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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Film+%28zinema%29" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Film+%28zinema%29" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Film+%28zinema%29" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Film+%28zinema%29" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Filmaren_grabazioa_eta_transmisioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmaren_grabazioa_eta_transmisioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Filmaren grabazioa eta transmisioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmaren_grabazioa_eta_transmisioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia_eta_termino_alternatiboak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia_eta_termino_alternatiboak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etimologia eta termino alternatiboak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia_eta_termino_alternatiboak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aintzindariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aintzindariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aintzindariak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aintzindariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeluloidearen_aurretik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeluloidearen_aurretik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Zeluloidearen aurretik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeluloidearen_aurretik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lehenengo_filmak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehenengo_filmak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lehenengo filmak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehenengo_filmak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzio_goiztiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzio_goiztiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Eboluzio goiztiarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eboluzio_goiztiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soinua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soinua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Soinua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soinua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolorea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolorea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kolorea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolorea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950._hamarkada:_telebistaren_eragin_handia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950._hamarkada:_telebistaren_eragin_handia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>1950. hamarkada: telebistaren eragin handia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950._hamarkada:_telebistaren_eragin_handia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960ko_hamarkada_eta_ondorengoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960ko_hamarkada_eta_ondorengoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>1960ko hamarkada eta ondorengoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960ko_hamarkada_eta_ondorengoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinema_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinema_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zinema teoria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zinema_teoria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Zinema teoria azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zinema_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hizkuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizkuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hizkuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizkuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muntaia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muntaia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Muntaia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muntaia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinema_kritika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinema_kritika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zinema kritika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinema_kritika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koldo_Mitxelena_zinema_kritikari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koldo_Mitxelena_zinema_kritikari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Koldo Mitxelena zinema kritikari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koldo_Mitxelena_zinema_kritikari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_baten_zuzendaritza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_baten_zuzendaritza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film baten zuzendaritza</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_baten_zuzendaritza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Film baten zuzendaritza azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_baten_zuzendaritza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aurrekoizpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurrekoizpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aurrekoizpena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurrekoizpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekoizpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekoizpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ekoizpena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekoizpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekoizpen_ostekoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekoizpen_ostekoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ekoizpen ostekoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekoizpen_ostekoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Banaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Teknologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Film (zinema)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 179 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rolprent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D" title="ፊልም – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊልም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cinta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwicbili%C3%BE" title="Cwicbiliþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cwicbiliþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="फ़िल्म – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ़िल्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="فيلم – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="فيلم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فن السينيما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فن السينيما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="চলচ্চিত্ৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চলচ্চিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula" title="Película – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Película" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films" title="Films – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Films" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8lem" title="Pèlem – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pèlem" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="फिलिम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फिलिम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9l%C3%A9m" title="Pélém – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pélém" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="চলচ্চিত্র – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="གློག་བརྙན། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློག་བརྙན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="সিনেমা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সিনেমা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula" title="Pel·lícula – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pel·lícula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-%C4%ABng" title="Diêng-īng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-īng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinem%C3%A0" title="Sinemà – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sinemà" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm" title="Ffilm – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κινηματογραφική ταινία – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινηματογραφική ταινία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo" title="Filmo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula" title="Película – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Película" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini" title="Cini – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cini" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elokuva" title="Elokuva – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyaloyalo_(valeniyaloyalo)" title="Iyaloyalo (valeniyaloyalo) – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iyaloyalo (valeniyaloyalo)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmur" title="Filmur – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Filmur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cin%C3%A9ma)" title="Film (cinéma) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film (cinéma)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(art)" title="Cine (art) – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cine (art)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電影" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99%C3%A3ngam%C3%BDi" title="Ta’ãngamýi – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta’ãngamýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="सिनेमा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillym" title="Fillym – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fillym" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-y%C3%A1ng" title="Thien-yáng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-yáng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CA%BBi%CA%BBoni%CA%BBoni" title="Kiʻiʻoniʻoni – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kiʻiʻoniʻoni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="סרט קולנוע – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט קולנוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakis" title="Sakis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sakis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կինոնկար – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կինոնկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematograf-arto" title="Cinematograf-arto – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cinematograf-arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikmynd" title="Kvikmynd – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvikmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="映画 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flim" title="Flim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Flim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/skina" title="skina – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="skina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaru" title="Asaru – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸಿನಮಾ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿನಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="영화 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%84%D9%90%D9%85" title="فِلِم – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِلِم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AElm" title="Fîlm – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîlm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylm" title="Fylm – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fylm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellicula" title="Pellicula – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pellicula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo" title="Filmo – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindem%C3%A1" title="Sindemá – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sindemá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2" title="ຮູບເງົາ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮູບເງົາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmas" title="Filmas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofilma" title="Kinofilma – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kinofilma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem" title="Filem – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Filem" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilem" title="Pilem – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pilem" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചലച്ചിത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചലച്ചിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem" title="Filem – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema" title="Cinema – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cinema" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရုပ်ရှင် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုပ်ရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрямарт – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрямарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaixcopinalotl" title="Tlaixcopinalotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlaixcopinalotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellicula" title="Pellicula – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pellicula" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmkunst" title="Filmkunst – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Filmkunst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cinematografie)" title="Film (cinematografie) – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Film (cinematografie)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="संकिपा – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संकिपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cinematografie)" title="Film (cinematografie) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Film (cinematografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn%C3%A9ma" title="Cinnéma – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cinnéma" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE" title="ਫ਼ਿਲਮ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਲਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9ma" title="Chinéma – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinéma" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuq_wanki" title="Kuyuq wanki – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuq wanki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="चलच्चित्रम् – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चलच्चित्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Киинэ – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киинэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ACnema" title="Cìnema – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cìnema" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill%C3%ACcula" title="Pillìcula – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pillìcula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7" title="චිත්‍රපට – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍රපට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie" title="Movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmov%C3%A9_dielo" title="Filmové dielo – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filmové dielo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firimu" title="Firimu – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Firimu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filim" title="Filim – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filimi" title="Filimi – hegoaldeko sothoera" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Filimi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="hegoaldeko sothoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilem" title="Pilem – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pilem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamu" title="Filamu – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Filamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kacudu" title="kacudu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kacudu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரைப்படம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="సినిమా – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సినిమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาพยนตร์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D" title="ፊልም – tigrinyera" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊልም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinyera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filimi" title="Filimi – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Filimi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85" title="فىلىم – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىلىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%27m" title="Fil'm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fil'm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Điện ảnh – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fime" title="Fime – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fime" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电影" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="פילם – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%B2" title="影戲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="影戲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-i%C3%A1%E2%81%BF" title="Tiān-iáⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-iáⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqayi" title="Ingqayi – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqayi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11424#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Film_(zinema)" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Film_(zinema)" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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Beste esanahietarako ikus: <a href="/wiki/Film_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Film (argipena)">Film (argipena)</a>.</i></dd> <dd><b>Pelikula</b> <i>hitzak artikulu honetara dakar. Beste esanahietarako ikus: <a href="/wiki/Pelikula_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pelikula (argipena)">Pelikula (argipena)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/330px--Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="248" data-durationhint="772" data-mwtitle="Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_(black_and_white,_1902).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_(black_and_white,_1902).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Ilargira bidaia</i>, 1902. Narrazioaren eta zientzia-fikziozko zinemaren garapenean inflexio puntutzat hartzen den filma.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Filma</b> edo <b>pelikula</b> <a href="/wiki/Zinema_zuzendari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinema zuzendari">zinema zuzendari</a> batek kamera baten bidez grabatu eta muntaia-prozesuaren ondoren publikoari aurkezten dion <a href="/wiki/Zinema" title="Zinema">zinema</a>-lana da. Izena erabilitako euskarriarengatik datorkio. Izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Argazki" title="Argazki">argazkiarekiko</a> sentikortasuna duen materialezko zintak izaten ziren, inpresioz irudi fotografiko eta zinematografikoak gordetzen zituenak. Zinta horiek dituzten <a href="/wiki/Fotograma" title="Fotograma">fotogramak</a> era bizkor eta jarraian ikusten direnean (gutxienez 18 fotograma segundoko), mugimenduaren ilusioa sortzen dute, gizakien <a href="/wiki/Erretina" title="Erretina">erretinak</a> une batez irudia gordetzen baitu. Gaur egun, zinema egiteko eta ikusteko euskarrien eskaintza zabalagoa da. </p><p>Filmak <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">arte</a>-lan mota bat ere badira, zeinek <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kulturaren</a> gainean eragin handia daukaten, entretenimendu iturri arrakastatsua izan baitaiteke. Zinemako bista-elementuek komunikatzeko ahalmen unibertsala ematen diote filmari, <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntza" title="Hizkuntza">hizkuntzen</a> arteko trabak <a href="/wiki/Azpititulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Azpititulu">azpititulu</a> edo bikoizketen bidez gaindituta. Film batzuk mundu osoan bilakatu dira ospetsu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmaren_grabazioa_eta_transmisioa">Filmaren grabazioa eta transmisioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filmaren grabazioa eta transmisioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Filmaren grabazioa eta transmisioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film baten irudi mugikorrak sortzen dira: zinema-kamerarekin benetako <a href="/wiki/Argazki" title="Argazki">eszenak</a> ateraz; <a href="/wiki/Marrazki" title="Marrazki">marrazkiak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Miniaturazko_erretratu" title="Miniaturazko erretratu">miniaturazko modeloak</a> animazio-teknika tradizionalak erabiliz; konputagailuz sortutako irudi (<a href="/wiki/Konputagailuz_sortutako_irudi" title="Konputagailuz sortutako irudi">CGI</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Konputagailu_bidezko_animazio" title="Konputagailu bidezko animazio">ordenagailu bidezko animazioaren</a> bitartez, edo teknika horiek guztiak, edo batzuk, eta beste ikus-efektu batzuk konbinatuz. </p><p>Ekoizpen digitala sartu aurretik, irudi finko batzuk kimikoki sentsibilizatutako zeluloidezko zinta batean grabatzen ziren (<a href="/wiki/Argazki-film" title="Argazki-film">argazki-filmaren</a> materiala), normalean 24 <a href="/wiki/Fotograma" title="Fotograma">fotograma</a> segundoko abiaduran. Irudiak film-proiektore baten bidez transmititzen dira grabatutako abiadura berean; <a href="/wiki/Maltako_gurutzea_(mekanismoa)" title="Maltako gurutzea (mekanismoa)">Genevako disko</a> baten bitartez, fotograma bakoitza bere proiekzio-denbora laburrean geldirik egongo dela bermatzen du. <a href="/wiki/Obturadore" title="Obturadore">Obturadore</a> birakari batek iluntasun tarte <a href="/wiki/Estroboskopio" title="Estroboskopio">estroboskopikoak</a> eragiten ditu, baina ikusleak ez ditu etenak nabaritzen keinu-fusioaren ondorioz. <a href="/wiki/Ikusmen" title="Ikusmen">Ikusmenak</a> ezin duenez irudi indibidualak abiadura handian hauteman, pantailan agertzen den mugimenduaren ondorioa da irudien inpresioak tarte ilunekin nahasten direla, eta, beraz, elkarrekin lotzen dira mugitzen den irudi baten ilusioa sortzeko. Proiektatzen ez den <a href="/wiki/Soinu-banda" title="Soinu-banda">soinu-banda</a> <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optiko</a> analogiko bat (ahozko hitzen, musikaren eta beste soinu batzuen grabazio grafikoa) harentzat esklusiboki gordetako filmaren zati batean zehar doa. </p><p>Film garaikideak, normalean, guztiz digitalak dira ekoizpen, banaketa eta erakusketa prozesu osoan zehar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia_eta_termino_alternatiboak">Etimologia eta termino alternatiboak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia eta termino alternatiboak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia eta termino alternatiboak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Filme</i> izenak, jatorriz, erreferentzia egiten dio filmak grabatzeko eta bistaratzeko benetako euskarria izan ohi den zeluloide-zerrendako emultsio fotokimikoaren<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> geruza meheari. </p><p>Badira beste hainbat termino film indibidualetarako, besteak beste, <i>irudia</i>, <i>irudi ikuskizuna</i>, <i>mugitzen den argazkia</i>, <i>argazki-jokoa</i>, <i>flick</i>a edo <i>pelikula</i>. Euskal Herrian, ohikoena <i>pelikula </i>da, eta <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a> <i>filma</i> hobesten da. Termino arkaikoak <i>argazki bizidunak</i> eta <i>argazki bizidunak</i> dira. </p><p><i>Flick</i>, oro har, argot terminoa da, 1926an erregistratu zen lehen aldiz. Jatorria <i>flicker </i>aditzean du lehen filmen itxura keinuakariengatik<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Oro har, arlorako termino arruntak <i>pantaila handia</i>, <i>zilarrezko pantaila</i>, <i>filmak</i> eta <i>pelikulak</i> dira; horietako azkena erabili ohi da testu akademikoetan eta saiakera kritikoetan, termino orokor gisa. Hasierako urteetan, <i>xafla</i> hitza erabiltzen zen batzuetan <i>pantaila</i>ren ordez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Zinemaren_historia" title="Zinemaren historia">Zinemaren historia</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_zinema" title="Euskal Herriko zinema">Euskal Herriko zinema</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aintzindariak">Aintzindariak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aintzindariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Aintzindariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zinemaren arteak lehenagoko hainbat tradiziotan du oinarri: <a href="/wiki/Ipuin" title="Ipuin">ahozko ipuinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antzerki" title="Antzerki">antzerkia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arte_bisual" title="Arte bisual">arte bisualak</a> besteak beste. , Mugitzen diren eta/edo proiektatutako irudiak izan dituzten arte eta entretenimendu lehenagoko formak hauek dira: </p> <ul><li>Itzalgintza: ziurrenik, historiaurretik erabilia.