="Sherbet (frozen dessert)">Sherbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slushy" title="Slushy">Slushy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_cream" title="Snow cream">Snow cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_serve" title="Soft serve">Soft serve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">Sorbet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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