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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commedia_dell'arte_and_early_English_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commedia_dell'arte_and_early_English_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span><i>Commedia dell'arte</i> and early English adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commedia_dell'arte_and_early_English_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1806–1836" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1806–1836"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>1806–1836</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1806–1836-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1837_to_the_end_of_the_harlequinade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1837_to_the_end_of_the_harlequinade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>1837 to the end of the harlequinade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1837_to_the_end_of_the_harlequinade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_traditions_and_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_traditions_and_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern traditions and conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_traditions_and_conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern traditions and conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_traditions_and_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Performance conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guest_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guest_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Guest stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guest_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Venues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Venues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Venues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Andorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فن الحركات الإيحائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الحركات الإيحائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomeim" title="Pantomeim – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pantomeim" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Pantomime" title="Englische Pantomime – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englische Pantomime" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Παντομίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντομίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پانتومیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانتومیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pantomime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geamaireacht_(dr%C3%A1ma_Nollag)" title="Geamaireacht (dráma Nollag) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Geamaireacht (dráma Nollag)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%AC%ED%84%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%84" title="팬터마임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팬터마임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tbrag%C3%B0sleikur" title="Látbragðsleikur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Látbragðsleikur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пантомима – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пантомима" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomim" title="Pantomim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pantomim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="パントマイム (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パントマイム (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pantomime" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pantomime" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panto" title="Panto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of musical comedy stage production</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pantomime_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pantomime (disambiguation)">Pantomime (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg/220px-Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg/330px-Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg/440px-Warne_Pantomine_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><i>The Christmas Pantomime</i> colour <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> book cover, 1890, showing <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a> characters</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pantomime</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> informally <b>panto</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical comedy</a> stage production designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is performed throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and (to a lesser extent) in other English-speaking countries, especially during the Christmas and New Year season. Modern pantomime includes songs, gags, <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy and dancing. It generally combines gender-crossing actors and <a href="/wiki/Topical_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical humour">topical humour</a> with a story more or less based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk tale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pantomime is a participatory form of theatre, in which the audience is encouraged and expected to sing along with certain parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers. </p><p>Pantomime has a long theatrical history in Western culture dating back to the era of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">classical theatre</a>. It developed partly from the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> tradition of Italy and other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryIBY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the British Isles, the word "pantomime" is often understood to mean <a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">miming</a>, rather than the theatrical form described here.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg/170px-Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg/255px-Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg/340px-Ancient_Macedonian_antefix_2nd_century_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>2nd-century Macedonian theatrical sculpture, thought to represent a pantomime's mask</figcaption></figure> <p>The word pantomime was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <i>pantomimus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <i>παντόμιμος</i> (<i>pantomimos</i>), consisting of <i>παντο-</i> (<i>panto-</i>) meaning "all", and <i>μῖμος</i> (<i>mimos</i>), meaning a dancer who acted all the roles or all the story.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> pantomime drew upon the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> tragedy and other Greek genres from its inception, although the art was instituted in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and little is known of it in pre-Roman Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word came to be applied to the performance itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to a lost oration by <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a>, the pantomime was known for its erotic content and the effeminacy of its dancing;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristides's work was responded to by <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>, in his oration "On Behalf of the Dancers", written probably around 361 AD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman pantomime was a production, usually based upon myth or legend, for a solo male dancer—clad in a long silk tunic and a short mantle (<i>pallium</i>) that was often used as a <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">"prop"</a>—accompanied by a sung <i>libretto</i> (called the <i>fabula saltica</i> or "dance-story") rendered by a singer or <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian</a> states that originally the pantomime himself was the singer).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music was supplied by flute and the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulse</a> of an iron-shod shoe called a <a href="/wiki/Scabellum" title="Scabellum">scabellum</a>. Performances might be in a private household, with minimal personnel, or else lavish theatrical productions involving a large orchestra and chorus and sometimes an ancillary actor. The dancer danced all the roles, relying on masks, stock poses and gestures and a hand-language (cheironomy) so complex and expressive that the pantomime's hands were commonly compared to an eloquent mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientReception_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientReception-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pantomime differed from <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a> by its more artistic nature and relative lack of farce and coarse humour,<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these were not absent from some productions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman pantomime was immensely popular from the end of the first century BC until the end of the sixth century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-AncientReception_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientReception-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of entertainment that spread throughout the empire where, because of its wordless nature, it did more than any other art to foster knowledge of the myths and Roman legends that formed its subject-matter – tales such as those of the love of <a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Mars_and_Venus" title="The Loves of Mars and Venus">Venus and Mars</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Dido and