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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>NZSEI 1996</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NZSEI_1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_indices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_indices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other indices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_indices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Social class in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></b> is a product of both <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> social structures. Researchers have traditionally discussed New Zealand, a <a href="/wiki/First_world_country" class="mw-redirect" title="First world country">first-world country</a>, as a "classless society", but this claim is problematic in a number of ways. Since at least the 1980s it has become easier to distinguish between the wealthy and the <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> in New Zealand society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_hierarchies"><span id="M.C4.81ori_hierarchies"></span>Māori hierarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Māori hierarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Māori society traditionally placed emphasis on rank, which derived from ancestry (<a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a>). Chiefs invariably descended from other chiefs, although chieftainship was not the exclusive right of the first-born son of the previous chief. If he did not show signs of <i><a href="/wiki/Rangatiratanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangatiratanga">rangatiratanga</a></i> ability he would be passed over in favour of a brother or other relative. In some tribes women could take on leading roles, although this was not usual. Women, lowly-born men, and even people from other tribes were able to achieve positions of considerable influence. Such people have included Princess <a href="/wiki/Te_Puea_Herangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Puea Herangi">Te Puea Herangi</a> (niece of King <a href="/wiki/Mahuta_T%C4%81whiao" title="Mahuta Tāwhiao">Mahuta</a>) and "kingmaker" <a href="/wiki/Wiremu_Tamihana" title="Wiremu Tamihana">Wiremu Tamihana</a> (a younger son of a chief).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tohunga" title="Tohunga">Tohunga</a></i> had special status. Commoners (<i>tūtūā</i>) did not. Until the advent of Christianity in the early 19th-century Māori customarily enslaved prisoners-of-war. Slaves had no rights and could be killed at the will of their master. However their children became free members of the tribe. </p><p>Present-day<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Māori society, though far less hierarchical than traditionally, remains stratified by European standards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A disproportionate number of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori MPs</a> have come from chiefly families, for example, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaum%C4%81tua" title="Kaumātua">kaumātua</a></i> have special status. However, a number of lowly-born Māori have achieved positions of considerable <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">mana</a> within their communities by virtue of their achievements or learning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_myth_of_the_'classless_society'"><span id="The_myth_of_the_.27classless_society.27"></span>The myth of the 'classless society'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The myth of the 'classless society'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Housing_in_Oranga,_Auckland,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg/220px-State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg/330px-State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg/440px-State_Housing_in_Oranga%2C_Auckland%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An egalitarian New Zealand was briefly realised in the decades after the 1936 Budget, when successive governments sponsored a massive <a href="/wiki/State_housing_in_New_Zealand" title="State housing in New Zealand">state housing</a> programme.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 1980s, it was claimed that New Zealand was a '<a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classless society</a>'. Historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Keith Sinclair</a> wrote in 1969 that although New Zealand was not a classless society, "it must be more nearly classless... than any advanced society in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the nineteenth century, many visitors also made this claim, for example British socialists <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>, and politician <a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Austin Mitchell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence for this was the relatively small range of wealth (that is, the wealthiest did not earn hugely more than the poorest earners), lack of deference to authority figures, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Class_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Class mobility">class mobility</a>, a high standard of living for working-class people compared to Britain, progressive labour laws which protected workers and encouraged trade union membership, and a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> which was developed in New Zealand before most other countries. Also, during the postwar years, New Zealand became an increasingly prosperous society, with the majority of New Zealanders coming to attain an affluent lifestyle. As noted by the historian <a href="/wiki/William_Ball_Sutch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ball Sutch">William Ball Sutch</a> in 1966, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Living standards rose in the post-war years through a combination of good prices for exports, borrowing abroad, and the much greater use of internal resources made possible by full production. And as the New Zealand wage structure, taxation system, social security benefits and family farmers combined to make the basic family income fairly high, a higher proportion of people in New Zealand shared the increased amount of goods and services than would have been the case in any other country. This is why most New Zealand families have good housing and extensive durable goods, including a motor-car.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critiques">Critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from a 1973–74 household survey, however, suggested that as many as 20% of parents and 25% of children may have been in families with a material standard of living below that of a couple on the minimum pension.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)" title="James Belich (historian)">James Belich</a> has argued that most of this is not evidence of an absence of class but rather of the relatively high status and standard of living of the working-class in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Unlike in Britain at this time, working-class New Zealanders could regularly eat meat, <a href="/wiki/The_Half_Gallon_Quarter_Acre_Pavlova_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Half Gallon Quarter Acre Pavlova Paradise">own their own homes</a>, and own horses (and later cars), while still being categorised as working-class.