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ganbara iluna: historiaurreko garaietatik laguntza artistiko gisa erabili izan den fenomeno naturala.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Txotxongilo" title="Txotxongilo">Itzal-txotxongiloak</a>: ziurrenik, K.a. 200. urte inguruan sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Linterna magikoa: 1650eko hamarkadan garatua. Multimedia fantasmagoriak erakusten du 1790etik aurrera egin ziren farol magikoak <a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> lehen erdian zehar ezagunak zirela eta diapositiba mekanikoak, atzeko proiekzioa, proiektore mugikorrak, gainjartzea, nahasten diren ikuspegiak, zuzeneko aktoreak, kea (batzuetan irudiak proiektatzeko) izan zezaketela, baita usainak, soinuak eta deskarga elektrikoak ere.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeluloidearen_aurretik">Zeluloidearen aurretik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zeluloidearen aurretik»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Zeluloidearen aurretik"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/220px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/330px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/440px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Stampfer irakaslearen No. X Scheibe Estroboskopioaren GIF animatua (Trentsensky & Vieweg 1833)</figcaption></figure> <p>Animazio <a href="/wiki/Estroboskopio" title="Estroboskopio">estroboskopikoaren</a> printzipioa 1833an sortu zen disko estroboskopikoarekin (fenakistoskopio izenez ezagutzen dena), eta, geroago zootropoan (1866tik), flip book-ean (1868tik) eta praxinoskopioan (1877tik) erabili zen zinemagintzarako oinarrizko printzipioan bihurtu aurretik. </p><p>Gutxienez 1843. urtean egin, eta 1847an proiektatu ziren, publikoki, fenakistoskopioan oinarritutako lehen animazio-proiektoreekin egindako esperimentuak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Duboscq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Duboscq (sortu gabe)">Jules Duboscq-ek</a> fenakistoskopio proiekzio-sistemak merkaturatu zituen <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzian</a> 1853tik 1890era arte. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/250px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Eadweard Muybridge-en Zoopraxiskopioa</figcaption></figure> <p>Argazkia 1839an sortu zen, baina, hasieran, argazki-emultsioek hain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esposizio_(azgarkigintza)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esposizio (azgarkigintza) (sortu gabe)">esposizio luzeak</a> behar zituzten, ezen mugitzen ziren subjektuak grabatzea ezinezkoa zirudien. 1844. urtetik, gutxienez, posizio ezberdinetan kokatutako gaien argazki-serieak sortu ziren mugimendu-sekuentzia bat iradokitzeko edo ikus-angelu ezberdinen sorta dokumentatzeko. Argazkilaritza estereoskopikoaren etorrerak (1840ko hamarkadan esperimentu goiztiarrekin eta 1850eko hamarkadaren hasieratik arrakasta komertzialarekin) argazki-euskarria osatzeko interesa piztu zuen kolorea eta mugimendua harrapatzeko bitartekoak gehituta. 1849an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Plateau (sortu gabe)">Joseph Plateau-k</a> bere fenakistoskopioaren asmakizuna estereoskopioarekin konbinatzeko ideia argitaratu zuen (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> estereoskopioaren asmatzaileak iradokitzen zion bezala), eta gailu konbinatuan animatzeko, igeltsuzko eskulturen argazkiak erabiltzeko posizio ezberdinetan. 1852an, Jules Duboscq-ek <i>Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope</i> izeneko tresna bat patentatu zuen, baina oso denbora laburrean egon zen merkatuan eta arrakastarik gabe. Makina baten argazki estereoskopikoak dituen <i>Bioscope </i>disko bat <a href="/wiki/Ganteko_Unibertsitatea" title="Ganteko Unibertsitatea">Ganteko Unibertsitateko</a> Plateau bilduman dago, baina, oraindik, ez da tresnarik edo bestelako diskorik aurkitu. </p><p>1850eko hamarkadaren amaieran, berehalako argazkilaritzaren lehen adibideak sortu ziren, eta mugimenduaren argazkilaritza laster posible izango zela itxaropena eman zuten, baina hamarkada batzuk behar izan ziren, denbora errealean, irudi sekuentzialen serieak grabatzeko metodo batekin arrakastaz konbinatu arte. 1878an, <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridgek</a>, azkenean, zaldi lasterkari baten argazki sorta bat ateratzea lortu zuen pistan zehar kamara bateria batekin, eta emaitzak <i>The Horse in Motion</i> gisa argitaratu zituen kabinete txarteletan. Muybridgek, eta baita <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Jules Marey (sortu gabe)">Étienne-Jules Marey-k</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottomar Anschütz (sortu gabe)">Ottomar Anschütz-ek</a> eta beste hainbatek ere, kronoargazkigintzako azterketa askoz gehiago sortuko zuten. Muybridgek bere kronoargazki-serieetako dozenaka ingerada beirazko diskoetan marraztu zituen, eta bere zoopraxiskopioarekin proiektatu zituen 1880tik 1895era egindako hitzaldietan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Electrotachyscope1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/220px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/330px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/440px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Anschütz-en elektrotakiskopioa<br /><small><i>American Scientific</i>, 1889-11-16, 303. or.</small></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Anschützek 1881ean egin zituen bat-bateko lehen argazkiak. 1882an, 1/1000 segundoko obturazio-abiadura ahalbidetzen zuen kamera eramangarri bat garatu zuen. Bere argazkien kalitatea, oro har, <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Muybridge</a> eta Étienne-Jules Mareyren kronoargazkigintza lanetakoa baino askoz handiagoa bezala hartzen zen<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1886an, Anschützek elektrotakiskopioa garatu zuen, lehen gailu bat zeina eskuz biraldatzen zen 1,5 metro zabaleko gurpil birakari batean, 30 fotograma inguru segundoko abiaduran, beirazko plakadun 24 argazkien begizta laburrak erakusten zituen. Bertsio desberdinak erakutsi ziren nazioarteko erakusketa, azoka, konbentzio eta arkupe askotan, 1887tik 1894ra arte gutxienez. 1891n hasita, txanpon bidezko <i>peep-box elektrotachyscope</i> modelo baten 152 ale Siemens & Halske-k fabrikatu zituen <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlinen</a>, eta nazioartean saldu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1892ko udan, ia 34.000 lagunek ordaindu zuten Berlingo Erakusketa Parkean ikusteko. Beste batzuek <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londresen</a> edo 1893ko <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicagoko</a> Munduko Azokan ikusi zuten. <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_25" title="Azaroaren 25">azaroaren 25ean</a>, Anschützek elektrotakiskopioko proiektorea aurkeztu zuen <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlinen</a>, 6x8 metroko proiekzioarekin. 1895eko otsailaren 22tik martxoaren 30era, guztira 7.000 bezero inguru ordaindu zuten 40 bat eszena ordu eta erdiko ikuskizuna ikusteko Berlingo Reichstag eraikin zaharreko 300 eserlekuko aretoan<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/220px-seek%3D40-Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Pauvre_Pierrot_(Emile_Reynaud,_1892).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pauvre_Pierrot_(Emile_Reynaud,_1892).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Pauvre Pierrot</i> (1892) birmargotutako klipa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Reynaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Reynaud (sortu gabe)">Émile Reynaudek</a> jadanik aipatu zuen praxinoskopioaren irudiak proiektatzeko aukera 1877ko patente eskaeran. Praxinoskopioa proiektatzeko gailu bat aurkeztu zuen <i>Société française de photographie</i>n, 1880ko ekainaren 4an, baina ez zuen bere praxinoskopioko proiekzio bezala merkaturatu 1882 baino lehen. Gero, gailua gehiago garatu zuen <i>Théâtre Optique</i>n, zeinak atzealde bereiziekin sekuentzia luzeagoak proiekta ditzakeen; 1888an patentatu zuen. Makinarako, hainbat pelikula sortu zituen, kartoizko markoetan muntatu eta oihalezko banda bati lotuta zeuden ehunka gelatina-plateretan irudiak margotuz. 1892ko urriaren 28tik 1900eko martxora, Reynaud-ek 12.800 ikuskizun baino gehiago eskaini zituen, guztira 500.000 bisitari baino gehiago bilduz Parisko <i>Musée Grévin</i>en. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehenengo_filmak">Lehenengo filmak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehenengo filmak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Lehenengo filmak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A screenshot of Roundhay Garden Scene by the French Louis Le Prince, the world's first film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/220px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/330px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/440px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption><i>Roundhay Garden Scene</i>ko fotograma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Le_Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Le Prince (sortu gabe)">Louis Le Prince</a>-rena, 1888an, zinema-kamera batekin ekoitzitako munduan bizirik dagoen lehen filma.</figcaption></figure> <p>1880ko hamarkadaren amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Zeluloide" title="Zeluloide">zeluloidezko</a> <a href="/wiki/Argazki-film" title="Argazki-film">argazki-film</a> luzeak eta <a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">argazki-kameren</a> asmakuntzak sortu zirenean, zeinak leiar bakarra erabiliz irudi-sekuentzia azkar bat atera zezaketen, ekintza filma bobina trinko bakarrean harrapatzea eta biltegiratzea ahalbidetu zuten. </p><p>Filmak, hasiera batean, publikoki, pertsona bati soilik erakusten zitzaion aldi berean, <i>peep show</i> gailuen bidez, hala nola elektrotakiskopioa, kinetoskopioa eta mutoskopioa. Handik gutxira, erakusleek filmak pantaila handietan proiektatzea lortu zuten antzokiko ikusleentzat. </p><p>Sarrera kobratu ziren filmen lehen emanaldi publikoak Woodville Latham estatubatuarrak eta bere semeek egin zituzten 1895ean, beren Eidoloscope konpainiak ekoitzitako filmak erabiliz<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta, dudarik gabe, ezagunagoak diren <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Lumière">Auguste</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Lumière">Louis Lumière</a> anai frantsesek, beren ekoizpenetako hamarrekin. Emanaldi pribatuak hilabete batzuk lehenago eman ziren, Latham Lumière anaiak baino apur bat lehenago izan zelarik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eboluzio_goiztiarra">Eboluzio goiztiarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzio goiztiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzio goiztiarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune, showing a projectile in the man in the moon's eye from 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/220px-Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>-en <i>Le Voyage dans la Lune</i>ren (Ilargira bidaia) (1902) plano ospetsu bat. Film narratibo goiztiarra eta hasierako zientzia fikziozko filma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lehen filmak muntaketa edo bestelako teknika zinematografikorik gabeko gertaera edo ekintza bat erakusten zuen plano estatiko bat besterik ez zen. Film tipikoetan erakusten zen: langileak fabrikako ate batetik irteten, jendea kalean ibiltzen, hiri bateko Kale Nagusian zebilen tranbia baten aurrealdea... Kondairaren arabera, pelikula batek ikusleengana abiadura handian hurbiltzen zen lokomotora bat erakusten zuenean, ikusleek izutu, eta antzokitik ihes egiten zuen. <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendearen</a> amaieran, filmak hainbat eszena lotzen hasi ziren istorio bat kontatzeko. (Zinemagileek lehen aldiz konturatu ziren hainbat plano edo eszena plano bat bestearen atzetik zihoanean, ekintza horrek plano bereizietako edukiaren arteko harremana ezartzen zuela ikuslearen buruan. Harreman hori da zinemako istorio guztiak posible egiten dituena. Adibide sinple bat da: pertsona bat leiho batetik begira agertzen bada, pertsona horrek hurrengo planoak erakusten duena, edozer dela ere, ikusten ariko den ikuspegi gisa hartuko du.) Eszena bakoitza lehenago gertatzen zen akzioaren plano geldo bakarra zen. Geroago, eszenak distantzia eta angelu ezberdinetatik ateratako hainbat planotan banatu ziren. Kameraren mugimendua bezalako beste teknika batzuk garatu ziren filmarekin istorio bat kontatzeko modu eraginkor gisa. 1920ko hamarkadaren amaieran soinu-filma komertzialki praktikoa bihurtu zen arte, zinemagintzak ikus-arte hutsa ziren, baina film mutu berritzaile horiek publikoaren irudimena bereganatu zuten. Ikusleak proiektorearen zarata lagungarri gisa bakarrik utzi beharrean, antzokiko jabeek piano-jotzaile edo organo-jotzaile bat edo, hiri-antzoki handietan, orkestra osoa kontratatu zuten une bakoitzean pelikularen aldarteari egokitzen zitzaion musika jotzeko. 1920ko hamarkadaren hasieran, film gehienak horretarako erabili beharreko partitura-zerrenda prestatu batekin zetozen, eta film-partitura osoak konposatu zituzten ekoizpen handietarako. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/220px--Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="158" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="Charlie_Chaplin,_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Charlie_Chaplin,_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="200" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bond (sortu gabe)">The Bond</a> film mutuko klip bat</i> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>Europako zinemaren gorakada <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">I. Mundu Gerra</a> lehertzeak eten zuen <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetako</a> zinema-industria <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood-en</a> gorakadarekin loratu zen bitartean <a href="/wiki/David_Wark_Griffith" title="David Wark Griffith">D.W. Griffith-en</a> <i>The Birth of a Nation</i> (1915) eta <i>Intolerantzia </i>(1916) lan berritzaileekin. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920ko</a> hamarkadan, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/F.W._Murnau" title="F.W. Murnau">F.W. Murnau</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> bezalako Europako zinemagileek (Griffithen bidez zinemaren gerra garaiko aurrerapen meteorikoak inspiratuta), <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charles Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> eta beste batzuen ekarpenekin batera, azkar harrapatu zuten Ameriketako zinemagintza, eta baliabidea gehiago aurreratzen jarraitu zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soinua">Soinua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Soinua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Soinua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1920ko hamarkadan, soinu elektronikoen grabazio teknologien garapenak pantailan egindako ekintzarekin hizkera, musika eta soinu efektuak sinkronizaturik sartzea praktikoa izan zen. Emaitzatik sortutako soinu-filmak, hasieran, ohikoetatik <i>pelikula isilak</i> edo <i>filmak </i> <i>hitz egiten duten irudiak</i> edo <i>hitzdunak </i>deituz bereizten ziren. Egindako iraultza azkarra izan zen. 1930. urterako, filma isila ia desagertu zen AEBn, eta dagoeneko <i>euskarri zaharra</i> deritzoten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolorea">Kolorea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kolorea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kolorea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beste garapen teknologiko garrantzitsu bat <i><a href="/wiki/Kolorezko_zinema" title="Kolorezko zinema">kolore naturala</a></i> sartzea izan zen, hau da, eskuz koloreztatutako, plantilla-kolorezko edo bestelako prozedura arbitrarioen bitartez egindakoak zuri-beltzeko grabatuei gehitu beharrean, naturatik argazkiz grabatutako koloreak sartzea, nahiz eta hasieran, kolore <i>natural</i>etik oso urrun egon. Soinudun filmen etorrerak soinurik gabeko pelikulak eta aretoko musikariak azkar baztertu bazituen ere, koloreak askoz mantsoago ordezkatu zituen zuri-beltzezko filmak. Berrikuntzarik behinena <i><a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">technicolor</a> </i>prozesuaren hiru banda-bertsioa ezartzea izan zen, zeina 1932an animaziozko marrazki bizidunetarako erabili zen lehenengo aldiz, eta, ondoren, zuzeneko ekintza <a href="/wiki/Film_labur" title="Film labur">film laburretarako</a> eta sekuentzia isolatuentzat eta, geroago, <a href="/wiki/Film_luze" title="Film luze">film luze</a> batzuetarako ere, esaterako <i>Becky Sharp</i>, 1935ean. Prozesuaren gastua handia izan zen, baina publikoaren erantzun egokiak, <a href="/wiki/Txarteldegi" title="Txarteldegi">leihatilako</a> salmentak, normalean, gehitutako kostua justifikatu zuen. Koloretan egindako film kopurua poliki-poliki handitu zen urtez urte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950._hamarkada:_telebistaren_eragin_handia">1950. hamarkada: telebistaren eragin handia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1950. hamarkada: telebistaren eragin handia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: 1950. hamarkada: telebistaren eragin handia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1950eko hamarkadaren hasieran, telebista zuri-beltzaren ugaritzea larriki hasi zen Ipar Amerikako zinema-aretotarako bertaratzea jaisten. Ikusleak aretotara itzultzeko ahaleginean, pantaila handiagoak instalatu ziren; pantaila panoramiko prozesuak sartu ziren; 3D proiekzio polarizatua eta <a href="/wiki/Soinu_estereofoniko" title="Soinu estereofoniko">soinu estereofonikoa</a>, eta koloreko film gehiago egiten hasi ziren, eta ohiko bihurtu zen salbuespena baino. Hollywoodeko film nagusi garrantzitsu batzuk zuri-beltzez egiten ziren oraindik, 1960ko hamarkadaren erdialdera arte, baina aro baten amaiera markatu zuten. Koloretako telebistako hargailuak, AEBn, eskuragarri ziren 1950eko hamarkadaren erdialdetik, baina, hasieran, oso garestiak ziren, eta emisio gutxi ziren koloretan. 