Aeneas</a> – while in Italy its chief exponents were celebrities, often the protegés of influential citizens, whose followers wore badges proclaiming their allegiance and engaged in street-fights with rival groups, while its accompanying songs became widely known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Yet, because of the limits imposed upon Roman citizens' dance, the populism of its song-texts and other factors, the art was as much despised as adored,<sup id="cite_ref-AncientReception_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientReception-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its practitioners were usually slaves or freedmen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of the low status and the disappearance of its <i>libretti</i>, the Roman pantomime received little modern scholarly attention until the late 20th century, despite its great influence upon Roman culture as perceived in Roman art, in statues of famous dancers, graffiti, objects and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the renaissance of classical culture, Roman pantomime was a decisive influence upon modern European <a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">concert dance</a>, helping to transform ballet from a mere entertainment, a display of technical virtuosity, into the dramatic <a href="/wiki/Ballet_d%27action" title="Ballet d'action">ballet d'action</a>. It became an antecedent which, through writers and ballet-masters of the 17th and 18th centuries such as <a href="/wiki/Claude-Fran%C3%A7ois_M%C3%A9nestrier" title="Claude-François Ménestrier">Claude-François Ménestrier</a> (1631–1705), John Weaver (1673–1760), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Georges_Noverre" title="Jean-Georges Noverre">Jean-Georges Noverre</a> (1727–1810) and Gasparo Angiolini (1731–1803), earned it respectability and attested to the capability of dance to render complex stories and express human emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientReception_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientReception-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_Britain">Development in Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">Mummers Play</a> was a traditional English folk play, based loosely on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George and the Dragon</a> legend, usually performed during Christmas gatherings, which contained the origin of many of the archetypal elements of the pantomime, such as stage fights, coarse humour and fantastic creatures,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> reversal, and good defeating evil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precursors of pantomime also included the <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>, which grew in pomp and spectacle from the 15th to the 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commedia_dell'arte_and_early_English_adaptation"><span id="Commedia_dell.27arte_and_early_English_adaptation"></span><i>Commedia dell'arte</i> and early English adaptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commedia dell'arte and early English adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richarlequin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Richarlequin.jpg/170px-Richarlequin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Richarlequin.jpg/255px-Richarlequin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Richarlequin.jpg/340px-Richarlequin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)" title="John Rich (producer)">John Rich</a> as Harlequin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1720</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a></i>, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a>. This was a "comedy of professional artists" travelling from province to province in Italy and then France, who improvised and told comic stories that held lessons for the crowd, changing the main character depending on where they were performing. Each "scenario" used some of the same stock characters. These included the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Innamorati" title="Innamorati">innamorati</a></i></span> (young lovers); the <i>vecchi</i> (old men) such as <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a>; and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">zanni</i></span> (servants) such as <a href="/wiki/Arlecchino" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlecchino">Arlecchino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombina" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombina">Colombina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian masque performances in the 17th century sometimes included the <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a> character.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, adaptations of the commedia characters became familiar in English entertainments.<sup id="cite_ref-vanda_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these, the standard English <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a> developed, depicting the eloping lovers <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Columbine" title="Harlequinade">Columbine</a>, pursued by the girl's father <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Pantaloon" title="Harlequinade">Pantaloon</a> and his comic servants <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Clown" title="Harlequinade">Clown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Pierrot" title="Harlequinade">Pierrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanda_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English versions, by the 18th century, Harlequin became the central figure and romantic lead.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic plot of the harlequinade remained essentially the same for more than 150 years, except that a bumbling policeman was added to the chase.<sup id="cite_ref-vanda_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first two decades of the 18th century, two rival London theatres, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre">Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Patent_theatre" title="Patent theatre">patent theatres</a>) presented productions that began seriously with classical stories that contained elements of opera and ballet and ended with a comic "night scene". <i>Tavern Bilkers</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Weaver_(dancer)" title="John Weaver (dancer)">John Weaver</a>, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This production was not a success, and Weaver waited until 1716 to produce his next pantomimes, including <i>The Loves of Mars and Venus – a new Entertainment in Dancing after the manner of the Antient Pantomimes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year he produced a pantomime on the subject of <i><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(play)" title="Andromeda (play)">Perseus and Andromeda</a></i>. After this, pantomime was regular feature at Drury Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1717 at Lincoln's Inn, actor and manager <a href="/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)" title="John Rich (producer)">John Rich</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Harlequin" title="Harlequinade">Harlequin</a> into the theatres' pantomimes under the name of "Lun" (for "lunatic").<sup id="cite_ref-rich_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaffee278_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaffee278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained great popularity for his pantomimes, especially beginning with his 1724 production of <i>The Necromancer; or, History of Dr. Faustus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantomime_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pantomime_1803.jpg/170px-Pantomime_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pantomime_1803.jpg/255px-Pantomime_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pantomime_1803.jpg/340px-Pantomime_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Playbill of an English circus and pantomime performance, 1803</figcaption></figure> <p>These early pantomimes were silent, or "dumb show", performances consisting of only dancing and gestures. Spoken drama was allowed in London only in the two (later three) patent theatres until Parliament changed this restriction in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-East_London_Theatre_Archive_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_London_Theatre_Archive-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of French performers played in London following the suppression of unlicensed theatres in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this constraint was only temporary, English pantomimes remained primarily visual for some decades before dialogue was introduced. An 18th-century author wrote of <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>: "He formed a kind of harlequinade, very different from that which is seen at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris, where harlequin and all the characters speak."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of these early pantomimes were re-tellings of a story from ancient Greek or Roman literature, with a break between the two acts during which the harlequinade's zany comic business was performed. The theatre historian David Mayer explains the use of the "batte" or slapstick and the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_scene" title="Transformation scene">transformation scene</a> that led to the harlequinade: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rich gave his Harlequin the power to create stage magic in league with offstage craftsmen who operated trick scenery. Armed with a magic sword or bat (actually a slapstick), Rich's Harlequin treated his weapon as a wand, striking the scenery to sustain the illusion of changing the setting from one locale to another. Objects, too, were transformed by Harlequin's magic bat.