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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional and folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_and_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditional instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industry and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holidays and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> is an African country made up of different ethnic groups, although <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Batswana</a> are the majority of the population. Music is a large part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Botswana culture</a>, and includes popular and folk forms. Botswana <a href="/wiki/Church_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Church choir">church choirs</a> are common nationwide. </p><p>Beginning in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">Immigrants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> began arriving in large numbers and they called the colony <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known instrument from present-day Botswana is a <i>seburuburu</i> <a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">bullroarer</a> crafted from a bone, dating to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matlapaneng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matlapaneng (page does not exist)">Matlapaneng</a> dig site and dating to approximately 1,000 years ago. A bone flute or whistle dating back approximately 900 years ago was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Bosutswe" title="Bosutswe">Bosutswe</a> site, with one opening that is covered by the user to produce different notes. Bone instruments are the only ones of this age durable enough to survive to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instruments were historically considered important items that owners preserved over the course of their life, and some were considered the heritage of the community and could not be sold without the chief's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a religious significance to instruments, both in the materials used to make them and in blessings placed on them. They were then used in rituals to communicate with ancestors and request good fortune and health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the charms carried by Tswana men in the 19th century to ward off evil, one was a whistle used as an alert to danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional music of the Batswana and other peoples in the region was often performed daily prior to colonisation. This included both songs and religious chants. The norms introduced by the colonial government and the European missionaries largely ended such practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Botswana's education system grew in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> was widely taught. It grew to be a popular type of music as competitive choir singing became common. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_Kalanga_Wizards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown Kalanga Wizards (page does not exist)">Brown Kalanga Wizards</a> were the first recording group in present-day Botswana, forming in the 1950s and producing two albums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional folk music saw a resurgence as part of Botswana's <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Botswana">independence movement</a> and formation of a national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National radio broadcasts began in the 1960s, with choir and folk singing appearing as the most common genres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folk singer and <i>segaba</i> player <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratsie_Setlhako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratsie Setlhako (page does not exist)">Ratsie Setlhako</a> was one of the most popular post-independence musicians, performing at most national events from 1966 until his death in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Setlhako,_Ratsie_(ca._1900–1976)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Setlhako,_Ratsie_(ca._1900–1976)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Botswana was one of the first African countries to develop a hip hop following as the genre developed in the early 1980s. South African music grew and spread to Botswana following the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in 1994, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">kwaito</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">motswako</a></i> genres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Telecommunications_Authority" title="Botswana Telecommunications Authority">Botswana Telecommunications Authority</a> started issuing radio broadcasting licenses in 1998. <a href="/wiki/Yarona_FM" title="Yarona FM">Yarona FM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabz_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabz FM (page does not exist)">Gabz FM</a> began broadcasting in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Radio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Radio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African jazz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">kwaito</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> emerged as major genres at this time, and hip hop became the country's most popular music genre by 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_and_folk_music">Traditional and folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional and folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional folk songs are the most well known form of music to originate from Botswana, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Songs are performed by several vocalists and instrumentalists, who may harmonise with one another or stagger their notes to create momentum with interlocking sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reed dance (page does not exist)">reed dance</a> is an example of harmonised choir that existed before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> in the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, music of the peoples in present-day Botswana was closely associated with religion and spiritual healing. Upon their arrival, European missionaries challenged the traditional African music as it was closely associated with native religion and spiritual beliefs. Christian denominations that developed natively, like the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a>, incorporate native healing songs in its practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Tswana songs are <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> and have a short <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> with a range of less than one <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>. They use a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> form in which the lead singer begins and is followed by the other singers. The response may be a repetition of the lead singer or a balancing melody, and the exchange is repeated numerous times, sometimes for several minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518–19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518–19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">Diatonic</a> folk songs became more common as Setswana music was influenced by foreign styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198519_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198519-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Setswana and related languages are <a href="/wiki/Tone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone language">tone languages</a>, these tonal changes can be used in musical