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the advent of compulsory secondary education in the 1930s, class mobility was limited, although much less so than in Britain. </p><p>It has also been argued<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in New Zealand, race takes the place of class, with Māori and other Polynesians earning less, usually having lower living standards and levels of education, and usually working in lower earning jobs than New Zealanders of European descent. They also face prejudice akin to that facing working-class people in many European countries. </p><p>New Zealanders' <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> has been criticised<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as discouraging and denigrating ambition and individual achievement and success – a phenomenon known colloquially as '<a href="/wiki/Tall_Poppy_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Poppy Syndrome">Tall Poppy Syndrome</a>'. New Zealanders tend to value modesty and distrust those who talk about their own merits. They especially dislike anyone who seems to consider themselves better than others even if the person in question is demonstrably more talented or successful than others. It is partly for this reason that mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Hillary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a> is so admired in New Zealand; despite being the first person to climb Mount Everest, he was always very modest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Extreme humility was arguably partly responsible for the early death of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a>, who might have survived his various health problems had he used his status to get preferential treatment from the public health system, or used private healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northland_house.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Northland_house.png/220px-Northland_house.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Northland_house.png/330px-Northland_house.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Northland_house.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Modern house at Marsden Cove, Northland, New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rogernomics_and_inequality">Rogernomics and inequality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rogernomics and inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand's claims<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be a classless society were seriously undermined in the 1980s and 1990s by the economic reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">fourth Labour government</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth National Government of New Zealand">fourth National government</a>. The reforms (sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></i>) made by these governments severely weakened the power of unions, removed a lot of protection from workers, cut social welfare benefits and made <a href="/wiki/State_housing_in_New_Zealand" title="State housing in New Zealand">state housing</a> less affordable. After these reforms, the gap between rich and poor New Zealanders was increased dramatically,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the incomes of the richest 10% of New Zealanders advancing while the other 90% stayed largely static. In addition the number of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">New Zealanders living in poverty</a> is much higher than in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article entitled "Countries with the Biggest Gaps Between Rich and Poor",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BusinessWeek ranked New Zealand at 6th in the world: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The U.N. Development Program recently came out with a report looking, among other things, at income inequality worldwide... According to the OECD, New Zealand had the biggest rise in inequality among member nations in the two decades starting in the mid-1980s.</i></p></blockquote> <p>Although wealth is much more unevenly distributed than previously, New Zealand still lacks most of the overt signals of class which mark countries such as the United States. Most people do not care what others' parents do for a living, who a person is descended from, or where they went to school, and New Zealanders almost invariably have more respect for those who have earned their money through hard work than those who have inherited it or made it through investment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences">Consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trend of greater social disparity has also seen a change in attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger New Zealanders increasingly accept <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic inequality in New Zealand">inequality</a> as an unavoidable social reality, and egalitarian concerns are less popular. </p><p>The 'Brain Drain' (emigration of skilled young workers) is a troubling phenomenon for the Government, and often cited by Opposition parties in election campaigns. Since 1999, university graduates have increasingly chosen to live and work abroad. Studies suggest that around 25% of kiwi graduates will emigrate upon graduation, usually selecting <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> as their new home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_social_strata">Measuring social strata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Measuring social strata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elley-Irving_1972">Elley-Irving 1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elley-Irving 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972 Elley and Irving<sup id="cite_ref-CiteEI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiteEI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published <i>Socioeconomic Status in New Zealand</i>, which became one of the most cited papers in New Zealand social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-CiteEI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiteEI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They outlined a socioeconomic index, now known as 'Elley-Irving (E-I)', based on 1966 Census data. E-I proposed six social strata based upon education and income, and grouped by occupation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The publication of the scale was welcomed by many researchers but regarded with suspicion by a number of lay critics who presumably clung to the belief that New Zealand was still a classless society. One newspaper headlined the production of a "snobbery scale". Such characterizations, and the numerous critics who misinterpreted its intentions, no doubt added to the frequency of its citing, but it is true that many researchers have made appropriate use of it for its original purpose. It is cited often because it is a useful tool.