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pantomime gradually became more topical and comic, often involving spectacular and elaborate theatrical effects as far as possible. <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> and others competed with Rich and produced their own pantomimes, and pantomime continued to grow in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1806–1836"><span id="1806.E2.80.931836"></span>1806–1836</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1806–1836"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1800s, the pantomime's classical stories were often supplanted by stories adapted from European <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Fables">fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk tales</a>, classic English literature or <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriginV&A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a> grew in importance until it often was the longest and most important part of the entertainment. Pantomimes usually had dual titles that gave an often humorous idea of both the pantomime story and the harlequinade. "Harlequin and ________", or "Harlequin _______; or, the ________". In the second case, harlequin was used as an adjective, followed by words that described the pantomime "opening", for example: <i><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_Cock_Robin_and_Jenny_Wren" title="Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren">Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren; or, Fortunatus and the Water of Life, the Three Bears, the Three Gifts, the Three Wishes, and the Little Man who Woo'd the Little Maid</a></i>. Harlequin was the first word (or the first word after the "or") because Harlequin was initially the most important character. The titles continued to include the word Harlequin even after the first decade of the 1800s, when <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grimaldi" title="Joseph Grimaldi">Joseph Grimaldi</a> came to dominate London pantomime and made the character, Clown, a colourful agent of chaos, as important in the entertainment as Harlequin. At the same time, Harlequin began to be portrayed in a more romantic and stylised way.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_(2)_MS_Thr_847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg/220px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg/330px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg/440px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Grimaldi_%282%29_MS_Thr_847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Grimaldi (right) performing the comic dance during a pantomime</figcaption></figure> <p>Grimaldi's performances elevated the role by "acute observation upon the foibles and absurdities of society, and his happy talent of holding them up to ridicule. He is the finest practical satyrist  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] that ever existed. ... He was so extravagantly natural, that the most saturnine looker-on acknowledged his sway; and neither the wise, the proud, or the fair, the young nor the old, were ashamed to laugh till tears coursed down their cheeks at Joe and his comicalities."<sup id="cite_ref-B16_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grimaldi's performances were important in expanding the importance of the harlequinade until it dominated the pantomime entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1800s, therefore, children went to the theatre around the Christmas and New Year holiday (and often at Easter or other times) primarily to witness the craziness of the harlequinade chase scene. It was the most exciting part of the "panto", because it was fast-paced and included spectacular scenic magic as well as <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy, dancing and acrobatics. The presence of slapstick in this part of the show evolved from the characters found in Italian commedia dell'arte.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plot of the harlequinade was relatively simple; the star-crossed lovers, Harlequin and Columbine, run away from Columbine's foolish father, Pantaloon, who is being slowed down in his pursuit of them by his servant, Clown, and by a bumbling policeman. After the time of Grimaldi, Clown became the principal schemer trying to thwart the lovers, and Pantaloon was merely his assistant.<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening "fairy story" was often blended with a story about a love triangle: a "cross-grained" old father who owns a business and whose pretty daughter is pursued by two suitors. The one she loves is poor but worthy, while the father prefers the other, a wealthy fop. Another character is a servant in the father's establishment. Just as the daughter is to be forcibly wed to the fop, or just as she was about to elope with her lover, the good fairy arrives.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by what was often the most spectacular part of the production, the magical transformation scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_p-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early pantomimes, Harlequin possessed magical powers that he used to help himself and his love interest escape. He would tap his wooden sword (a derivative of the Commedia dell'arte slapstick or "batte") on the floor or scenery to make a grand transition of the world around him take place. The scene would switch from being inside some house or castle to, generally speaking, the streets of the town with storefronts as the backdrop. The transformation sequence was presided over by a Fairy Queen or <a href="/wiki/Fairy_Godmother" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Godmother">Fairy Godmother</a> character.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The good fairy magically transformed the leads from the opening fairy story into their new identities as the harlequinade characters. Following is an example of the speech that the fairy would give during this transformation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Lovers stand forth. With you we shall begin.<br /> You will be fair Columbine – you Harlequin.<br /> King Jamie there, the bonnie Scottish loon,<br /> Will be a famous <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><span lang="enm" style="font-style: normal;">cheild</span></span> for Pantaloon.<br /> Though Guy Fawkes now is saved from rocks and axe,<br /> I think he should pay the powder-tax.<br /> His guyish plots blown up – nay, do not frown;<br /> You've always been a guy – now be a Clown.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_p-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg/220px-Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg/330px-Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg/440px-Dan_Leno_and_Herbert_Campbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dan_Leno" title="Dan Leno">Dan Leno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Campbell" title="Herbert Campbell">Herbert Campbell</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_the_Wood" title="Babes in the Wood">Babes in the Wood</a></i>, 1897, at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane Theatre</a> in London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This passage is from a pantomime adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> story. The fairy creates the characters of the harlequinade in the most typical fashion of simply telling the characters what they will change into. The principal male and female characters from the beginning plotline, often both played by young women,<sup id="cite_ref-East_London_Theatre_Archive_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_London_Theatre_Archive-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the lovers Columbine and Harlequin, the mother or father of Columbine became Pantaloon, and the servant or other comic character became Clown. They would transition into the new characters as the scenery around them changed and would proceed in the "zany fun" section of the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_p-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of Grimaldi, Clown would see the transformed setting and cry: "Here We Are Again!"<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harlequinade began with various chase scenes, in which Harlequin and Columbine manage to escape from the clutches of Clown and Pantaloon, despite the acrobatic leaps of the former through windows, atop ladders, often because of well-meaning but misguided actions of the policeman. Eventually, there was a "dark scene", such as a cave or forest, in which the lovers were caught, and Harlequin's magic wand was seized from his grasp by Clown, who would flourish it in triumph. The good fairy would then reappear, and once the father agreed to the marriage of the young lovers, she would transport the whole company to a grand final scene.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1837_to_the_end_of_the_harlequinade">1837 to the end of the harlequinade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1837 to the end of the harlequinade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its visible decline by 1836, the pantomime still fought to stay alive.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1843, when theatres other than the original patent theatres were permitted to perform spoken dialogue, the importance of the silent harlequinade began to decrease, while the importance of the fairy-tale part of the pantomime increased.<sup id="cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriginV&A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two writers who helped to elevate the importance and popularity of the fairy-tale portion of the pantomime were <a href="/wiki/James_Planch%C3%A9" title="James Planché">James Planché</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Byron" title="Henry James Byron">Henry James Byron</a>. They emphasized puns and humorous word play, a tradition that continues in pantomime today.