performances, often alongside flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195–196_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195–196-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music may be used to imitate animal sounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Bird_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird call">bird calls</a>. The <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> use bowstrings to imitate the sound of hoofbeats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dance is closely integrated with traditional music and an essential element of its performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198520_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198520-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the instruments used in traditional songs require deliberate, complex movement of the body, particularly through the use of rattles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Play songs feature <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> sounds, made by clapping or by wearing rattles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rite of passage songs carry messages for adolescents about innocence and chastity. Such songs for girls often use a <i>moropa</i> drum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War songs often incorporate a <i>motlhatswa</i> whistle or a <i>lepatata</i> horn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_instruments">Traditional instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocalisation and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> make up the largest portion of Setswana folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musical_bow" title="Musical bow">Musical bows</a> are common string instruments, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lengope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lengope (page does not exist)">lengope</a></i>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nkokwane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nkokwane (page does not exist)">nkokwane</a></i>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segwane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segwane (page does not exist)">segwane</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafata-iswaneng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafata-iswaneng (page does not exist)">mafata-iswaneng</a></i>, which are resonated through the mouth, through a gourd, through a tin can, and <a href="/wiki/Ground_bow" title="Ground bow">through the ground</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198524-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katara_(instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katara (instrument) (page does not exist)">katara</a></i> is a two-string or three-string guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Segankuru" title="Segankuru">segankuru</a></i> is held on the shoulder using a wire and played with a bow in a circular motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198524-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the most common instrument in modern Setswana folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San people traditionally play the <i><a href="/wiki/Quashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Quashi">quashi</a></i>, a type of bow-like <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198529–30_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198529–30-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekinkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekinkane (page does not exist)">sekinkane</a></i> is a thumb piano sometimes used in Setswana folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Batswana women are able to <a href="/wiki/Ululate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ululate">ululate</a>, a trilling sound used as a form of cheering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussion">Percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matlhowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matlhowa (page does not exist)">Matlhowa</a></i> are rattles that are worn on the leg or the ankle. They are traditionally made of cocoons filled with pebbles or seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each rattle is crafted from over one hundred cocoons, which are soaked, filled, dried, and then tied by each end to a string. Other rattles were created using the ears of <a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">springboks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006198_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006198-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clapping is common in traditional songs of the Tswana and San peoples, among other groups in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wooden <a href="/wiki/Clapper_(musical_instrument)" title="Clapper (musical instrument)">clappers</a> may be used for this purpose, or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marapo (page does not exist)">marapo</a></i> hand clappers crafted from bone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Tswana people, clapping is often done at a beat of 4/4 or 2/4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is historically the role of women to clap during songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drums are less common in Setswana folk music relative to that of other African peoples, both in how often they are used overall and how prominently they appear in songs where they are present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comes from the difficulty of finding trees of sufficient size to make drums in the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only type of drum found in traditional Setswana music is the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moropa (page does not exist)">moropa</a></i>, which can be formed from several materials, such as a tree trunk, a milk jug, or a can.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern drums in Botswana are often two-sided, made of a short metal cylinder wrapped in cowhide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga people</a> use drums more frequently than other peoples of Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mbukushu" title="Mbukushu">Mbukushu</a> people use <a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">friction drums</a>, which is played by rubbing a reed tied to the drumhead. The <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero people</a> use a two-sided <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ongoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ongoma (page does not exist)">ongoma</a></i>, which is beat with sticks. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kgatla_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kgatla people (page does not exist)">Kgatla people</a> began using drums for women's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bojale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bojale (page does not exist)">bojale</a></i> initiation ceremonies in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peoples of northern and northeastern Botswana fashioned tree trunk drums using animal hides as a cover, applying them fresh so they would shrink around the shape of the drum while drying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drums were held between the legs at an angle while played.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind">Wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instruments</a> are often made of bone, reed, or animal horn. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lengwane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lengwane (page does not exist)">lengwane</a></i> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motlhatswa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motlhatswa (page does not exist)">motlhatswa</a></i>, made of goat bone and a hollowed tree branch, respectively, are played by blowing across its top. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenaka_la_phala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenaka la phala (page does not exist)">lenaka la phala</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lepatata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepatata">lepatata</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenaka_la_tholo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenaka la tholo (page does not exist)">lenaka la tholo</a></i> are made of an <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a> horn, a <a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">sable antelope</a> horn, and a <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudu</a> horn, respectively. They are played by blowing into the instrument's narrow end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198524-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind instruments traditionally had practical uses, such as communication between herders, calling to cattle, and summoning spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medics wore plugged whistles around their necks, which they used to carry medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200–201_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200–201-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flutes and whistles feature prominently in traditional music of the Batswana and the San.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed flutes were made by driving a stick through the reed to hollow it. This produced either the short, high-pitched <i>mpenyane</i> flute or the low-pitched <i>meporo</i> created by joining reeds together. <i>Meporo</i> flutes could be nearly six feet long, and the plug at the end was manipulated with a stick to change its tune. These reed flutes were replaced by metal flutes in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana hip hop</a></div> <p>Hip hop spread to Botswana from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, English-language rapping in Botswana typically uses <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. The earliest hip hop of Botswana in the 1980s incorporated <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">instrumentation</a>. Hip hop <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videoes</a> are associated with detailed storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wizards_(Botswana_band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wizards (Botswana band) (page does not exist)">Wizards</a> were formed as an early hip hop group in Botswana, also incorporating <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Matheatau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Matheatau (page does not exist)">Jeff Matheatau</a> is a prominent Motswana rapper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record label <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phat_Boy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phat Boy (page does not exist)">Phat Boy</a> signs with Batswana hip hop artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio and television show <i>Strictly Hip-Hop</i>, hosted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Balsher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dave Balsher (page does not exist)">Dave Balsher</a> (Draztik) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salim_Mosidinyane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salim Mosidinyane (page does not exist)">Salim Mosidinyane</a> (Slim), helped popularise hip hop in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both had brought American hip hop with them after moving to Botswana from the United States, and both were members of the hip hop groups <a href="/wiki/Cashless_Society_(band)" title="Cashless Society (band)">Cashless Society</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organik_Interfaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organik Interfaze (page does not exist)">Organik Interfaze</a>. Other radio hosts, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndala_Baitsile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndala Baitsile (page does not exist)">Ndala Baitsile</a> (DJ Sid) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Molosiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Molosiwa (page does not exist)">David Molosiwa</a> (D-Ski) also contributed to its spread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></i> is a subgenre of hip hop. It was popularised in Botswana by the <a href="/wiki/Francistown" title="Francistown">Francistown</a>-born South African artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tebogo_Mapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tebogo Mapine (page does not exist)">Tebogo Mapine</a> (Nomadic). He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> hip hop group <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-Side_Crew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-Side Crew (page does not exist)">P-Side Crew</a>, one of the earliest hip hop groups in Botswana, from 1994. <i>Motswako</i> is usually rapped in Setswana, though it sometimes includes American English terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thato_Matlhabaphiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thato Matlhabaphiri (page does not exist)">Thato Matlhabaphiri</a> (Scar) and <a href="/wiki/Game_Bantsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Bantsi">Game Bantsi</a> (Zeus) are <i>motswako</i> artists who rose to prominence in the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Botswana's <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> is broadly referred to as <i>jazz</i>, which is common among African countries, though it is distinct from the jazz that originated in the Western world. Botswana has relatively few native popular music artists, and most of the country's popular music is imported from Europe, South Africa, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634–35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634–35-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> have a presence in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kwaito</i> music is commonly performed in South African languages like <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, as well as American English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kwaito</i> singer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lesokwane" title="Frank Lesokwane">Frank Lesokwane</a> was one of the most successful artists in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mapetla_Ntirelang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thabo Mapetla Ntirelang (page does not exist)">Thabo Mapetla Ntirelang</a> is another prominent <i>kwaito</i> artist. <i>Kwaito</i> culture has similarities to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" title="Hip hop (culture)">hip hop culture</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kwasa-kwasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwasa-kwasa">kwasa-kwasa</a></i> genre developed in Botswana, based on Congolese <i>kwassa kwassa</i> music. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwaito_kwasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwaito kwasa (page does not exist)">Kwaito kwasa</a></i> is a fusion genre of <i>kwasa-kwasa</i> and <i>kwaito</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vee_Mampeezy" title="Vee Mampeezy">Vee Mampeezy</a> is a prominent <i>kwaito kwasa</i> artist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of rock music's popularity in Botswana has been gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music has begun to gain momentum, partly due to mainstream media such as <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_O" title="Channel O">Channel O</a> and the internet. The native Batswana have demonstrated an appreciation for this genre, and since 2000 many new bands have been formed; most play locally, but a few have toured southern Africa. Rock culture has been recognized with bands uniting in a "Rock Against AIDS" tour. Crackdust was famous Metal band in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Music Eisteddfod is held annually in <a href="/wiki/Selebi-Phikwe" title="Selebi-Phikwe">Selebi-Phikwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_and_economics">Industry and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industry and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio stations in Botswana often broadcast popular music. Each music station has a format, or a category of songs to be played; these are generally similar to but not the same as ordinary generic classification. Many radio stations in Botswana are locally owned media. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">independent music industry</a> (<i>indie music</i>) does exist and artists remain at an indie label for their entire careers. Indie music may be in styles generally similar to mainstream music, but is often inaccessible, unusual, or otherwise unappealing to many people. Indie musicians often release some or all of their songs over the Internet for fans and others to download and listen. </p><p>Vendors often sell CDs made specifically to be played at weddings, featuring both <a href="/wiki/Wedding_music" title="Wedding music">wedding music</a> and pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006147_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006147-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music is taught in <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> and offered as an elective in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>. Dance is generally included within music education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High schools generally offer classes in singing, mostly choral, and instrumentation in the form of a large <a href="/wiki/School_band" title="School band">school band</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holidays and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public events and gatherings in Botswana are frequently accompanied by music, including holiday gatherings, fairs, dedications, and other celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198515–16_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198515–16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each type of event or subject has its own associated songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198517_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198517-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is common for individuals and groups to sing in public, sometimes spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198516_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198516-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music is an important part of several Botswana holidays, playing a major part in the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. </p><p>Botswana is home to numerous <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a>, which showcase styles ranging from house to <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>. Some music festivals are opened in local areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Culture of Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Botswana_musicians" title="List of Botswana musicians">List of Botswana musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMortonRamsay1987" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff, eds. (1987). <i>The Birth of Botswana: A history of the Bechuanaland Protectorate from 1910 to 1966</i>. Gaborone, Botswana: Longman Botswana. p. needed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-00584-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-00584-6"><bdi>978-0-582-00584-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Botswana%3A+A+history+of+the+Bechuanaland+Protectorate+from+1910+to+1966&rft.place=Gaborone%2C+Botswana&rft.pages=needed&rft.pub=Longman+Botswana&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-00584-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006196_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Music_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018">Morton & Ramsay 2018</a>, Music.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkombo2016">Akombo 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Setlhako,_Ratsie_(ca._1900–1976)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Setlhako,_Ratsie_(ca._1900–1976)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018">Morton & Ramsay 2018</a>, Setlhako, Ratsie (ca. 1900–1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2018_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith2018">Goldsmith 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Radio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonRamsay2018Radio_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018">Morton & Ramsay 2018</a>, Radio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006194_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006191–192_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518–19-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518–19_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198519-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198519_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195–196-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006195–196_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198520-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198520_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198518-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198518_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198524-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198524_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198528-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198528_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198529–30-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198529–30_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006198-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006198_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006197_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006199_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200–201-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006200–201_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634–35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkombo201634–35_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkombo2016">Akombo 2016</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/13/world/africa/africa-botswana-metal-heads/index.html">"Africa is the last frontier for metal: Botswana's metal heads still rocking"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Africa+is+the+last+frontier+for+metal%3A+Botswana%27s+metal+heads+still+rocking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fafrica-botswana-metal-heads%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903215000/http://www.metalkingdom.net/band/band_discography.php?idx=8174">"Crackdust - Discography - Metal Kingdom"</a>. metalkingdom.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metalkingdom.net/band/band_discography.php?idx=8174">the original</a> on 2012-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crackdust+-+Discography+-+Metal+Kingdom&rft.pub=metalkingdom.