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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="تسكين متحكم به من قبل المريض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسكين متحكم به من قبل المريض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patientengesteuerte_Analgesie" title="Patientengesteuerte Analgesie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patientengesteuerte Analgesie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کنترل درد توسط بیمار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل درد توسط بیمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analg%C3%A9sie_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e_par_le_patient" title="Analgésie contrôlée par le patient – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Analgésie contrôlée par le patient" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesia_controllata_dal_paziente" title="Analgesia controllata dal paziente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Analgesia controllata dal paziente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="രോഗി നിയന്ത്രിക്കുന്ന അനാൽജീസിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രോഗി നിയന്ത്രിക്കുന്ന അനാൽജീസിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B%E6%B3%95" title="患者管理鎮痛法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="患者管理鎮痛法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgezja_kontrolowana_przez_pacjenta" title="Analgezja kontrolowana przez pacjenta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Analgezja kontrolowana przez pacjenta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контролируемая пациентом анальгезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контролируемая пациентом анальгезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Patient-controlled analgesia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PCA-01.JPG/280px-PCA-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PCA-01.JPG/420px-PCA-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PCA-01.JPG/560px-PCA-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A patient-controlled analgesia <a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusion pump</a>, configured for <a href="/wiki/Epidural" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidural">epidural</a> administration of <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">bupivacaine</a> for postoperative <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D016058">D016058</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1382057" class="extiw" title="d:Q1382057">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Patient-controlled analgesia</b> (<b>PCA</b><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20831684_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20831684-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is any method of allowing a person in <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> to administer their own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analgesia" class="extiw" title="wikt:analgesia">pain relief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infusion is programmable by the prescriber. If it is programmed and functioning as intended, the machine is unlikely to deliver an overdose of medication.<sup id="cite_ref-CareNotes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CareNotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providers must always observe the first administration of any PCA medication which has not already been administered by the provider to respond to allergic reactions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_of_administration">Routes of administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Routes of administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral">Oral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of patient-controlled analgesia is self-administration of oral <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription</a> <a href="/wiki/Painkiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Painkiller">painkillers</a>. For example, if a <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> does not resolve with a small dose of an oral analgesic, more may be taken. As pain is a combination of tissue damage and emotional state, being in control means reducing the emotional component of pain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intravenous">Intravenous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intravenous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PCA-02.JPG/220px-PCA-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PCA-02.JPG/330px-PCA-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PCA-02.JPG/440px-PCA-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a> administration of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> for postoperative analgesia</figcaption></figure> <p>In a hospital setting, an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> PCA (IV PCA) refers to an electronically controlled <a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusion pump</a> that delivers an amount of analgesic when the patient presses a button.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8160-6412-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8160-6412-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IV PCA can be used for both acute and chronic pain patients. It is commonly used for post-operative pain management, and for end-stage cancer patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">Narcotics</a> are the most common analgesics administered through IV PCAs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8151-4800-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8151-4800-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important for caregivers to monitor patients for the first two to twenty-four hours to ensure they are using the device properly.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8036-1559-0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8036-1559-0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With an IV PCA the patient is protected from overdose by the caregiver programming the PCA to deliver a dose at frequent set intervals. If the patient presses the button sooner than the prescribed intake pressing the button does not operate the PCA. (The PCA can be set to emit a beep telling the patient a dose was NOT delivered). The inability of an obtunded patient to push the button is also considered an inherent safety feature of PCA.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidural">Epidural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epidural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a related term describing the patient-controlled administration of analgesic medicine in the <a href="/wiki/Epidural_space" title="Epidural space">epidural space</a>, by way of intermittent <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">boluses</a> or infusion pumps. This can be used by women in labour, terminally ill cancer patients or to manage post-operative pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhaled">Inhaled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inhaled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, Robert Wexler of <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a> developed the Analgizer, a disposable <a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">inhaler</a> that allowed the self-administration of <a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">methoxyflurane</a> <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> in air for analgesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Babl2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babl2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wexler1968_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler1968-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Analgizer consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> cylinder 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter with a 1 inch long mouthpiece. The device contained a rolled <a href="/wiki/Candle_wick" title="Candle wick">wick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> which held 15 <a href="/wiki/Litre#SI_prefixes_applied_to_the_litre" title="Litre">milliliters</a> of methoxyflurane. Because of the simplicity of the Analgizer and the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacological</a> characteristics of methoxyflurane, it