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Warwick B. Elley, describing the impact of his paper<sup id="cite_ref-CiteEI_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiteEI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NZSEI_1996">NZSEI 1996</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: NZSEI 1996"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davis_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davis (New Zealand)">P. Davis</a> et al. published <i>New Zealand Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as NZSEI. It was based on a 'returns to human capital' model of the stratification process and originally used data from the 1991 New Zealand census (n=1,051,926) to generate scores for 97 occupational groups. It was later updated using 2006 Census data.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NZSEI is a linear scale of ranked occupation, produced using an algorithm involving age, income and education, and aggregated to six discrete groupings (called <i>Socio-economic Status</i>, SES) to enable comparison with E-I and ISEI.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>NZSEI96:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Absolute and percentage sex differences in mean income and education</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Population <p>distribution </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Mean income <p>($000) </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Income diff. <p>by sex (M-F) </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Mean years of <p>Education </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Education diff. <p>by sex (M-F) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>SES </td> <td>% </td> <td>Males </td> <td>Females </td> <td>% diff<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>$000s </td> <td>Males </td> <td>Females </td> <td>% diff<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Years </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>67</td> <td>50</td> <td>34</td> <td>17</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>−3</td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>51</td> <td>42</td> <td>21</td> <td>9</td> <td>14.7</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>−3</td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>45</td> <td>35</td> <td>27</td> <td>10</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>−3</td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>33</td> <td>35</td> <td>−6</td> <td>−2</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>−1</td> <td>−0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>18.7</td> <td>32</td> <td>30</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>−3</td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>20.2</td> <td>29</td> <td>26</td> <td>12</td> <td>3</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>According to the above data, the average income reported by males is considerably higher than that of females for five of the socioeconomic groups. With the exception of SES group four where the female income is higher, males earn on average between 7 and 34% more than females. </p><p>The NZSEI is derived from Census data of employed people, but it can be extended to most of the population using previous occupation (if retired or currently unemployed), or the occupation of the household's main income earner.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_indices">Other indices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other indices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>NZDep2006 Index of Deprivation</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an index of geographic deprivation based upon 9 variables—telephone, benefit, unemployment, household income, car access, single parent family, no qualifications, home ownership, overcrowding.</li> <li>Caldwell & Brown<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a popular book, which identified eight "hidden tribes" in New Zealand, labelling them after various towns or suburbs: North Shore, Grey Lynn, Balclutha, Remuera, Otara, Raglan, Cuba Street, Papatoetoe.</li> <li>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> published "New Zealand socio-economic index 2006" (NZSEI06) using data from the 2006 census and updated statistical techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newer version of the above table is on page 54 of the report.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand education</a> system, "<a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_decile" title="Socioeconomic decile">decile</a>" is a key measure of <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> used to target funding and support schools.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/DNZB/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=1T82">Wiremu Tamihana</a> in the <i>Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinclair, Keith (1969), <i>A History of New Zealand</i>, 2nd edn, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Mitchell, Austin Vernon</a> (1972). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Half_Gallon_Quarter_Acre_Pavlova_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Half Gallon Quarter Acre Pavlova Paradise">The Half Gallon Quarter Acre Pavlova Paradise</a></i>. Christchurch NZ: Whitcombe and Tombs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7233-0349-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7233-0349-7"><bdi>978-0-7233-0349-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Half+Gallon+Quarter+Acre+Pavlova+Paradise&rft.place=Christchurch+NZ&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7233-0349-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Austin+Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutch1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ball_Sutch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ball Sutch">Sutch, William Ball</a> (1966). <i>The Quest for Security in New Zealand, 1840 to 1966</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1056114268">1056114268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Security+in+New+Zealand%2C+1840+to+1966&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1056114268&rft.aulast=Sutch&rft.aufirst=William+Ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1981" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Brian (1981). <i>Pragmatism and Progress: Social Security in the Seventies</i>. Christchurch NZ: University of Canterbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900392283" title="Special:BookSources/9780900392283"><bdi>9780900392283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatism+and+Progress%3A+Social+Security+in+the+Seventies&rft.place=Christchurch+NZ&rft.pub=University+of+Canterbury&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780900392283&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelich1996" class="citation book cs1">Belich, James (1996). <i>Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the end of the Nineteenth Century</i>. London: Allen Lane. pp. <span class="nowrap">328–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713991710" title="Special:BookSources/9780713991710"><bdi>9780713991710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Peoples%3A+A+History+of+the+New+Zealanders+from+Polynesian+Settlement+to+the+end+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780713991710&rft.aulast=Belich&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1977" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, Cluny (1977). "Polynesians in New Zealand: An Emerging Eth-Class?". In Pitt, David (ed.). <i>Social Class in New Zealand</i>. Auckland: Longman Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582717527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582717527"><bdi>978-0582717527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polynesians+in+New+Zealand%3A+An+Emerging+Eth-Class%3F&rft.btitle=Social+Class+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Longman+Paul&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0582717527&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=Cluny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1981" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Margaret (1981). <i>Diary of the Kirk years</i>. Wellington: Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0589013509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0589013509"><bdi>978-0589013509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+the+Kirk+years&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0589013509&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130213105/http://www.listener.co.nz/commentary/show-a-bit-of-class/">"Show a bit of Class"</a>, article by Joanne Black in the <i>New Zealand Listener</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In February 1999 Statistics New Zealand published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/reports/articles/income-distribution-in-nz.aspx">Incomes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093941/http://www.stats.govt.nz/reports/articles/income-distribution-in-nz.aspx">Archived</a> 26 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a report tracing changes in the distribution of New Zealanders' incomes from 1982 to 1996, one of the most eventful periods in our economic history. It found that the gap between high and low income households had grown significantly and that this increase in income inequality occurred at both personal and household levels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics New Zealand (1999), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/84bf91b1a7b5d7204c256809000460a4/4c2567ef00247c6acc256b03000bdbe0/$FILE/Incomes.pdf">New Zealand Now: Incomes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607010523/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/84bf91b1a7b5d7204c256809000460a4/4c2567ef00247c6acc256b03000bdbe0/$FILE/Incomes.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-478-20705-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-478-20705-0">0-478-20705-0</a>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Reference+Reports+New+Zealand+Now+-+Incomes+(Census+96)+1999?open">stats.govt.nz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127120802/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Reference+Reports+New+Zealand+Now+-+Incomes+(Census+96)+1999?open">Archived</a> 27 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 26 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Dea (2000): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/nzt/nztwps/00-13.html">The Changes in New Zealand's Income Distribution</a></i>, NZ Treasury</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Hazledine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10775801">Greedy warriors of privilege threaten our Decent Society</a>, <i>NZ Herald</i>, 30 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economy/8/3">Distribution of disposable income, 1982 and 1996</a></i>, retrieved 27 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazledine1998" class="citation book cs1">Hazledine, Tim (1998). <i>Taking New Zealand Seriously: The Economics of Decency</i>. Auckland: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86950-283-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86950-283-3"><bdi>1-86950-283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+New+Zealand+Seriously%3A+The+Economics+of+Decency&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86950-283-3&rft.aulast=Hazledine&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yahoo! Finance, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/banking-budgeting/article/107980/countries-with-the-biggest-gaps-between-rich-and-poor">Countries with the Biggest Gaps Between Rich and Poor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008055647/http://finance.yahoo.com/banking-budgeting/article/107980/countries-with-the-biggest-gaps-between-rich-and-poor">Archived</a> 8 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Bruce Einhorn, 16 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Laugesen & Joanne Black, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525084228/http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3651/features/15346/printable/all_things_being_equal.html">All Things Being Equal</a></i>, <i>New Zealand Listener</i>, 1–7 May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CiteEI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CiteEI_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CiteEI_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CiteEI_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elley, W B & Irving I C: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1986/A1986C204000001.pdf">A socio-economic index for New Zealand based on levels of education and income from the 1966 census</a></i>, NZ J. Educ. Stud. 7:153–67, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, McLeod, Ransom, Ongley: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/publications/statisticalmethods/nz-socio-economic-index-of-occupied-status.aspx">New Zealand Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>, pub. October 1997 by Statistics New Zealand</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">'<i><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a><b></b></i></span><i><b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otago.ac.nz/christchurch/research/populationhealth/studentships/otago013446.html"></a></span></b></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otago.ac.nz/christchurch/research/populationhealth/studentships/otago013446.html"><b>New Zealand Socio-Economic index, 'A Users Guide</b></a>, Otago University. Accessed 20 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISEI: <i>International Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data drawn from the 1991 New Zealand census (n=1,051,926) is used in the construction of the NZSEI, and the model is applied to all full-time workers aged between 21 and 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Percentage difference between males and females: 100*(M-F)/F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crampton, P. and Davis, P. (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/Files/phr1298/$file/phr1298.pdf">Measuring deprivation and socioeconomic status: why and how?