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metalkingdom.net%2Fband%2Fband_discography.php%3Fidx%3D8174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040120183910/http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338">"National Music Eisteddfod"</a>. <i>ISTC.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338">the original</a> on 2004-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISTC.org&rft.atitle=National+Music+Eisteddfod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istc.org%2Fsisp%2Findex.htm%3Ffx%3Devent%26event_id%3D32338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006147-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenbowThebe2006147_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006">Denbow & Thebe 2006</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198515–16-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198515–16_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198517-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198517_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198516-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood198516_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1985">Wood 1985</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Botswana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkombo2016" class="citation book cs1">Akombo, David Otieno (2016). <i>The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures</i>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9715-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9715-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-9715-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unity+of+Music+and+Dance+in+World+Cultures&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9715-7&rft.aulast=Akombo&rft.aufirst=David+Otieno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenbowThebe2006" class="citation book cs1">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000denb"><i>Culture and Customs of Botswana</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62118271">62118271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Botswana&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm62118271&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33178-7&rft.aulast=Denbow&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Thebe%2C+Phenyo+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof0000denb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (2018). "Botswana". In Fonseca, Anthony J.; Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (eds.). <i>Hip Hop Around the World: An Encyclopedia</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798216096184" title="Special:BookSources/9798216096184"><bdi>9798216096184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Botswana&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop+Around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9798216096184&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Ursula+Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonRamsay2018" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (2018). <i>Historical Dictionary of Botswana</i> (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-1133-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Botswana&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-1133-8&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Elizabeth N. (1985). "Traditional Music in Botswana". <i>The Black Perspective in Music</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 13–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1214791">10.2307/1214791</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7790">0090-7790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Perspective+in+Music&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music+in+Botswana&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-30&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1214791&rft.issn=0090-7790&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Comoros" title="Music of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madeira" title="Music of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mayotte" title="Music of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Music of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botswana_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botswana_topics" title="Template:Botswana topics"><abbr title="View this 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title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaborone" title="History of Gaborone">History of Gaborone</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana" title="Coat of arms of Botswana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana" title="Districts of Botswana">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs and dams in Botswana">Reservoirs and dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Botswana" title="List of rivers of Botswana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Botswana" title="Wildlife of Botswana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana" title="Constitution of Botswana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Botswana" title="Elections in Botswana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Botswana" title="Foreign relations of Botswana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Botswana" title="Human rights in Botswana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Botswana">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Botswana" title="Human trafficking in Botswana">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Botswana" title="List of political parties in Botswana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Botswana" title="Vice-President of Botswana">Vice-President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Botswana" title="List of companies of Botswana">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Botswana" title="Energy in Botswana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Botswana" title="Mining industry of Botswana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Pula <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Botswana" title="Tourism in Botswana">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswana" title="Trade unions in Botswana">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Botswana" title="Transport in Botswana">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_art" title="Botswana art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Botswana" title="Flag of Botswana">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Botswana" title="Literature of Botswana">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Botswana">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Botswana" title="Public holidays in Botswana">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Botswana" title="Sport in Botswana">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Botswana" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Botswana">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana" title="Demographics of Botswana">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Botswana" title="Child marriage in Botswana">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Ethnic groups in Botswana">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Botswana" title="Health in Botswana">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Botswana" title="Human trafficking in Botswana">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Botswana" title="Polygamy in Botswana">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Botswana" title="Prostitution in Botswana">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Botswana" title="Outline of Botswana">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Botswana-related_topics" title="List of Botswana-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Botswana" 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