<sup id="cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriginV&A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As manager of Drury Lane in the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Harris" title="Augustus Harris">Augustus Harris</a> produced and co-wrote a series of extraordinarily popular pantomimes, focusing on the spectacle of the productions, that pushed this transition by emphasizing comic business in the pantomime opening and grand processionals.<sup id="cite_ref-Drury_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drury-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century, the harlequinade had become merely a brief epilogue to the pantomime, dwindling into a brief display of dancing and acrobatics.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther23_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther23-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lingered for a few decades longer but finally disappeared, although a few of its comic elements had been incorporated into the pantomime stories.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last harlequinade was played at the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum Theatre</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known pantomime artists of this era included <a href="/wiki/William_Payne_(pantomimist)" title="William Payne (pantomimist)">William Payne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his sons, the <a href="/wiki/Payne_Brothers" title="Payne Brothers">Payne Brothers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vesta_Tilley" title="Vesta Tilley">Vesta Tilley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Leno" title="Dan Leno">Dan Leno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Campbell" title="Herbert Campbell">Herbert Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Tich" title="Little Tich">Little Tich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drury_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drury-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Mayne" title="Clarice Mayne">Clarice Mayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ward" title="Dorothy Ward">Dorothy Ward</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cullen_and_Carthy" title="Cullen and Carthy">Cullen and Carthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_traditions_and_conventions">Modern traditions and conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern traditions and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally performed around <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> with family audiences, British pantomime continues as a popular form of theatre, incorporating song, dance, buffoonery, <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>, in-jokes, topical references, audience participation, and mild <a href="/wiki/Sexual_innuendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual innuendo">sexual innuendo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish comedian <a href="/wiki/Craig_Ferguson" title="Craig Ferguson">Craig Ferguson</a>, in his 2020 memoir, summarizes contemporary pantomime as classic folklore and fairy tales loosely retold in a slapstick theatrical comedy-musical, writing: "Think <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)" title="Mamma Mia! (musical)">Mamma Mia!</a></i> featuring the <a href="/wiki/Three_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a> but with everyone's back catalogue, not just <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>'s", and furthermore including audience participation reminiscent of showings of the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stories">Stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg/220px-Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg/330px-Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg/440px-Aladdin_pantomime_Nottingham_Playhouse_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Playhouse" title="Nottingham Playhouse">Nottingham Playhouse</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Pantomime story lines and scripts usually make no direct reference to Christmas and are almost always based on traditional children's stories, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grimm_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm Brothers">Grimm Brothers</a>. Some of the most popular pantomime stories include <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Whittington_and_His_Cat" title="Dick Whittington and His Cat">Dick Whittington and His Cat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryIBY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puss_in_Boots" title="Puss in Boots">Puss in Boots</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other traditional stories include <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_the_Wood" title="Babes in the Wood">Babes in the Wood</a></i> (combined with elements of <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears" title="Goldilocks and the Three Bears">Goldilocks and the Three Bears</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinbad">Sinbad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/St._George_and_the_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George and the Dragon">St. George and the Dragon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard" title="Bluebeard">Bluebeard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thumbelina" title="Thumbelina">Thumbelina</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaffee278_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaffee278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to about 1870, many other stories were made into pantomimes.<sup id="cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriginV&A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the familiarity of the audience with the original children's story is generally assumed, plot lines are almost always adapted for comic or satirical effect, and characters and situations from other stories are often interpolated into the plot. For instance "panto" versions of <i>Aladdin</i> may include elements from <i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves" title="Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves">Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves</a></i> or other <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i> tales; while <i>Jack and the Beanstalk</i> might include references to nursery rhymes and other children's stories involving characters called "Jack", such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(nursery_rhyme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)">Jack and Jill</a></i>. Certain familiar scenes tend to recur, regardless of plot relevance, and <a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">highly unlikely resolution of the plot</a> is common. Straight retellings of the original stories are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_conventions">Performance conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Performance conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form has a number of conventions, some of which have changed or weakened a little over the years, and by no means all of which are obligatory. Some of these conventions were once common to other genres of popular theatre such as <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The leading male juvenile character (the <a href="/wiki/Principal_boy" title="Principal boy">principal boy</a>) is traditionally played by a young woman in male garments (such as <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a>). Her romantic partner is usually the principal girl, a female <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">ingénue</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantomime_dames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantomime_dames.jpg/220px-Pantomime_dames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantomime_dames.jpg/330px-Pantomime_dames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantomime_dames.jpg/440px-Pantomime_dames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pantomime dames</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>An older woman (the <a href="/wiki/Pantomime_dame" title="Pantomime dame">pantomime dame</a> – often the hero's mother) is usually played by a man in <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">drag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serck_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serck-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Risqué <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a>, often wringing innuendo out of perfectly innocent phrases. This is not intended to be understood by children in the audience and is for the entertainment of the adults.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audience_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Audience participation">Audience participation</a>, including calls of "He's behind you!" (or "Look behind you!"), and "Oh, yes it is!" and "Oh, no it isn't!" The audience is always encouraged to hiss or jeer at the villain and "awwwww" the poor victims, such as the rejected dame, who is usually enamoured with one of the male characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Music may be original but is more likely to combine well-known tunes with <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">re-written lyrics</a>. At least one "audience participation" song is traditional: one half of the audience may be challenged to sing "their" chorus louder than the other half. Children in the audience may even be invited on stage to sing along with members of the cast.