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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99yin" title="Təyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Аныҡлаусы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аныҡлаусы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83)" title="Азначэньне (часьціна сказу) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азначэньне (часьціна сказу)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Определение (граматика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Определение (граматика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisaer_(yezhoniezh)" title="Spisaer (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spisaer (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Паллăлăх (синтаксис) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Паллăлăх (синтаксис)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADvlastek" title="Přívlastek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přívlastek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribut_(Grammatik)" title="Attribut (Grammatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Attribut (Grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4iend" title="Täiend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täiend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteto_(frazmembro)" title="Epiteto (frazmembro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epiteto (frazmembro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%81%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="توصیف‌کننده دستوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توصیف‌کننده دستوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%8B%9D%EC%96%B4" title="수식어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수식어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Հատկացուցիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատկացուցիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atribut" title="Atribut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atribut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkunn" title="Einkunn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einkunn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributo_(linguistica)" title="Attributo (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attributo (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="לוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Анықтауыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анықтауыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apz%C4%ABm%C4%93t%C4%81js" title="Apzīmētājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apzīmētājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%BEyminys" title="Pažyminys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pažyminys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelz%C5%91" title="Jelző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jelző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വിശേഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepalend_woord" title="Bepalend woord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bepalend woord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="修飾語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="修飾語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniqlovchi" title="Aniqlovchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aniqlovchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przydawka" title="Przydawka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przydawka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atribut" title="Atribut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atribut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Определение (синтаксис) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Определение (синтаксис)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADvlastok" title="Prívlastok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prívlastok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Атрибут (граматика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атрибут (граматика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribuutti_(lauseenj%C3%A4sen)" title="Attribuutti (lauseenjäsen) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Attribuutti (lauseenjäsen)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribut_(lingvistik)" title="Attribut (lingvistik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Attribut (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%87_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Аергыч (синтаксис) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аергыч (синтаксис)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Муайянкунанда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муайянкунанда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Означення (мовознавство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Означення (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Phụ ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigtulidong" title="Tigtulidong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigtulidong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="修飾語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修飾語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="修饰语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="修饰语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grammatical_modifier" title="Special:EditPage/Grammatical modifier">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grammatical+modifier%22">"Grammatical modifier"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grammatical+modifier%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grammatical+modifier%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grammatical+modifier%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grammatical+modifier%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grammatical+modifier%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>modifier</b> is an optional element in <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> structure or <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> structure<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <i>modifies</i> the meaning of another element in the structure. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> "red" acts as a modifier in the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> "red ball", providing extra details about which particular ball is being referred to. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> "quickly" acts as a modifier in the verb <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> "run quickly". Modification can be considered a high-level domain of the functions of language, on par with <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rijkhoff2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premodifiers_and_postmodifiers">Premodifiers and postmodifiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Premodifiers and postmodifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modifiers may come either before or after the modified element (the <i><a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a></i>), depending on the type of modifier and the rules of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> for the language in question. A modifier placed before the head is called a <b>premodifier</b>; one placed after the head is called a <b>postmodifier</b>. For example, in <i>land mines</i>, the word <i>land</i> is a premodifier of <i>mines</i>, whereas in the phrase <i>mines in wartime</i>, the phrase <i>in wartime</i> is a postmodifier of <i>mines</i>. A head may have a number of modifiers, and these may include both premodifiers and postmodifiers. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>that nice tall man from Canada whom you met</i></li></ul> <p>In this noun phrase, <i>man</i> is the head, <i>nice</i> and <i>tall</i> are premodifiers, and <i>from Canada</i> and <i>whom you met</i> are postmodifiers. </p><p>In English, simple adjectives are usually used as premodifiers, with occasional exceptions such as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galore" class="extiw" title="wikt:galore">galore</a></i> (which always appears after the noun, coming from <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> in which most adjectives are postmodifiers) or the adjectives <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immemorial" class="extiw" title="wikt:immemorial">immemorial</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/martial" class="extiw" title="wikt:martial">martial</a></i> in the phrases <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/time_immemorial" class="extiw" title="wikt:time immemorial">time immemorial</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/court_martial" class="extiw" title="wikt:court martial">court martial</a></i> (the latter comes from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, where most adjectives are postmodifiers). Sometimes placement of the adjective after the noun entails a change of meaning: compare <i>a responsible person</i> and <i>the person responsible</i>, or <i>the proper town</i> (the appropriate town) and <i>the town proper</i> (the area of the town as properly defined). </p><p>In English (and other languages) a modifier can be separated from its head by other modifiers, making the phrase <i>discontinuous</i>, as in <i>The man here whom you bumped into in the street yesterday</i>, where the relative clause <i>whom...yesterday</i> is separated from the word it modifies (<i>man</i>) by the modifier <i>here</i>. In some other languages, words other than modifiers may occur in between; this type of situation is especially likely in languages with <a href="/wiki/Free_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Free word order">free word order</a>, and often agreement between the grammatical gender, number or other feature of the modifier and its head is used to indicate the relationship. In English, modifiers may sometimes even be interposed between component words or syllables of the head, such as in <a href="/wiki/Split_infinitive" title="Split infinitive">split infinitives</a> (<i>to boldly go</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Infixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infixation">infixation</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Expletive_infixation" title="Expletive infixation">expletive infixation</a> (<i>in-fucking-credible</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_types">Formal types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formal types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two common <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of speech">parts of speech</a> used for modification are <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival phrase">adjectival phrases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival clause">adjectival clauses</a>), which modify nouns; and <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">adverbial phrases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clauses</a>), which modify other parts of speech, particularly verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, as well as whole phrases or clauses. Not all adjectives and adverbs are necessarily modifiers, however; an adjective will normally be considered a modifier when used <a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributively</a>, but not when used predicatively – compare the examples with the adjective <i>red</i> at the start of this article. </p><p>Another type of modifier in some languages, including English, is the <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjunct</a>, which is a noun modifying another noun (or occasionally another part of speech). An example is <i>land</i> in the phrase <i>land mines</i> given above. </p><p>Examples of the above types of modifiers, in English, are given below. </p> <ul><li><i>It was </i>[<i>a <b>nice</b> house</i>]<i>.</i> (adjective modifying a noun, in a noun phrase)</li> <li>[<i>The <b>swiftly flowing</b> waters</i>]<i> carried it away.</i> (adjectival phrase, in this case a <a href="/wiki/Participial_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Participial phrase">participial phrase</a>, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)</li> <li><i>She's </i>[<i>the woman <b>with the hat</b></i>]<i>.</i> (adjectival phrase, in this case a <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">prepositional phrase</a>, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)</li> <li><i>I saw </i>[<i>the man <b>whom we met yesterday</b></i>]<i>.</i> (adjectival clause, in this case a <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a>, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)</li> <li><i>His desk was in </i>[<i>the <b>faculty</b> office</i>]<i>.