1960ko hamarkadan, prezioak pixkanaka jaisten hasi ziren; kolore emisioak ohikoak bihurtu ziren, eta salmentak gora egin zuten. Kolorearen alde zegoen aukera publikoa erabatekoa argi zegoen. Zuri-beltzeko filmen azken andana hamarkadaren erdialdean kaleratu ondoren, Hollywoodeko estudioko produkzio guztiak koloretan filmatu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> bezalako zinemagile <i>izarren </i>salbuespenekin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960ko_hamarkada_eta_ondorengoa">1960ko hamarkada eta ondorengoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1960ko hamarkada eta ondorengoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: 1960ko hamarkada eta ondorengoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Salahzulfikar1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/220px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/330px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/440px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salah_Zulfikar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salah Zulfikar (sortu gabe)">Salah Zulfikar</a>, Egiptoko zinemaren urrezko garaiko aktore ezagunenetako bat</figcaption></figure> <p>1960ko hamarkadan, estudioko sistemaren gainbeheraren ondorengo hamarkadetan, aldaketak izan ziren zinemaren ekoizpenean eta estiloan. <i><a href="/wiki/New_wave" title="New wave">New Wave</a></i> mugimendu ezberdinek (Frantziako <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Vague" title="Nouvelle Vague">Nouvelle Vague</a></i>, Indiako New Wave, Japoniako New Wave, New Hollywood eta Egiptoko New Wave barne) eta zinema-eskoletan hezitako zinemagile independenteen gorakadak XX. mendearen azken erdian baliabideak bizitako aldaketetan lagundu zuten. Teknologia digitala aldaketaren eragilea izan zen 1990. eta 2000. hamarkadan. 3D proiekzio digitalak neurri handi batean arazoetarako joera zuten 3D film sistemak ordezkatu zituen, eta 2010. hamarkadaren hasieran ezaguna egin zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zinema_teoria">Zinema teoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zinema teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Zinema teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BolexH16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16 mm spring-wound Bolex H16 Reflex camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/220px-BolexH16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/330px-BolexH16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>16 mm-ko reflex-kamara (Bolex) hau, <i>H16 </i>reflex kamera, zinema-eskoletan erabili zen hasierako kamera ezaguna da.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zinemaren teoriak zinema arte gisa aztertzeko balio duten kontzeptu zehatzak eta sistematikoak garatu nahi ditu. Zinema arte-forma gisa kontzeptua 1911n hasi zen <a href="/wiki/Ricciotto_Canudo" title="Ricciotto Canudo">Ricciotto Canudoren</a> seigarren artearen jaiotza manifestuarekin. Moskuko Zinema Eskola, munduko zinema eskolarik zaharrena, 1919an sortu zen zinemaren teoria irakasteko eta ikertzeko. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Arnheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Arnheim (sortu gabe)">Rudolf Arnheim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béla Balázs (sortu gabe)">Béla Balázs</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Kracauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Kracauer (sortu gabe)">Siegfried Kracauer-ek</a> zuzendutako zinema teoria formalistak azpimarratu zuen nola zinema errealitatetik desberdintzen zen eta, beraz, baliozko arte edertzat har zitekeen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Bazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Bazin (sortu gabe)">André Bazinek</a> teoria horren aurka erreakzionatu zuen zinemaren esentzia artistikoa errealitatea mekanikoki erreproduzitzeko gaitasunean zegoela eta ez errealitatearekiko zituen desberdintasunetan argudiatuz, eta horrek teoria errealista sortu zuen. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan-en</a> <a href="/wiki/Psikoanalisi" title="Psikoanalisi">psikoanalisiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure-ren</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika">semiotikak</a> bultzatutako analisi berriagoak, besteak beste zinemaren teoria psikoanalitikoa, zinema <a href="/wiki/Estrukturalismo" title="Estrukturalismo">estrukturalista</a>, zinema teoria feminista eta beste batzuk sortu ditu. Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinen</a> eraginez, <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> analitikoko tradizioko kritikariak ikerketa teorikoetan erabiltzen diren uste okerrak argitzen, eta film baten hiztegiaren eta bizimodu batekin duen loturaren azterketa egiten saiatzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hizkuntza">Hizkuntza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hizkuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Hizkuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zinemak bere hizkuntza duela jotzen da. Honi buruz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Monako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Monako (sortu gabe)">James Monakok</a> zinemaren teoriari buruzko testu klasiko bat idatzi zuen: <i>Nola irakurri filma</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> zuzendariak esan zuen: «Niretzat, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovski" title="Andrei Tarkovski">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> zuzendaririk handiena da, hizkuntza berri bat asmatu zuena, zinemaren izaerari leial, bizitza islada gisa hartzen baitu, bizitza amets gisa». Hizkuntzaren adibide bat da hitz egiten ari den aktore baten ezkerreko profilaren joan-etorriko irudien sekuentzia; ondoren, beste aktore hiztun baten eskuineko profila agertzen da, gero horren errepikapena, entzuleek elkarrizketa bat adierazteko ulertzen duten hizkuntza da hori. Horrek zinemaren beste teoria bat deskribatzen du: 180 graduko araua Istorioak kontatzeko gailu bisual gisa, ikuslea psikologikoki presente egoteko testuinguruan kokatzeko gaitasuna duen konposizio bisuala eta edizioa erabiliz. <i>Hollywood estiloak</i> barne hartzen du narrazio-teoria hori <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalifornia" title="Kalifornia">Kalifornia</a>) egoitza duten zinema-estudioek arauaren praktika erabatekoa zela eta zinemaren aro klasikoan. Lengoaia zinematografikoaren beste adibide bat da aktore baten bekokian (hausnarketa isila adieraziz) handitzen den plano bat hartzea eta jarraian lehengo aktorearen antza lauso gazteago baten planoa ebakitzen duena, lehen aktorearen antza lausoa duena eta lehengo pertsonaren iraganeko ni bat gogoratzen ari dela adierazten duena; horrek denbora-trantsizio bat eragiten duen konposizio-edizio bat adierazten du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muntaia">Muntaia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Muntaia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Muntaia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montajea film zati bereiziak hautatzeko, editatzeko eta, ondoren, elkartzeko teknika da, filmaren atal berri bat egiteko. Eszena batean, gizon bat gudura doala erakus lezake, bere gaztaroari eta etxeko bizitzari buruzko <a