</li> <li>The animal, played by an actor in "animal skin" or animal costume. It is often a <a href="/wiki/Pantomime_horse" title="Pantomime horse">pantomime horse</a> or cow (though could even be a camel if appropriate to the setting), played by two actors in a single costume, one as the head and front legs, the other as the body and back legs.</li> <li>The good fairy enters from stage right (left from the audience's perspective) and the villain enters from stage left (right from the audience's perspective). This convention goes back to the medieval mystery plays, where the right side of the stage symbolised Heaven and the left side symbolised Hell.</li> <li>A slapstick comedy routine (slosh scene) may be performed, often a decorating or baking scene, with humour based on throwing messy substances. Until the 20th century, British pantomimes often concluded with a <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">harlequinade</a>, a free-standing entertainment of <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a>. Since then, the slapstick has been incorporated into the main body of the show.</li> <li>In the 19th century, until the 1880s, pantomimes typically included a transformation scene in which a Fairy Queen magically transformed the pantomime characters into the characters of the harlequinade, who then performed the harlequinade.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther23_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther23-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Serck_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serck-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Chorus, who can be considered <a href="/wiki/Extra_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra (actor)">extras</a> on-stage, and often appear in multiple scenes (but as different characters) and who perform a variety of songs and dances throughout the show. Because of their multiple roles, they may have as much stage-time as the lead characters themselves.</li> <li>At some point during the performance, characters including the Dame and the comic will sit on a bench and sing a cheerful song to forget their fears. The thing they fear, often a ghost, appears behind them, but at first the characters ignore the audience's warnings of danger. The characters soon circle the bench, followed by the ghost, as the audience cries "It's behind you!" One by one, the characters see the ghost and run off, until at last the Dame and the ghost come face to face, whereupon the ghost, frightened by the visage of the Dame, runs away.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guest_stars">Guest stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guest stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another pantomime tradition is to engage celebrity guest stars, a practice that dates back to the late 19th century, when Augustus Harris was proprietor of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and hired well-known variety artists for his pantomimes. Contemporary pantomime productions are often adapted to allow the star to showcase their well-known act, even when such a spot has little relation to the pantomime's plot. Critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Billington_(critic)" title="Michael Billington (critic)">Michael Billington</a> has argued that if the star enters into the spirit of the entertainment, he or she likely adds to its overall effect, while if it becomes a "showcase for a star" who "stands outside the action", the celebrity's presence likely detracts, notwithstanding the marketing advantage that the star brings to the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Nifty_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nifty-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billington said that <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a> in a 2004 <i>Aladdin</i> "lets down his hair and lifts up his skirt to reveal a nifty pair of legs and an appetite for <i>double entendre</i>: when told by decorators that 'your front porch could do with a good lick', McKellen adopts a suitable look of mock-outrage. ... At least we can tell our grandchildren that we saw McKellen's <a href="/wiki/Widow_Twankey" title="Widow Twankey">Twankey</a> and it was huge."<sup id="cite_ref-Nifty_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nifty-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major">Major</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main roles within pantomime are usually as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th>Role description </th> <th>Played by </th></tr> <tr> <td>Principal boy </td> <td>Main character in the pantomime, a hero or charismatic rogue </td> <td>Traditionally a young woman in men's clothing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panto dame </td> <td>Normally the hero's mother </td> <td>Traditionally a middle-aged man in drag </td></tr> <tr> <td>Principal girl </td> <td>Normally the hero's love interest </td> <td>Young woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comic lead </td> <td>Does physical comedy and relates to children in the audience. Is usually paired with the Dame as a comedy double act, and is frequently the Dame's "son". </td> <td>Man or woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benevolent magical being </td> <td>A fairy, genie or good spirit who helps the hero to defeat the villain, usually through magical means. </td> <td>Man or woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Villain </td> <td>The pantomime <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a>. Often a wicked wizard, witch or demon. </td> <td>Man or woman </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor">Minor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th>Role description </th> <th>Played by </th></tr> <tr> <td>Patriarch </td> <td>Traditionally the father (occasionally the mother) of the principal girl: often a high status character such as a King, Queen, Emperor, Sultan or Baron, although they can also be involved in comedy routines with the Dame and the Comic. </td> <td>Man or Woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Animals, etc. </td> <td>e.g. Jack's cow </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Pantomime_horse" title="Pantomime horse">Pantomime horse</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a>(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chorus </td> <td>Members often have several minor roles </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dancers </td> <td> </td> <td>Usually a group of young boys and girls </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venues">Venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin,_1943._(7936243828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg/220px-Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg/330px-Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg/440px-Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret_starring_in_wartime_Aladdin%2C_1943._%287936243828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Princesses <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Margaret</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> wartime performance of <i>Aladdin</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Pantomime is performed in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Australasia, Canada, Jamaica, South Africa, Malta and Andorra, among other places. It is performed mostly during the Christmas and New Year season.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland">United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many theatres in cities and towns throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland continue to present an annual professional pantomime. Pantomime is also popular with <a href="/wiki/Amateur_theatre" title="Amateur theatre">amateur dramatics</a> societies throughout the UK and Ireland, and during the pantomime season (roughly speaking, late November to February) productions are staged in many village halls and similar venues across the country. </p><p>Kitty Gurnos-Davies states in her doctoral dissertation that pantomime is responsible for 20% of all live performances in the UK in any one year.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2018–2019 season saw pantomime performances generating over £60m for the first time in recorded British history.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andorra">Andorra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Andorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was first produced annually in Andorra by the English-speaking Mums' group, from the British expatriate community, in the Teatre de les Fontetes in the parish of La Massana. Now it is produced by English and English-speaking international volunteers as part of the Advent celebrations supported by the Comú de La Massana,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the local businesses<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Club International d'Andorra<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vallnord ski station<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to raise money, most recently, for the less privileged children of Andorra.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantomime_Performers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pantomime_Performers.jpg/220px-Pantomime_Performers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pantomime_Performers.jpg/330px-Pantomime_Performers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pantomime_Performers.jpg/440px-Pantomime_Performers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4653" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>Performers at a pantomime in Victoria, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Pantomimes in Australia at Christmas were once very popular, but the genre has declined greatly since the middle of the 20th century. Several later professional productions did not recover their costs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christmas pantomimes are performed yearly at the <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Quebec" title="Hudson, Quebec">Hudson</a> Village Theatre in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1996, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Petty" title="Ross Petty">Ross Petty</a> Productions has staged pantomimes at Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Elgin_and_Winter_Garden_Theatres" title="Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres">Elgin Theatre</a> each Christmas season.