was easy for patients to self-administer the drug and rapidly achieve a level of <a href="/wiki/Procedural_sedation_and_analgesia" title="Procedural sedation and analgesia">conscious analgesia</a> which could be maintained and adjusted as necessary over a period of time lasting from a few minutes to several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Babl2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babl2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15 milliliter supply of methoxyflurane would typically last for two to three hours, during which time the user would often be partly <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesic</a> to the sense of pain; the device could be refilled if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Romagnoli1970_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romagnoli1970-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Analgizer was found to be safe, effective, and simple to administer in <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetric</a> patients during childbirth, as well as for patients with <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fractures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">joint dislocations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Romagnoli1970_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romagnoli1970-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for dressing changes on <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burn</a> patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer1969_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used for labor analgesia, the Analgizer allows labor to progress normally and with no apparent <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effect</a> on <a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar scores</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a> remain normal in obstetric patients, newborns, and injured patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Romagnoli1970_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romagnoli1970-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Analgizer was widely utilized for analgesia and <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> until the early 1970s, in a manner that foreshadowed the patient-controlled analgesia infusion pumps of today.<sup id="cite_ref-Major1966_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major1966-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragon1967_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragon1967-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firn1972_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firn1972-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Josephson1974_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson1974-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Analgizer inhaler was withdrawn in 1974, but use of methoxyflurane as a sedative and analgesic continues in Australia and New Zealand in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Penthrox_inhaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthrox inhaler">Penthrox inhaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Babl2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babl2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grindlay2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grindlay2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RADAR2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RADAR2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal">Nasal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nasal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patient Controlled Intranasal Analgesia (PCINA or Nasal PCA) refers to PCA devices in a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a> form with inbuilt features to control the number of sprays that can be delivered in a fixed time period.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transdermal">Transdermal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transdermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">Transdermal</a> PCA using <a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">iontophoretic</a> technology are also available. The most advanced ones are used for administration of opioids such as fentanyl. An adhesive is applied to the intact hairless skin, while a small electric current allows the ionized drug to cross the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> to deliver the analgesic dose upon the device being triggered by the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advantages of patient-controlled analgesia include self-delivery of pain medication, faster alleviation of pain because the patient can address pain with medication, and dosage monitoring by medical staff (dosage can be increased or decreased depending on need). With a PCA the patient spends less time in pain and as a corollary to this, patients tend to use less medication than in cases in which medication is given according to a set schedule or on a timer.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disadvantages include the possibility that a patient will use the pain medication non-medically, self-administering the narcotic for its <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a> properties even though the patient's pain is sufficiently controlled. If a PCA device is not programmed properly for the patient this can result in an under-dose or overdose in a medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system may also be inappropriate for certain individuals, for example patients with learning difficulties or confusion. Also, patients with poor manual dexterity may be unable to press the buttons as would those who are critically ill. PCA may not be appropriate for younger patients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PCA pump was developed and introduced by <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Sechzer" title="Philip H. Sechzer">Philip H. Sechzer</a> in the late 1960s and described in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_obit_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_obit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid20831684-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20831684_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaranikolasArethaKiekkasMonantera2010" class="citation journal cs1">Karanikolas M, Aretha D, Kiekkas P, Monantera G, Tsolakis I, Filos KS (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2710.2009.01114.x">"Case report. Intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative treatment of neuropathic/ischaemic pain in haemodialysis patients: a case series"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics</i>. <b>35</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">603–</span>608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2710.2009.01114.x">10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01114.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20831684">20831684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205331535">205331535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacy+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Case+report.+Intravenous+fentanyl+patient-controlled+analgesia+for+perioperative+treatment+of+neuropathic%2Fischaemic+pain+in+haemodialysis+patients%3A+a+case+series&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E603-%3C%2Fspan%3E608&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205331535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20831684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2710.2009.01114.x&rft.aulast=Karanikolas&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Aretha%2C+D&rft.au=Kiekkas%2C+P&rft.au=Monantera%2C+G&rft.au=Tsolakis%2C+I&rft.au=Filos%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2710.2009.01114.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fof-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fof_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewellChambersChearneyRomaine2007" class="citation book cs1">Jewell CS, Chambers JQ, Chearney LA, Romaine DS, Levy CB (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc0000unse"><i>The Facts on File encyclopedia of health and medicine</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6063-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-6063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+encyclopedia+of+health+and+medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6063-4&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Chambers%2C+JQ&rft.au=Chearney%2C+LA&rft.au=Romaine%2C+DS&rft.au=Levy%2C+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsonfileencyc0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CareNotes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CareNotes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Patient controlled analgesia for adults</i>. 