href="/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback">flashback-ekin</a> eta efektu bereziekin batera, filmazioa amaitu ondoren filmean jarrita. Horiek guztiak bereizita filmatu zirenez, eta aktore ezberdinekin, agian, azken bertsioari muntaia deitzen zaio. Zuzendariek muntaiaren teoria bat garatu zuten Eisensteinek irudien elkarren arteko uztarketa konplexua bere <i><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_korazatua" title="Potemkin korazatua">Potemkin korazatua</a></i> filmean hasiz<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Kontrapuntu" title="Kontrapuntu">Kontrapuntu musikal</a> eta bisuala txertatzeak eta eszenaren garapenak (<i>mise en scene</i> edo eszenaratze, <a href="/wiki/Edizio" title="Edizio">edizio</a> eta efektuen bitartez, edizio eta efektuen bitartez) <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">balletean</a> erabiltzen direnen pareko teknika konplexuagoak ekarri ditu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinema_kritika">Zinema kritika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zinema kritika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Zinema kritika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zinema kritika filmen azterketa eta ebaluazioa da. Oro har, lan horiek bi kategoriatan bana daitezke: zinema-ikasleen kritika akademikoa eta <a href="/wiki/Egunkari" title="Egunkari">egunkarietan</a> eta beste hedabide batzuetan, aldizka, agertzen den kazetaritza zinematografikoa. Egunkari, <a href="/wiki/Aldizkari" title="Aldizkari">aldizkari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hedabide" title="Hedabide">hedabideetarako</a> lan egiten duten zinema kritikariek estreinaldi berriak aztertzen dituzte batez ere. Normalean, behin bakarrik ikusten dute filma, eta egun bat edo bi baino ez dituzte euren iritziak emateko. Hala ere, kritikariek eragin handia dute ikusleen erantzunean eta filmen asistentzietan, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Zinema_genero" title="Zinema genero">genero</a> jakin batzuetakoetan. Masiboki merkaturatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Ekintzazko_zinema" title="Ekintzazko zinema">akzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beldurrezko_zinema" title="Beldurrezko zinema">beldurrezko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zinema_komiko" title="Zinema komiko">komedia-filmek</a> ez du eragin handirik izaten kritikariek filmari buruz egiten duten epaiketa orokorrak. Film baten argumentuaren laburpenak eta deskribapenak eta zinema kritika gehien osatzen duten zuzendarien eta gidoilarien lanaren balorazioa, oraindik ere, eragin handia izan dezakete jendeak filma bat ikustera joateko. Ospe handiko filmetarako, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Zinema_dramatiko" title="Zinema dramatiko">drama</a> eta arte-film gehienetarako, kritiken eragina garrantzitsua da. Aldizkari eta egunkari nagusietako kritikari nagusien iritzi txarrak, sarritan, publikoaren interesa eta asistentzia murriztuko du. </p><p>Kritikari baten iritziak film jakin batek <a href="/wiki/Txarteldegi" title="Txarteldegi">leihatilan</a> izan dezakeen errendimenduaren eragina eztabaidagai da. Kritikari batzuek diote 2000ko hamarkadan zinemaren marketina hain bizia, ongi koordinatua eta ondo finantzatua zegola, ezen kritikariek ezin zuten saihestu gaizki idatzitako edo filmatutako <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster" title="Blockbuster">superprodukzio</a> batek merkatuko arrakasta lortzea. Hala ere, gogor kritikatutako sustapen handiko film batzuen porrot katastrofikoak eta kritikak goraipatutako film independenteen ustekabeko arrakastak adierazten dute muturreko erreakzio kritikoek eragin handia izan zezaketela. Beste kritikari batzuek nabarmendu dute gutxi ezagutzen diren filmekiko interesa pizten dutela filmaren kritika positiboak. Alderantziz, badira zinema konpainiak konfiantza gutxi duten hainbat pelikula, ezen uko egiten dieten kritikariei ikustaldi aurreratua emateari filmaren panoramika zabala saihesteko. Hala ere, hori, normalean, kalterako da, bada, kritikariek taktika jakintsua baitute, eta publikoari ohartarazten diote filmak, agian, ez duela ikustea merezi, eta, ondorioz, filmek porrot egiten dute. Aldizkari eta egunkaritako zinema-kritikariei, zinema-kritikari deitzen zaie, batzuetan. Filmen ikuspegi akademikoagoa hartzen duten kritikariek (zinema-aldizkarietan argitaratuz eta zinema-teoria edo zinema-ikasketen ikuspegiak erabiliz filmei buruzko liburuak idatziz) zinema eta filmazio-teknikek nola funtzionatzen duten eta zer eragin duten pertsonengan aztertzen dute. Beren iritziak egunkarietan argitaratu edo telebistan agertzea baino, haien artikuluak aldizkari akademikoetan edo goi-merkatuko aldizkarietan argitaratzen dira. Ikastetxe edo unibertsitateekin ere afiliatuta egon ohi dira irakasle edo irakasle gisa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koldo_Mitxelena_zinema_kritikari">Koldo Mitxelena zinema kritikari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Koldo Mitxelena zinema kritikari»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Koldo Mitxelena zinema kritikari"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koldo Mitxelena hainbat denboraz zinema kritikari izan zen. Bere kritikak <i>EGAN </i> aldizkarian argitaratzen zituen, eta beste egunkari edo aldizkarietako kritikarik ez bezala, bere poltsikotik ordaindu behar zuen sarrera, noski, ez dugu pentsatuko bere kritikak euskarazko aldizkari batean argitaratzen zirelako izango zenik, bai zera! </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Priestley'k nonbait dioenez, literatura behera omen dihoakigu, batere buru-nekerik gabe begiz ikustea gero eta atseginago zaigulako. Liburuetan, hitzen ordez, irudiak ageri dira eta teatroan, hitzen ordez, ikuskari harrigarriak... eta zankoak. Jendeak horretara omen du joera. Ez da, bada, harritzeko gure artean ere zinemak, begi-festa merkeen horek, gero eta zale gehiago izatea.<br /> <p>Neroni ere, aitortzen dut, horietakoa nauzu. Penagarria da noski goi-mailako literaturak daraman gainbehera; egia da egiten diren film asko behin ere sortu ez balira ez genukeela galera handirik, baina pozoi horretara jarriak gaude eta pozoi horretatik haralditxo bat noizean behinka hartu gabe ezin gaitezke bizi. Eta gure arimaren eguneroko —edo asteroko— ogia hori dugunez gero, hemen ere aterpe txiki bat, narrasa bada ere, utzi nahi genioke.<br /> </p><p>Ez zaitezela ordea engaina, irakurle. Hemengo kritikoa eskas xamarra duzu. Eta «amets-fabrika» horietara joatea bere diruz irabazi behar du, ez baita noranahiko sarrera duten kritiko garai horietakoa. Baina, noizean behin bada ere, zer edo zer ikusten du eta atsegin izaten zaio lagun artean ikusi duenaz mintzatzea. Hemen bezalako lagun artea, berriz, gutxitan topatuko du, ezin baitiezaioke hitza inork uka. Horrelako egokiera ederraz baliatu gabe, nola geldi? Barka zaiozue, beraz, baina ixilik egoteko eskatzea gehiegi eskatzea litzateke.<br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Koldo Mitxelena<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_baten_zuzendaritza">Film baten zuzendaritza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Film baten zuzendaritza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Film baten zuzendaritza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BolexH16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/220px-BolexH16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/330px-BolexH16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Bolex H16 Reflex 16 mm kamera</figcaption></figure> <p>Film baten zuzendaritzak hiru zati ditu: aurrekoizpena, ekoizpena (tartean filmatzea duena) eta ekoizpen ostekoa. </p><p>Neurri bateraino, <a href="/wiki/Zinema_ekoizle" title="Zinema ekoizle">zinema ekoizleak</a> aurrekoizpenaz, <a href="/wiki/Zinema_zuzendari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinema zuzendari">zinema zuzendariak</a> filmatzeaz eta <a href="/wiki/Editore" class="mw-redirect" title="Editore">editoreak</a> ekoizpen ostekoaz arduratzen dute, hala ere, ekoizle eta zuzendariaren izaerak batzuetan besteen zatiak behatu baino tutelatu egiten dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aurrekoizpena">Aurrekoizpena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurrekoizpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Aurrekoizpena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zati honetan film bat behar dituen prestatze-lan guztiak egiten dituzte: finantza-iturriak lortu, kokalekuak aukeratu, <a