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pantomimes imported from England were produced at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Theatre" title="Royal Alexandra Theatre">Royal Alexandra Theatre</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Rock Players Club in White Rock, BC have presented an annual pantomime in the Christmas season since 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Canadian Theatre Company produces pantomimes in British Columbia, written by Ellie King.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2013, Theatre Replacement has been producing East Van Panto in partnership with The Cultch in Vancouver.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Pantomime of Jamaica was started in 1941 by educators <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fowler_(educator)" title="Henry Fowler (educator)">Henry Fowler</a> and Greta Fowler, pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_Movement" title="Little Theatre Movement">Little Theatre Movement</a> in Jamaica. Among the first players was <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bennett-Coverley" title="Louise Bennett-Coverley">Louise Bennett-Coverley</a>. Other notable players have included <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Samuels" title="Oliver Samuels">Oliver Samuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hyatt" title="Charles Hyatt">Charles Hyatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_White" title="Willard White">Willard White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Marley" title="Rita Marley">Rita Marley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Penn" title="Dawn Penn">Dawn Penn</a>. The annual pantomime opens on <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> at the Little Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> and is strongly influenced by aspects of Jamaican culture, folklore and history.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pantomime was imported<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for a British expatriate audience and later adapted by Maltese producers for Maltese audiences. While in many former territories of the British empire, pantomime declined in popularity after independence, as it was seen as a symbol of colonial rule, studies have shown that this genre remains strong in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pantomime was brought to Switzerland by British immigrants and is performed regularly in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> since 1972 and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> since 1994, in a hangar at <a href="/wiki/Basel_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Airport">Basel Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Amateur_Operatic_Society" title="Geneva Amateur Operatic Society">Geneva Amateur Operatic Society</a> has performed pantomimes annually since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since 2009 the Basel English Panto Group<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has performed at the Scala Basel each December.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annual pantomimes have been running at Christmas in the UAE (and elsewhere in the GCC) since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are mainly performed by Dubai Panto<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a trade name of h2 Productions.ae<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in conjunction with Outside the Box Events LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They increased to three pantomimes at Christmas since 2021 – 2 in Dubai and 1 in Abu Dhabi.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the locations for Dubai Pantomimes is at the theatre on the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a> cruise ship<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other is in the theatre at the Erth Hotel, Abu Dhabi (formerly the Armed Forces Officers Club and Hotel).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_pantomime" title="American pantomime">American pantomime</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/220px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/330px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/440px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Styles of <a href="/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a>, used in a vaudeville circuit pantomime; sketched by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a> of the <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>, April 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Pantomime as described in this article was seldom performed in the United States until recent decades. As a consequence, Americans commonly understand the word "pantomime" to refer to the art of mime as it is practised by <a href="/wiki/Mime_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime artists">mime artists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Russell A. Peck of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>, the earliest pantomime productions in the US were <i>Cinderella</i> pantomime productions in New York in March 1808, New York again in August 1808, Philadelphia in 1824, and Baltimore in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A production at Olympic Theatre in New York of <i>Humpty Dumpty</i> ran for at least 943 performances between 1868 and 1873,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (one source says 1,200 performances),<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryIBY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the longest-running pantomime in history.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryIBY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, there was a production of <i>Cinderella</i> at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Freud Theatre, starring <a href="/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor" title="Zsa Zsa Gabor">Zsa Zsa Gabor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2004, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Light_and_Theatre_Company" title="People's Light and Theatre Company">People's Light and Theatre Company</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania" title="Malvern, Pennsylvania">Malvern</a>, Pennsylvania, has been presenting an annual Christmas pantomime season.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantrell_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantrell-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stages Repertory Theatre in Houston, Texas, has been performing original pantomime-style musicals during the Christmas holidays since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lythgoe" title="Nigel Lythgoe">Lythgoe</a> Family Productions has produced Christmas pantomimes since 2010 in California.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Panto" title="ITV Panto">ITV Panto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Victorian burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachtsm%C3%A4rchen" title="Weihnachtsmärchen">Weihnachtsmärchen</a> (Christmas fairy tale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pantomime">"pantomime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pantomime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpantomime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawner, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline. "Pantomime", <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature</i>, Jack Zipes (ed.), Oxford University Press (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195146561" title="Special:BookSources/9780195146561">9780195146561</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer (1969), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryIBY-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryIBY_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-behind-you.com/Factsheets/The%20History%20of%20Pantomime.pdf">"The History of Pantomime"</a>, It's-Behind-You.com, 2002, accessed 10 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> <i>s.v.