</i> (noun adjunct modifying a noun in a noun phrase)</li> <li>[<i>Put it <b>gently</b> in the drawer</i>]. (adverb in verb phrase)</li> <li><i>He was </i>[<i><b>very</b> gentle</i>]<i>.</i> (adverb in adjective phrase)</li> <li><i>She set it down </i>[<i><b>very</b> gently</i>]<i>.</i> (adverb in adverb phrase)</li> <li>[<i><b>Even</b> more</i>]<i> people were there.</i> (adverb modifying a <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">determiner</a>)</li> <li><i>It ran </i>[<i><b>right</b> up the tree</i>]<i>.</i> (adverb modifying a prepositional phrase)</li> <li>[<i><b>Only</b> the dog</i>]<i> was saved.</i> (adverb modifying a noun phrase)</li></ul> <p>In some cases, noun phrases or <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> can act as modifiers: </p> <ul><li>[<i><b>A few</b> more</i>]<i> workers are needed.</i> (quantifier modifying a determiner)</li> <li><i>She's </i>[<i><b>two inches</b> taller than her sister</i>]<i>.</i> (noun phrase modifying an adjective)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_types">Functional types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Functional types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modifiers of all types of forms may be used for certain function with different <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> features. The grammar of a language determines which morpho-syntactic forms are used for which function, as it varies from language to language. The functions of modification can be grouped into five such types:<sup id="cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rijkhoff2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Classifying modification</i> further specifies the <b>kind</b> of a referent: e.g. <i><b>solar</b> energy</i>, <i><b>departmental</b> meeting</i>.</li> <li><i>Qualifying modification</i> further specifies some <b>quality</b> of a referent: e.g. <i><b>black</b> cars</i>, <i>a <b>heavy</b> box</i>.</li> <li><i>Quantifying modification</i> specifies the <b>quantity</b> (or number/cardinality) of a referent: e.g. <i><b>two</b> boxes</i>, <i><b>several</b> cars</i>.</li> <li><i>Localizing (or anchoring) modification</i> specifies the location of a referent: e.g. <i><b>this</b> car</i>, <i>the house <b>on the corner</b></i>.</li> <li><i>Discourse-referential modification</i> specifies the status of the referent in the discourse universe: e.g. <i><b>the/a</b> car</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambiguous_and_dangling_modifiers">Ambiguous and dangling modifiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ambiguous and dangling modifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dangling_modifier" title="Dangling modifier">Dangling modifier</a></div> <p>Sometimes it is not clear which element of the sentence a modifier is intended to modify. In many cases this is not important, but in some cases it can lead to genuine <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>He painted her sitting on the step.</i></li></ul> <p>Here the participial phrase <i>sitting on the step</i> may be intended to modify <i>her</i> (meaning that the painting's subject was sitting on the step), or it may be intended to modify the verb phrase <i>painted her</i> or the whole clause <i>he painted her</i> (or just <i>he</i>), meaning in effect that it was the painter who was sitting on the step. </p><p>Sometimes the element which the modifier is intended to modify does not in fact appear in the sentence, or is not in an appropriate position to be associated with that modifier. This is often considered a grammatical or stylistic error. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>Walking along the road, a vulture loomed overhead.</i></li></ul> <p>Here whoever was "walking along the road" is not mentioned in the sentence, so the modifier (<i>walking along the road</i>) has nothing to modify, except <i>a vulture</i>, which is clearly not the intention. Such a case is called a "dangling modifier", or more specifically, in the common case where (as here) the modifier is a participial phrase, a "dangling participle". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensifier" title="Intensifier">Intensifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modifier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_modifier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language">The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrammatical+modifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rijkhoff2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2014). "Modification as a propositional act in Functional Discourse Grammar". In de los Ángeles Gómez González, María; de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Ruiz; Gonzálvez-García, Francisco (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/sfsl.68.06rij"><i>Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 129–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsfsl.68.06rij">10.1075/sfsl.68.06rij</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-7916">1385-7916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modification+as+a+propositional+act+in+Functional+Discourse+Grammar&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Functional+and+Structural+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=129-150&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsfsl.68.06rij&rft.issn=1385-7916&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fsfsl.68.06rij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrammatical+modifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelly2020" class="citation web cs1">Melly, Bethanie (2020-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star-uk.co.uk/the-english-grammar-rule-you-dont-know-you-know/">"Infixes - The English grammar rule you don't know you know"</a>. <i>STAR UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STAR+UK&rft.atitle=Infixes+-+The+English+grammar+rule+you+don%27t+know+you+know&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Melly&rft.aufirst=Bethanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-uk.co.uk%2Fthe-english-grammar-rule-you-dont-know-you-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrammatical+modifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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