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New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6412-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-6412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cancer+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6412-0&rft.aulast=Sarg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Altman%2C+R&rft.au=Gross%2C+AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeers2006" class="citation book cs1">Beers M (2006). 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Merck Research Laboratories. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-18-6"><bdi>978-0-911910-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Injurie&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Manual+of+Diagnostics+and+Therapy&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Merck+Research+Laboratories&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-911910-18-6&rft.aulast=Beers&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerckmanual18the00mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeserBonicaButlerChapman2001" class="citation book cs1">Loeser JD, Bonica JJ, Butler SH, Chapman CR (2001). <i>Bonica's Management of Pain</i> (3rd ed.). 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"Patient-controlled modalities for acute postoperative pain management". <i>Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jopan.2005.05.005">10.1016/j.jopan.2005.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16102706">16102706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+PeriAnesthesia+Nursing&rft.atitle=Patient-controlled+modalities+for+acute+postoperative+pain+management&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jopan.2005.05.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16102706&rft.aulast=Miaskowski&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRS_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Patient-controlled analgesia system (PCA)". <i>Clinical Reference Systems</i>. Vol. 10. McKesson Health Solutions. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patient-controlled+analgesia+system+%28PCA%29&rft.btitle=Clinical+Reference+Systems&rft.pub=McKesson+Health+Solutions&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_obit-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times_obit_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2004" class="citation news cs1">Pearce J (2004-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E5DB1138F937A35753C1A9629C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/D/Deaths%20(Obituaries)">"Philip H. Sechzer, 90, Expert On Pain and How to Ease It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philip+H.+Sechzer%2C+90%2C+Expert+On+Pain+and+How+to+Ease+It&rft.date=2004-10-04&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C07E5DB1138F937A35753C1A9629C8B63%26n%3DTop%2FReference%2FTimes%2520Topics%2FSubjects%2FD%2FDeaths%2520%28Obituaries%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrombie1876" class="citation journal cs1">Crombie JM (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2UCAAAAYAAJ&q=self-administration+chloroform&pg=PA97">"On the self-administration of chloroform"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Practitioner" title="The Practitioner">The Practitioner</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-6518">0032-6518</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Practitioner&rft.atitle=On+the+self-administration+of+chloroform&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1876&rft.issn=0032-6518&rft.aulast=Crombie&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2UCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dself-administration%2Bchloroform%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleimanLipmanHareMacDonald1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kleiman RL, Lipman AG, Hare BD, MacDonald SD (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0885-3924%2888%2990133-9">"A comparison of morphine administered by patient-controlled analgesia and regularly scheduled intramuscular injection in severe, postoperative pain"</a>. <i>Journal of Pain and Symptom Management</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0885-3924%2888%2990133-9">10.1016/0885-3924(88)90133-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3351344">3351344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pain+and+Symptom+Management&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+morphine+administered+by+patient-controlled+analgesia+and+regularly+scheduled+intramuscular+injection+in+severe%2C+postoperative+pain&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0885-3924%2888%2990133-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3351344&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Lipman%2C+AG&rft.au=Hare%2C+BD&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0885-3924%252888%252990133-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSechzer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Sechzer PH (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-197101000-00001">"Studies in pain with the analgesic-demand system"</a>. <i>Anesthesia and Analgesia</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-197101000-00001">10.1213/00000539-197101000-00001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5100236">5100236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39886476">39886476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Studies+in+pain+with+the+analgesic-demand+system&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39886476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5100236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2F00000539-197101000-00001&rft.aulast=Sechzer&rft.aufirst=PH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1213%252F00000539-197101000-00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901092855/http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/fastFact/ff_85.htm">"Fast Fact and Concept #085: Epidural Analgesia"</a>. <i>End of Life/Palliative Education Resource Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_of_Wisconsin" title="Medical College of Wisconsin">Medical College of Wisconsin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/fastFact/ff_85.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=End+of+Life%2FPalliative+Education+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Fast+Fact+and+Concept+%23085%3A+Epidural+Analgesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eperc.mcw.edu%2FfastFact%2Fff_85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1988" class="citation journal cs1">White PF (January 1988). "Use of patient-controlled analgesia for management of acute pain". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>259</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1988.03720020045035">10.1001/jama.1988.03720020045035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3275811">3275811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Use+of+patient-controlled+analgesia+for+management+of+acute+pain&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1988.03720020045035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3275811&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=PF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatient-controlled+analgesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&oldid=1229616006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient-controlled_analgesia&oldid=1229616006</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anesthesia" title="Category:Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pain_management" title="Category:Pain management">Pain management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patient" title="Category:Patient">Patient</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 June 2024, at 19:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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