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/137038?rskey=LW1qpR">pantomime</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brittanica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/pantomimus"><i>Pantomimus</i></a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpanto%2Fmimos">παντόμιμος</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i>, Perseus Digital Library, accessed 16 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln Kirstein, <i>Dance</i>, Dance Horizons Incorporated, New York, 1969, pp. 40-42, 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, pp. 21–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesk, J., <i>Des Aelius Aristides Rede gegen die Tänzer</i>, WS 30 (1908)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Lincoln Kirstein, <i>Dance</i>, Dance Horizons Incorporated, New York, 1969, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AncientReception-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AncientReception_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientReception_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientReception_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientReception_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandra Zanobi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apgrd.ox.ac.uk/learning/short-guides/ancient-pantomime-and-its-reception"><i>Ancient Pantomime and its Reception</i></a>, Oxford University Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, Mandy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectbritain.com/Xmas/mummers.htm">"Mummers' Plays"</a>, Project Britain, 2013, accessed 21 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, Mandy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectbritain.com/Xmas/pantomines.html">"Christmas Pantomimes"</a>, Project Britain, 2013, accessed 21 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burden, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/english-pantomime-masque">"The English Pantomime Masque"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426005238/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/english-pantomime-masque">Archived</a> 2016-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Abstract of symposium paper for French and English Pantomime (2007), University of Oxford, accessed 21 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ox-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Mayer_(historian)" title="David Mayer (historian)">Mayer, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t177.e2999">"Pantomime, British"</a>, <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance</i>, Oxford University Press, 2003, accessed 21 October 2011 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanda-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanda_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanda_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanda_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/e/early-pantomime/">"Early pantomime"</a>, Victoria and Albert Museum, accessed 21 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cox_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartnoll, Phyllis and Peter Found (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t79.e1417">"Harlequinade"</a>, <i>The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre</i>, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, 1996, accessed 21 October 2011. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 14. Broadbent spends the first half of his book tracing the ancient and European origins of pantomime.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rich_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dircks, Phyllis T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/23486">"Rich, John (1692–1761)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2011, accessed 21 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaffee278-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaffee278_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaffee278_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaffee and Crick, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East_London_Theatre_Archive-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_London_Theatre_Archive_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_London_Theatre_Archive_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haill, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elta-project.org/theme-panto.html"><i>Pantomime</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108033254/http://www.elta-project.org/theme-panto.html">Archived</a> 2011-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of East London, accessed 17 January 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Thomas. <i>Memoirs of the life of David Garrick</i>, New edition, 1780, I. x. 129, <i>quoted</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapters 14 and 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OriginV&A-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OriginV&A_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/pantomime-origins/">"The Origin of Popular Pantomime Stories"</a>, Victoria and Albert Museum, accessed January 8, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McConnell Stott, pp. 95–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B16-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B16_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B16_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B16_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, chapter 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grimaldi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grimaldi_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grimaldi_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grimaldi_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moody, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/11630">"Grimaldi, Joseph (1778–1837)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008, accessed 21 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson,_p-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_p_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, p.?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drury-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drury_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drury_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther23-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther23_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther23_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowther, Andrew. "Clown and Harlequin", <i>W. S. Gilbert Society Journal</i>, vol. 3, issue 23, Summer 2008, pp. 710–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-behind-you.com/development.html"><i>The Development of Pantomime</i></a>, Its-Behind-You.com, accessed 3 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Clement_Boase" title="George Clement Boase">Boase, G. C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/21659">Payne, William Henry Schofield (1803–1878)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2007, accessed 22 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Olio</i>, 4 September 1871, p. 41, <i>quoted</i> in Rees, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. MacQueen-Pope, <i>The Melodies Linger On: The Story of Music Hall</i>, London: W. H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatre+by+QE2+v2&rft.atitle=Theatre+by+QE2+%7C+Dubai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrebyqe2.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/travel/unsupported?q=b&b+at+erth+abu+dhabi&g2lb=2502548,2503771,2503781,2503999,4258168,4270442,4284970,4291517,4306835,4515404,4597339,4649665,4703207,4722900,4723331,4738544,4741665,4757164,4758192,4758493,4762561,4786153,4786958,4787395,4794648,4797296,4797698,4799675,4804563&hl=en-AE&gl=ae&ssta=1&ts=CAESBgoCCAMQARogCgIaABIaEhQKBwjmDxAHGBkSBwjmDxAHGBoYATICEAAqCQoFOgNBRUQaAA&rp=ogFhRXJ0aCBBYnUgRGhhYmkgKEFybWVkIEZvcmNlcyBPZmZpY2VycyBDbHViIGFuZCBIb3RlbCkgLSBLaG9yIEFsIE1hcXRhLCBBbCBLaGFsZWVqIEFsIEFyYWJpIC0gUm9hZDgBQABIAsABAw&ap=MAFoAA&ictx=1&sa=X&ved=0CAAQ5JsGahcKEwiY7p7E-PD4AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBQ&ucpp=Cr8GaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS90cmF2ZWwvaG90ZWxzL0VydGglMjBBYnUlMjBEaGFiaSUyMChBcm1lZCUyMEZvcmNlcyUyME9mZmljZXJzJTIwQ2x1YiUyMGFuZCUyMEhvdGVsKSUyMC0lMjBLaG9yJTIwQWwlMjBNYXF0YSwlMjBBbCUyMEtoYWxlZWolMjBBbCUyMEFyYWJpJTIwLSUyMFJvYWQvZW50aXR5L0Nnb0l5UFB1d2RLYXFZTTNFQUU_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">"Google Travel"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Ftravel%2Funsupported%3Fq%3Db%26b%2Bat%2Berth%2Babu%2Bdhabi%26g2lb%3D2502548%2C2503771%2C2503781%2C2503999%2C4258168%2C4270442%2C4284970%2C4291517%2C4306835%2C4515404%2C4597339%2C4649665%2C4703207%2C4722900%2C4723331%2C4738544%2C4741665%2C4757164%2C4758192%2C4758493%2C4762561%2C4786153%2C4786958%2C4787395%2C4794648%2C4797296%2C4797698%2C4799675%2C4804563%26hl%3Den-AE%26gl%3Dae%26ssta%3D1%26ts%3DCAESBgoCCAMQARogCgIaABIaEhQKBwjmDxAHGBkSBwjmDxAHGBoYATICEAAqCQoFOgNBRUQaAA%26rp%3DogFhRXJ0aCBBYnUgRGhhYmkgKEFybWVkIEZvcmNlcyBPZmZpY2VycyBDbHViIGFuZCBIb3RlbCkgLSBLaG9yIEFsIE1hcXRhLCBBbCBLaGFsZWVqIEFsIEFyYWJpIC0gUm9hZDgBQABIAsABAw%26ap%3DMAFoAA%26ictx%3D1%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CAAQ5JsGahcKEwiY7p7E-PD4AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBQ%26ucpp%3DCr8GaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS90cmF2ZWwvaG90ZWxzL0VydGglMjBBYnUlMjBEaGFiaSUyMChBcm1lZCUyMEZvcmNlcyUyME9mZmljZXJzJTIwQ2x1YiUyMGFuZCUyMEhvdGVsKSUyMC0lMjBLaG9yJTIwQWwlMjBNYXF0YSwlMjBBbCUyMEtoYWxlZWolMjBBbCUyMEFyYWJpJTIwLSUyMFJvYWQvZW50aXR5L0Nnb0l5UFB1d2RLYXFZTTNFQUU_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&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatrebyerth.com/">"Erth Abu Dhabi"</a>. <i>Theatre By Erth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatre+By+Erth&rft.atitle=Erth+Abu+Dhabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrebyerth.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peck, Russell A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/CAMELOT/cinder/cin8.htm"><i>Pantomime, Burlesque, and Children's Drama</i></a>, Lib.rochester.edu, accessed 10 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-14-ca-1592-story.html">"Zsa Zsa Gabor in Panto <i>Cinderella</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 14 December 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Zsa+Zsa+Gabor+in+Panto+Cinderella&rft.date=1993-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-12-14-ca-1592-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantrell-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cantrell_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantell, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montgomerynews.com/articles/2013/11/15/entertainment/doc5284da2ec88c4122170269.txt?viewmode=fullstory">"People’s Light & Theatre presents 10th Holiday Panto – <i>Cinderella: A Musical Panto</i>"</a>, <i>Montgomery News</i>, November 15, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadwayworld.com/houston/article/BWW-Reviews-Stages-PANTO-MOTHER-GOOSE-A-Big-Golden-Goose-Egg-of-a-Theatrical-Treat-20121127">"Stages' Panto Mother Goose"</a>. broadwayworld.com. 27 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stages%27+Panto+Mother+Goose&rft.pub=broadwayworld.com&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FBWW-Reviews-Stages-PANTO-MOTHER-GOOSE-A-Big-Golden-Goose-Egg-of-a-Theatrical-Treat-20121127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/Preview-Panto-Cinderella-is-a-British-tradition-1608217.php">"Preview: Panto Cinderella is a British Tradition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Preview%3A+Panto+Cinderella+is+a+British+Tradition&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FPreview-Panto-Cinderella-is-a-British-tradition-1608217.