href="/wiki/Aktore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktore">aktoreak</a> bilatu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gidoi" title="Gidoi">Gidoia</a> idazteko ideia bat beharrezkoa da. Batzuetan hau jatorrizkoa da, baina askotan <a href="/wiki/Eleberri" title="Eleberri">eleberri</a> batean, jadanik egindako film batean edo <a href="/wiki/Telesail" title="Telesail">telesail</a> batean dago eta egokitzen dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekoizpena">Ekoizpena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekoizpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ekoizpena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filmatzean <a href="/wiki/Aktore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktore">aktoreek</a> ez ezik, soinu ingeniariak, kameralariek, eszenografoek, argitzaileek, makillatzaileek, jostunek, ile-apaintzaileek, idazkariek eta beste hainbat langilek ere hartzen dute parte. </p><p>Zati honen arduradun nagusia <a href="/wiki/Zinema_zuzendari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinema zuzendari">zinema zuzendaria</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bere eginkizun asko eskuordetu behar duena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekoizpen_ostekoa">Ekoizpen ostekoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekoizpen ostekoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Ekoizpen ostekoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behin filma grabatua, ekoizpen osteko lanak egin behar dituzte. Horietatik nagusienetariko bat efektu bereziak gehitzea da. Nahiz eta batzuk jadanik filmatzean sortu, askok hemen sartzen dituzte (<a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">konputagailuaren</a> bidezko animazioak, gaininpresioak, eta abar). </p><p>Orduan filmaren azken emaitza lortzen du editoreak. Honek, zuzendariak lagunduta, filmatuta dauden ehundaka metro pelikula hautatu eta, behin enkoadraketa aukeratu eta batzuetan eszena batzuk errepikatu ondoren, muntaketa egin eta koherentzia ematen dio filmari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banaketa">Banaketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Banaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Banaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG/220px-CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG/330px-CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG/440px-CinemaxX_Darmstadt_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinema" title="Zinema">zinema</a>-areto bat <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadten</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Behin ekoiztua, lehendabizikoz <a href="/wiki/Antzerki" title="Antzerki">antzerki</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Zinema" title="Zinema">zinema</a> batean aurkezten diote ikus-entzuleei.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian aurkezpen hauek bertan egin dute horixe baitzen banaketa egiteko modu bakarra. </p><p>Hala ere <a href="/wiki/1970eko_hamarkada" title="1970eko hamarkada">1970eko hamarkadaz</a> gero, <a href="/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista">telebistak</a> filmak programatzeari ekin eta film batzuk telebistaren bidez ikusi zitezkeen. Egungo banaketa anitza da, zinema eta telebistaz gain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bideokasete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bideokasete (sortu gabe)">bideokasete</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Interneten</a> bidez ikusgai daudelako. </p><p><a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. urtean egindako ikerketa baten arabera, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywoodeko</a> estudioen diru-sartzeak % 26 zinemen sarreretatik, % 46 <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> eta DVD salmentetatik eta gainerako % 28a telebistatik (irekian ematea, kable eta pay-per-view) zetozkien.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknologia">Teknologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teknologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Teknologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jatorrizko <a href="/wiki/Zeluloide" title="Zeluloide">zeluloide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azetato" title="Azetato">azetato</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Poliester" title="Poliester">poliesterrean</a> oinarritutako eta <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argiarekiko</a> sentikorra den filma erabiltzen bazuen ere, <a href="/wiki/Bideo" title="Bideo">bideoa</a> sortu zenetik (hasieran analogikoa eta egun digitala) geroz eta gehiago erabiltzen da filmak egiteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/film">«film | Etymology, origin and meaning of film by etymonline»</a> <i>www.etymonline.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/flick">«flick | Etymology, origin and meaning of flick by etymonline»</a> <i>www.etymonline.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRossell">Rossell, Deac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/378569/The_Exhibition_of_Moving_Pictures_before_1896"><i>The Exhibition of Moving Pictures before 1896. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRossell">Rossell, Deac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1078596/The_Anschuetz_Zoetropes"><i>The Anschuetz Zoetropes. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottomar-anschuetz.de/kino_1__vorfuehrung.htm">«Ottomar Anschütz, Kinogeschichte, lebender Bilder, Kino, erste-Kinovorführung, Kinovorführung, Projektion, Kinoe, Bewegungsbilder»</a> <i>www.ottomar-anschuetz.de</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Streible, Dan (11 April 2008). <i>Fight Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema</i>. University of California Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-94058-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-94058-1">ISBN 978-0-520-94058-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNelmes2003">Nelmes, Jill.  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcCADouuE_UC&q=montage&pg=PA394"><i>An Introduction to Film Studies. </i></a> Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-26269-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-26269-9">978-0-415-26269-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Euskal Idazlan Guztiak I,</i> Mitxelena, Koldo, Klasikoak, Euskal Editoreen Elkartea, EREIN, 123-209. orr. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7568-232-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7568-232-4">ISBN 84-7568-232-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Pam (<a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>). <i>The Cinema Book</i>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>: British Film Institute. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84457-193-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84457-193-2">ISBN 978-1-84457-193-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hagener, Malte, & Töteberg, Michael (<a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>). <i>Film: An International Bibliography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>: Metzler. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3-476-01523-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/3-476-01523-8">ISBN 3-476-01523-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929213139/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05170/522854.stm">You saw it here first: Pittsburgh's Nickelodeon introduced the moving picture theater to the masses in 1905</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-12"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/hollywood/business/windows.html">PBS Frontline: The Monster that Ate Hollywood: Anatomy of a Monster: Now Playing ... And Playing ... And Playing ...</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_(zinema)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinema" title="Zinema">Zinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_zinema" title="Euskal Herriko zinema">Euskal zinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_luze" title="Film luze">Film luze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_labur" title="Film labur">Film labur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Film">Film</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11424%22">Q11424</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017102-4">4017102-4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088084">sh85088084</a></span></li> <li><span 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