</a>, <i>New Zealand Public Health Report</i>, 5 (11/12), 81–84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1173-0250">1173-0250</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmond, Crampton, Atkinson: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnmeds.ac.nz/academic/dph/research/socialindicators.html">NZDep2006 Index of Deprivation</a></i>, Aug/Sep 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell & Brown (c2007), <i>8 tribes : the hidden classes of New Zealand</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-11693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-11693-4">978-0-473-11693-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milne, BJ, Byun, U, & Lee, A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stats.govt.nz/methods/research-papers/nz-socio-economic-index-2006.aspx">New Zealand socio-economic index 2006</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-478-40833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-478-40833-1">978-0-478-40833-1</a>. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919042534/http://www.education.govt.nz/school/running-a-school/resourcing/operational-funding/school-decile-ratings">"School deciles"</a>. education.govt.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.govt.nz/school/running-a-school/resourcing/operational-funding/school-decile-ratings/">the original</a> on 19 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+deciles&rft.pub=education.govt.nz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.govt.nz%2Fschool%2Frunning-a-school%2Fresourcing%2Foperational-funding%2Fschool-decile-ratings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802163452/http://ppta.org.nz/dmsdocument/119">"NZ Schools: The decile system"</a>. <i>PPTA.org.nz</i>. PPTA. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PPTA.org.nz&rft.atitle=NZ+Schools%3A+The+decile+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fppta.org.nz%2Fdmsdocument%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_New_Zealand108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_New_Zealand108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Vogel_Era" title="The Vogel Era">Vogel Era, 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">Head tax, 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act"> IC&A Act, 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wool_boom" title="New Zealand wool boom">Wool boom, 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget, 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big, 1979–84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics"> Rogernomics, 1984–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia, 1990–93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_all_Budgets" title="Mother of all Budgets">Mother of all Budgets, 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_homes_crisis" title="Leaky homes crisis">Leaky homes crisis, 2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_company_collapses,_2006%E2%80%932012_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance company collapses, 2006–2012 (New Zealand)">Finance company collapses, 2006–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble, 1987–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_New_Zealand_dollar" title="Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar">Dollar banknotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_five-dollar_note" title="New Zealand five-dollar note">$5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">$10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_twenty-dollar_note" title="New Zealand twenty-dollar note">$20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fifty-dollar_note" title="New Zealand fifty-dollar note">$50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_one_hundred-dollar_note" title="New Zealand one hundred-dollar note">$100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_New_Zealand_dollar" title="Coins of the New Zealand dollar">Dollar coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-cent_coin" title="New Zealand ten-cent coin">10c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_twenty-cent_coin" title="New Zealand twenty-cent coin">20c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fifty-cent_coin" title="New Zealand fifty-cent coin">50c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_one_dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand one dollar coin">$1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_two_dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand two dollar coin">$2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_pound" title="New Zealand pound">New Zealand pound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Treasury" title="New Zealand Treasury">New Zealand Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand budget">New Zealand budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Trade_and_Enterprise" title="New Zealand Trade and Enterprise">New Zealand Trade and Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_cash_rate" title="Official cash rate">Official cash rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Investment_Office" title="Overseas Investment Office">Overseas Investment Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Commission" title="Commerce Commission">Commerce Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiwiSaver" title="KiwiSaver">KiwiSaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Meat_Board" title="New Zealand Meat Board">New Zealand Meat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Dairy_Board" title="New Zealand Dairy Board">New Zealand Dairy Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wool_Board" title="New Zealand Wool Board">New Zealand Wool Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_New_Zealand" title="Beer in New Zealand">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Fishing industry in New Zealand">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_New_Zealand" title="Whaling in New Zealand">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_New_Zealand" title="Forestry in New Zealand">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipping_in_New_Zealand" title="Woodchipping in New Zealand">Woodchipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Hospitality industry in New Zealand">Hospitality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licensing_trust" title="Licensing trust">Licensing trust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Oil and gas industry in New Zealand">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_New_Zealand" title="Retailing in New Zealand">Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in New Zealand">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">International rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Strategic_Economic_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership">Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions and lobbyists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Foreign_Control_of_Aotearoa" title="Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa">Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Business_Roundtable" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Business Roundtable">New Zealand Business Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="New Zealand Council of Trade Unions">New Zealand Council of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Institute_(think_tank)" title="New Zealand Institute (think tank)">New Zealand Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class_in_Oceania113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class_in_Oceania113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Social class in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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