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/REVIEW-Panto-brings-Texas-laughs-to-British-genre-1732573.php">"Panto Bring Texas Laughs to British Genre"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. 9 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Panto+Bring+Texas+Laughs+to+British+Genre&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FREVIEW-Panto-brings-Texas-laughs-to-British-genre-1732573.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houston.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/11-22-09-stages-on-panto/">"Panto Mine: A New Holiday Tradition Takes Hold in Houston"</a>. CultureMap. 10 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panto+Mine%3A+A+New+Holiday+Tradition+Takes+Hold+in+Houston&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhouston.culturemap.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2F11-22-09-stages-on-panto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/Lythgoe-Family-Productions-Presents-CINDERELLA-11271219-20100928#">"Lythgoe Family Productions Presents CINDERELLA, 11/27-12/19"</a>. broadwayworld.com. 28 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lythgoe+Family+Productions+Presents+CINDERELLA%2C+11%2F27-12%2F19&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Flos-angeles%2Farticle%2FLythgoe-Family-Productions-Presents-CINDERELLA-11271219-20100928%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-weekly.com/?p=8110">"Panto Baby: <i>A Snow White Christmas</i> opens Nov. 30th"</a>. <i>British Weekly</i>. 26 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Weekly&rft.atitle=Panto+Baby%3A+A+Snow+White+Christmas+opens+Nov.+30th&rft.date=2011-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-weekly.com%2F%3Fp%3D8110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/12/theater-review-cinderella-christmas-el-portal.html">"Theater review: <i>Cinderella Christmas</i> at the El Portal"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 23 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Theater+review%3A+Cinderella+Christmas+at+the+El+Portal&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fculturemonster%2F2011%2F12%2Ftheater-review-cinderella-christmas-el-portal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2012-dec-11-la-et-cm-lythgoe-panto-snow-white-christmas-20121211-story.html">"<i>A Snow White Christmas</i> puts Southern California imprint on British theater tradition"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Snow+White+Christmas+puts+Southern+California+imprint+on+British+theater+tradition&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fla-xpm-2012-dec-11-la-et-cm-lythgoe-panto-snow-white-christmas-20121211-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span>; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-pasadena-playhouse-mike-stoller-20130123,0,613456.story">"Pasadena Playhouse Mike Stoller and wife gave crucial $1 million"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pasadena+Playhouse+Mike+Stoller+and+wife+gave+crucial+%241+million&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fculture%2Fla-et-cm-pasadena-playhouse-mike-stoller-20130123%2C0%2C613456.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent,_R.J.1901" class="citation book cs1">Broadbent, R.J. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mime.info/history-broadbent.html"><i>A History of Pantomime</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Simpkin_%26_Marshall" title="Simpkin & Marshall">Simpkin Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pantomime&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin+Marshall%2C+Hamilton%2C+Kent+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Broadbent%2C+R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mime.info%2Fhistory-broadbent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chaffee, Judith and Olly Crick, <i>The Routledge Companion to Commedia dell'Arte</i> (Routledge, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74506-2">978-0-415-74506-2</a></li> <li>Hall, E. and R. Wyles, eds., <i>New Directions in Ancient Pantomime</i> (Oxford, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawner1998" class="citation book cs1">Lawner, Lynne (1998). <i>Harlequin on the Moon</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlequin+on+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lawner&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1969" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, David III (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harlequininhisel00davi"><i>Harlequin in His Element: The English Pantomime, 1806–1836</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37275-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-37275-1"><bdi>0-674-37275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlequin+in+His+Element%3A+The+English+Pantomime%2C+1806%E2%80%931836&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-674-37275-1&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=David+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharlequininhisel00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell_Stott,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">McConnell Stott, Andrew (2009). <i>The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi</i>. Edinburgh: Canongate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-295-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-295-7"><bdi>978-1-84767-295-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantomime+Life+of+Joseph+Grimaldi&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84767-295-7&rft.au=McConnell+Stott%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Richards, Jeffrey. <i>The Golden Age of Pantomime: Slapstick, Spectacle and Subversion in Victorian England</i> (I. B. Tauris, 2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780762933" title="Special:BookSources/1780762933">1780762933</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Winifred1964" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Winifred (1964). <i>The Commedia dell'Arte</i>. New York: Benjamin Blom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Blom&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Smith%2C+Winifred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_A._E.1949" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, A. E. (1949). <i>The Story of Pantomime</i>. London: Home & Van Thal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Pantomime&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Home+%26+Van+Thal&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Wilson%2C+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantomime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pantomime_(musical_comedy)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pantomime (musical comedy)">Pantomime</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927121327/http://www.musicaltalk.co.uk/episodes_0018.html">MusicalTalk Podcast</a> – discussing British pantomime, its origins and traditions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaos.ch">Geneva Amateur Operatic Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pantomimeshows.co.uk">Pantomime Shows in UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126030138/http://www.pantomimeshows.co.uk/">Archived</a> 2009-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretpantosociety.com">The Secret Pantomime Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-britain.com">Theatre Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madridplayers.org">Madrid Players</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/showbiz/2010/12/22/panto-in-wales-seen-through-american-eyes-91466-27865262/">Panto in Wales seen through American eyes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elta-project.org/theme-panto.html">"Pantomime"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108033254/http://www.elta-project.org/theme-panto.html">Archived</a> 2011-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) by Catherine Haill, V & A</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-behind-you.com/dailymail.html">"The Rise and Fall of the Pantomime Harlequinade"</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummer%27s_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummer's play">Mummer's play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of United States Christmas television specials">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plum" title="Sugar plum">Sugar plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13409536#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13409536#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13409536#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097501">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pantomima"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123938&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560640205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644268">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&oldid=1256534111">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantomime&oldid=1256534111</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pantomime" title="Category:Pantomime">Pantomime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy_genres" title="Category:Comedy genres">Comedy genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatrical_genres" title="Category:Theatrical 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